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Derivation of the Surname RAMSDALE

Part 3: Table of Place-Names

Pickering Lythe, Whitby Strand and Langbaurgh East Wapentakes, North Yorkshire

Part 1 Index: Etymological & Teutonic Sources

1. Derivation of the Surname RAMSDALE
2. Etymology
3. Teutonic Sources
4. Viking Influence
5. Danish or Norwegian Origin ?
6. Topographical and Toponymic (habitation) Surnames
7. Heraldry
8. Notes
9. Møre og Romsdal, Norway
10. Romsdal to Ramsdale

Part 2 Index: Locative Sources

1. Ramsdale Hamlet, Fylingdale's Parish, North Yorkshire
2. Ramsdale Megalithic Standing Stones, North Yorkshire
3. Ramsdale Valley, Scarborough, North Yorkshire
4. Ramsdale & Ramsdell Chapelries, Hampshire
5. Lilla Howe Bronze Age Barrow, North Yorkshire
6. Cuerdale Hoard, Preston, Lancashire
7. Wade's Causeway, North Yorkshire

Part 3 Index: Danish or Norwegian Origin

1. Danish or Norwegian Origin (published sources)
2. Table of Old Norse place-names in Pickering Lythe, Whitby Strand and Langbaurgh East Wapentakes [THIS PAGE]
3. Viking Society Web Publications
4. Molde Wind Roses
5. "On dalr and holmr in the place-names of Britain", Dr. Gillian Fellows-Jensen
6. "The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V
7. "Viking Age Yorkshire" (2014) Matthew Townend at pages 95 to 112

Part 4 Index: General

1. Fylingdales: Geographical and Historical Information (1890), Transcript of the entry for the Post Office, Professions and Trades in Bulmer's Directory of 1890
2. Fylingdales Parish: Victoria County History (1923) A History of the County of York North Riding Volume 2, Pages 534 to 537
3. Ramsdale Mill, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire - Postcard Views (circa 1917 to 1958)
4. Ramsdale Valley, Scarborough, North Yorkshire: Edwardian Postcards (1901 to 1915)
5. Scarborough, North Yorkshire: Bulmer's History and Directory of North Yorkshire (1890)
6. Ramsdale Megalithic Standing Stones, Bronze Age Stone Circle, Fylingdales Moor, North Yorkshire
7. Robin Hood's Bay - published articles regarding its origin
8. Ramsdale Family Register - Home Page
9. Whitby Jet - published articles

Fylingdales Parish

Fylingdales

The area researched was originally confined to 'The Chapelry of Fylingdales' - see map above - first recorded as Figclinge in the 11^th century, Figelinge and Fielinge in the 11^th and 12^th centuries and possibly as Saxeby in the 12^th century. It was a parochial chapelry south of Whitby and contained the villages of Robin Hood's Bay and Thorpe, or Fylingthorpe (which was recorded as Prestethorpe in the 13^th century) and the hamlets of Normanby, Parkgate, Ramsdale, Raw (Fyling Rawe, 16^th century) and Stoupe Brow. Fylingdales Parish covers an area of 13,325 acres (53.92 km², 20.82 miles²) of land and inland water.

The area researched was then extended beyond Fylingdales Parish to include 'The Liberty of Whitby Strand' comprising, in 1831, the parishes of Whitby, Hackness, Sneaton and the Chapelry of Fylingdales as taken from A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2, ed. William Page (London, 1923) at pages 502 to 505 (see map below) and which now includes the parishes of Aislaby (1865), Ruswarp (1870) and Hawsker (1878).

The area researched has been further extended to include (1) Pickering Lythe Wapentake, (2) Whitby Strand Wapentake and (3) Langbaurgh East Wapentake, described in "The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1928) A. H. Smith, Volume V, at pages 74 to 157; in particular the littoral parishes comprising the North Yorkshire coast (and its hinterland) as described by I. S. Maxwell in "The Domesday Geography of Northern England" (1962) as the "coastal fringe":

"Between the North Yorkshire Moors and the sea is a narrow coastal belt, generally some five miles or so in width except where tongues of lowland project westward up the valley of the Esk and the headwaters of the Derwent. Most of this area is covered with Boulder Clay. Except in the central part of the region, settlements were fairly numerous, but many of those in the north were uninhabited or waste in 1086. The density of teams nowhere rose above about 0.3 per square mile and that of population above 1. There was a fair amount of wood, especially in the north; the limited amount of meadow was entirely in the north, which also had the only mill in the region."

England 878 AD	The Liberty of Whitby Strand

North Yorkshire Littoral - Parishes

North Yorkshire Littoral - OS Grid References

ON Origins: local place-name evidence

In the Pickering Lythe, Whitby Strand and Langbaurgh East Wapentakes there are some 8,764 examples of local place-names containing one or more of 503 ON original elements. Where a place-name has two or more ON original elements it is occasionally (but not always) included under both so the total number of examples includes some double, triple and quadruple counting. Examples of such multiple ON element listings are:

• Crook Ness, which appears under both krókr, 'crook' and nes, 'ness';
• Murk Mire Moor, which appears under myrkr, 'murk'; mýrr, 'mire'; mór, 'moor';
• Marnar Dale Beck, which appears under marr 'sea, fen, marsh'; ná, nær, 'nigh, near'; dalr, 'dale, valley'; bekkr, 'brook, stream';

In this regard see place-name element raw: hrar, bráð 'raw flesh' and rauðr 'red' with (seven) duplicate entries.

The published sources used for the table of local place-names can be found in:

• Part 3: Danish or Norwegian Origin (published sources)
• Part 3A: Viking Society Web Publications

"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston Chapter VI "The Endings" at page 46

In the case of English place-names a knowledge of the endings is quite half the battle …

Morphological features unique to ON are positive pointers to the local place-name formation language and ON place-name formation is certain if the place-name contains reflexes of ON morphology. A generic of ON origin is an indication of possible ON formation, which may be supported by additional ON elements.

Examples of ON test-words include, but are not limited to, the following:

1. laithe (hlaða) 'barn'
2. beck (bekkr) 'brook, stream'
3. breck (brekka) 'brink, slope
4. booth (búð) 'shelter'
5. by (býr) 'farmstead, homestead, village'
6. cliff (kleif) 'cliff, rock'
7. ergh (erg) 'shieling, hill or summer pasture'
8. fell (fjell) 'rough hill, fell'
9. force (foss) 'waterfall'
10. goose (gás) 'goose'
11. garth (garðr) 'enclosure'
12. gill (gil) 'deep narrow gully (with a stream)'
13. holm (holmr) 'higher dry ground amidst marshes'
14. howe (haugr) 'mound, cairn, tumulus'
15. knip (gnúpr) 'hill, peak'
16. ra (rauðr) 'red'
17. rea (refr) 'fox'
18. ros(e) (hross) 'horse'
19. scale (skáli) 'temporary hut, shieling'
20. satt (sætr) 'shieling'
21. slack (slakki) 'shallow valley, hollow in the ground'
22. stoupe (staup) 'a steep declivity or slope, a pitch, precipice'
23. swart (svartr) 'black, dark'
24. tarn (tarn) 'enclosed body of water'
25. thwaite (þveit, þvait,) 'a clearing in woodland, used as meadowland'

"The Book of the Settlement of Iceland (1898)" translated from the original Icelandic of Ari the Learned by Rev. T Ellwood at page 225

Place Names

Being the Register of all the place names, farm names, and tribe names contained in the Book of the Settlement

"The Norsemen, as will be seen from the note at page 160, considered the giving of place names as a solemn ceremony in the act of Settlement, by which they dedicated the land to the God, and thereafter held it from him for their own use. Hence all place names were very carefully and very methodically given, and each marks some characteristic description, some distinguished chieftain, or some notable event in the early History of the Settlement."

Footnote to page 160

* Sva helguðu þeir sér allan Oxarfjord = so they hallowed to themselves all Axfirth. This is an evidence that the Norsemen regarded giving place names to their settlements as a solemn religious ceremony, by which they consecrated or hallowed the land to their own use. See Oxarfjord on Map.

Notes

Old Norse is the language of Norway in the period circa 750 to 1350 (after which Norwegian changes considerably) and of Iceland from the settlement (circa 870) to the Reformation (circa 1550 - a date that sets a cultural rather than a linguistic boundary). Known in modern Icelandic as Norræna, in Norwegian as Norrønt and in English sometimes as West Norse or Old Icelandic, this type of speech is a western variety of Scandinavian.

Although Icelandic circa 870 to 1550 and Norwegian circa 750 to 1350 are here given the designation 'Old Norse', it would be wrong to think of this language as entirely uniform, without variation in time or space. The form of Scandinavian spoken in Norway around 750 differed in a number of important respects from that spoken around 1350, and by the latter date the Norwegian carried to Iceland by the original settlers had begun to diverge from the mother tongue. Nevertheless, in the period circa 1150 to 1350, when the great mediæval literature of Iceland and Norway was created, there existed an essential unity of language in the western Scandinavian world.

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 457, entry 36

Norræna (i.e. Norrœna), u, f. the Norse (i.e. Norwegian) tongue … Norrænu bækr, books written in Norse … Norrænu skáldskapr, Norse poetry, Skálda. In the title-page of the earliest Icelandic printed books it is usually said that they have been rendered into the 'Norse', thus, nú hér útlögð á Norrænu, the New Testament of 1540 … II. a breeze from the north …

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 457, entry 37

Norræna, að, to render into Norse …

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 457, entry 38

Norrænn (norœnn), adjective, Norse, Norwegian … maðr norrænn … Landnámabók. passim; n. víkingr … berserkr … norræn lög, Norse laws … norræn tunga, the Norse tongue … II. of the wind, northern; görði á norrænt …

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 457, entry 39

Norskr, adjective, Norse, appears in the 14th century instead of the older Norrænn

---

"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 315

Noregr, m. Norway = Norvegr.

norrœna, f. (1) the Norse (Norwegian) tongue, (2) breeze from the north.

norrœna (að), v. to render into Norse.

norrœnn, adjective, Norse, Norwegian.

norrœnu-bók, f. a book written in Norse; norrœnu-skáldsskapr, m. Norse poetry.

Norvegr, m. Norway = Noregr

nóg í nóg, adverb, enough.

"'Norse' and 'Norseman' versus 'Norwegian'", Juul Dieserud, Scandinavian Studies and Notes Volume 8, No. 8 (November, 1925) at page 237

"We can then be fairly sure of the following facts. The word 'Norse' is vague and ambiguous, but is appropriate and even needed in connection with the Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic languages, the old Nordic Viking raids, the Nordic mythology and the Norwegian-Icelandic discovery of America. Here it can not properly be supplanted by 'Norwegian' or 'Scandinavian' or 'Nordic', which latter term has come more and more to have reference to the fair Nordic race, including the Anglo-Saxons and part of the German people."

Old English is the name given to the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5^th to 11^th centuries.

The following 'local examples' (aka local place-names) are linked to one or more of the following online maps:

1. National Library of Scotland Ordnance Survey six inch map (1883 - 1913 series) as a 100% opacity overlay of a contemporary (Bing or Google) satellite map. Unfortunately, this website now occasionally loads the "OS One Inch, 1885-1900 Outline" as the default map so click on "2. Select a map/map series:" and select "OS Six Inch, 1888-1913"
2. Streetmap
3. UK Grid Reference Finder

If a 'local example' link fails (e.g. because of changes to the target website) then simply cut and paste its grid reference into the search box of an alternative online mapping service and the 'local example' should appear on screen.

Or find the grid reference on a map (old school).

Often, but not always, the grid reference for a 'local example' points to its name as it appears on the map rather than the 'local example' itself. The reason for this is to prioritise identification of the 'local example' over its precise location which can be easily pinpointed from the map e.g. Brocka Beck (waterfall) [NZ 85550 00786] a 'local example' - a stream - which, by its nature, covers a narrow, lengthy range. Compare and contrast with Brocka Beck Bridge [NZ 85977 00962] which, being a fixed structure, is a 'local example' having a specific location with a unique grid reference.

The ten-figure grid reference for Brocka Beck Bridge (dead centre of the bridge) indicates a 1 metre by 1 metre square on the map. To calculate the distance between Brocka Beck (waterfall) and Brocka Beck Bridge deduct their eastings and northings: as the raven flies, the bridge lies 427 metres and 176 metres upstream (respectively) to the east and north of the waterfall.

Bear in mind that the sole purpose of this exercise is to identify local place names with one or more Old Norse (and/or Old English) derivative elements. If you want to visit one of these 'local examples' buy a modern map and plan your journey.

Brocka Beck, Whitby Moors

Whitby Moors, Brocka Beck Bridge

Whitby Moors, Brocka Beck

Basic Pronunciation of Norrœnt mál (Old Norse)

To keep the pronunciation guide accessible during your research, click on to load the guide in a pop-up window in the top left of your screen and use one of the following three methods to access the guide:

1. toggle the alt + tab keys
2. install AutoHotkey and activate the 'window always on top' script by placing the cursor in the pop-up window and pressing ctrl + spacebar
3. install WindowTop (v3.4.5) and activate the 'window set on top' script by placing the cursor in the pop-up window and pressing alt + z.

Once WindowTop is installed you can set a window to sit on top of all others by moving your mouse to the window's title bar, then hovering over the small down arrow that appears (this is typically in the centre of the title bar, but it sometimes appears at one side). Next, click the Set Top button (second from the left, with a red window). This window will now stay on top of all others until you click the Set Top button a second time.

To make the window semi-transparent, return to the WindowTop controls. Click the Opacity button (far left), then move the slider accordingly. If you tick the 'Enable click-through' box, you'll be able to click through to the window that's under the one you've set to be on top. If you find WindowTop's controls too fiddly (the buttons are quite small), you can use its shortcut keys instead. To set the active window to be on top, press alt+z (press this a second time to return the window to normal). You can set multiple windows to be on top. If you've done this and want to return everything to how it was, right-click the WindowTop icon in the system tray at the bottom-right of the desktop (you may need to click the small up arrow to reveal the icon), then click Disable "Set Top" for all windows. To see (and customise) shortcuts for other controls, select the Hotkeys (Click to change) option.

Vowels
a	as in far	dagr	'day'
á	as in father	ár	'year'
e	as in red	ek	'I'
é	as in said	vér	'we'
i	short, as in pit	fiskr	'fish'
í	long, as in eat	íss	'ice'
ǫ	as in hot	ǫl	'ale'
o	as in oat	stormr	'storm'
ó	as in rode	sól	'sun'
ø	as 'e' in her	døkkr	'dark'
ö	as 'e' in her	björk	'birch'
u	as in root	sumar	'summer'
ú	as in rude	fúss	'eager'
y	as in rue	yfir	'over'
ý	as in feuille	ýr	'yew'
Diphthongs
aa	as in awe	Thorsaa	'Thor's rivulet'
au	as in now	brauð	'bread'
æ	as in mad	sær	'sea'
œ	as in slur	œrr	'mad'
ei	as in rain	bein	'bone'
ey	ON e + y (red rue)	ey	'island'
Consonants
b	as in buy	bíta	'bite'
bb	the same sound, lengthened	gabb	'mockery'
c	as in keep	köttr	'cat'
d	as in day	dómr	'judgement'
dd	the same sound, lengthened	oddr	'point'
ð	as in this	jörð	'earth'
f	(1) as in far	fé	'money'
f	(2) as in very	haf	'ocean'
ff	as in far, but long	offr	'offering'
g	(1) as in goal	gefa	'give'
g	(2) as in loch	lágt	'low'
g	(3) as in loch, but voiced	eiga	'own'
gg	(1) as in goal, lengthened	egg	'edge'
gg	(2) as in loch	gløggt	'clear'
h	as in have	horn	'horn'
j	as in year	jarl	'earl'
k	as in call	köttr	'cat'
kk	the same sound, lengthened	ekki	'nothing'
l	as in leaf	nál	'needle'
ll	the same sound, lengthened	hellir	'cave'
m	as in home	frami	'boldness'
mm	the same sound, lengthened	frammi	'in front'
n	(1) as in sin	hrinda	'push'
n	(2) as in sing	hringr	'ring'
nn	as in sin, but long	steinn	'stone'
p	as in happy	œpa	'shout'
pp	the same sound, lengthened	heppinn	'lucky'
r	rolled	gøra	'do'
rr	the same sound, lengthened	verri	'worse'
s	as in this	reisa	'raise'
ss	the same sound, lengthened	áss	'beam'
t	as in boat	tönn	'tooth'
tt	the same sound, lengthened	nótt	'night'
v	as in win	vera	'to be'
þ	th, but as in thin	þing	'assembly'
x	as in lochs	øx	'axe'
z	as in bits	góz	'property'

Element	ON Original Element	Other Original Element	Meaning	Local Examples	No
a	ON á [85]	OE ǽ	river, stream	Pickering Lythe Aymot (lost) [SE 72449 95789] Ayton Bridge [SE 98797 84786] Ayton Castle [SE 98711 85129] Ayton, East [SE 99401 85059] Ayton, West [SE 98416 84710] Ayton, West (parish) [SE 98286 85308] (St) Hilda Spring [SE 97151 90743] Langbaurgh West Ayresome [NZ 48110 19192] Ayresome Grange [NZ 48233 19108] Ayton Bank [NZ 59302 11885] Ayton Bank Farm [NZ 58623 11558] Ayton Banks Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 58639 10973] Ayton Banks Wood [NZ 58652 10423] Ayton Firs [NZ 55615 09352] Ayton Grange [NZ 55177 10298] Ayton Hall [NZ 55477 10833] Ayton House [NZ 55905 10565] Ayton Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 58340 10175] Ayton Scarth (lost) [NZ 56501 11500] East Ayton Dike [TA 00158 82661] Great Ayton [NZ 55990 10853] Great Ayton Moor [NZ 60187 11727] Great Ayton (parish) [NZ 56377 11377] Little Ayton [NZ 57130 10210] Little Ayton (Detached) [NZ 52742 12257] Little Ayton Lane [NZ 56672 10406] Little Ayton Moor [NZ 58942 10445] Little Ayton (parish) [NZ 57187 10065] Little Ayton Wood [NZ 58259 10134] Askrigg Horra Bank [SD 95024 91928] Horrabank House [SD 95227 91711] Nappa [SD 96403 90617] Nappa Hall [SD 96613 90753] Nappa (Mill) House [SD 96129 90493] Nappa Scar (Farm) [SD 96544 91008] River Ribble Nappa (Acres 577.873) [SD 85937 52707] Nappa [SD 85688 53337] Nappa Flats [SD 85243 53540] Nappa Hippings [SD 85316 53401] (Nappa) Manor House [SD 85535 53317]	40
ay, sey, sea, ea	ON ey [84]	OE (West Saxon) ieg, ig, (Anglian) ēg	island	Aynholme Bridge [SE 07960 49939] Ayton Bank [SE 57278 90424] Ayton Bridge [SE 98790 84783] Ayton Castle [SE 98715 85120] Ayton Hole [NZ 60675 25647] Ayton Stone [NZ 60559 25670] Ayton, East [SE 99411 85055] Ayton, West [SE 98414 84709] Ayton, West (parish) [SE 98295 85305] East Ayton Dike [TA 00158 82661] Thirlsey [SE 97721 91440] Thirlsey Bottoms [SE 97763 90719] Thirlsey Plantation [SE 97466 92641] Thirlsey Wood [SE 97896 91095] Thorn(e)y Brow Farm [NZ 94690 01687]	15
ack, ach	ON ökkla [23]	OE aucleow	ankle, slope	Acklam [SE 78716 61542] Acklam Beck [SE 77746 61223] Acklam Brow [SE 79398 61279] Acklam Ings [SE 79239 60717] Acklam with Barthorpe [SE 78034 60440] Acklam Wold [SE 79475 61710] Acklam Wold House [SE 79727 62228] Acklam Wood [SE 77662 62184] Ackland Beck [SE 77747 76526] Ackland Farm [SE 77614 76535] Ackland Howles [SE 78939 76591] West Acklam (Detached nos 1 and 2) [NZ 52178 12791]	12
acre	ON akr [20]	OE æcer	field, plot of arable land, the area a yoke of oxen could plough in a day	Acres [SE 88150 93350] Acres [NZ 02279 07943] Acres [SE 71112 58968] Broad Acres [SE 71093 59377] Flance Acre Farm [SE 43830 95744] Flance Acres [SE 43683 95958] Long Acres [SE 54277 90328] Short Acres [SE 54448 90009] Stainsacre [NZ 91264 08452] Stainsacre Bridge [NZ 91556 08076] Stainsacre Dale [NZ 91381 08155] Stainsacre Hall [NZ 91237 08303] Stainsacre Lane [NZ 91696 06249] Wheatacres Farm [NZ 60071 22729] Wheatlands Farm [NZ 61384 22622]	15
addle	ON Auðúlfr [332]		Auðúlfr (personal name)	Addlebrough [SD 94720 87947]	1
aik, aig, eyk, aysc, ack, oak, ake	ON eik [87]	OE ác, ac, aac	oak	Abbot's or Lord's Oak (site of) [SE 91971 97101] Acomb [SE 57374 51079] Acomb Crofts [SE 78034 74580] Acomb Grange [SE 56149 50657] Acomb Green [SE 57110 51345] Acomb Hall [SE 57528 51464] Acomb House [SE 78647 74857] Acomb Moor [SE 56976 50070] Acombmoor Cottage [SE 57283 49786] Acomb Moor Drain [SE 57040 50012] Acomb Wood [SE 56983 49359] Acomb (parish) [SE 57089 50881] Aikber (mediæval village) [SE 18985 90309] Aikber Farm [SE 18886 90581] Aikber (Akebar) (parish) [SE 19889 91096] Aikber Farm [SE 18978 90607] Aikbergill [SE 19252 90864] Aikbergill Beck [SE 19053 90901] Aikbergill Plantation [SE 19248 90864] Aiskew (Hang East Wapentake) Aiskew [SE 27304 88462] Aiskew Crossing [SE 28118 89294] Aiskew Farm [SE 27424 87980] Aiskew House [SE 27331 88767] Aiskew (Gilling West Wapentake) Akebar (parish) [SE 19926 91091/a>] Akebar Cottages [SE 19383 90582] Ash Oak Ash [NZ 48282 10433] Askwith Moor [SE 16604 51356] Aysgarth [SE 00021 88340] Aysgarth Force [SE 01648 88819] Aysgarth Mill [SE 00536 88764] Aysgarth Moor [SD 98111 87572] Aysgarth (parish) [SD 99615 87970] Aysgarth Pastures [SD 99094 87483] Big Oak Wood [SE 53691 66994] Little Oak Wood [SE 53842 66885] Oak [SE 90477 93023] Oak Beck [SE 28871 55736] Oak Dale [SE 47243 96178] Oakdale [SE 28335 55282] Oakdale Bridge [SE 28054 55127] Oak Grove [NZ 65957 10231] Oakham Wood [NZ 93837 07975] Oak Hill [NZ 86326 08065] Oakley Hole [NZ 83124 01622] Oak House [SE 57412 97002] Oak House [SE 56740 90964] Oak House Farm [NZ 77125 16882] Oak Ley [NZ 54676 18654] Oakly Beck [NZ 81438 02487] Oak Mount [SE 37217 93101] Oak Rigg [NZ 78431 16935] Oakrigg Wood [NZ 78380 16954] Oak Scar [NZ 77758 05785] Oak Tree House [SE 35681 92499] Oak Wood [NZ 93003 03589] Oak Wood [SE 92908 91022] Oak Wood Plantation [SE 53801 67138] The Mowbray Oak [SE 69408 75196] The Oaks [SE 56438 91188] The Oaks [NZ 76882 16834]	60
ain, an	ON einn [176]	OE ân	one, alone	Ainthorpe [NZ 70536 07847] Ainthorpe Bridge [NZ 70865 08331] Ainthorpe Lane [NZ 69736 07888] Ainthorpe Rigg [NZ 70691 06436]	4
ainder, einder	ON Eindriði [240]	ODan Endridhi	Eindriði (personal name)	Ainderby Bottoms [SE 33687 92642] Ainderby Cottage [SE 33855 91837] Ainderby Hall [SE 34994 80922] Ainderby Hall [SE 33197 92075] Ainderby House [SE 33788 80632] Ainderby Manor [SE 33348 92013] Ainderby Mires [SE 25734 92717] Ainderby Miers Cottages [SE 26025 92848] Ainderby Miers with Holtby (parish) [SE 26300 92869] Ainderby Quernhow [SE 35123 80899] Ainderby Quernhow Beck [SE 35413 81037] Ainderby Quernhow (parish) [SE 34678 80551] Ainderby Villa [SE 34758 80907] Ainderby Steeple [SE 33591 92210] Ainderby Steeple (parish) [SE 34109 91965] Holme and Ainderby Beck [SE 35000 81760]	16
ais, ays	ON Ási, Áslákr, Ásúlfr [51]		Ási, Áslákr, Ásúlfr (personal names)	Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake Aislaby [NZ 86280 08615] Aislaby Hall [NZ 86310 08766] Aislaby Lane [NZ 86374 09272] Aislaby Lodge [NZ 85426 07944] Aislaby Moor [NZ 85020 08841] Aislaby (parish) [NZ 85694 08281] Aislaby Quarries (disused) [NZ 84802 08564] Middleton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Aislaby [SE 77572 85546] Aislaby Carr [SE 77223 84975] Aislaby Carr Lane [SE 76994 85001] Aislaby Hall [SE 77611 85651] Aislaby (parish) [SE 77328 86074] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Aysdale Gate [NZ 65091 14822] Aysdale Gate Bridge [NZ 65136 14683] Aysdale Gate Quarry (disused) [NZ 65365 14727] Aysdale Gate Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 65314 14904] Easington, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Easington [NZ 74264 17961] Easington End Farm [NZ 73950 18050] Easington Farm [NZ 73969 17984] Easington Hall [NZ 74550 18050] Easington Hall Farm (on site of Easington Hall) [NZ 74715 18091] Easington Heights [NZ 75087 19004] Easington Wood [NZ 75511 17161]	23
alla, eel	ON (1) áll (2) áll [390]	OE (1) æl, él	(1) an eel, (2) a deep narrow channel in sea or river	Allan Banks [NZ 82489 02866] Allan Tofts (Tops) [NZ 83050 02976] Eel Nook [NZ 55883 13625]	3
ald-	ON valdr, valdi [392]	OE wealda	a wielder, keeper	Aldby Field [SE 70414 59015] Aldby Field House [SE 70782 59108]	2
aller	ON Hjörleifr, Herleifr [303]	ODan Herlew, OSwed Hærlef	Hjörleifr, Herleifr (personal name)	Allerston, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Allerston Beck [SE 88261 79972] Allerston Carr House [SE 87877 80854] Allerston (High Moor) [SE 88250 93550] Allerston Loft Marishes [SE 87251 79818] Pickhill, Hallikeld Wapentake Allerthorpe Hall [SE 33112 86743] Swainby with Allerthorpe [SE 33558 85875] Allerton Wapentake Allerton Wapentake (Allertonshire)	7
alwald	ON Ǫlvaldi [341]	OE Ælfwald, Æþelwald ODan Alwaldi	Ǫlvaldi (personal name)	Alwaldtofts (lost) Alwaldcotes (lost)	2
amoth, aymon	ON Øymundr [343] and [49]	ODan Ømund	Øymundr (personal name)	Appleton Le Street, Ryedale Wapentake Amotherby [SE 74756 73525] Amotherby Lane [SE 75040 74113] Amotherby (parish) [SE 75027 74010]	3
ape	ON Ápi [22]		Ápi (personal name)	Wensley, Hang West Wapentake Apedale [SE 01532 94578] Apedale Beck [SE 01891 94497] Apedale Head [SE 00348 95087] Apedale Head Lead Level [SE 01255 94891] Apedale Lead Mine [SE 01376 94806] Apedale Lead Shaft [SE 01965 94617] Apedale Road [SE 02353 94340]	7
apple, apper	ON epli (apaldr) [88]	OE æppl, æpel, appel, apul (apulder, æppuldre)	apple (tree)	Stokesley, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Apple Bridge [NZ 54908 09534] Apple Bridge [NZ 54821 09203] Apple Grove [NZ 51147 08603] Danby, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Apple Garth Hall [NZ 74505 03602] Aysgarth, Hang West Wapentake Appersett [SD 86049 90673] Appersett Bridge [SD 85658 90659] Appersett Pasture [SD 84194 90275] Appersett Viaduct [SD 85786 90403] Marske, Gilling West Wapentake Applegarth [NZ 12461 01385] Applegarth Low Wood [NZ 12290 01321] Applegarth Scar [NZ 11928 01578] East Applegarth [NZ 13264 01707] High Applegarth [NZ 13049 01730] Low Applegarth [NZ 13026 01623] West Applegarth [NZ 12485 01497] Northallerton, Allerton Wapentake Applegarth Bridge (foot) [SE 36720 94024] Lastingham, Ryedale Wapentake Appleton le Moors [SE 73902 87899] Appleton le Moors (parish) [SE 73983 88420] Appleton Mill (Corn) [SE 74522 87881] Appleton Le Street, Ryedale Wapentake Appleton le Street [SE 73918 73676] Appleton le Street (parish) [SE 73381 72546] Catterick, Hang East Wapentake Appleton Lane [SE 73142 73251] Appleton Cottages [SE 23875 95612] Appleton (parish)[SE 23057 95067] Appleton (parish) [SE 22890 95059] East Appleton [SE 23431 95702] East Appleton Hall [SE 23483 95768] East Appleton Hall Farm [SE 23292 95704] West Appleton [SE 22231 94422] West Appleton Farm [SE 21884 94483] Appleton Wiske, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Appleton Grange [NZ 39836 04560] Appleton Whin Fox Covert [NZ 39805 05978] Appleton Wiske [NZ 39302 04776] Appleton Wiske (parish) [NZ 39744 05921] Ebberston, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Apple Tree Spring [SE 93225 92140]	35
ark	ON Arkil [38]		Arkil (personal name)	Arkelmire (lost) Arkengarthdale [NY 99132 03954] Arkengarthdale [NY 96270 05833] Arkengarthdale Mill [NY 99907 02999] Arkengarthdale Moor [NY 95090 05992] Arkengarthdale Moor [NY 00937 05708] Arkengarthdale (parish) [NZ 01162 02347] Arkilhou (lost) Arkilland (lost) Arkilmire (lost) Arkilmireflat (lost) Arkle Beck [NZ 01253 01965] Arkleside [SE 04282 80497] Arkleside Gill [SE 04924 79495] Arkleside Moor [SE 05471 79307] Arkleside Pasture [SE 04997 80056] Arkle Town [NZ 00904 01967]	17
arn(e), ern(e)	ON (1) Ari (2) örn, arnar [33]	OE (2) earn, ern	(1) Ari (personal name) (2) eagle	Arncliffe Hall [NZ 45421 00211] Arncliffe Wood [NZ 46045 00190] Arnecliffe [NZ 79345 04478] Arne Cliff [NZ 78895 04732] Arn Gill [SD 95191 92214] Arnecliff Pool [NZ 78161 05560] East Arnecliff Wood [NZ 78798 04883] Ingleby Arncliffe [NZ 44922 00966] Ingleby Arncliffe (parish) [NZ 43796 01515] West Arnecliff Wood [NZ 78074 04561]	10
arn, arnod, arnald	ON Arnaldr [41]		Arnaldr (personal name)	Arnoldstoft (lost)	1
aschiles, ascheles	ON Áskell [77]		Áskell (personal name)	Aschelesmere (Marishes) (lost) Aschilesmares (Marishes) (lost)	2
ask(e), esk, esc, eas	ON askr [256]	OE äsc, æsc	ash tree	Ash Oak Ash [NZ 48282 10433] Ashberry Farm [SE 57268 84457] Ashberry Hill [SE 57089 84686] Ashberry Wood [SE 57100 85005] Ashes [NZ 88622 09647] Ash Holm [NZ 84415 11693] Ashtree House [SE 69522 59958] Ash Wood [SE 54597 90052] Aske Beck [NZ 17881 02839] Aske Hall [NZ 17945 03390] Aske Park [NZ 17704 03109] Askew Bridge [SE 74378 89741] Askew Rigg [SE 73981 91385] Askwith Moor [SE 16604 51356] High Askew [SE 74550 91207] Lower Askew [SE 74506 89780] Askew Top [SD 93974 91853] Askrigg [SD 95121 90934] Askrigg Beck [SD 94840 91325] Askrigg Bottoms [SD 95049 90529] Askrigg (parish) [SD 95219 92078] Askrigg Pasture [SD 92201 92834] Askrigg Pastures [SD 94059 92346] Esk Dale [NZ 86893 08060] Eskdale Chapel (Remains of) [NZ 86064 07301] Eskdale Gate [NZ 86166 06662] Eskdaleside [NZ 86442 06651] Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby[NZ 86562 05372] Glen Esk Cottage [NZ 89576 09218] Glen Esk Wood (Eskdale Park Whitby) [NZ 89571 09125] Murk Esk [NZ 82459 04314] Murk Esk [NZ 81845 02491] Murk Esk Cottage [NZ 81644 02740] River Esk [NZ 81809 04970]	34
ase, aystan, estan	ON Øysteinn [344]	ODan Østen	Øysteinn (personal name)	Asenby [SE 39682 75434] Asenby Forge (olim Smithy) [SE 39525 75124] Asenby Lodge [SE 39675 75232]	3
asp	ON ösp [109]	OE æspe	aspen tree (species of poplar)	Asp House [NZ 91533 07257]	1
ayre	ON eyrr [89]	OE ayre	gravel or sand bank, spit of land	Nelly Ayre Foss (Force) [SE 81342 99658]	1
baa, bode(s)	ON boði [58]	OE bod, gebod	(1) a breaker on hidden rocks, skerry, big wave, breaker, surf over reef or shoal (2) messenger
back	ON (1) Bákr (2) bak [75]	OE (2) bæc, bäc	(1) Bákr (personal name) (2) back	Airyholme with Howthorpe and Baxton Howe [SE 68098 72741] Back Lane [NZ 92313 07212] Backleys [SE 92755 90352] Backleys Farm (olim Backleys House) [SE 92747 90398] Backleys Plantation [SE 93257 90752] Backleys Wood [SE 92955 90186] Back Well Slacks [SE 16868 51674] Back Wood [NZ 85072 07364] Bakers Warren [SE 94145 89385] Baxby Manor House [SE 51308 75163] Baxby Mill [SE 51279 75331] Baxton Howe Hill [SE 68370 72496] Baxton Knab [NY 97953 06858] High Back Side [SE 78466 85401] High Baxtonhowe [SE 68240 72929] Low Back Side [SE 78237 85168] Low Baxtonhowe [SE 68583 72424]	17
bag-	ON Baggi [387]		Baggi (personal name)	Kirby Knowle, Birdforth Wapentake Bagby [SE 46632 80494] Bagby Grange [SE 45448 81009] Bagby Hall [SE 46364 80432] Bagby Moor [SE 46345 81443] Bagby (parish) [SE 45854 80872] Bagby Wood [SE 46279 79722] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Bag Dale [NZ 65278 18730] Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake Bagdale [NZ 89530 10803] Bagdale Beck [NZ 89405 10715] Bagdale Hall [YO21 1QL] Bagdale Lodge [YO21 1EB]	11
bald	ON Baldi [295]		Baldi (personal name)	Baldby (Fields) Baldersby [SE 35763 78656] Baldersby St. James [SE 36506 76810]	3
balk	ON (1) Balkr (2) bálkr [177]	OE (2) bälc, balca	(1) Balkr (personal name) (2) a wall, partition, ridge of land	Balk [SE 47484 80949] Balk Beck [SE 47529 81128] Balk Grange [SE 47892 79953] Balk (parish) [SE 47614 81099] Balk Wood Farm [SE 48081 82073] Balk Wood House [SE 48526 81368] Ings Balk [SE 72402 88186] Low Balk [NZ 96519 03348] Sawdon Balk [SE 95882 84009] Sawdon Balk [SE 94701 84410] Sawdon Balk [SE 96829 84299] The Grange, Balk [SE 47703 80915]	12
bank	ON bakki [82]	OE benc, banc	bank of a river, earthen incline, slope, raised shelf or ridge of ground, the slope of a hill	Allan Banks [NZ 82489 02866] Ayton Bank [SE 57278 90424] Bank Brow [NZ 75782 18956] Bank House [NZ 55938 18168] Bank House Beck [NZ 77628 03895] Bank Laithe [SD 85876 53411] Bank Lane [NZ 55823 18076] Bank Top [NZ 66919 21223] Bank Wood [SE 82683 89300] Banks Bottoms Road [SE 82368 89284] Battle Banks [NZ 87604 07605] Birk Bank [SE 55541 86997] Birk Field Bank [NZ 67755 07323] Blind Bank [SE 52313 89553] Blue Bank Bottom Farm [NZ 86686 06694] Blue Bank Farm [NZ 86921 06433] Boghole Bank [SE 45786 96662] Broxa Banks [SE 94382 91116] Butter Bank [NZ 73218 18529] Calais Bank [NZ 81062 15341] Carlin Bank Wood [NZ 94379 03866] Cawthorn Banks [SE 77883 89917] Cess Banks [SE 89605 93524] Cote Bank (Farm) [NZ 82650 06983] Cote Bank Woods [NZ 82624 06723] Coatham Banks [NZ 58766 25226] Daisy Bank [NZ 87648 04751] Dalehouse Bank [NZ 77868 18135] Dorsley Bank [NZ 84014 06578] Dorsley Bank Wood [NZ 83837 06456] East Brow Banks [SE 82050 89975] Ellerby Bank [NZ 79691 14135] Ellerby Bank Top [NZ 79494 13729] Fleet Bank [SE 52625 63149] Fleet Bank Farm [SE 52840 63753] Fleet Bank Lane [SE 52651 63124] Freer's Banks [SE 69187 71777] Gowerdale Bank [SE 52113 88803] Grain Bank [NZ 73648 08211] Hart Bank [SE 56659 96001] Hawthorn Bank [SE 54831 62676] Holme Bank [NZ 67765 08574] Horra Bank [SD 95024 91928] Horrabank House [SD 95227 91711] Horse Back [NZ 74755 19954] Howe Bank [NZ 69322 08058] Hummersea Bank [NZ 72848 19906] Jenney Bank Wood [NZ 81291 02602] Ladhill Beck Bank [SE 54688 89940] Leech Bank [NZ 78495 18786] Low Bank [SE 56179 90054] Lythe Bank [NZ 85435 13142] Lythe Bank Lodge [NZ 85530 13011] Mill Bank [NZ 95350 03950] Mill Bank [NZ 74194 14059] Mill Bank House [NZ 95295 03742] Moor Ings Bank [SE 52127 87548] Murton Bank [SE 54128 88746] Nan Bank [NZ 74451 17318] Newton Banks [SE 81245 90941] North Bank [NZ 67313 21547] Oxbank Wood [NZ 94099 01883] Pardon Bank [NZ 61896 25291] Patten Bank [NZ 70554 18176] Pricky Bank Wood [8] [NZ 95188 04104] Quarry Banks [NZ 0435 94065] Ripleys Bank [TA 00087 95077] Row Pasture Bank [NZ 93993 06303] Runswick Bank Top [NZ 80870 16157] Ruswarp Bank [NZ 88767 09337] Ryston Bank [NZ 58932 12978] Saltburn Bank [NZ 66836 21349] Sand Hill Bank [NZ 66468 10651] Skelton Bank Wood [NZ 94025 02132] Sliding Bank [NZ 75625 17380] Sneck Yate Bank [SE 50550 87350] Stoupe Brow Bank [NZ 95750 03450] Stoupe Bank Farm [NZ 95747 03362] Sunny Bank [NZ 81112 15028] Tranmire Bank [SE 73347 91318] Well Bank [NZ 78533 17473] West Bank [SE 82535 89603] Whinny Bank [NZ 58639 14983] Whinny Bank [NZ 46030 00942] Whinny Bank [SE 46961 96754] White Bank [NZ 55416 17249] Whyett Bank [NZ 67472 07030]	87
-bar	ON (1-3) barð [192]	OE (1) beard (2) barþa (3) brúmme	(1) beard (2) prow (3) edge of a hill	Akebar [SE 19927 90263]	1
bar	ON barr [191]	OE bere	barley, pine or fir needles	Barley Carr [SE 57158 66188] Barley Carr Dike [SE 92722 96028] Barley Carr Rigg [SE 91358 96228] Barley Carr Slack [SE 92239 96138] Barley Carr Tongue [SE 92546 96503] Barley Hill [NZ 79982 14132] Barley Hill [NZ 51813 10120] Barriebarn (Barrie Barn) [NZ 94779 05684] [60]	8
bar	ON (1) Bera (2) Bjórá (3) bjórr [3]	OE (1) Bera	(1) Bera (personal name) (2) Bjórá (personal name) (3) beaver	Bardale Beck [SD 87105 84545] Bardale (Countersett) [SD 88840 86491] Bardale Head (Plantation) [SD 87032 84679] Bardale (Marsett) [SD 88768 85266]	4
bark	ON (1) Börkr (2) barka [405]		(1) Börkr (personal name) (2) to bark, tan	Barker's Lane [NZ 87214 10255] Barthorpe Bottoms (olim Barchertorp) [SE 76601 59563] Bartindale (olim Barkedale) [TA 10868 73302] Bartindale Farm [TA 10878 73037] Bartindale Plantation [TA 12018 73655] Bartindale Road [TA 10738 73467] Bartindale Village (site of) [TA 11033 73000]	7
barn	ON Bjarni [54]		Bjarni (personal name)	Hawes Close Barn [SD 82434 66928] Reddings Barn [SD 82376 66633] Stone Dikes Barn [SD 82092 66560] Wensley, Hang West Wapentake Barney Beck [SE 04984 92071] Lythe, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Barnby Beck [NZ 82733 11722] Barnby Dales [NZ 81243 14818] Barnby Howe [NZ 83102 13693] Barnby Howes (Tumuli - Site of a Beacon) [NZ 83148 13807] Barnby Lodge [NZ 81950 12442] Barnby (parish) [NZ 82380 13757] Barnby Sleights [NZ 82705 11551] Barnby Tofts [NZ 82253 13935] East Barnby [NZ 82847 12812] Flat Barn [SD 81642 67006] Garth Nook Barn [SD 82380 67772] West Barnby [NZ 82070 12623] Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake Ugglebarnby [NZ 88184 07178] Ugglebarnby Moor [NZ 88870 05295] Ugglebarnby (parish) [NZ 87867 05408] Bossall, Bulmer Wapentake Barnby Becks [SE 72531 60347] Barnby Carr Belt [SE 72495 61889] Barnby Cottages [SE 72474 61061] Barnby House [SE 72578 60884] Barnby Willow Garth [SE 73376 60761]	24
bat, batt	ON bátr [56] and [286]	OE bāt	(rowing) boat	Batt Height [NZ 61185 26125] Normanby Stye Batts [286] [NZ 95192 07558] North Batts [NZ 91663 11204] Pursglove Stye Batts [NZ 94450 08250] South Batts [NZ 92532 10596]	5
batt	ON Bǫðvarr [415]		Bǫðvarr (personal name)	Batt Height [NZ 61185 26125] Battersby [NZ 59692 07519] Battersby Avenue [NZ 59069 08236] Battersby Crag [NZ 60477 06463] Battersby Moor [NZ 60887 06520] Battersby Plantation [NZ 60402 07328]	5
-ber(gh), -baurgh, barf, -barrow, -borough	ON (1) Bergúlfr (2) berg (3) bjarg [91]	OE (2) beorg, berg ODan (3) bjerg	(1) Bergúlfr (personal name) (2) rock, precipice (3) hill, mountain, rock, cliff	Aldborough Ings [SE 40944 67169] Barfs Hill [SE 56335 66423] ** ** ** ** Barf End [SD 95884 98655] - see also [385] Barf End Gate [SD 96104 98618] - see also [385] Bargh Hill [SD 82042 68702] Bargh House [SD 81816 68492] Bargh House Barn [SD 81851 68138] ** ** ** ** Barugh Hill [NZ 93470 05340] Berguluesbi, Bergolbi (Langbaurgh West Wapentake, now lost) [NZ 93527 05384] ** ** ** ** Boroughbridge [SE 36459 93133] Boroughbridge Gates [SE 36320 93043] ** ** ** ** Barrow Cliff [TA 03287 89249] Herdborough [TA 02017 82590] Barugh, Normanby Barugh Bridge [SE 74468 79062] Barugh Hill [SE 75146 78761] Barugh Lane [SE 75417 79110] Barugh Lane [SE 75001 78672] Barugh Lane Farm [SE 74043 79963] Barughs Ambo [SE 75271 80068] Great Barugh [SE 74795 79093] Great Barugh Hill [SE 75053 78754] Little Barugh [SE 76302 79727]	22
beacon	ON (1) bákn, (2) bákna [395]	OE (1) bêacn (2) bêcnan	(1) a beacon (2) to beckon	Beacon Guest [SE 56472 96481] Beacon Guest Crags [SE 55818 96634] Beacon Hill [NZ 73697 09357] Beacon Hill [NZ 92532 09755] Beacon Hill [NZ 92503 09678] Beacon Hill (site of Hinderwell Beacon) [NZ 79331 17818] Beacon Hill Earthwork [SE 79291 84444] Beacon Hill (Tumuli) [NZ 75019 19038] Beacon Howes (Tumuli) [NZ 97283 01108] Beacon Moor [NZ 63057 20176] Beamsley Beacon or Howber Hill (Beacon, Site of) [SE 09896 52441] Rockcliff Beacon (Tumulus Site of) [NZ 74956 19428] Sneaton Beacon [NZ 89789 07670] Stoupe Brow Beacon or Peak Beacon [NZ 97180 01202]	14
beck	ON bekkr [71]	OE bec, becc, bæc, bæce, bece, bæc(c)	brook, stream	Ackland Beck [SE 77747 76526] Alcar Beck [SE 56273 64182] Allerston Beck [SE 88261 79972] Alne Beck [SE 50065 67751] Arkle Beck [NY 97578 05955] Arkle Beck [NZ 01253 01965] Askrigg Beck [SD 95630 90638] Backstone Beck [SE 12515 47110] Bank House Beck [NZ 77628 03895] Bardale Beck [SD 87108 84542] Barnby Beck [NZ 82733 11722] Barnby Becks [SE 72531 60347] Barnbybecks [SE 72533 60346] Barney Beck [SE 04984 92071] Barton Beck [NZ 23124 09312] Beedale Beck [SE 96178 85070] Bella Gill Beck [SE 07724 91580] Biller Howe Beck [NZ 91683 01515] Birk Head Beck [NZ 82107 11153] Birk Wath Beck [NZ 73154 02643] Bishopdale Beck [SD 02662 89051] Black Beck [SE 93064 92140] Black Beck [SE 06464 94599] Black Rigg Beck [SE 79340 96837] Blawath Beck [SE 81522 97395] Blea Hill Beck [NZ 89767 01524] Bloody Beck [SE 98209 99785] Blue Beck [NZ 80765 04816] Bluewath Beck [SE 75340 99635] Bluewath Beck [NZ 73625 00882] Bob Beck [NZ 78892 12050] Boghouse Beck [NZ 74205 12404] Boosbeck [NZ 66143 17013] Bow Beck [SE 13251 49261] Bridge Beck [SE 47109 91475] Broad Carr Beck [NZ 76966 06635] Broad Carr Beck [NZ 76967 06635] Broad Ings Beck [SE 57979 00317] Broadlands Beck [SE 96388 96527] Brocka Beck [NZ 85791 00866] Broughton Beck [NZ 54091 07181] Broughton Bridge Beck [NZ 54202 08137] Brown Beck [SE 98677 94773] Brown Rigg Beck [NZ 92114 00558] Burniston Beck [TA 01701 92429] Burrel Beck [SE 18378 96956] Burton Beck [SE 17417 90649] Busco Beck [NZ 75225 05647] Buskey Beck [NZ 89047 07162] Butter Beck [NZ 78523 02844] Calais Beck [NZ 81168 15057] Caley Beck [NZ 85937 06978] Carle Beck [SE 49032 66913] Carr Beck [NZ 46639 01512] Castle Beck [SE 95252 97806] Cat Scar Beck [NZ 82129 06129] Catrigg Beck [SD 84025 67564] Caukerdale Beck [NZ 67963 14504] Church Beck [TA 00862 90506] Claymore Beck [NZ 81566 15115] Cliff Beck [SD 88799 97366] Clitherbeck [NZ 71475 09950] Clither Beck [NZ 71629 10094] Cloughton Beck [TA 00820 94571] Cock Mill Beck [NZ 89792 09026] Cod Beck [SE 43283 78588] Cold Pool Beck [NZ 49601 11731] Commondale Beck [NZ 67032 09848] Commission Beck [SE 66740 68246] Cop Keld Brook [SE 98157 92899] Costa Beck [SE 76731 82505] Cow Close Beck [NZ 70183 13835] Cowside Beck [SD 84852 66824] Crimple Beck or River Crimple [SE 28098 51884] Cripple Beck [SE 87793 79524] Crook Beck [SE 74880 97763] Crooks Beck [SD 91319 86553] Cropton Beck [SE 75287 89795] Cross Beck [NZ 55419 17727] Crosscliff Beck [SE 90349 92549] Crossdales Beck [SE 97431 90634] Dalby Beck [SE 85423 87983] Dale Beck [NZ 67752 14720] Dale Beck [NZ 78104 13149] Dales Beck [NZ 78502 17136] Dabholm Beck [NZ 56417 23773] Derrings Beck [SE 46564 68563] Dick's Beck [SE 17053 51725] Difford Beck [SE 87762 78200] Dugdale Beck [SE 42466 78019] Dunsley Beck [NZ 86445 11298] Easington Beck [NZ 76843 18055] East Close Beck [NZ 93588 07247] Ebberston Beck [SE 89637 81687] Eller Beck [SD 98562 89941] Eller Beck [SE 47101 91102] Eller Beck [NZ 82818 09232] Eller Beck [NZ 52481 07761] Eller Beck [SE 85136 98323] Eller Beck [SE 87267 96620] Ellishaw Beck [SE 10552 52575] Ewe Crag Beck [NZ 70647 08843] Faceby Beck [NZ 49118 04227] Fairy Call Beck [SE 71195 90785] Farlington Beck [SE 61319 68585] Force Beck [SD 93934 87451] Fore Beck [SE 20397 52960] Ged Beck [SD 85265 53643] Gill Beck [SE 70216 98796] Gill Beck [NZ 75507 02958] Gill Beck [SE 16192 53708] Gill Becks [SE 16167 53777] Glaisdale Beck [NZ 77347 04380] Gorbeck [SD 84260 67105] Grain Beck [SE 88811 90577] Grangegill Beck [SD 93417 90923] Great Fryup Beck [NZ 73175 05027] Green Houses Beck [NZ 77230 10267] Greenhowe Beck [NZ 73930 13905] Greenseat Beck [SD 89994 97288] Gregory Beck [NZ 04866 09843] Grew Beck [SE 98628 93298] Gundale Beck [SE 79815 88238] Gunnerside Beck [SD 95013 98480] Gurtof Beck [SE 49102 86110] Hagg Beck [NZ 69853 16525] Hamer Beck [SE 73848 98069] Hardale Beck [NZ 76531 10810] Hardhill Beck [NZ 74512 02914] Hartoft Beck [SE 75797 95073] Harwood Dale Beck [SE 94514 95113] Haw Beck [NZ 69706 11840] Hayburn Beck [TA 00064 97360] Helwath Beck [SE 95538 99563] High Bousdale Beck [NZ 59423 14591] Highdales Beck [SE 95046 92482] High Gill Beck [NZ 75699 02856] Hipperley Beck [SE 92701 92953] Hob Hole Beck [NZ 66308 07543] Hobo Beck [SE 14458 51500] Hol Beck [SE 26899 86039] Hole Beck [50] [SE 72039 91518] Hole House Beck [SE 14270 49312] Hollow Bottom Beck [SE 55809 98017] Holme Beck [NZ 54860 19008] How Beck [SD 98100 68534] Howdale Beck [NZ 95051 01980] Howe Beck [SE 37250 90782] Howl Beck [NZ 61446 17140] Howl Beck [SE 44054 96246] Howlbecks [SE 71875 61343] Hutton Beck [SE 70259 91118] Ings Beck [SE 66749 68912] Ings Beck [NZ 54842 07669] Intake Beck [NZ 91718 07734] Isle Beck [SE 45436 77356] Ivelet Beck [SD 93184 98458] Jocks Row Beck [NZ 64529 15870] Jugger Howe Beck [SE 94943 97886] Kateridden Beck [NZ 67053 14840] Keas Beck [SE 95947 95329] Keasbeck [SE 96450 95850] Kendell Beck [SE 02000 89997] Kettle Beck [NZ 56361 19763] Keys Beck [SE 80213 95909] Kilton Beck [NZ 71001 18469] King's Beck [NZ 95094 05031] Kirk Beck [SE 96910 90503] Kirk Moor Beck [NZ 91800 02940] Knitting Wife Beck [NZ 55549 19878] Ladhill Beck [SE 54612 89784] Lathehouse Beck [SE 08632 50979] Layland Beck [NZ 67409 19007] Ledge Beck [SE 57465 96253] Leadmill Beck [SE 17378 97630] Leeming Beck [SE 18497 90529] Levisham Beck [SE 83982 91470] Limekiln Beck [NZ 80767 15431] Lindhead Beck [TA 00001 93730] Lingers Beck [NZ 94455 05362] Little Beck [SE 75976 91551] Little Beck [NZ 65012 14957] Littlebeck (olim Little Beck) [NZ 85003 01146] Little Eller Beck [SE 87410 98666] Little Fryup Beck [NZ 71621 05788] Little Lingers Beck [NZ 94743 05511] Liverton Beck [NZ 70157 16591] Loftus Beck [NZ 72905 18262] Long Beck [NZ 62649 21859] Long Rigg Beck [NZ 91398 06077] Loskey Beck [SE 71162 91568] Lowdales Beck [SE 96020 90900] Lownorth Beck [SE 94995 95391] Low Wood Beck [NZ 76112 07114] Lunshaw Beck [SE 49684 86198] Lythe Beck [NZ 83531 04404] Maltby Beck [NZ 48424 12297] Marnar Dale Beck [NZ 94824 04650] Marrs Beck [SE 68012 76968] May Beck [NZ 88997 01799] Middle Grain Beck [NZ 83735 02315] Mill Beck [SE 12223 90167] Millholme Beck [NZ 67783 19056] Mire Beck [SE 49654 84457] Mitten Hill Beck [NZ 92121 06497] Moor Beck [SE 19282 89940] Moordale Beck [NZ 58651 17507] Moss Beck [SD 96885 69181] Nettledale Beck [NZ 80698 15841] Nettle Beck [NZ 80707 15823] Newholm Beck [NZ 86704 11349] Nell Beck [SE 41225 68391] Newbiggin Beck [SD 96066 90637] New May Beck [NZ 89768 03276] New Parks Beck [SE 56385 61302] Newton Beck [NZ 78893 15742] Normanby Beck [NZ 52158 20287] Northdale Beck [SE 72153 97742] Oakdale Beck [SE 46182 96469] Oakham Beck [NZ 93906 08122] Oakly Beck [NZ 81438 02487] Old Beck [SE 44895 76458] Old May Beck [NZ 88848 02296] Osmund Beck [NY 98830 19417] Oughtershaw Beck [SD 86035 82059] Paddock Beck [SD 94583 90624] Paradise Beck [SE 43933 78238] Park Head Beck [NZ 75956 07811] Parsley Beck [NZ 87221 02975] Peasholm Beck [TA 03403 89447] Penny Beck [SE 44999 91604] Pickering Beck [SE 82197 89741] Pitts Beck [SE 48245 91876] Quarry Beck [TA 00604 93685] Raindale Beck [SE 80537 92435] Ramsdale Beck [NZ 93357 03575] [10] Raven Gill Beck [NZ 66258 11628] Ran Beck [SE 71504 59091] Rigg Mill Beck [NZ 90776 07896] Risedale Beck [SE 16111 96855] Roe Beck [NY 96435 05790] Row Beck [NZ 93826 05314] Row Pasture Beck [NZ 93794 07220] Roxby Beck [NZ 76619 17369] Ruston Beck [SE 95645 81938] Rutmoor Beck [SE 78559 96075] Sandsend Beck [NZ 84981 12264] Sandwath Beck [SE 49677 62121] Sandswath Beck [NZ 58829 15694] Sawdon Beck [SE 95650 83692] Scalby Beck [TA 02213 90512] Scarfhill Beck [SE 81416 93073] Scargill Beck [NZ 01513 09486] Scar Hill Beck [NZ 81849 12405] Scotton Beck [SE 19026 96969] Scugdale Beck [SE 52523 99215] Scurf Beck [SE 26894 89586] Shawn Riggs Beck [NZ 89461 08764] Sheep Beck [NZ 55384 18212] Shires Beck [SE 52286 67487] Shortsha Beck [SE 69250 91437] Sister Ings Beck [SD 96931 90366] Skirfa Beck [SE 13497 49694] Slape Stone Beck [NZ 95473 01803] Slape Stones Beck [SE 47297 97108] Slapewath Beck [NZ 63993 15808] Sleddale Beck [NZ 65867 10128] Slidney Beck [NZ 71012 03093] Smallwood Beck [SE 89855 92800] Sneaton Thorpe Beck [NZ 90390 05772] Sole Beck Gill [SE 18469 78426] Sorrow Beck [SE 46717 93801] Sour Beck [SE 19901 97629] Sow Beck [SE 94574 89831] Spennithorne Beck [SE 14764 89790] Spital Beck [NZ 90691 10202] Spout Beck [NZ 63699 21678] Spring Beck [SE 66143 76478] Staindale Beck [SE 86428 89682] Staindale Beck [NZ 35505 07395] Stainforth Beck [SD 82584 67521] Stainsacre Beck [NZ 90744 08531] Stainsby Beck [NZ 46467 14965] Stainton Beck [NZ 48556 13644] Staithes Beck [NZ 77882 18293] Stape Beck [SE 79459 93213] Starra Beck [SD 97236 89507] Stockland Beck [SE 91961 93201] Stonegate Beck [NZ 77773 09008] Stony Lane Beck [SE 43833 98627] Stotter Beck [NZ 75266 12705] Stoupe Beck [NZ 94936 02961] Sun Beck [SE 14134 90422] Sun Beck [SE 36719 94026] Sun Beck [SE 45731 71071] Sun Beck [SE 16103 90412] Sutherland Beck [SE 75753 90381] Swindale Beck [NZ 68313 14463] Tan Beck [NZ 97485 01918] Tanner's Wood Beck [NZ 81805 10197] Thacker Beck [SE 41277 78233] Thackthwaite Beck [SD 98450 90886] Thackray Beck [SE 17595 54104] Thirley Beck [SE 98315 95330] Thorn(e)y Beck [SE 99237 97794] Thornton Beck [SE 83508 80041] Thorny Beck [SE 97606 98159] Thorpe Beck [NZ 94467 04844] Thorsgill Beck [NZ 01521 14320] Thurstone Beck [SE 08567 51828] Thwaite Beck [SD 88830 98183] Thwaite Beck [NZ 03152 11201] Toad Beck [NZ 70246 07824] Tocketts Beck [NZ 62575 18054] Todhill Beck [SE 57314 91235] Town Beck [SE 08236 49807] Tranmire Beck [SE 73592 91320] Trough Gill Beck [NZ 70898 01865] Troutsdale Beck [SE 92918 89229] Turn Beck [SE 05668 83483] Upgang Beck [NZ 88076 11689] Waingate Beck [NZ 85050 09485] Wanley Beck [SD 97555 89475] Wapley Beck [NZ 73350 13432] Warm Beck [NZ 85852 09820] Wash Beck [NZ 90021 07800] Washy Cote Beck [TA 00613 92027] Waterfall Beck [NZ 63420 15920] Wath Beck [SE 67415 73558] Wath Beck [SE 68257 75257] Waytail Beck [NZ 71694 17474] Welldale Beck [SE 90581 80499] West Beck [SD 97482 89118] West Beck [SE 81253 99970] West Beck [NZ 52064 06730] West Hall Beck [SE 09560 51163] Whipperdale Beck [SE 09136 92434] Whisperdales Beck [SE 95916 92928] [49] White Beck [SE 92486 91476] Whitecarr Beck [SE 74040 61291] White Cliff (Whitecliff) Beck [NZ 71543 18109] White Cross Beck [NZ 66874 18395] Whyett Beck [NZ 67461 06804] Wilden Beck [NY 99116 20757] Wiley Cat Beck [NZ 64308 14465] Willow Beck [SE 35695 93413] Willow Beck [SE 44554 77322] Wine Beck [SE 07918 50523] Worm Beck [SE 14158 49449] Wrang Beck [SE 50041 66906] Yarna Beck [SE 90488 93045]	350
beck	ON bekkr [71]	OE bec, becc, bæc, bæce, bece, bæc(c)	brook, stream (ON bekkr-related place-names)	Beck Bitts [SD 95419 90936] Beck Crooks [NY 94251 07182] Beck Farm [NZ 01415 93033] Beck Hole [50] [NZ 82036 02238] Beck Hole Road [50] [NZ 82117 02356] Beck Hole Scar [50] [NZ 82332 02264] Beckhouse [SE 74893 89494] Beck Lane [TA 00809 94309 ] Beck Meetings [NZ 69993 16837] Beck Meetings Lodge [NZ 77139 18037] Beckside Farm [NZ 90803 06024] Beck Slack [SE 83918 99071] Beck Slack Head [SE 83664 98418] Beckwith [SE 28132 52318] Beckwith Cottage [SE 28408 52677] Beckwith Head [SE 28164 52989] Beckwith Head Farm [SE 28267 52595] Beckwith Head Road [SE 28254 53437] Beckwith House [SE 28226 52369] Beckwith Lodge [SE 28430 52758] Beckwithshaw [SE 26651 53079] Beckwith Stone [NZ 72878 11715] Birkbeck Wood [SD 94568 99142] Birkbeck Wood [SD 94682 98959] Black Beck Swang [NZ 70772 11045] Bloody Beck Hill [SE 98152 99920] Blue Beck Cottage [NZ 80664 04702] Bob Beck Gate [NZ 78639 11948] Boosbeck Bridge [NZ 65769 17330] Bow Beck Gill [SE 12930 49947] Brocka Beck (waterfall) [NZ 85550 00786] Brocka Beck Bridge [NZ 85977 00965] Broughton Bridge Beck [NZ 54202 08137] Busco Beck Farm [NZ 75440 06020] Caley Becks Farm [NZ 85734 06603] Caley Beck Wood [NZ 85837 06946] Castlebeck Farm [SE 95200 97527] Castlebeck Wood [SE 95045 96998] Catbeck Hill [NZ 82540 15685] Cod Beck Farm [SE 42687 78447] Crook Beck Rigg [SE 74766 98147] Crook Beck Slack [SE 74899 98127] Crook Beck Rigg [SE 74766 98147] Crook Beck Slack [SE 74899 98127] Cross Beck House [NZ 54842 18423] Eller Beck Bridge [SE 85814 98313] Eller Beck Head [SE 87123 96542] Ellerbeck Hole [NZ 74987 07533] Ged Beck Laithe [SD 84123 53830] Great How Beck Barn [SD 98363 68577] Hayburn Beck Farm [SE 99730 97284] How Becks Barn [SD 98180 68596] Howl Beck Bridge [NZ 61098 16848] Howl beck Cottage [NZ 60884 16864] Howl Beck Farm [NZ 61195 17084] Howl Beck Mill [NZ 60810 16787] Isle Beck Bridge [SE 45072 77368] Keasbeck Farm [SE 96371 95999] Keasbeck Hill [SE 96603 95726] Keasbeck Hill Farm [SE 96764 95832] Keys Beck House [SE 79975 95576] Ladhill Beck Bank [SE 54688 89940] Leeming Beck Bridge [SE 18747 90384] Little Beck Bank [NZ 88093 05218] Little Beck Head [NZ 85697 02139] Little Beck Lane [NZ 87382 04898] Little Beck Wood [NZ 87973 04729] Little How Beck Barn [SD 98291 68649] Long Beck Bridge [NZ 62968 22324] Long Beck House [NZ 62479 21695] Long Beck Lane [NZ 62643 21772] Lythe Beck Plantation [NZ 83468 04500] Matthew Beck Farm [NZ 78581 11802] Maybecks New Plantation [NZ 89390 03137] Mill Beck Farm [NZ 95187 03842] Murk Beck Slack [NZ 82581 07358] Nettledale Beck [NZ 80698 15841] Old Catbeck Trod [NZ 82322 15830] Old May Beck Farm [NZ 88612 03146] Pan Beck Laithe [SD 84937 55485] Parsley Beck Rigg [NZ 86315 03332] Prickybeck Bridge [TA 01355 92990] Prickybeck Island [TA 01456 93134] Raisbeck Farm [NZ 92142 07104] Roe Beck Bridge [NY 96704 05739] Scanbeck Howle [NZ 63431 23086] Sheep Beck Bridge [NZ 55206 18516] Sorrow Beck Bridge [SE 46627 93471] Stoupe Beck Sands [NZ 95907 03494] Stoupe Beck Wood [NZ 95556 03356] Swanbeck Farm [SE 99350 90050] Thacker Beck Wood [SE 41038 77504] Thirley Beck Cottage [SE 98170 95469] Tranmire or Old Beckwith Stone [NZ 72726 11461] Turn Beck Bridge [SE 05779 83464] Turn Beck Lane [SE 06195 83260] Wine Beck Bridge [SE 08125 50323] Wine Beck Farm [SE 07889 50421]	96
bell	ON (1) Belgr (2) belgr [296]	OE bälg	(1) Belgr (personal name) (2) withered, dry old man	Bell Bottom [SE 69557 72016] Bell Close [SE 73208 94224] Bell End [NZ 58474 14545] Bell End [SE 71924 96779] Bell End Green [SE 71867 96906] Bellerby [SE 11752 92634] Bellerby Beck [SE 13184 92601] Bellerby Mill [SE 11806 92839] Bellerby (parish) [SE 11007 93531] Bell Heads [SE 96812 91216] Bellheads Wood [SE 96876 90889] Bellsdale Slack [SE 97479 91109] Bellsdale (East) Woods [SE 97548 90891] Bellsdale (West) Woods [SE 97401 91077] Bell Shoals [NZ 90025 10644] High Bell [NZ 90025 10644] Low Bell [NZ 90024 10816] Low Bell End [SE 71449 96888] North Bell Bottom [SE 69475 72104] South Bell Bottom [SE 69312 71941] Randy Bell [NZ 81343 14962] Randy Bell End [NZ 81441 15289]	22
bie, bield	ON bœr, býr [92]	OE bȳre, būr	farm (stall, shed, hut)	Collinson Bield [SE 83983 99654] Middleton Beeld [SE 84085 02340] Mussy Bield [SE 83206 99807] Old Kit Bield [NZ 82208 00080] Round Bield [NZ 83884 02152] Sheep Beeld [NZ 83683 02416] Sheep Bield (numerous) [SE 92242 96921] Sheep Beeld [SE 92220 96961]	8
big	ON bygg [179]	OE béow, bere, beresæd	barley	Biggersdale Hole (Waterfall) [NZ 83898 11202]	1
biggin, begin	ON bygging [180]	OE bycgean, bygen	building, habitation, dwell, settle, inhabit and cultivate, occupy	Eskdale High Newbegin [NZ 84406 07899] Low Newbegin [NZ 85291 06872] Newbegin Hall [NZ 84133 06810] Newbegin High Farm [NZ 84106 07710] Filey Newbiggin [TA 10189 81944] Newbiggin Cliff [TA 10455 82586] Newbiggin Cottage [TA 10034 81607] Newbiggin Hall (Farm) [NZ 83991 06830] Askrigg Newbiggin [SD 95569 91545] Newbiggin Beck [SD 95560 91311] Newbiggin Pasture [SD 95944 92126]	11
bight	ON bugða, bugr [181]	OE byht	bend, angle, corner, bay, bight; a bend or curve in a coastline or river, a broad bay formed by an indentation (a bight) in the shoreline	Gravel Bight [NZ 90318 11503] Jump Down Bight [NZ 91243 11209] Long Bight [NZ 90745 11355] Rail Hole Bight [NZ 91044 11293]	4
bil	ON Bíldr [413]		Bíldr (personal name)	Bilsdale [SE 56786 96687] Bilsdale East Moor [SE 59936 96898] Bilsdale Midcable [SE 57773 99065] Bilsdale West [SE 55730 92047] Bilsdale West Moor [SE 55565 96019]	5
bill, bil(i)	ON Bill, Bil(i) [297]		Bill, Bil(i) (personal name)	Biller Howe [NZ 91417 01217] Biller Howe Beck [NZ 91683 01515] Biller Howe Dale [NZ 91656 01606] Biller Howe Dale Slack [NZ 90633 01804] Biller Howe Nook [NZ 90870 00788] Biller Howe Nook Slack [NZ 90964 00729] Biller Howe Turf Rigg [NZ 91377 00480]	7
birk	ON björk, birki [193]	OE bierce, birce	birch (overgrown with birch-trees, a birch copse)	Birchwath Gill [NZ 77686 02417] Birk Bank [SE 55541 86997] Birkbeck Wood [SD 94568 99142] Birkbeck Wood [SD 94682 98959] Birk Dale [NZ 77046 14867] Birkdale House [NZ 77480 14320] Birken Gill [SD 97414 90912] Birk Field Bank [NZ 67755 07323] Birk Head Beck [NZ 82107 11153] Birk Hill [SD 95447 97354] Birch House [NZ 83095 04198] Birch Wood House [NZ 84776 00157] Birk Carr Drain [SE 65712 58796] Birkers [SE 66179 62009] Birkers Farm [SE 66548 61966] Birk Head Beck [NZ 82107 11153] Birks [NZ 71903 09094] Birk Wath [NZ 72958 02491] Birk Wath Beck [NZ 73154 02643] Birk Wath Pits (Old Coal Pits) [NZ 72783 02352] Birk Wath Slack [NZ 73062 02489] Briscoe [NZ 81767 09584] Lowna Birks [SE 68880 91111] Middle Birchwath Slack [NZ 77599 02231]	24
-bist, -bister, -bost(a), boust(a), -pster, -mster, -bus, -bol(l)s, -bo	ON bólstaðr [145]	OE bolt, bútl, bý, býe, byht, biht	the place with the cultivated and settled land, farm
black	ON blakkr [419]	OE blac, blæc	black	Black Beck [SE 06464 94599] Black Beck [SE 93064 92140] Black Brow [NZ 85426 04968] Blackcliff Wood [NZ 75028 16575] Black Dike [TA 03120 82134] Black Dike Moor [NZ 75514 10620] Black Dub [SD 95071 97762] Black Dub Scar [SD 95044 97705] Black Foss Waterfall [SE 09172 50788] Black Gill [NZ 74920 16957] Blackgill Wood [NZ 74807 16993] Black Griff [SE 84234 91614] Black Hill [SE 60343 74211] Black Hill [SE 73472 92353] Black Hill [NZ 74167 04718] Black Hill [NZ 77139 16084] Black Holes [SE 87457 94695] Black Howe Rigg [SE 84746 92467] Black Howes (Tumuli) [SE 84614 92421] Black Moor [SE 60499 72986] Black Nab [NZ 92260 10793] Black Noddle [SE 90289 94830] Blackpark Lodge [SE 75146 90747] Black Path [NZ 63058 21843] Black Plantation [SE 54296 67494] Black Rigg [SE 78815 96746] Black Rigg Beck [SE 79340 96837] Black Sike [SE 76858 83499] Black Sike [SE 95479 97958] East Black Sike [NY 99723 10051] West Black Sike [NY 99258 10059] Black Sod Hole [NZ 65027 05818] Black Wood [SE 54696 67445] Black Wood [SE 91324 92664] Blakey House [SE 67810 99687] Blakey Howe [SE 67784 99788] Blakey Moor [SE 87153 94115] Blakey Ridge [SE 68084 99485] Blakey Swang [SE 68286 99808] Blakey Topping [SE 87259 93909] Far Black Rigg [SE 84123 91766] High Blakey Moor [SE 66662 99695] Little Blakey [SE 68519 98861] Little Blakey Howe [SE 68029 99353] Little Blakey Slack [SE 68695 98871]	45
blake, bleik, blai	ON (1) Bleikr (2) bleikr [78]	OE (2) blác, blæc	(1) Bleikr (personal name) (2) pale (of weak colour), wan	Bleakthwaite [SD 85234 93291]	1
Blan	ON (1) Blǫndu (2) blanda [412]	OE (2) bland	(1) Blǫndu (personal name) (2) to blend, mix	Blansby (lost) Blansby Park [SE 82102 87195] Blansby Park Cottage [SE 80411 85723] Blansby Park Farm [SE 82433 86696] Blansby Park Lane [SE 80616 85774] Blansby Park Wood [SE 82907 86451] High Blansby [SE 82865 87508]	7
blind	ON blind [469]	OE blind	blind, concealed, closed at one end	Blind Bank [SE 52313 89553] Blind Lane [SD 65358 72708] Blind Lane [SE 35311 57978] Blind Lane [SE 27378 88537] Blind Lane [SE 45780 53209] Blind Lane [NZ 23315 09176] Blind Lane [NZ 58147 15438]	7
blue, blea, bla	ON blár [144]	OE bleó, bleo	blue, blue-black, black (metallic colour of armour)	Bleach Garth [NZ 87064 04561] Blea Dub [SD 89595 86071] Blea Gill [SD 85116 82571] Blea Hill [NZ 90270 00538] Blea Hill Beck [NZ 89800 01472] Blea Hill Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 90319 00940] Blea Hill Rigg [NZ 90298 00616] Blea Pot [SD 85415 92683] Blea Pot Hole [SD 85312 92942] Blea Pot Plain [SD 85345 92820] Blea Wyke [NZ 98954 01563] Blea Wyke Lodge [NZ 98938 00920] Blea Wyke Point [NZ 99219 01468] Blea Wyke Steel [NZ 99128 01535] Blue Bank Bottom Farm [NZ 86686 06694] Blue Bank Farm [NZ 86924 06431] Blue Beck [NZ 80765 04816] Blue Beck Cottage [NZ 80664 04702] Blue Ber Bridge (foot) [NZ 81867 02696] Blue Ber Wood [NZ 81971 02993] Blue Bridge [SE 53908 62075] Blue Nook [NZ 70660 20743] Blue Nook [NZ 75989 19207] Blue Pits [SE 75224 87192] Blue Scar [SD 98323 91193] Blue Scar [NZ 85535 06675] Blue Scar [SE 51296 99325] Bluewath Beck [SE 75340 99635] Bluewath Beck [NZ 73625 00882]	29
boggle	ON (1) Bogi, (2) bogi, (3) boginn [143]	OE (2) boga (3) byht	(1) Bogi (personal name) (2) a bow (3) bent, bowed, curved (river bend or valley)	Boggle Beeld [NZ 82945 02915] Boggle Hole [NZ 95572 04070] and [NZ 95593 04023] Boggle House [NZ 82962 04021] and [NZ 82992 04048] Boggle Stile [SE 03634 98522] Booze [NZ 01324 02393] Booze Common [NZ 00691 02673] Bow Beck [SE 13251 49261] Bow Beck Gill [SE 12930 49947] Bow Bridge [SE 72446 95753] Bow Bridge (Site of) [NZ 68385 08388] Bow Bridge [SD 93428 91000] Bow Bridge [SE 56130 91092] Bowrake Stell [SE 39321 79328] Stut Bog [NZ 75467 10049]	14
bolt	ON Boltr [298]		Boltr (personal name)	Boltby (Boltebi DB) [SE 49255 86455] Boltby Scar [SE 50890 86095] Holtby [SE 67685 54037] Holtby Grange [SE 66024 53726] Holtby House [SE 67501 54083] Holtby Lane [SE 66542 54076] Holtby Manor [SE 66244 52938] Holtby Moor [SE 66288 54047] Holtby (parish) [SE 66288 54047] Kirkby Fleetham, Hang East Wapentake Ainderby Mires [SE 25732 92715] Holtby (with Ainderby Miers) [SE 26682 92876] Holtby Cottages [SE 26891 92779] Holtby Grange [SE 26771 93235] Holtby Hall [SE 26934 92269] Holtby Park [SE 27079 92214] Little Holtby [SE 27388 91801]	16
bond	ON bóndi, hūsbōndi [142]	OE hūsbōnda	farmer, husband	Husband Barn [SD 82250 66408]	1
bain, bown	ON (1) bein [120] (2) beinn	OE (1) bān (2) habban	(1) bone (2) straight, right, favourable, advantageous, convenient, friendly, fair, keen	Bainley Bank [NZ 73812 04455] Bainley Bank Farm [NZ 73404 04802] Bainley Cottage [NZ 73885 04263] Bainley Farm [NZ 73632 05045] Bainley Gate [NZ 73979 04535] Bownhill Wood [NZ 94625 03047]	6
busby, busk	ON (1) Buskr, (2) buskr [299]	OE bysc	(1) Buskr (personal name) (2) bush, shrub	Stokesley, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Busby Gate House [NZ 52002 06883] Busby Grange [NZ 52404 05703] Busby House [NZ 50796 06379] Busby Stoop [SE 38175 80822] Great Busby [NZ 52083 05541] Great Busby Farm [NZ 52052 05738] Great Busby (parish) [NZ 52099 05351] Little Busby Bridge [NZ 50649 05046] Little Busby (parish) [NZ 50988 05352] Sneaton, Whitby Strand Wapentake Buskey Beck [NZ 88702 07741] Buskey House [NZ 88513 07854]	11
booth	ON búð [79]	OE bo, -bœ ODan bod	booth, a simple, small temporary shelter (plural búðir, encampment)	Butter Howe [NZ 82735 15130]	1
bottom	ON botn [119]	OE botm	bottom, head of a valley or fjord, source of a watercourse	Banks Bottoms Road [SE 82368 89284] Barthorpe Bottoms (olim Barchertorp) [SE 76601 59563] Bell Bottom [SE 69557 72016] Blue Bank Bottom Farm [NZ 86686 06694] Bottom House [NZ 94556 07114] Bottom House Lane [NZ 93883 06747] Bottoms Head [SE 78146 59281] Bottoms Lane [NZ 93550 07950] Bottoms Road [SE 81674 90749] Botton Grove [NZ 69704 05402] Bottons Lane [SE 83774 82365] Cumma Bottom [SE 03915 83293] Finkel Bottoms [NZ 74159 06368] Gunnerside Bottoms [SD 95411 97974] Hagg Bottoms [NZ 67455 20005] Hawsker Bottoms [NZ 93921 07835] Hollow Bottom Beck [SE 55809 98017] Incline Bottom [NZ 82276 02066] Luckerra Bottoms [SE 76772 75018] North Bell Bottom [SE 69475 72104] Ridge Bottom House [SE 17455 53873] Ridge Bottom Lair [SE 17978 54178] South Bell Bottom [SE 69312 71941] Thirlsey Bottoms [SE 97813 90731]	24
bowl, bol(l), boul	ON (1) Bolli (2) bolli [414]	OE (2) bolla	(1) Bolli (personal name) (2) a bowl	Boulby [NZ 76021 18973] Boulby Alum Quarries (disused) [NZ 75269 19533] Boulby Bank [NZ 76065 18850] Boulby Barns [NZ 75373 19133] Boulby Barns Farm [NZ 75261 19208] Boulby Gill [NZ 76559 18229] Boulby Grange [NZ 76183 18908] Boulby Mines [NZ 75888 18088] Old Boulby (Boulby Hall, site of) [NZ 76158 18331]	9
bracken	ON brakni, burkni [459]	OE bræcen ME braken	bracken (fern)	Brackenberry Shaft [NZ 79540 18285] Brackenberry Wyke [NZ 79459 18286] Brackenhoe [NZ 51658 16812] Bracken Hill [NZ 50615 10184] Bracken Hill [NZ 75984 05847] Bracken Hill [NZ 90413 01316] Bracken Hill [SD 93159 88995] Bracken Lodge [SD 93211 90956] Bracken Ridge (Old M.S.) [SE 12360 52178] Bracken Ridge Well [SE 12258 52045] Brackenthwaite [SE 28080 51348] Brackenthwaite Lane [SE 27840 51265] Brecken Hill [NZ 43055 01413] Breckenholm Crook [SE 95099 80120]	14
brad, bratta, bretta	ON (1) Brattr (2) brattr [117]	OE brant, bront	(1) Brattr (personal name) (2) very steep cliff, near vertical, precipice	Bradly Hill [NZ 83431 02389] Bradly Wood [NZ 83441 02285]	2
brae, bræ, brow	ON brá [194]	OE brú, bræw	hillside, slope, edge of a hill, projecting upper edge of a steep hill	Bank Brow [NZ 75782 18956] Black Brow [NZ 85426 04968] Bothams Brow [SE 15454 54956] Brae Side [NZ 86726 07489] Braygate [NZ 70289 18404] Brow Alum Quarry [NZ 95950 02350] Brow House [NZ 83141 00300] Brow Moor (tumuli) [NZ 96146 01828] Brow Top [NZ 92950 04650] Brow Wood [NZ 81717 04898] Cliff Brow [NZ 76211 15958] Crosscliff Brow [SE 88895 91702] Doubrow Well [NZ 95293 06173] East Brow House [SE 81772 89918] East Brow Wood [SE 81961 89962] Farwath Brow [SE 82562 88678] Harmer Brow [SE 99419 96352] Hay Brow [SE 99273 90490] Holm Brae [SE 07014 84264] Lingy Brae [SD 83322 96818] Lun Brow [SE 91920 95320] Mill Brow [SE 83726 01584] Moss Brow [NZ 87225 11668] Moss Brow Lodge [NZ 87383 11800] Newton Brow [NZ 78705 14249] Red Brow [SE 94350 90850] Redbrow Plantation [SE 94612 90938] Row Brow [SE 94547 85127] Saltergate Brow [SE 85898 94843] Scriddle Brae [SE 03813 89844] Sherwood Brow [SD 81638 68127] Silpho Brow [SE 97784 93234] Silpho Brow Farm [SE 98091 93237] Southward Brow [NZ 71370 09435] Stoupe Brow [NZ 95524 02557] Stoupe Brow Bank [NZ 95750 03450] Stoupe Brow Beacon [NZ 97095 01200] Stoupe Brow Cottage (Farm) [NZ 6028 03079] Stoupe Brow Farm [NZ 96755 02160] Stoupe Brow (parish) [NZ 96357 01966] Surgate Brow [SE 97305 93894] Surgate Brow Farm [SE 97560 93840] Surgate Brow Plantation [SE 98369 94359] Surgate Brow Wood [SE 97599 93554] The Brows [NZ 75882 18699] Thorn(e)y Brow(e) (16th century) [NZ 94690 01687] Thorny Brow [NZ 94764 01684] Thorn(e)y Brow Farm [NZ 94690 01687] Whin Brow [TA 01266 95376] Yatts Brow [SE 80432 85835]	50
brand, brans	ON Brandr, brand [417]	OE brand	(1) Brandr (personal name) (2) fire brand	Brandsby, Bulmer Wapentake Brandsby [SE 59302 72299] Brandsby Bank [SE 59171 72699] Brandsby Beck [SE 58570 71879] Brandsby Cottage (olim Aumitts Cottage) [SE 58442 71886] Brandsby cum Stearsby (parish) [SE 60238 71704] Brandsby Dale [SE 59443 73255] Brandsby Hall [SE 59914 71798] Brandsby Lodge [SE 60032 72837] Brandsby Mills [SE 58592 72328] Kirkdale, Ryedale Wapentake Bransdale [SE 61934 96696] Bransdale Castle [SE 61789 97508] Bransdale House [NZ 75214 04112] Bransdale Lodge [SE 61837 98382] Bransdale Mill (corn) [SE 62192 97903] Bransdale Moor [SE 61786 99602] Bransdale West [SE 61618 96371] Brant Lane [SE 64042 99784]	17
braw, brau, bra	ON Bragi [416]		Bragi (personal name)	Brawby [SE 73991 78123] Brawby Grange [SE 73796 79048] Brawby Lane [SE 72429 78549] Brawby Lodge [SE 72844 78191] Brawby (parish) [SE 73339 78968] Brawby Park [SE 73992 78277]	6
breck, brick, brack	ON (1) brekka [255]	OE (2) brǣc	(1) slope, hill (2) land broken up for cultivation	Breck (Whitby, lost) Breckenbrough [SE 20916 96916] Breckenbrough [SE 37899 83318] Breckenbrough Castle Farm (on site of Castle) [SE 37772 84294] Breckenbrough Grange [SE 39185 82858] Breckenbrough House [SE 38013 83059] Breckenbrough Lane [SE 21205 97119] Breckon Hill [NZ 86530 06268] Breckenholm Crook [SE 95099 80120] Brecken Howe [SE 90872 95991] Breckenhurst [SE 96078 94863] High Breckonbrough [SE 80080 90566] Low Breckonbrough[SE 80142 90378] Newsham with Breckenbrough [SE 37970 83950]	14
brei, brad, brea, broad	ON (1) Breiðr (2) breiðr [118]	OE brad	(1) Breiðr (personal name) (2) broad	Brawith Bridge [SE 40932 86742] Brawith Hall [SE 40918 87298] Brawith Lane [SE 40717 87580] Brawith Wood [SE 41456 87443] Breaday Gill [SE 96545 92785] Breaday Heights [SE 96050 92650] Broad Acres [SE 71093 59377] Broad Carr [NZ 76787 06079] Broad Carr Beck [NZ 76966 06635] Broad Ings [NZ 88150 10167] Broad Ings [SE 58188 00811] Broad Ings Beck [SE 57979 00317] Broad Ings Wath [SE 58102 00232] Brokenbrea [SD 97288 71607] Hillbraith (lost)	15
brig(g), bridg	ON (1) bryggja (2) brú [53]	OE brycg	(1) bridge, landing-stage, gang-plank, jetty, pier (2) bridge, causeway raised way over water or marshy terrain	Ainthorpe Bridge [NZ 70865 08331] Aynholme Bridge [SE 07960 49939] Apple Bridge [NZ 54908 09534] Apple Bridge [NZ 54821 09203] Applegarth Bridge (foot) [SE 36720 94024] Bainbridge [SD 93668 90248] Black Dale Bridge [SE 85092 91494] Black's Bridge [NZ 62097 22510] Blue Ber Bridge [foot] [NZ 81867 02696] Blue Bridge [SE 53908 62075] Boroughbridge [SE 36459 93133] Boroughbridge Gates [SE 36320 93043] Bow Bridge [SE 72446 95753] Bow Bridge [SE 56130 91092] Bow Bridge [SD 93428 91000] Bow Bridge (Site of) [NZ 68385 08388] Bowbridge Hill [SD 93282 91033] Brawith Bridge [SE 40932 86742] Bridge Holm Lane [NZ 95086 03431] Bridge Stone Slack [NZ 90652 01461] Briggswath [NZ 87024 08198] Brigholme (olim Brigholm and Brygholm) Brocka Beck Bridge [NZ 86026 00969] Broughton Bridge [NZ 54073 08007] Broughton Bridge [NZ 53766 07656] Burn Bridge [SE 54707 65406] Can Bridge [NZ 76729 05958] Cherrycroft Bridge (foot) [SE 36460 94200] Cloughton Bridge [TA 00905 93734] Coatham Bridge [NZ 59255 24812] Coldy Hill Bridge [TA 02504 89896] Crakehall Bridge [SE 24228 90080] Crosby Bridge [SE 41650 90163] Crossholme Bridge [SE 56623 96639] Dale End Bridge [NZ 70876 08421] Dale Hole Bridge [NZ 84050 13921] Dalehouse Bridge [NZ 77683 18046] Dibble Bridge Bank [NZ 67734 07884] Dibble Bridge [NZ 67537 07860] Dibble Bridge Farm [NZ 67485 07806] Dibble Bridge Wood [NZ 67045 07872] Duck Bridge [NZ 72015 07717] Eller Beck Bridge [SE 85814 98313] Eller Stang Bridge [NZ 69332 08161] Everley Bridge (now Wrench Green Bridge) [SE 96798 89272] Faggergill Bridge [NY 98023 05005] Fell Briggs [NZ 61297 21007] Foul Bridge [SE 91637 79256] Foulbridge [SE 91424 79530] Foulbridge Gate [SE 91485 80194] Foulbridge Lane [SE 91356 80317] Foulbridge (parish) [SE 91136 79845] Foulsyke Bridge [NZ 73134 18193] Gatela Road (and Bridge) [SE 95196 95471] Gilmonby Bridge [NY 99570 13215] Girsby Bridge [NZ 35262 08244] Gunnerside Bridge [SD 95099 98200] Hamer Bridge [SE 74263 97612] Hartoft Bridge [SE 74874 92566] Hayburn Bridge [SE 99521 97610] Helwath Bridge [SE 95490 99520] Hilla Green Bridge [SE 94792 90046] Hocket Bridge (Foot) [SD 93564 90901] Hole Trough Bridge (Foot) [NZ 78105 06623] Holmes Bridge [NZ 59972 16122] Honey Dale Bridge [NZ 79215 13009] Howden Bridge [SE 35103 92035] Howe Wath Bridge [NZ 69556 08300] Howl Beck Bridge [NZ 61098 16848] Howlsike Bridge [NZ 73304 07657] Howl Sike Bridgestone [NZ 66871 09000] Ings Bridge (Foot) [NZ 52066 09646] Keldholme Bridge [SE 70790 86360] Keldy Bridge [SE 77722 90749] Kilgram Bridge [SE 19204 86031] Kirby Bridge [NZ 53767 07418] Kirkbridge [SE 25305 90188] Kit Bridge (foot) [SE 50596 63981] Langdale Bridge [SE 94283 91034] Laskill Bridge [SE 56271 90812] Laund Bridge [SE 56660 61239] Ledge Beck Bridge [SE 57413 96148] Lindhead Bridge [SE 99322 93808] Little Ings Bridge [SD 92397 87345] Lobby Bridge [SD 93235 53581] Lodge Bridge [NZ 72130 07865] Long Beck Bridge [NZ 62968 22324] Lowna Bridge [SE 68736 90898] Lund Bridge [SE 50343 67563] Marsett Bridge [SD 90323 86224] Marrs Bridge [SE 67089 76620] Marton Bridge [SE 58572 69287] Marton Bridge [SE 73225 83193] Moordale Bridge [NZ 59712 18188] Mosey Bridge [SE 51770 61621] Mowthorpe Bridge [SE 68530 68538] Mowthorp Bridge [SE 97996 88233] Myton Bridge [SE 43601 66739] Nappa Bridge [SD 93143 57103] Nathwaite Bridge [SE 06623 83739] New Bridge [SE 56543 91159] New Bridge [NZ 94190 03753] Osmund Bridge [NY 99083 19706] Oxgang Bridge [NZ 60664 22340] Peasholm Bridge [TA 03638 89650] Petch Bridge (foot) [NZ 70596 18035] Prickybeck Bridge [TA 01355 92990] Privet Bridge [SE 37640 84406] Roe Beck Bridge [NY 96704 05739] Ryton Bridge [SE 79603 75361] Saltburn Bridge (Toll) [NZ 66778 21204] Sand Hill Bridge [NZ 66139 10484] Sandwath Bridge [SE 49309 62098] Sandswath Bridge [NZ 59442 16010] Scalby Bridge [TA 01023 90002] Shaken Bridge [SE 56012 88460] Shaken Bridge [SE 55989 88343] Shaken Bridge Farm [SE 55731 88210] Sheep Beck Bridge [NZ 55206 18516] Shot Hole Bridge [NZ 78754 03388] Sigston Bridge [SE 41914 94882] Skate Beck Bridge [NZ 70009 12140] Skeeby Bridge [NZ 20369 02921] Skutterskelfe Bridge [NZ 48512 07212] Sleights Bridge [NZ 86840 08168] Sorrow Beck Bridge [SE 46627 93471] Spa Bridge [SE 96705 89687] Staddle Bridge [SE 44400 99019] Staddle Bridge House [SE 44144 98907] Staindale Bridge [NZ 35669 07168] Stainforth Bridge [SD 81731 67199] Stainsacre Bridge [NZ 91556 08076] Stonegate Bridge [NZ 77717 09078] Thirkleby Bridge [SE 47270 77497] Thwaite Bridge [SD 89133 98118] Thwaite Bridge [NZ 03694 11173] Thormanby Bridge [SE 49670 74007] Todhill Bridge [SE 57854 91037] Tollesby (Foot) Bridge [NZ 50921 15406] Tower Bridge (Foot) [NZ 67345 05947] Turn Beck Bridge [SE 05779 83464] Ulshaw Bridge [SE 14515 87222] Whyett Bridge [NZ 67508 07115] Wilden Bridge [NY 00387 20611] Willymath Bridge [TA 01503 92779] Wine Beck Bridge [SE 08125 50323] Wood Dale Bridge [NZ 77235 09458] Wooden Hill Bridge [SE 35618 92920] Yore Bridge [SD 93279 90695] Yorebridge House [SD 93431 90633] York Bridge [SE 51809 62459]	151
brim	ON brim [80]	OE brim, brym, brymm	surf, flood, wave, sea, ocean, shore
broat(e)s	ON brot [81]	OE brot, broten, brytsen	(1) fragment, break, breach, (2) brot, small piece of land, (3) land cleared for cultivation by burning, (4) heap of felled trees in a wood, a clearing in a wood	Broates [SE 79234 87296] Broates Lane [SE 78889 87461] Broats House [SE 43961 76976] Broats Lane [SE 68436 70894] High Broats [NZ 01276 13867] Low Broats [NZ 00946 13618] Salton Broats [SE 72366 79724]	7
broc(k), broxa	ON brokkr [4]	OE broc(c)	badger	Brocka Beck [NZ 85780 00895] Brocka Beck Bridge [NZ 85977 00964] Brocka Beck (waterfall) [NZ 85550 00786] Brock Hall (Farm) [NZ 93064 02446] Brockhill [SE 56967 90418] Brockhill Wood [SE 56942 90011] Brockholme Farm [SE 38927 89954] Brockholme Lane [SE 39014 90034] Brockrigg [NZ 82609 14496] Brockrigg (parish) [NZ 82742 14439] Broxa (Brochesei 1160) [SE 94574 91366] Broxa Banks [SE 94378 91116] Broxa Banks Wood [SE 94267 91342] Broxa Farm [SE 94674 91552] Broxa Forest [SE 95235 93912] Broxa Hill [SE 94466 91057] Broxa Lane [SE 95547 90314] Broxa Moor Lane [SE 94543 92009] Broxa Rigg [SE 95147 90917] Broxa Spring [SE 94303 91258]	20
brown	ON brúnn [424]	OE brūn	brown	Brown Beck [SE 98677 94773] Brown Gates [SE 71093 61208] Brown Head [SE 80931 95901] Brown Higg Stone [NZ 78415 13664] Brown Hill [SE 92044 97896] Brown Hill [NZ 77606 14683] Brown Howe [SE 81006 94958] Brown Howe (Tumulus) [SE 80974 95084] Brown Howes (tumuli) [SE 89708 90836] Brown Knot [NY 98860 07128] Brown Moor [SE 56865 64821] Brownmoor Lane [SE 56865 64821] Brown Rigg [NZ 92417 00455] Brown Rigg Beck [NZ 92114 00558] Brown Rigg End [NZ 74737 09608] Brown Rigg Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 74520 09508] Brown Rigg Moor [NZ 92453 00579] Brown Rigg Road [SE 98079 98460]	18
burn	ON brunnr [83]	OE burn, burna, burne, bœrne	burn, well-spring, font, spring, stream	Burn Bridge [SE 54707 65406] Burn Hall [SE 54097 65342] Burn Howe [SE 91213 99153] Burn Howe Dale [SE 93701 99859] Burn Howe Duck Pond [SE 89558 99130] Burn Howe Moor [SE 94399 98243] Burn Howe Rigg [SE 91675 98762] Burnet Force [SD 94070 87310] Burnt Hill [NZ 79267 18400] Burnt House [NZ 78404 11340] Burnt Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 98688 01238] Burniston (Brinitun, Brinnistun DB) [TA 00806 92974] Burniston Beck [TA 01702 92437] Burniston Farm [TA 01017 92997] Colburn [NZ 78037 18962] Colburn Gill [NZ 77700 18475] Colburn House [NZ 77694 18529] Colburn Lane [NZ 77425 18789] Colburn Nab [NZ 78323 19053] Colburn Steel [NZ 78303 19106] Hayburn Beck [TA 00000 97361] Hayburn Beck Farm [SE 99730 97222] Hayburn Bridge [SE 99521 97610] Hayburn Wyke [TA 01262 97068] Hayburn Wyke Hotel [TA 01502 96980] Hayburn Wyke Wood [TA 00809 97030] Huby Burn [SE 54300 65410] Iburndale [NZ 87522 07130] Iburndale Beck [NZ 87227 07440] Iburndale Lane [NZ 86913 07081] Sockburn Wath [NZ 35095 07123] Brotton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Old Saltburn [NZ 67059 21458] Saltburn Bank [NZ 66836 21349] Saltburn Bridge (Toll) [NZ 66778 21204] Saltburn Gill [NZ 67419 20471] Saltburn Sands [NZ 66658 21888] Saltburn Scar [NZ 68065 22054]	37
bur(r)	ON (1) bur [62]	OE (2) bûr	(1) store-house, small house (2) chamber, dwelling, cottage	Burrill [SE 24136 87249] Burrill Beck [SE 24507 86941] Burrill Gill [SE 23747 87059] Burrill Lane [SE 24860 87329]	4
burgh, brough, borough, burrow	ON borg [116]	ODan burgh OE burh, byrig	rampart, fort, stronghold, fortified town	Aysgarth, Hang West Wapentake Addlebrough [SD 94720 87947] Aldbrough House [SD 94218 89601] Brough Pasture [SD 93893 89306] Brough Scar [SD 93865 89710] Out Brough [SD 93299 89469] Yorburgh [SD 88175 88095] Yorburgh Hole [SD 89076 88129] Borrowby, Hambleton Borrowby [NZ 77153 15583] Borrowby Dale [NZ 78330 16962] Borrowby Farm [NZ 77014 15669] Borrowby Grange [NZ 77498 17033] Borrowby Lane [NZ 77739 17014] Borrowby Moor [NZ 76698 14479] Borrowby (parish) [NZ 77522 16014] Low Borrowby [NZ 77494 15633] Brough, Middlesbrough Brough [NZ 50843 19193] Scarborough, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Scarborough [TA 02599 87172] Scarborough Castle (Remains of) [TA 05049 89222] Guisborough, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Gisboro' Hall [NZ 62349 16334] Guisborough [NZ 61886 16261] Guisborough Moor [NZ 62975 13007] Guisborough (parish) [NZ 62521 13941] Guisborough Priory (Remains of 1129 A.D.) [NZ 61921 16099] Brotton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Brough Cottage [NZ 68273 21451] Brough House [NZ 68094 21370] Freebrough, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Freebrough Hill [NZ 68974 12655] Freebrough House [NZ 68394 12867] Freebrough Plantation [NZ 68665 12889] Freebrough Skirt [NZ 69026 12464] Freebrough Skirt [NZ 68979 12907] Freebrough Slack [NZ 69223 12652] Grosmount, Langbaurgh East Wapentake High Burrows [NZ 81390 04026] Low Burrows [NZ 81381 04313] Newsham with Breckenbrough, Hambleton Breckenbrough [SE 37899 83318] Breckenbrough Castle Farm (on site of Castle) [SE 37772 84294] Breckenbrough Grange [SE 39185 82858] Breckenbrough Hall [SE 38613 83178] Breckenbrough House [SE 38013 83059] High Breckonbrough [SE 80080 90566] Low Breckonbrough[SE 80142 90378] Newsham with Breckenbrough [SE 37970 83950] Breckenbrough, Tunstall, Richmondshire Breckenbrough [SE 20916 96916] Breckenbrough Lane [SE 21205 97119] Colburn Brough, Richmondshire Brough Beck [SE 23558 97248] Brough Hall [SE 21544 97870] Brough Lodge [SE 21570 96962] Brough Park [SE 22165 98012] Thornbrough (Cataractonium, Roman Station, Site of)[SE 22443 99112] Harbrough, Hambleton Harbrough [SE 44186 96033] Thornton Riseborough, Normanby, Ryedale Wapentake Low Riseborough [SE 73798 82247] Riseborough Bridge [SE 75721 84330] Riseborough Hagg [SE 75908 83305] Riseborough Hall [SE 75197 82941] Riseborough Hill [SE 75591 83397] Riseborough Hill [SE 75592 83400] Thornton Riseborough (parish) [SE 74172 82613] Thornbrough, Leake, Richmondshire Thornbrough [SE 38331 90614] Thornbrough Hill [SE 44905 90777] Malton Kirby Misperton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Borough Mere [SE 78856 73928]	60
by	ON býr, bœr, bö, bÿ, bú, búa [74]	ODan by OE bý, býe	(1) ON farmstead, homestead, farm, the buildings which as a group constitute a farm (2) ODan village (3) OE a dwelling, habitation	Aislaby [NZ 86283 08617] Aislaby Hall [NZ 86329 08766] Aislaby Lodge [NZ 85424 07945] Aislaby Moor [NZ 85183 08936] Aislaby (parish) [NZ 85694 08284] Baldby (Fields) Barnby [NZ 82266 13757] Barnby Beck [NZ 82735 11701] Barnbybecks [SE 72533 60346] Barnby Dales [NZ 81239 14824] Barnby Howe and Barnby Howes [NZ 83139 13682] Barnby Sleights [NZ 82705 11554] Barnby Tofts Farm [NZ 82142 13937] Boltby (Boltebi DB) [SE 49255 86455] Borrowby Dale [NZ 78330 16962] Borrowby Grange [NZ 77587 17024] Borrowby Lane [NZ 77739 17014] Bydale Howle Fox Covert [NZ 63106 22922] Bydales [NZ 63187 22772] Carperby [SE 01011 89879] Dalby Beck [76] [SE 85611 87099] Dalby Forest [SE 90763 90870] Dalby Meadow [SE 85630 86458] Dalby Snout [SE 90964 93542] Dalby Warren [SE 86519 87585] Dalby Wood [SE 85350 86850] East Barnby [NZ 82847 12812] Gilmonby [NY 99294 13065] Gilmonby Bridge [NY 99570 13215] Gilmonby Hall [NY 99246 13128] Gilmonby Moor [NY 98438 11167] Gilmonby (parish) [NY 98258 11815] Harmby Moor [SE 13334 91690] Hawnby [SE 54122 89672] Hawnby Hall [SE 54022 89748] Hawnby Hotel [SE 54188 89817] Hawnby Lodge [SE 53588 89965] Haxby Plantation (Haxebi DB) [NZ 89817 04893] High Dalby House [SE 85277 88646] High Normanby [NZ 93317 05971] High Stakesby (Stachesbi 1160) [NZ 88845 10712] Ingleby Cross [NZ 45107 00714] Jingleby House [SE 89402 89550] Jingleby Thorn [SE 89523 89780] Jingleby Thorn Plantation [SE 89587 89611] Killerby Carr [TA 06338 81426] Low Dalby (House) [SE 86017 87333] Low Dalby Wood [SE 85354 86783] Low Stakesby [NZ 89150 10750] Mickleby [NZ 80233 12839] Mickleby Beck [NZ 80876 12051] Mickleby High Grange [NZ 78562 12645] Mickleby Hole [NZ 80723 13351] Mickleby Lodge [NZ 79622 12806] Mickleby Low Grange [NZ 81310 12252] Mickleby Moor [NZ 78733 13039] Mickleby Moor Side [NZ 78926 12206] Mickleby (parish) [NZ 80230 13216] Newby [TA 01650 90197] Newby Bridge [TA 01397 90324] Newby Farm [TA 01494 90053] Newby Hall [TA 01540 89960] Newby Mill [TA 02628 90723] Newby Moor Lane [TA 01286 89441] Normanby [SE 73603 81734] Normanby [NZ 92611 06131] Normanby [NZ 54946 18288] Normanby Bridge [SE 73582 81434] Normanby High Farm [NZ 53403 19364] Normanby Hill [SE 73225 82090] Normanby Hill Farm [SE 73179 81776] Normanby Hill Top [NZ 92484 05559] Normanby House [NZ 85752 12671] Normanby Intake Plantation [NZ 56397 16908] Normanby Moor [NZ 55875 16944] Normanby (parish) [SE 73956 81611] Normanby (parish) [NZ 54113 18700] Normanby Stye Batts [286] [NZ 95192 07558] Scalby (parish) [TA 01495 90951] Scalby [TA 01383 90527] Scalby Beck [TA 02215 90513] Scalby Bridge [TA 01023 90002] Scalby Hall [TA 01211 90365] Scalby Hays [TA 00014 91620] Scalby High Mill [TA 02207 90617] Scalby Holt [TA 01225 90501] Scalby Lodge [TA 02600 91543] Scalby Manor (Wyndyate) [TA 02459 90923] Scalby Nab [SE 99537 90193] Scalby Nabs [SE 99815 90067] Scalby Ness [TA 03645 91066] Scalby Ness Rocks [TA 03842 91116] Scalby Ness Sands [TA 03407 91300] Stakesby Vale [NZ 88550 10350] Stakesby Vale Farm [NZ 88550 10250] Skewsby [SE 62817 70999] Thornsby House [SE 78742 91588] Ugglebarnby [NZ 88189 07181] Ugglebarnby Moor [NZ 88862 05298] Upper Dalby Wood [SE 85379 86963] Warrenby [NZ 58227 25018] West Barnby [NZ 82070 12623] Whenby [SE 63259 69857] Whitby [NZ 90341 10964] Wragby [NZ 93608 00394] Wragby Farm [NZ 93841 00377] Wragby Manor [NZ 93721 00423] Wragby Wood [SE 93122 99920]	108
cal, kal	ON (1) kál [438]	OE (1) cawl (2) caul, ceaol, ceawl, cel, ceol, ceoul	(1) kale, cabbage (2) basket	Cabbage Garth [NZ 73169 16554] Kale Croft [NZ 93786 02202] Kale Pot Hole [SE 81901 93163]	3
cald, cold	ON kaldr [115]	OE cald, ceald	cold	Cawthorn [SE 78060 89604] Cawthorn Banks [SE 77883 89917] Cawthorn Moor [SE 78182 91626] Coldgill Spring [SE 99641 91068] Cold Keld [NZ 66204 17917] Coldy Hill [TA 02411 89888] Coldy Hill Bridge [TA 02504 89896] High Cawthorn [SE 78495 91432]	8
calf	ON (1) Kálfr (2) kálfr [114]	OE (2) cealf, Anglian calf	(1) Kálfr (personal name) (2) calf	Calf Garth Wood [NZ 84148 00277] Calfgarth Wood [SE 45740 87363] Calf Peak [NZ 81001 16409] Calfthwaite (olim Calf Thwaite) Farm [SE 99220 97737]	4
cam	ON (1) Kámr (2) kambr [313]	OE (2) camb	(1) Kámr (personal name) (2) comb, crest, ridge	Camedale Wood [NZ 64437 14640] Comb Hill [NZ 67340 09234] Combs Bridge (foot) [NZ 82077 02055] Combs Wood [NZ 81737 02218] Coomb Hill [SE 52604 90198] Coomb Hill House [SE 52217 90236] Coombhill Noddle [SE 95631 89541] Coombhill Plantation [SE 96060 89789] Coomb House [SE 53056 89870] Coomb Slack [SE 95755 89247] Coomb Slack Farm [SE 95969 89357] High Combs [SE 11176 53826] Low Combs [SE 10862 54113] The Combs [NZ 00268 11320]	14
can(a)	ON Kani [314]		Kani (personal name)	Cana [SE 36180 71709] Cana Barn [SE 36253 71788]	2
car	ON Kári [315]		Kári (personal name)	Carthorpe [SE 31078 83754]	1
carl	ON (1) Karl (2) karl [113]	OE carl, ceorl	(1) Karl (personal name) (2) peasant, churl (a freedman ranked below a þegn but above a thrall)	Carle House [SE 48961 67619] Carless Cottages [TA 09405 81846] Carlin Bank Wood [NZ 94244 03894] Carlin How [NZ 70481 19275]	4
carr, -ker	ON kjarr (1), (2) and (3) [242]	OE (3) carr	(1) copsewood, brush-wood, thicket (2) bog, marsh, marshy land overgrown with brushwood, (3) rock, scar, north country carrock	Barley Carr [SE 57158 66188] Barley Carr Dike [SE 92722 96028] Barley Carr Rigg [SE 91358 96228] Barley Carr Slack [SE 92239 96138] Barley Carr Tongue [SE 92546 96503] Barnby Carr Belt [SE 72495 61889] Birk Carr Drain [SE 65712 58796] Broad Carr [NZ 76787 06079] Broad Carr Beck [NZ 76966 06635] Carr Beck [NZ 45113 00571] Carr Cote [SE 57553 91767] Carr Cote Ridge [SE 58390 92276] Carr Cote Wood [SE 57188 91285] Carr End [NZ 78124 05416] Carr Fields [SE 99850 83909] Carr Fields Lane [SE 99711 83799] Carr Lands [SE 95776 92514] Carr Hill [TA 04672 81824] Carr Hill [SE 56522 96120] Carr Hill Head [SE 56363 96300] Carr Hills [TA 05868 81526] Carr House [SE 53571 90634] Carr Lane [TA 05784 82110] Carr Lane [SE 65996 67236] Carr Mount [NZ 87792 08818] Carr Pond [NZ 56378 17404] Carr Wood [NZ 92697 03201] Cayton Carr [TA 05087 81463] Cayton Carr House [TA 04660 82345] Coulson's Carr [TA 05072 81854] Crindle Carr Lane [SE 39724 88287] Cringle Carr [SE 56253 88052] Deepdale Carr [TA 04169 81891] Elder Carr [NZ 77286 10073] Far Carr Wood [NZ 81232 05376] Far Peat Carr [SE 66006 60485] Grinkle Carr [NZ 43967 01347] Gristhorpe Carr [TA 08710 81356] Hawk Carr [NZ 70815 03200] Killerby Carr [TA 06338 81426] Lebberston Carr [TA 07501 81005] Lebberston Carr Farm [TA 06993 81394] Loder's Carr [TA 05236 80832] Little Carr [SE 68575 71117] Middleton Carr Lane [SE 77795 84974] Osgodby Carr [TA 04527 81941] Ravenscar [NZ 98770 01673] Redcar [NZ 60484 25347] Redcar Rocks [NZ 61483 25387] Redcar Sands [NZ 61414 25030] Ruswarp Carrs [NZ 87663 08542] Sheriff Hutton Carr [SE 66400 67638] Stalling Carr [SE 65778 60550] Struntry Carr [NZ 81049 02605] Summer Carr [SE 39839 88826] Tanton Carr [NZ 51110 10868] The Carr [SE 94514 90299] The Carr [NZ 54166 00822] The Carrs [SE 44288 67974] Upsall Carrs Plantation [NZ 55151 14797] Wharrell Carr Spring [SE 00939 93911] Whey Carr [SE 69025 59104] Whey Carr Farm [SE 69437 58525] Whey Carr Plantation [SE 69264 59031] White Carr [SE 66581 60299] White Carr Nooking [SE 66484 60811] Wild Goose Carr [SE 65763 59690] Wilton Carr [SE 86678 80698] Wilton Carr Lane [SE 86354 80885] Wye Carrs [NZ 43520 99962]	70
cat, kat	ON Káti [316]	OE Catta	Káti (personal name)	Cat Flats [NZ 62199 21913] Catton [SE 37086 78077] Catwick [NZ 90788 05994] Kateridden [NZ 67166 14736] Kateridden Beck [NZ 67053 14840] Kateridden Wood [NZ 67442 14796]	6
clax	ON (1) Klak(kr) (2) klakkr [211]	OE (1) Clacc (2) clæcc	(1) Klak(kr) (personal name) (2) hill, peak, mountain knoll, clump	Claxton [SE 69320 59988] Claxton Grange [SE 68168 59763] Claxton Hall [SE 68093 59934] Claxton Ings [SE 69074 59767] Claxton Moor [SE 68604 59864] Claxton (parish) [SE 68971 59819]	6
cleas	ONorw Kleiss [323]	ODan Klēss	Kleiss (personal name)	Cleasby [NZ 25216 13068] Cleasby (parish) [NZ 25062 11965] Cleasby Grange [NZ 25451 11056] Cleasby Hall [NZ 24796 13041] Cleasby Hill [NY 97748 07700] Cleasby Lane [NZ 25065 11129] Cleasby Lime Works [NZ 24455 12289]	7
cleave(s)	ON (1) klífa (2) kljúfa, klyfja [454]	OE (1) clîfian (2) cleôfan	(1) climb (2) cleave, split	Cleave Dyke [SE 51465 83512] Cleaves Bank [SE 49684 82798] Cleaves Bank Quarry [SE 49569 82741] Cleaves House [SE 49906 83646] Cleaves Wood [SE 49663 83231] High Cleaves [SE 49808 82887] Low Cleaves [SE 49482 83246]	7
cliff, clett	ON (1) klif [243]	OE (2) clif	(1) a cliff, (in Norway) with a path (2) cliff, steep slope	Barns Cliff [SE 93740 93326] Barns Cliff End [SE 94015 94605] Barrow Cliff [TA 03287 89249] Beast Cliff [TA 00019 99546] Bias Cliff [NZ 76603 19025] Blackcliff Wood [NZ 75028 16575] Cattersty Cliff [NZ 70641 20637] Cliff Beck [SD 88799 97366] Cliff Brow [NZ 76211 15958] Cliff Cottages [SE 11956 90131] Cliff Hill [NZ 78684 16985] Cliffden [NZ 66905 21147] Cliff Grove Cottage [NZ 77977 18426] Cliff House [NZ 63443 22930] Cliff Lodge [SE 11983 90003] Common Cliff [NZ 99370 00830] Crosscliff [SE 89452 92065] Crosscliff Beck [SE 90274 92484] Crosscliff Beck [SE 87803 92144] Crosscliff Brow [SE 88706 91769] Crosscliff Wood [SE 89537 91725] Gristhorpe Cliff [TA 09525 83252] Gristhorpe Cliff Farm [TA 09472 82636] Hummersea Cliff [NZ 72143 20137] Huntcliff Foot [NZ 68472 22077] Hunt Cliff [NZ 69032 21811] Hunt Cliff [NZ 69923 21501] Hunt Cliff (Roman Fort) [NZ 68584 21969] Hunt Cliff (Well) [NZ 68714 21997] Ingleby Arnecliffe [NZ 44922 00976] Killerby Cliff [TA 07160 84167] Langcliffe Mill [SD 82103 65979] Langcliffe Scar [SD 83187 66132] Lingrow Cliffs [NZ 80859 16873] Little Cliff [TA 01501 96686] Middle Cliffs [NZ 78682 17173] Old Lance Cliff [NZ 95472 05661] Ovalgate Cliff [NZ 84515 14766] Peter White Cliff [NZ 96213 03026] Raincliffe Woods [SE 98750 87635] Rockcliff [NZ 74523 19535] Rockcliff Cottages (1 of 2) [NZ 74757 19511] Rockcliff Cottages (2 of 2) [NZ 74777 19278] Rockcliff Hill [NZ 74602 19136] Rock Cliff [NZ 75039 19834] Rosedale Cliffs [NZ 79897 17366] Stonecliff End [NZ 85614 14171] Stonecliff Wood [NZ 75366 16327] Wait Cliff [SE 91660 91388] Waitcliff End [SE 91886 91412] Waitcliffe Howe [SE 91210 91054] West Cliff [NZ 88850 11650] West Cliff Cottages [NZ 68766 21646] White Cliff [NZ 71218 18288] Whitecliff (White Cliff) Wood [NZ 71215 18400] White Cliff (Whitecliff) Beck [NZ 71422 18310] White Cliff Rigg [SE 87152 86118] White Cliff Wood [NZ 71334 18295] Whitestones Cliff [NZ 82181 15420] Overton, Bulmer Wapentake Rawcliffe [SE 58169 55050] Rawcliffe Farm [SE 57043 55112] Rawcliffe Ings [SE 57381 54400] Rawcliffe Landing [SE 57111 55285] Rawcliffe Lane [SE 57986 55011] Rawcliffe Lodge [SE 57864 54416] Rawcliffe Moor [SE 59002 56052] Rawcliffe Plantation [SE 59011 55417] Rockcliff Beacon (Tumulus Site of) [NZ 74956 19428] Rockcliff Cottages [NZ 74773 19279] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Rawcliff Banks Cottages [NZ 63853 16350] Rawcliff Banks Wood [NZ 64230 16557] Pickering, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Rawcliff (Newton-on-Rawcliffe) [SE 80797 90672] Rawcliff Banks [SE 79596 913329] Rawcliffe Howe [SE 80018 91130] Rawcliff Top [SE 79721 91069] Rawcliff (House Farm) [SE 79707 91659] Rawcliff Road [SE 80670 90871]	77
clough	ON klofi [44]	OE clough	a narrow valley, cleft or rift in a hill, ravine, glen or gorge	Clot House [SE 42523 67642] Clot House Cottage [SE 42349 67660] Clough Gill [NZ 65748 03630] Cloughton [TA 00643 94627] Cloughton Beck [TA 00818 94569] Cloughton Bridge [TA 00905 93734] Cloughton Hall [TA 00991 94222] Cloughton Moor House [SE 98962 97346] Cloughton Newlands [TA 01234 95892] Cloughton Newlands Farm [TA 01198 96064] Cloughton Plantations [SE 99898 95623] Cloughton Quarries [TA 00529 94017]] Cloughton Wyke [TA 02686 95239] Swinton Clough [SE 76946 74973] The Clough [SE 54949 97341]	15
cock	ON kokkr [244]	OE cocc	cock	Cock Bush Farm [NZ 44123 00011] Cockeran [SE 15757 90564] Cock Flat [NZ 54956 00121] Cockham Gill [SE 99108 90828] Cock Howe [SE 54343 98341] Cock Lake [SD 88358 84701] Cock Lakes [SE 15752 51555] Cock Lake Side [NZ 90067 00867] Cock Lake Well [NZ 90240 01390] Cockley Head [SE 95949 93988] Cockman Dike Slack [NZ 79856 01955] Cock Mill [NZ 89866 08752] Cock Mill Beck [NZ 89815 09044] Cock Mill Wood [NZ 90374 08724] Cock Moor [SE 94864 85920] Cock Moor [SE 93762 85836] Cockmoor Cottage [SE 93862 85716] Cockmoor Plantation [SE 94768 85830] Cockmoor Pond [SE 95067 85723] Cock Pit [SE 74551 86248] Cockrah Foot [SE 96838 88920] Cockrah House [SE 96650 89050] Cockrah Wood [SE 96631 88515] Cock Rigg [NZ 77698 13000] Cockshaw Hill [NZ 59010 10852] Cock Shots [NZ 70395 17785] Lintycock Stone [NZ 74829 20176]	27
coul, col, cole	ON Kol(l)i, Kollr, Kolr [324]	ODan Kulby	Kol(l)i, Kollr, Kolr (personal names)	Colby Hall [SD 93625 91169] Coulby Manor [NZ 49832 15270] Coulby Manor Farm [NZ 50468 14939]	3
col, kol	ON kol [437]	OE (2) côl (3) cól	(1) Colburn (personal name) (2) coal (3) cool	Colburn [NZ 78037 18962] Colburn Gill [NZ 77700 18475] Colburn House [NZ 77694 18529] Colburn Lane [NZ 77425 18789] Colburn Nab [NZ 78323 19053] Colburn Steel [NZ 78303 19106]	6
con, coney, cun	ON konungr, kóngr [112]	OE cyning, cyng	king	Coney Griff [SE 84755 90395] Coney Hill [SE 42635 67694] Coney Hills [SE 59783 74532] Coneysthorpe [SE 70961 71320] Coneysthorpe Banks Wood [SE 71947 72512] Coneysthorpe (parish) [SE 71205 71769]	6
con, coney, cun	ON koning	OE conynge, conig, cony	coney, rabbit	Coneygarth Hill [SE 44784 68503] Coneygarth Nab [SE 86284 89917] Coney Well Spring [NZ 97521 01039] Conygarth Hill [SE 28115 90561]	4
cot(e)	ON kot, kyta, kytra [245]	OE cot(t), cote	hovel, small cottage, hut	Barnby Cottages [SE 72474 61061] Beckwith Cottage [SE 28408 52677] Carr Cote [SE 57553 91767] Carr Cote Ridge [SE 58390 92276] Carr Cote Wood [SE 57188 91285] Coatham [NZ 59374 24884] Coatham Banks [NZ 58766 25226] Coatham Bridge [NZ 59255 24812] Coatham Common [NZ 58533 25197] Coatham Parish [NZ 58161 24802] Coatham Rocks [NZ 60285 25899] Coatham Sands [NZ 57407 26035] Cold Moor Cote [NZ 54590 01691] Cote Bank Farm [NZ 82613 06884] Cote Bank Woods [NZ 82748 06719] Cote Hill [NZ 52973 04064] Cote Hill [SE 15941 54357] Cote Hill Dike [SE 16177 54672] Daleside Cottage [SE 53388 88989] Ewe Cote [NZ 87963 10801] Ewe Cote [SE 56111 91785] Ewe Cote Farm [NZ 87684 10832] Ewe Cote Hall [NZ 87929 10831] Hornby Cottage [NZ 71227 08709] Howe Cottage [NZ 69512 07835] Kingthorpe Cottages [SE 84717 86324] Rockcliff Cottages [NZ 74773 19279] Thirley Cotes (Farm) [SE 97594 95070] Rennison's Cottage [SE 74038 80523] Turton Cottages [NZ 76505 15612] Washy Cote Beck [TA 00613 92027] West Cote [NZ 54569 00029] West Coatham Grange [NZ 56585 22772] West Coatham Marsh [NZ 57148 23903] Yore's Cott [SD 93214 90846]	34
coupe, cop, copp, cape	ON kaup [246]	OE ceáap	a bargain, agreement, payment, reward
cow	ON (1) Kausi (2) kýr [317]	OE cú(u)	(1) Kausi (personal name) (2) a cow	Cow & Calf [NZ 95977 06826] Cow Close [NZ 00963 14742] Cow Close (parish) [NZ 00099 14731] Cow Close Beck [NZ 70183 13835] Cowclose Farm [TA 00015 90810] Cowesby [SE 46635 89980] Cowesby Hall [SE 47026 89836] Cowesby Moor [SE 47595 89453] Cowesby Wood [SE 47647 89626] Cowfield Hill [NZ 95195 04769] Cowgate Rigg [SE 96953 97153] Cowgate Slack [SE 97065 96495] Cow Hill (with tumulus) [NZ 83130 14890] Cowick Carr (The Carr) [SE 63553 20420] Cowick Gorse [SE 63849 19246] Cowling Scar [NZ 95759 04742] Cow Wath Bank [NZ 83980 01148] Cow Wath Beck [TA 02092 91755] Cow Wath Bridge [NZ 83889 01157] Cow Wath Bridge [TA 02038 90907] Kitley Hill [NY 98973 05228] Kitley Hill House [NY 98900 05030] Little Cowgate Rigg [SE 97136 96986]	23
crag(s)	ON kröggum, kröggur [486]	OE cræg	crag	Battersby Crag [NZ 60477 06463] Beacon Guest Crags [SE 55818 96634] Blawath Crag [SE 81212 97657] Burtree Cragg [NZ 89950 11250] Crag Dike [NZ 82470 03903] Crag Hall [NZ 97730 01368] Crag Hole [SE 94850 97750] Crags Hill [NZ 69949 18864] Crag Stone Rigg [SE 83822 97731] Crag Well [NZ 85539 08652] Crookleth Crags [SE 55628 96945] Ewe Crag [NZ 69817 10067] Ewe Crag Beck [NZ 70647 08843] Ewe Crag Slack [NZ 69602 10363] Hawnby Hill Crag [SE 53997 90660] Jackdaw Crag [NZ 69942 21406] Jopling Crag [NZ 87582 03939] Low Crags Hall [NZ 70338 19143] Rank Crag [SE 52819 99283] Rowantree Crags [SE 54509 98725] Skivick Crag [SE 80914 97990] Tarn Hole Crag [SE 59310 97658] Tor Hill Crags [NZ 65997 03906] White Crag End [NZ 00423 08558] White Stone Crag [SE 52947 99152]	25
crac, crak, crake	ON (1) Kráki, Craca (2) krákr, kraká [325]	OE cráw, cráwe	(1) Kráki, Craca (personal name) (2) a crow	Cracoe [SE 49311 89367] Cracoe Slack [SE 49249 89552] Crake Castles [SE 71781 59038] Crake Dub [SE 18583 97482] Crake Gill Sike [NZ 01371 12334] Crake Hall [SE 87133 79680] Crakehall Beck [SE 23251 90216] Crakehall Bridge [SE 24228 90080] Crakehall Corn Mill [SE 24391 90226] Crakehall High Mill [SE 23543 90192] Crakehall Ings [SE 26523 90560] Crakehall Ings Farm [SE 25983 90383] Crakehall Station [SE 23978 89172] Crakehill [SE 42836 73598] Crakehill Cottage [SE 43212 74074] Crakehill Farm [SE 44087 74253] Crakehill (parish) [SE 25580 90024] Creyke Nest [NZ 54130 07467] Great Crakehall [SE 24705 89858] Little Crakehall [SE 23824 90342]	20
creek	ON kriki [64]	OE crecca	creek
cringle, crindle, ring	(1) ON hringr (2) ON kringla [111]	OE hring, hrincg	(1) circle, ring (2) disk, circl, orb	Crindle Carr Lane [SE 39724 88287] Cringle Carr [SE 56253 88052] Cringle End [NZ 53427 03322] Cringle Moor [NZ 53579 02887] Cringley Lane [SD 95101 90868] Studforth Ring [SE 58123 79862]	6
croft	ON kot [248]	OE croft	a small, fenced piece of arable land	Acomb Crofts [SE 78034 74580] Cherrycroft Bridge (foot) [SE 36460 94200] Croft Farm [NZ 94093 05073] Dannow Croft [SD 94341 53210] Kale Croft [NZ 93786 02202] Priestcrofts [NZ 66460 17538] Rawcroft (Raw Croft) [NZ 02320 01542] The Crofts [SE 79335 75399] Thirley Cotes (Farm) [SE 97594 95070] Ussel Croft [NZ 39705 06763] West Croft [SE 96512 89733] Westcroft Bridge [SE 96048 89968]	12
crook	ON (1) Krókr (2) krókr [249]	OE crōc	(1) Krókr (personal name) (2) crook, hook, bend, bight	Breckenholm Crook [SE 95099 80120] Crookacre Barn [SD 97540 71439] Crookacre Wood [SD 97658 71463] Crooka Well [SE 01118 72104] Crook Beck [SE 74892 97762] Crook Beck Rigg [SE 74766 98147] Crook Beck Slack [SE 74899 98127] Crook Bridge [SE 45356 70693] Crookleth [SE 55805 97783] Crookleth Crags [SE 55628 96945] Crookers Hill [NZ 50476 10925] Crook Ness [TA 02625 93464] Crooksby Barn [SE 97976 85095] The Crooks [SE 76391 75200]	14
cros, cross	ON kross [250]	OE cros	cross, junction, as instrument of execution	Ann's Cross (on Tumulus) [NZ 87781 00161] Crosby Bridge [SE 41650 90163] Crosby Bridge Farm [SE 41424 90394] Crosby Court [SE 39459 91873] Crosby Court Grange [SE 40114 92476] Crosby Court Plantation [SE 39253 92181] Crosby Grange [SE 40680 88647] Crosby Manor [SE 41186 91051] Crosby Moor Farm [SE 40466 91130] Crosby House [SE 30273 87516] Crosby Farm [SE 30527 87470] Cross Beck [NZ 55419 17727] Cross Beck House [NZ 54842 18423] Cross Butts [NZ 87690 10159] Crosscliff [SE 89452 92065] Crosscliff Beck [SE 90274 92484] Crosscliff Beck [SE 87803 92144] Crosscliff Brow [SE 88706 91769] Crosscliff Wood [SE 89537 91725] Cross Dale [SE 83579 88236] Crossdale Head [SE 84051 88301] Crossdale Road [SE 84326 88279] Crossdale Spring [SE 83388 88134] Cross Dales [SE 97781 90450] Crossdales Beck [SE 97443 90622] Crossdales Wood [SE 97971 90487] Cross Dyke [SE 84350 87750] Cross Dike [SE 84350 87750] Cross Dyke [NZ 90382 02258] Cross Green [SE 44341 68770] Cross Hill [SE 68412 70574] Cross Holme [SE 56900 96645] Crossholme Bridge [SE 56623 96639] Cross Keld Trough [NZ 94301 05828] Crosses Farm [SE 95484 95879] Cross (Site of) [SE 80806 95262] Cross Slack [NZ 70159 07990] Handley Cross [NZ 50539 04873] High Cross [SE 73358 88557] High Crosslets [NZ 53261 00248] Hob Cross [NZ 64581 13330] Horrock's Cross [NZ 00998 04186] Ingleby Cross [NZ 45107 00714] John Cross (remains of) [NZ 90070 02670] John Cross Rigg [NZ 90158 02445] Little Cross [SE 73462 88230] Low Crosby Court [SE 40463 91999] Low Crosslets [NZ 54060 00018] Malo Cross [SE 86676 94939] Mauley Cross [SE 79717 94298] Nappa Cross [SD 87362 64145] One Howe Cross (Tumulus) [SE 72553 93822] Ralph Cross (Old Ralph) [NZ 67494 01975] Ralph Cross (Young Ralph) [NZ 67641 02074] Redman Cross (Remains of) [SE 73085 93556] Sand Hutton Cross [SE 40154 81988] Scale Cross [NZ 67295 08827] Siss Cross [NZ 70316 10610] Siss Cross Hill [NZ 70053 10663] Stoupe Cross [NZ 91052 10833] Stump Cross [NZ 74410 09442] Three Crosses Well [NZ 75626 18522] Tom Cross Rigg [SE 85662 97282] White Cross Beck [NZ 66874 18395] York Cross [NZ 87871 01528] York Cross Rigg [NZ 87472 01410]	66
crunkly	ON krúnk [451]	OE crácettan, cracettan, cráwan	raven's croak	Crunkly Gill [NZ 75450 07007]	1
dale	OWScand, ON dalr [251]	OE dæl	dale, valley, hollow, depression (in the landscape)	Aysgarth, Hang West Wapentake Fossdale [SD 85941 92667] Fossdale Gill [SD 86505 92160] Fossdale Pasture [SD 85667 93525] Fossdale Moss [SD 85881 95314] Fossdale High Folds [SD 86541 94523] ** ** ** ** Bardale Beck [SD 87105 84545] Bardale (Countersett) [SD 88840 86491] Bardale Head (Plantation) [SD 87032 84679] Bardale (Marsett) [SD 88768 85266] Barnby Dales [NZ 81239 14824] Bartindale (olim Barkedale) [TA 10868 73302] Bartindale Farm [TA 10878 73037] Bartindale Plantation [TA 12018 73655] Bartindale Road [TA 10738 73467] Bartindale Village (site of) [TA 11033 73000] Bedale Hill [SE 13860 89356] Bella Dale Slack [NZ 74356 10896] Bellsdale Slack [SE 97498 91156] Bellsdale (East) Woods [SE 97548 90891] Bellsdale (West) Woods [SE 97401 91077] Biggersdale Hole (Waterfall) [NZ 83898 11202] Biller Howe Dale [NZ 91653 01611] Bilsdale [SE 56786 96687] Bilsdale East Moor [SE 59936 96898] Bilsdale Midcable [SE 57773 99065] Bilsdale West [SE 55730 92047] Bilsdale West Moor [SE 55565 96019] Birk Dale [NZ 77046 14867] Birkdale House [NZ 77480 14320] Birstly Dale [NZ 86034 12192] Black Dale [SE 85232 91539] Black Dale Bridge [SE 85092 91494] Borrowby Dale [NZ 78330 16962] Busky Dale Wood [NZ 66670 15771] Bydale Howle Fox Covert [NZ 63106 22922] Camedale Wood [NZ 64437 14640] Commondale [NZ 66488 10358] Commondale Beck [NZ 67032 09848] Commondale Moor [NZ 66452 09110] Coverdale Pasture Plantation [49] [NZ 93852 04480] Crane Dale [NZ 67984 21743] Cranedale Spout [NZ 67763 21740] Cross Dale [SE 83579 88236] Crossdale Head [SE 84051 88301] Crossdale Road [SE 84326 88279] Crossdale Spring [SE 83388 88134] Cross Dales [SE 97781 90450] Crossdales Beck [SE 97443 90622] Crossdales Wood [SE 97971 90487] Dalby Beck [SE 85655 86546] Dale Beck [NZ 78104 13149] Dale End [NZ 70612 08479] Dale End Bridge [NZ 70876 08421] Dale Farm [NZ 91388 07961] Dale Hole Bridge [NZ 84050 13921] Dalehouse [NZ 77810 17971] Dalehouse Bridge [NZ 77683 18046] Dalehouse Plantation [NZ 77239 18068] Dalehouse Wood [NZ 76843 17484] Dales Beck [NZ 78502 17136] Daleside Cottage [SE 53388 88989] Dale Town [SE 51870 89479] Danesdale [SE 98658 99983] Danes Dale Farm [NZ 98454 00076] Deep Dale [SE 91725 90696] Deepdale [NZ 71960 18903] Deepdale Carr [TA 04169 81891] Deepdale House [SE 92250 91499] Dove Dale [SE 87121 90795] Dovedale Griff [SE 87190 91755] Dovedale Wood [SE 87052 90821] Dunsley Dale [NZ 80862 15462] Dunsley Dale End [NZ 80825 15541] Esk Dale [NZ 86893 08060] Far Rosedale [NZ 79439 17762] Flatty Mill Dale [NZ 81991 14212] Flax Dale [SE 86535 86627] Fryup Dale [NZ 71914 06149] Fylingdales [NZ 93897 03319] Fylingdales Moor [SE 92568 99546] Danby, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Glaisdale [NZ 73265 04486] Glaisdale [NZ 77806 05313] Glaisdale Beck [NZ 74692 02677] Glaisdale End [NZ 77595 05448] Glaisdale Hall [NZ 77396 05530] Glaisdale Head [NZ 74326 02096] Glaisdale Moor [NZ 76047 05298] Glaisdale Rigg [NZ 74099 04099] Glaisdale Side [NZ 74257 02855] Glaisdale Swang [NZ 75808 05583] ** ** ** ** Goose Dale [TA 00503 94532] Gower Dale [SE 52516 89088] Gowerdale Bank [SE 52113 88803] Gowerdale House [SE 53233 88709] Gowerdale Wood [49] [SE 52240 88909] Gowerdale Windypits [49] [SE 51790 88950] Green Dale [SE 85670 89956] Gribdale Gate [NZ 59199 11046] Hard Dale [SE 94847 92397] Hard Dale Gill [SE 94462 92903] Harwood Dale [SE 95332 96403] Harwood Dale Beck [SE 94514 95113] Harwood Dale Forest [SE 97075 97400] Harwood Dale Hall [SE 95111 96731] Harwood Dale Mill [SE 95409 96019] Harwood Dale Moor [SE 96301 97839] Hawthorndale [NZ 86807 09658] Heck Dale [SE 87163 86409] Helredale (1160) (Spital Vale) [NZ 90650 10190] Helredale (Det) [NZ 89350 09750] High Dales [SE 95045 93050] Highdales Farm [SE 94965 93030] Highdales Beck [SE 95050 92427] High Langdale [SE 92384 95187] High Langdale End [SE 93071 95238] Honey Dale Bridge [NZ 79215 13009] Honey Dale Slack [NZ 79533 12920] House Dale [SE 86321 87554] Housedale Rigg [SE 86584 87787] How Dale [NZ 95004 02284] Howdale Beck [NZ 95048 01979] Howdale Farm [NZ 95154 01773] Howdale Moor [NZ 95536 01143] Howdale Wood [NZ 94784 02031] Hun Dale [TA 02279 94746] Hundale Point [TA 02682 94850] Hundale Scar [TA 02593 94963] Iburndale [NZ 87522 07130] Iburndale Beck [NZ 87106 07552] Iburndale Lane [NZ 86913 07081] Kildale [NZ 60626 09398] Kildale Hall [NZ 61196 09457] Kildale Moor [NZ 63908 08216] Kildale Moor [NZ 62183 11107] Kildale (parish) [NZ 62751 08799] Langdale Bridge [SE 94284 91035] Langdale Forest [SE 90997 95746] Langdale Rigg [SE 92988 94455] Langdale Rigg End [SE 92988 94650] Limperdale Gill [49] [SE 52656 86715] Limperdale Rigg [49] [SE 52003 86489] Little Dale [SE 85535 88841] Little Dale [NZ 67264 21282] Little Fryup Dale [NZ 71825 05974] Little Kildale [NZ 61492 09248] Little Kildale Wood [NZ 61850 09179] Longdale Howl [SE 87320 89940] Loundale [NZ 61080 10957] Loundale Farm [NZ 60648 10766] Loundale Plantation [NZ 61257 11137] Loundale Quarry [NZ 61240 10220] Lounsdale Beck [NZ 59703 10952] Lounsdale Cottages [NZ 59959 10739] Lounsdale Quarry (Disused) [NZ 59917 11541] Lounsdale Slack [NZ 59334 10922] Low Dale [NZ 87078 07651] Lowdale Hall [NZ 87287 07616] Low Dales [SE 95622 91943] Low Dales [SE 95340 91405] Lowdales Beck [SE 96020 90900] Lowdales [SE 95454 91600] Low Langdale End [SE 93878 91184] Low Staindale [SE 86871 90511] Marnar Dale [NZ 95150 04750] Marnar Dale Beck [NZ 94824 04650] Middleton Dale [SE 78280 86580] Moordale Beck [NZ 58651 17507] Moordale Bog [NZ 57064 17216] Moordale Bridge [NZ 59712 18188] Moordale Wood [NZ 58984 27840] Mug Dale [SE 62469 72521] Mugdale Hill [SE 62369 72675] Mugdale Lane [SE 62418 72474] Mugdale Wood [SE 62289 72817] Nettle Dale [NZ 80706 15805] Nettledale Beck [NZ 80698 15841] North Dale [SE 83961 96348] Northdale House [NZ 87363 08135] Northdale Scar [SE 83930 97393] Overdale [NZ 84719 13961] Overdale Farm [NZ 84703 14190] Overdale Wyke [NZ 85648 14390] Oxdale Slack [SE 99622 94888] Raindale [SE 80021 92730] Rain Dale [SE 80637 92445] Rain Dale [NZ 95289 06917] Raindale Slack [NZ 95233 07036] Ramsdale [NZ 93049 03433] Ramsdale [NZ 92722 03762] [69] Ramsdale Farm [NZ 92705 03454] Ramsdale (Mill) Farm [NZ 92658 03467] Ramsdale (Standing Stones) [NZ 92061 03775]: Stone 1 [NZ 92062 03780], Stone 2 [NZ 92065 03771], Stone 3 [NZ 92057 03773] Randale Bog [SE 62585 73041] Randale Slack [NZ 72935 13541] Randale Spring [SE 63345 72924] Ravensdale [SE 57932 66491] Risedale [SE 16076 96875] Risedale [SE 17241 97074] Rosedale [SE 70602 97198] Rosedale Abbey [SE 72556 95899] Rosedale Cliffs [NZ 79897 17366] Rosedale Cottage [NZ 79431 17427] Rosedale East [SE 72358 99250] Rosedale Intake [NZ 70608 09362] Rosedale Moor [SE 72165 99821] Rosedale West [SE 70738 96727] Rosedale Wyke [NZ 80172 17381] Rumsdale Plantation [SE 69957 88779] Scugdale [SE 74737 93174] Seive Dale [SE 86201 88410] Snever Dale [SE 86338 87901] Sneverdale Rigg [49] [SE 86443 88134] Spindle Dale [NZ 77722 10667] Stain Dale [SE 87047 90332] Staindale [NZ 35433 07467] Staindale Beck [NZ 35505 07395] Staindale Beck [SE 86444 89686] Staindale Bridge [NZ 35669 07168] Staindale Grange [NZ 36172 06695] Staindale Wood [NZ 35813 07232] Stainsacre Dale [NZ 91381 08155] Staintondale (Steintun DB) [SE 98974 98408] Swair Dale [SE 86845 89188] Swindle Howe [NZ 71076 98876] Teydale Cottage (Farm) [SE 97349 97836] Teydale Well [SE 97477 97675] The Dale [NZ 78524 16507] The Hundales [TA 02741 94574] Thorndale Hill [NZ 79826 17852] Trouts Dale [SE 92424 88125] Troutsdale Beck [SE 92918 89229] Troutsdale Brow [SE 92839 88084] Troutsdale Low Hall [SE 93141 89931] Troutsdale Moor [SE 91656 88754] Troutsdale (parish) [SE 92093 89066] Turnerdale Hall [NZ 88682 09103] Turnerdale Slack [NZ 88483 09185] Well Dale [NZ 78474 17395] Westerdale [NZ 66238 05827] Whipperdale Beck [SE 09136 92434] Whisper Dales [SE 96037 93187] Whisperdales [49] [SE 96007 93379] Whisperdales Beck [49] [SE 95916 92928] Whisperdales (Farm) [49] [SE 96088 93408] White Dale [SE 85188 90943] Wood Dale Bridge [NZ 77235 09458] Wood Dale House [NZ 77348 10129]	243
-deil, -dail, -dale, -dole, -dayle	ON deill [252]	OE dal	part, share of land or common field (field name)	Bydales [NZ 63187 22772] Grundales [NZ 62691 22858] Mickle Dales [NZ 61521 22313] Mordales [NZ 63005 21031]	4
dan	ON Danir [55]	OE Denisc, Dene	Danes	Danby [NZ 71359 10120] Danby Beacon (Tumuli) [NZ 73645 09285] Danby Castle (Remains of) [NZ 71820 07266] Danby Castle Farm [NZ 71857 07182] Danby Grange [NZ 70538 08660] Danby Lodge [NZ 71628 08365] Danby Low Moor [NZ 70809 10272] Danby Low Moor [NZ 69269 07909] Danby Peat Pits [NZ 70966 11009]	9
deep	ON djúpr [72]	OE dēop	deep	Ebberston, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Deep Dale [SE 91727 90696] Deepdale Farm [SE 92255 91500] Deepdale House [SE 92164 91503] Cayton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Deep Dale [TA 04339 84845] Middle Deepdale [TA 04565 85250] High Deepdale [TA 03922 85678] Low Deepdale [TA 04337 84155] Guisborough, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Dibble Bridge [NZ 67537 07860] Dibble Bridge Bank [NZ 67734 07884] Dibble Bridge Farm [NZ 67485 07806] Dibble Bridge Wood [NZ 67045 07872] Murton, Bulmer Wapentake Deep Gill [SE 54471 87322] Deep Gill Wood [SE 54619 87393] Loftus, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Deepdale [NZ 71960 18903] Deepdale Wood [NZ 71350 18923]	15
dike, dyke	ON díki [253]	OE díc	(1) a dike, mound, bank (2) a natural hole in the ground filled with water, waterhole, bog-pit, mudhole (3) ditch, foss, trench, moat, barrier of stone or earth used to hold back water and prevent flooding	Barley Carr Dike [SE 92722 96028] Bellymar Dike [SE 75172 95639] Black Dike [TA 03120 82134] Black Dike Moor [NZ 75514 10620] Bossall Dikes [SE 71014 59736] Cockman Dike Slack [NZ 79856 01955] Cote Hill Dike [SE 16177 54672] Crag Dike [NZ 82470 03903] Cross Dyke [NZ 90382 02258] Cross Dike [SE 84350 87750] Dabdike Stones [NZ 81193 16003] Dargate Dikes [SE 89480 91353] Double Dikes [SE 76911 77825] Drya Dikes [SE 11307 51424] Dyke Heads [SD 94115 98285] East Ayton Dike [TA 00158 82661] East Toft Dike [SE 85073 92226] Franklan Dike [NZ 73770 11146] Friar Dike [SE 86548 80257] Green Dike [NZ 97044 00943] Hesketh Dike [SE 51368 87807] Howl Dike Head [NZ 68206 09577] Kairn Dikes [NZ 90940 05601] Mall Dike [SE 56035 87972] Malldike Spring [SE 55937 87926] Mossy Sikes Dike [SE 12361 54683] Park Dike [NZ 81189 00373] Park Dikes [NZ 74096 02283] Park Dyke [NZ 81216 01706] Purse Dike Slack [NZ 80349 01688] Roger Dike [NZ 61041 21089] Rosy Dike [SE 57471 90986] Shaw Dike [NZ 67346 10123] Shorn Dike [SE 49732 63649] Skell Dykes [SE 99250 87450] Snainton Dikes [SE 90880 89305] Stone Dikes Barn [SD 82092 66560] Tanton Dykes [NZ 52653 09786] Thieves Dikes [SE 97348 92509] War Dike [SE 99395 99938] War Dike Gate [NZ 99508 00024] War Dike Lane [SE 99701 99556] West Dike [NZ 60413 23740] West Dyke [NZ 60141 24851]	44
dark	ON (1) dökkr (2) dögg [439]	OE (1) deark (2) deaw	(1) dark (2) dew	Dark Lane [NZ 93985 05040]	1
dove	ON dúfa [494]	OE duva	dove, to dive, a wave	Dove Dale [SE 87121 90795] Dovedale Griff [SE 87136 91400] Dovedale Wood [SE 86981 90787] Dove Hole [NZ 77655 18845]	4
dow, dod, dud	ON Dūdhi [300]		Dūdhi (personal name)	Dowber Gate [SE 45396 68043] Dowber Gill Beck [SD 98329 72959] Dowber Gill Bridge [SD 97484 72611] Dowber Gill Wham [SD 99502 72708] Dowbrow Well [NZ 95318 06155] Dodholm Wood [SE 54744 63961] Dodholm Wood Farm [SE 54692 64188]	7
draw, draugh	ON drag [254]	OE dræg	(1) watercourse, feeder-stream (2) small hollow, glen
dring, drink, droi	ON drengr (1) and (2) [95]	OE (2) dreng	(1) a good, brave, gallant man, a bold and gentle heart (2) a young unmarried man, a bachelor	Derrings [SE 46741 67801] Derrings Beck [SE 47777 66833] Derrings Beck [SE 46565 68565] Derrings Farm [SE 45594 68357] Derrings Farm [SE 47554 68867] Derrings Lane [SE 47012 67526] Helperby Derrings [SE 46120 68538] Tholthorpe Derrings [SE 46699 68089]	8
dromon	ON (1) Drómundr (2) drómundr [11]		(1) Drómundr (personal name) (2) a kind of ship of war	Dromonby Bank [NZ 53590 03692] Dromonby Farm [NZ 53435 05097] Dromonby Grange [NZ 52890 05176] Dromonby Grange [NZ 52519 07595] Dromonby Hall [NZ 53208 05875] Dromonby House [NZ 53336 05805]	6
dub	ON dobbe [14]		a pool of water, puddle	Beeld Dub [SE 05589 89881] Black Dub [SD 95071 97762] Black Dub [SE 04257 89971] Black Dub Scar [SD 95044 97705] Blea Dub [SD 89595 86071] Deep Nick Dub [SE 03656 89906] Dobbiner Head [NZ 86457 00770] Flesh Dub [SE 02984 89528] Force Dub [SE 04448 90097] Froddle Dub [SE 02775 89248] Hammerdale Dub [SD 97791 69251] Leaping Dub [SE 10204 91262] Listers Dub [SE 11338 50808] Stoops Dub [SD 96429 98643] Toad Dubb [SE 14778 92359]	15
dump	ON (1) dump (2) dumpa (3) dumba [404]		(1) a deep pool (2) to thump (3) a mist	Dab Dumps [NZ 95475 04576] The Dumples [TA 10106 82750]	2
east, ow, aust	ON austr [96]	OE éast, éasta	east	Bilsdale East Moor [SE 59936 96898] East Ayton [SE 99401 85061] East Ayton Dike [TA 00158 82661] East Barnby [NZ 82893 12686] East Black Sike [NY 99723 10051] East Brow House [SE 81772 89918] East Brow Wood [SE 81961 89962] East Close Beck [NZ 93593 07247] East Close Spring [NZ 93748 06880] East End [NZ 81341 06460] East End Farm [NZ 81281 06543] East Field [NZ 33985 07073] East Fields [NZ 61884 23731] East Gate [TA 01619 83803] Eastgate House [TA 01751 83811] East Grain [SE 90549 94809] East Ings [SE 78289 75269] East Lodge [NZ 60045 22237] East Moor [SE 78216 89465] East Pack [NZ 77539 18817] East Rigg [NZ 94777 02992] East Row [NZ 86415 12578] East Row Beck [NZ 85531 12131] East Row Lodge [NZ 85010 11966] East Row Plantations [NZ 85687 12287] East Side Farm [TA 00250 98250] Easthorpe Cottage [SE 74267 71571] Easthorpe Farm [SE 73364 71594] Easthorpe House [SE 73759 71372] Easthorpe Lodge [SE 74129 71580] East Toft Dike [SE 85073 92226] East Upsall Farm [NZ 56321 15318] Low Easthorpe Farm [SE 73979 70969] Low East Field [TA 03797 83403] Rosedale East [SE 72358 99250] Upper Austby [SE 10246 50313]	36
east, eyst	ON eystri [279]	OE eást, eásten, eástan, éstan	easterly	Easterside Farm [SE 55193 89582] Easterside Hill [SE 55360 90566] East Farm [NZ 55079 17456] East Ley Wood [SE 55732 87803] East Scar [NZ 95549 04936] East Toft Howe (Tumulus) [SE 84785 91228] Eston [NZ 55513 18780] Eston Bank [NZ 56446 18046] Eston Beacon [NZ 56932 18317] Eston Grange Farm[NZ 55243 20219] Eston House [NZ 55942 18842] Eston Low Farm [NZ 54091 19991] Eston Moor [NZ 56657 17512] Eston Nab [NZ 56785 18283] Eston (parish) [NZ 54578 19650] Old Eston [NZ 55331 18535] South Eston [NZ 55417 18356]	17
egg, edge	ON egg [482]	OE ecg	edge	Edgley [SE 02490 88483] Fleet Moss Edge [SD 86424 83106] Gill Edge [SD 92876 89201] Gilledge Wood [SD 92885 88985] Whaw Edge [NY 97984 03146]	5
eller	ON elri, elrir, ölr [42]	OE aler, alor	alder tree, alder wood	Alder Carr (lost) Alder Carr House (Farm) [SE 28207 50966] Alder Carr Lane [SE 72658 95647] Eller Beck [SD 98562 89941] Eller Beck [NZ 82818 09232] Eller Beck [NY 99984 10625] Eller Beck [SE 87267 96620] Eller Beck Bridge [SE 85802 98257] Eller Beck Head [SE 87123 96542] Ellerbeck Hole [NZ 74987 07533] Eller Beck Rigg [NY 99227 10493] Ellerby [NZ 79852 14633] Ellerby Bank [NZ 79691 14135] Ellerby Bank Top [NZ 79494 13729] Ellerby Lane [NZ 80051 14079] Ellerby Moor [NZ 78805 13536] Ellerby (parish) [NZ 79950 14416] Eller Gates [NZ 76443 07850] Elleron Farm [SE 79061 91404] Ellers [SE 06727 83902] Ellers Farm [NZ 72768 04949] Ellers House [NZ 73168 05231] Eller Stang Bridge [NZ 69332 08161] Ellers Wood [SE 55002 89360] Eller Wath [SE 74789 87967] Ellery Hill [SE 22611 97540] Little Eller Beck [SE 87595 98647]	27
end	ON endi [97]	OE ende	the end of something - an estate, district or quarter of a village or town	Barf End [SD 95884 98655] Barf End Gate [SD 96104 98618] Barns Cliff End [SE 94015 94605] Bell End [SE 71924 96779] Bell End [NZ 58474 14545] Bell End Green [SE 71867 96906] Brown Rigg End [NZ 74737 09608] Carr End [NZ 78124 05416] Claymoor End [NZ 81682 15353] Cold Moor End [NZ 54780 00448] Dale End [NZ 70612 08479] Dale End Bridge [NZ 70876 08421] Dodd End [SE 48040 93577] Dunsley Dale End [NZ 80825 15541] Far End [SE 37882 91110] Fryup End [NZ 74482 06521] Hagg End [SE 57071 92419] High Langdale End [SE 93071 95238] Howe End [NZ 69527 07920] Ings End [NZ 80790 15803] Knowle End [NZ 81136 16241] Langdale End [SE 94470 91230] Langdale Rigg End [SE 92988 94650] Lingrow End [NZ 81002 16268] Low Bell End [SE 71449 96888] Low Langdale End [SE 93878 91184] Moor End Field [SE 44646 69248] Moss Ends [SE 53746 66508] Nab End [TA 00181 97138] Nab End [NZ 75075 02896] Nab End [SE 57663 97149] Nab End Wood [NZ 70518 17507] Noddle End [SE 52603 88734] Noddle End Windypit [SE 52558 88564] Pye Rigg End [NZ 96773 00199] Quarry End [NZ 80986 16458] Randy Bell End [NZ 81441 15289] Rigg End [SE 51846 90369] Sandsend [NZ 86215 12899] Sandsend Beck [NZ 84981 12264] Sandsend Bridge [NZ 86048 12856] Sandsend Ness [NZ 86111 13822] Sandsend Rigg [NZ 85740 12445] Sandsend Wyke [NZ 86833 12754] Shaw End [NZ 74686 05605] Shaw End Cottage [NZ 74894 06133] Shaw End Farm [NZ 74465 05669] Shaw End Spring [NZ 74878 05920] Snout End [NZ 78335 18471] South End [TA 01283 92745] South End Farm [TA 01358 92816] Spring End [SD 95579 97464] Staithes Lane End [NZ 78212 18196] Stonecliff End [NZ 85614 14171] Top End [NZ 66527 04931] Tongue End [NY 96682 04505] Tongue End Fold [NY 96538 04479] Waitcliff End [SE 91883 91416] White Crag End [NZ 00423 08558]	59
-erg(h), -er, ar(r)a, arrow	ON erg [52]		(1) shelter, cover (2) shieling, hill or summer pasture (3) shepherd's hut or shack	Air Bank [SE 57452 85413] Aireyholme [SE 67256 73293] Aireyholme with Howthorpe and Baxton Howe [SE 68102 72738] Airey Holme [NZ 57799 11577] Airey Holme Cottage [NZ 57574 11715] Airey Holme Farm [NZ 57934 11654] Airey Holme Lane [NZ 57869 11291] Airy Hill [NZ 89527 10337] Airy Hill Farm [NZ 89650 10075] Airy Hill Farm [NZ 64735 16790] Airy Hill Lane [NZ 65186 17520] Arrathorne [SE 20158 93069] Arrathorne (parish) [SE 20182 94214] Cober [TA 01089 95102] Cober Hill [TA 01032 94755] Cober Villa [TA 01083 95239] Coldman Hargos (B.S.) [NZ 66951 10842] East Arrathorne [SE 20323 93145] Harriet Air Farm [SE 57638 85507] Heater Plantation [NZ 92750 02750] West Arrathorne [SE 20123 93137]	21
eters	ON Eitri [15]		Eitri (personal name)	Etersthorpe (lost) [TA 10149 81827]	1
ever(s), years	ON (1) jó, jöfurr (2) hlið [257]	OE (1) eofor (2) leah	(1) wild boar (2) clearing, hillside	Everley [SE 97226 88903] Everley Bank Wood [SE 97265 89260] Everley Banks [SE 97075 89337] Everley Bridge (now Wrench Green Bridge) [SE 96801 89270] Yarsley Hill [NZ 75113 00815]	5
ewe	ON ær [90]	OE ewe, eowu	ewe	Ewe Cote [SE 56111 91785] Ewe Cote [NZ 87930 10745] Ewe Crag [NZ 69817 10067] Ewe Crag Beck [NZ 70647 08843] Ewe Crag Slack [NZ 69602 10363] Ewe House [NZ 78603 11297] Ewe Pond Slack [NZ 90676 00115]	7
face	ON Feitr [35]		Feitr (personal name)	Faceby [NZ 49518 03154] Faceby Beck [NZ 49118 04227] Faceby Grange [NZ 48722 03985] Faceby Lodge [NZ 49656 04030] Faceby Mill [NZ 49965 03388] Faceby (parish) [NZ 50095 02833]	6
fag	ON fagr [464]	OE fœger	fair	Fagdale Hall [NZ 46389 03149] Faggergill Bridge [NY 98023 05005] Faggergill Intake [NY 98696 06185] Faggergill Mine (Lead) [NY 99057 07015] Faggergill Moor [NY 98774 07230] Faggergill Moss [NY 99171 08111] Faggergill Scar [NY 99414 07682] Faggergill Vein [NY 99171 06785] Faggergill Wood [NY 98168 05101] High Faggergill [NY 98678 06139] Low Fagger Gill [NY 97966 05242]	11
fair, far	ON (1) fár, fær, fé, fjár (2) fjar, fjarr, fjarri [258]	OE (1) scēap (2) feor, feorran	(1) sheep (2) far	Far Black Rigg [SE 84123 91766] Farfields [SE 83889 88403] Far Grain Slack [NZ 83811 01958] Fair Hill [SE 56005 89312] Far End [SE 37882 91110] Far Jetticks [NZ 95322 07240] Fair Pasture Lane [NZ 86499 08961] Fair Plain [NZ 86484 05825] Far Rosedale [NZ 79439 17762] Farsyde House [NZ 95019 04416] Farwath [SE 83007 88308] Farwath Brow [SE 82562 88678] Farwath Road [SE 82689 88445]	13
fall	ON (1) fella, (2) falla [312]	OE (1) fellan, (2) feallan	(1) to fell, make fall, (2) to fall	Falling Foss [NZ 88806 03471] Yorfalls Wood [SE 81597 92377]	2
fang	ON Fangi [16]		Fangi (personal name)	Fangdale Beck [SE 56338 94558] Fangdale Beck (hamlet) [SE 56787 94641] Fangdale Grange (olim vicarage) [SE 57488 94386]	3
farman	ON Farmann [29]	OE Færeman ODan Farman	Farmann (personal name)	Farmanby Close [SE 83088 82597]	1
feather	ON fjöðr [423]	OE feðer, fæðer, feþer	feather	Feather Holme Farm [SE 56424 90119] Feather Sike [SE 56828 90069] Feather Sike Wood [SE 56554 89858]	3
fell, field	ON fold, fjall [259]	OE feld, feald	field, fell	Broom Field [NZ 90815 08791] Broomfield House [SE 36782 92831] Burton Fields [SE 13992 89853] Carr Fields [SE 99850 83909] Carr Fields Lane [SE 99711 83799] Cowfield Hill [NZ 95195 04769] Cupples Field [SD 93082 90253] East Field [NZ 33985 07073] East Fields [NZ 61884 23731] Farfields [SE 83889 88403] Fell Briggs [NZ 61297 21007] Fell Side [SE 12009 53907] Greystone Field [NZ 56009 20453] High Fields [NZ 73265 16884] Huby Fields [SE 55337 65679] Kirk Field [NZ 83860 10400] Kirk Field [NZ 81596 00926] Lenfield Slack [SE 95933 91213] Leyfield [SE 09692 51008] Little John Field [NZ 91821 09494] Low East Field [TA 03797 83403] Mickland Field [SE 45258 68551] Moor End Field [SE 44646 69248] Moorfield Farm [NZ 97464 00626] Myton Field [SE 44536 68450] Northfield Farm [SE 98609 90784] Northfield Wood [SE 98126 90904] Poor's Field [SE 46185 80677] Robin Hood Field [NZ 91678 09622] Snowfield Farm [SE 49713 66499] Sandfield House [NZ 87903 11471] Shunner Fell Gill [SD 83801 96981] Shunner Fell Rake [SD 85418 97730] Suffield [SE 98581 90648] Suffield cum Everley [SE 98361 90281] Suffield Heights [SE 97539 89657] Suffield Hill [SE 98350 90450] Suffield Ings [SE 98330 89300] Suffield Mere [SE 98861 90759] Suffield Moor [SE 98245 92592] Summer Field House [NZ 92275 08544] Summer Field Lane [NZ 91829 08457] West Field [SE 56233 65900] West Field [NZ 72394 17769] Widdy Field [NZ 93215 09236]	45
ferry	ON ferja [260]	OE ferrian	ferry
firth, ford	ON fjörðr [261]	OE ford	firth, fjord, inlet, sea-loch
fiska, fiski	ON fiskr [262]	OE fisc	fish
fit	ON fit [263]	OE filiðléag	(waterlogged) meadowland (leading down to a stretch of water), grassland beside a river	Fitts Steps [NZ 89171 09869] Great Marfit Head Slack [SE 85614 92389] Little Marfit Head [SE 85417 92884] Little Marfit Head Slack [SE 85296 92509] Marfit Head [SE 85536 92524]	5
fladda, flat(t)	ON flatr [264]		flat, piece of level ground, division of the common field, furlong or shott	Bannial Flat [NZ 87056 10136] Carlton Flats [SE 06772 84235] Cat Flats [NZ 62200 21911] Cat Flat Lane [NZ 62107 22199] Chapel Flatts [SE 10798 90483] Cock Flat [NZ 54956 00121] Coda Flatt [SE 36894 90587] Flat Barn [SD 81642 67006] Flat Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85479 04860] Flat Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85511 04617] Flat Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 73827 01010] Flat Howle [NZ 63519 23022] Flattlands [SE 00954 88111] Flat Scar [TA 02838 93413] Flats Farm [TA 02027 92411] Flats Hill (supposed tumulus) [SE 06507 84371] Flatts Lane [NZ 54895 17786] Flatts Lane Junction [NZ 54680 17997] Flatty Mill Dale [NZ 81991 14212] Flawith [SE 48241 65582] Flawith Moor [SE 47330 65221] Flawith (parish) [SE 47946 65030] Gildert Flat [NZ 63178 22105] Hen Flats [SE 76867 89133] Long Flat [NZ 63014 21676] Marleflatte, Ryggeflatte and Wreckflatte (all 13th century) [13] Nappa Flats [SD 85243 53540] The Flats [TA 01301 82732] The Flats [NZ 56734 13951] The Flats [SE 79544 72743] Thorn Flat [NZ 43272 00236]	31
flash	ON flaska ? [491]	OE flasche	(1) a common term for a pool (2) an estuary, flats with stagnant pools	East Flashes [NZ 61612 25209] Potts Flash [NZ 61051 25358] The Flashes [NZ 61312 25468]	3
flax	ON Flak [301]		Flak (personal name)	Flax Dale [SE 86579 86790] Flaxton [SE 67795 62293] Flaxton Gill [SE 96350 88914] Flaxton Grange [SE 68376 63072] Flaxton Lodge [SE 68197 62059] Flaxton (parish) [SE 67731 62495]	6
fleet	ON (2) fljót [470]	OE (1) flēt	(1) an estuary, inlet, arm of the sea (2) a river	Fleet Bank [SE 52625 63149] Fleet Bank Farm [SE 52840 63753] Fleet Bank Lane [SE 52651 63124] Fleetham Lane [SE 28605 94065] Fleetham Lodge [SE 27102 94204] Fleetham Mill [SE 28687 94061] Fleet Moss [SD 86645 83382] Fleet Moss Edge [SD 86424 83106] Fleet Moss Tarn [SD 87497 83511] Kirkby Fleetham [SE 28842 94427] Kirkby Fleetham (parish) [SE 27874 94318] The Fleet [NZ 58295 24683] The Fleetings [SE 69853 58717]	13
foot	ON fótr [422]	OE fōt	foot	Broadway Foot [SE 56150 88716] Hazel Grove Foot [NZ 66232 21751] Huntcliff Foot [NZ 68472 22077] Newgate Foot [SE 56872 89773] Old Tom Way Foot [NZ 70427 21027] Scale Foot [NZ 67695 08583] Snilegate Foot [SE 56500 88247] Way Foot [NZ 95373 04839]	8
forn	ON Forni [477]		Forni (personal name)	Fornflath (lost) Fornithwait (lost) Fornthorpe (lost)	3
foss, fors, forse, force	ON fors, foss [265] [89]		waterfall	Aysgarth Force [SE 01648 88819] Middle Force [SE 01318 88726] Black Foss Waterfall [SE 09172 50788] Force Dub [SE 04448 90097] Force Scar [SE 04472 90067] Foss Crooks [SE 57471 74857] Foss Sike Lane [SE 37686 82163] Foss Sike Stell [SE 37563 81919] High Force [SE 00929 88530] Nelly Ayre Foss (Force) [SE 81342 99658] Nelly Force [SE 04025 91587] River Foss [SE 56459 72544] River Foss [SE 58557 69169] ** ** ** ** Fossdale [SD 85941 92667] Fossdale Gill [SD 86505 92160] Fossdale Pasture [SD 85667 93525] Fossdale Moss [SD 85881 95314] Fossdale High Folds [SD 86541 94523] Burnet Force [SD 94070 87310] Catrigg Force [SD 83244 67109] Disher Force [SD 98051 90434] Force Beck [SD 93934 87451] Force Gill [SD 93512 87496] Force Ing [SD 92832 92202] Hardrow Force [SD 86954 91607] High Force [SD 93044 87606] Low Force [SD 92925 87831] Millgill Force [SD 93821 91467] Stainforth Force [SD 81769 67140] Water Ling Force [SD 94227 86581] Whitfield Gill Force [SD 93322 92185] ** ** ** ** Falling Foss [NZ 88806 03471] Foss Farm [NZ 88550 03164] Foss Hill [NZ 88050 07224] Foss Hill (Well) [NZ 88069 07187] Foss Lane [NZ 88589 03143] Foss Mill [NZ 83100 11712] Foss Wood [NZ 88589 03449] Foss Plantations [NZ 87518 02889] Mill Force [NZ 83727 01401] Orgate Foss [NZ 08995 01809] ** ** ** ** Thomason Foss (Force) [NZ 82661 02164] Thomason Foss Wood [NZ 82548 02193] Walk Mill Force [NZ 83214 022234]	44
foul	ON fúll [267]	OE fūl	foul, rotten, stinking	Far Foulsyke [NZ 73562 18154] Far Foul Syke [NZ 74073 18221] Foul Green [NZ 66499 10187] Foulrice [SE 62046 70194] Foulrice Farm [SE 61227 70558] Foulrice Farm [SE 61146 68762] Foulsike [TA 00830 91322] Foul Sike [NZ 91244 02402] Foul Sike [TA 00807 91035] Foul Sikes [NZ 67920 13258] Foulsike [NZ 91338 02394] Foulsike [TA 00830 91322] Foulesike alias Wawe-myres (13th century) Foulsyke Bridge [NZ 73133 18192] Fowgill (farm) [NZ 44616 01788] Fowgill [NZ 44007 02593] Fowgill Lane [NZ 44658 01530] Near Foul Syke [NZ 73303 18248] Near Foulsyke [NZ 73182 18253]	19
fowl	ON fugl, fogl [266]	OE fugol	fowl, bird	Foulthwayt (Calendar Fine Rolls 1356-68, 381 now lost)	1
folk, fulk, fulch, foul	ON (1) Fulk, Folki, Fylkir (2) fylki (3) fólk [468]	OE (2) fylc (3) folc	(1) Fulk, Folki (personal name) (2) troop, county or shire (3) folk, people	Foul Bridge [SE 91637 79256] Foulbridge [SE 91424 79530] Foulbridge Gate [SE 91485 80194] Foulbridge Lane [SE 91356 80317] Foulbridge (parish) [SE 91136 79845]	5
fri, frid, frith, fir	ON (1) Frið (2) friðr [478]	OE (2) friðu, friþ	(1) Frið (personal name) (2) peace	Firby, Bedale, Hang East Wapentake Firby [SE 27077 86362] Firby Beck [SE 26999 86238] Firby Grange [SE 25752 86804] Firby Hall [SE 26696 86473] Firby Hospital (Almshouses) [SE 26494 86323] Firby House [SE 26908 86414] Firby (parish) [SE 26482 86498] Fryton, Hovingham, Ryedale Wapentake Fryton (Cherrygarth Farm) [SE 68946 74969] Fryton East Wood [SE 68911 73335] Fryton Gate House [SE 68754 75563] Fryton Grange [SE 68772 75851] Fryton Lane [SE 68817 75437] Fryton Moor [SE 68542 73174] Fryton North Farm [SE 68691 75084] Fryton (parish) [SE 68677 74672] Fryton West Farm [SE 68688 75003] Fryton West Wood [SE 68168 73608]	17
fry-	ON (1) Freyr (2) freyr (3) frer, frör [503]	OE (1) frīega, frēa A.S. (1) frōio, frōho, frāho	(1) Freyr (deity) (2) fertile (3) frosty	Fryup Dale [NZ 71914 06149] Fryup End [NZ 74482 06521] Fryup Hall [NZ 72278 04375] Fryup Lodge [NZ 72116 03119] Great Fryup Beck [NZ 73175 05027] Little Fryup Beck [NZ 71621 05788] Little Fryup Dale [NZ 71825 05974] Little Fryup Head [NZ 71157 04868]	8
gais, goose	ON gás [269]	OE gós	goose	Good Goose Thorn [NZ 75053 11088] Good Goose Thorn [NZ 74620 10889] Goose Dale [TA 00503 94532] Goosedale Road [TA 00442 94378] Goose Lane [SE 48698 64036] Gosling Green [SE 76805 77165] Wild Goose Carr [SE 65763 59690]	7
gallow(s)	ON gálgi [461]	OE gealga	gallows	Gallow Field [NZ 16733 01831] Gallow Green [SE 40838 76164] Gallow Hill [SE 32528 78640] Gallow Hill (Tumulus) [SE 48138 89881] Gallow Hill House [SE 32582 78437] Galloway Moor Cottage [NZ 05860 25798] Galloway Moor Hill [NZ 05876 25959] Gallows Dike (Tumuli) [SE 84795 94109] Gallowshaw [NZ 11864 90186] Gallows Hill [NZ 01933 89142] Gallows Hill [SE 50326 69834] Gallows Hill [SE 55646 71055] Gallows Hill [SE 73056 90063] Gallows Hill [SE 95372 82987] Gallows Hill House [SE 95141 82838] Gallows Hill Lane [SE 95263 82725] Gallows Hill Plantation [NZ 02573 89971]	17
gam	ON (1) Gamall (2) gamall [63]	OE (2) gamol, gomel	(1) Gamall (personal name) (2) old	Gammersgill [SE 05421 82924] Gammersgill Moor [SE 03304 83475] Gammersgill (parish) [SE 04765 82554] Raw Riddings [SE 08814 49749] Ruddings (lost) Ruddings Road [SE 81877 88638]	6
gam, gan	ON Gálmr [36]		Gálmr (personal name)	Ganthorpe [SE 69235 70336] Ganthorpe Farm [SE 68788 70349] Ganthorpe Gate [SE 69570 69820] Ganthorpe House [SE 68906 70447] Ganthorpe Moor [SE 68984 71486] Ganthorpe (parish) [SE 68657 70622]	6
gap	ON gap [497]	OE geap	gap	Agar's Gap [NZ 65820 22024] Garfit Gap [NZ 55815 03037] Stone Gap [NZ 64967 22337] Stotgap Gill [SE 04111 83112]	4
gar, gore	ON (1) Geirr (2) geirr (3) geiri [268]	OE gára	(1) Geir (personal name) (2) spear (3) triangular piece of land in corner of a field, isolated spot of tender grass	Gargrave [SD 93669 54116] Gargrave House [SD 92803 54509] Gargrave (parish) [SD 91996 54613] (Gargrave) Manor House (site of) [SD 93059 53772]	4
gar(r)	ON Gerðr [247]		Gerðr (personal name)	Garriston [SE 15624 92700] Garriston Beck [SE 17361 92578] Garriston (parish) [SE 15667 92517]	3
garth	ON garðr [86]	OE geard ODan garth)	courtyard, farmyard, enclosure	Applegarth Bridge (foot) [SE 36720 94024] Apple Garth Hall [NZ 74505 03602] Barnby Willow Garth [SE 73376 60761] Bleach Garth [NZ 87295 04591] Cabbage Garth [NZ 73169 16554] Calf Garth Wood [NZ 84148 00277] Calfgarth Wood [SE 45740 87363] Chapel Garth [NZ 92326 02856] Chapel Garth (site of a church; fish ponds) [SE 56757 65652 ] Coneygarth Hill [SE 46584 87806] Coneygarth Hill [SE 44784 68503] Coneygarth Nab [SE 86284 89917] Dowson Garth [NZ 81719 03660] Fanny Garth Slack [NZ 76711 09550] Garfit [NZ 56378 03043] Garfit Gap [NZ 55815 03037] Garth Nook Barn [SD 82380 67772] Hall Garth [NZ 54089 01692] Hall Garth [SE 46116 80592] Hall Garth (Manor House, site of) [SE 79080 75582] Hallgarth Hill [SE 75367 89325] Hawsker [NZ 92256 07814] Hawsker Bottoms [NZ 94147 07800] Hawsker with Stainsacre (Steinsecher or Nedhrebi 1160), [NZ 92137 08775] Hawsker Hall [NZ 92143 07517] Hawsker Hall Farm [NZ 92098 07611] Hawsker Intake Road [NZ 92022 06276] Hawsker Lane [NZ 92189 09113] Hawsker Villa [NZ 92567 07389] High Hawsker [NZ 92827 07605] Low Hawsker [NZ 92375 07487] Hogarth Hill [NZ 93350 01689] Hogarth Hill Farm [NZ 93101 01716] Hollin Garth (Farm) [NZ 82277 02964] Manor Garth [TA 01296 83430] Old Hall Garth [NZ 94350 02650] Upgarth Hill [NZ 81151 16189] Waif Garth [NZ 82301 00906] Willow Garth [SE 14044 89636] Willow Garth [SE 38694 80512]	40
gate	ON gata [141]	OE geat	way, path, road	Barf End Gate [SD 96104 98618] Baxter Gate (Whitby) [NZ 89833 10958] Benty Gate [SE 15717 54748] Bickley Gate [SE 91227 91248] Bickley Gate House [SE 91092 91514] Bob Beck Gate [NZ 78639 11948] Boroughbridge Gates [SE 36320 93043] Braygate [NZ 70289 18404] Brown Gates [SE 71093 61208] Burgate Farm [SE 97095 95055] Cargate House [SE 86323 93623] Cargate Nab [SE 86054 93847] Cargate Spring [SE 86296 93657] Claymire Gate [NZ 70839 08117] Cramble Gate [TA 00454 96699] Corngate Slack [SE 97945 88503] Cowgate Rigg [SE 97047 97151] Cowgate Slack [SE 97253 97115] Cumma Knowe Gate [SE 03598 83037] Dargate Griff [SE 88415 91104] Dowber Gate [SE 45396 68043] East Gate [TA 01619 83803] Eastgate House [TA 01751 83811] Eller Gates [NZ 76443 07850] Eskdale Gate [NZ 86168 06662] Fewler Gate Wood [SE 94986 91856] Flowergate (Florum 1160) [NZ 89820 11038] Gate House [TA 02366 82721] Gatela Bridge (and Road) [SE 95177 95441] Gate Road [SD 88481 97661] Gill Head Gate [SE 16093 54067] Godewynegate (13th century) [13] Green Gate [NZ 92513 07523] Green Gates [NZ 60398 22138] Greengate Slack [SE 97766 90157] Greengate Wood [SE 97560 90513] Gribdale Gate [NZ 59199 11046] Griffin Gates [SE 69414 61234] Gunnergate [NZ 51209 14587] Gunner Gate [NZ 51389 15098] Gunnergate Hall [NZ 51228 15106] Haggersgate [NZ 50189 14222] Hole Gate [NZ 66103 04648] Holl Gate [SE 95050 91250] Hollgate Plantation [SE 95162 91193] Howlgate Nab [SE 82271 89281] Keldgate Road [SE 80740 88609] Keldgate Slack [SE 82230 90550] Keldgate Wood [SE 82282 90413] Kirk Gate [SE 96627 91357] Kirk Moor Gate [NZ 91660 02810] Lang Gate [SE 96015 89312] Lang-gate Brow [SE 95912 89165] Latter Gate Hills (Tumuli) [NZ 92369 04444] Lawns Gate [NZ 74968 06353] Little Cowgate Rigg [SE 97098 96939] Little Cowgate Slack [SE 97005 96977] Low Gate [SD 95304 90941] Moor Gate [NZ 82401 09721] Moorgate Lees [NZ 91150 10050] Moorgates [SE 84426 99419] Myton Gates [SE 46332 66499] Nappa Gate [SD 87455 63983] Newgate Brow [SE 86853 93149] Newgate Foot [SE 86927 93344] Newgate Moor [SE 86958 92824] Newgate Wood [SE 87016 93019] Outgate Corner [NZ 37789 05306] Ovalgate Cliff [NZ 84515 14766] Oxclose Gate [SD 99527 90271] Park Gate [NZ 69847 17862] Park Gate (Parkgate) [NZ 93806 04637] Saltergate Bank [SE 85080 94095] Saltergate Bridge [SE 85404 94809] Saltergate Brow [SE 85898 94843] Saltergate Moor [SE 86107 95946] Saltergate (parish) [SE 85494 94860] Sandy Gate Pike [SE 02490 70832] Scot Gate [SE 97008 89542] Scugdale Moor Gate [NZ 52728 00026] Shaw Gate [NZ 82976 09697] Shortgate Hill [SE 95854 89052] Shortgate Noddle [SE 96033 89184] Silk Wood Gate [SD 94840 97774] Sledgate Farm [NZ 93536 04746] Sled Gates [NZ 93914 04776] Snargate Farm [SE 60377 71763] Snargate Wood Farm [SE 60839 71540] Snilegate Foot [SE 56500 88247] Snilegate Head [SE 56718 88185] Span Gate [SE 95303 94730] Spangate Wood [SE 95450 94750] Spain Gate [SE 90320 92195] Spain Gate Moss [SE 89992 91375] Stonegate [NZ 77637 09022] Stonegate Beck [NZ 77773 09008] Stonegate Bridge [NZ 77717 09078] Stonegate Gill [NZ 77572 08663] Stonegate Gill Wood [NZ 77545 08366] Stonegate Mill (corn) [NZ 77923 09023] Stony Gate Slack [NZ 91757 05347] Surgate Brow [SE 97290 93912] Surgate Brow Farm [SE 97667 93809] Surgate Brow Plantation [SE 98124 94286] Surgate Brow Wood [SE 97455 93425] Waingate Beck [NZ 85048 09477] War Dike Gate [NZ 99578 00000] Watergate [NZ 82879 07504] Water Gate Ford [NZ 82865 07521] Waytail Gate [NZ 71719 16839] West Gates [NZ 66752 09712]	111
gat, goat	ON geit [458]	OE gât	goat	Gatela Bridge []SE 95226 95448 Gatela Road []SE 95213 95297 Gaterigg (lost - 'next the Tees') Gaterigg (Cumbria) [NY 32188 48423] Goat Hole [NZ 61348 26202] Goat Lane [SD 82747 67930] Goat Plain [NZ 75843 16798] Goat Scar Lane [SD 82770 67224]	8
gil	ON Gilmaðr [398]		Gilmaðr (personal name)	Gilmonby [NY 99294 13065] Gilmonby Bridge [NY 99570 13215] Gilmonby Hall [NY 99246 13128] Gilmonby Moor [NY 98438 11167] Gilmonby (parish) [NY 98258 11815]	5
ghyll, gill, geo	ON geil, gil, gjá [139]	OE glen	chasm, rift, ravine, cleft, deep narrow gully (with a stream)	Agar's Gill [NZ 57447 18966] Arn Gill [SD 95191 92214] Ash Haggs Gill [SE 95665 93359] Bella Gill Beck [SE 07724 91580] Birchwath Gill [NZ 77686 02417] Birken Gill [SD 97414 90912] Black Gill [NZ 74920 16957] Blackgill Wood [NZ 74807 16993] Blea Gill [SD 85116 82571] Blow Gill [SE 52977 93777] Bow Beck Gill [SE 12930 49947] Breaday Gill [SE 96545 92785] Busco Gill [NZ 87797 05875] Cattersty Gill [NZ 70704 20459] Clough Gill [NZ 65748 03630] Cock(h)am Gill [SE 99108 90828] Colburn Gill [NZ 77700 18475] Coldgill Spring [SE 99641 91068] Crake Gill Sike [NZ 01371 12334] Crow Gill [NZ 90567 10291] Cumma Gill [SE 03332 83213] Cumratph Gill [SE 74045 93655] Deep Gill [SE 54471 87322] Deep Gill Wood [SE 54619 87393] Doldrum Gill [SE 46824 95943] Flaxton Gill [SE 96298 88866] Fleemis Gill [SE 05299 83153] Foldshaw Gill [SE 11569 51745] Folly Gill [SE 94868 93930] Force Gill [SD 93512 87496] Fossdale Gill [SD 86505 92160] Fowgill (Farm) [NZ 44617 01788] Fowgill [NZ 44004 02594] Fowgill Lane [NZ 44658 01530] Freeze Gill [SE 92615 89855] Gill Beck [SE 70216 98796] Gill Beck [NZ 75507 02958] Gill Beck [SE 16192 53708] Gill Beck Bridge [SE 17038 53989] Gill Becks [SE 16167 53777] Gill Edge [SD 92876 89201] Gill Head Gate [SE 16093 54067] Gill Wath (waterfall) [SE 67189 99806] Grangegill Beck [SD 93417 90923] Great Gill [SE 90536 91308] Great Gill [SE 54132 99463] Grime Gill [SE 93135 90943] Gunnerside Gill [SD 94796 98842] Haggett Gill [SE 98082 92730] Hargill [SE 14548 88602] Hard Dale Gill [SE 94462 92903] Hardhill Gill [NZ 73768 02964] Harten Gill [SE 54534 99295] High Gill [NZ 71970 04615] High Gill Beck [NZ 75699 02856] Hobgill Kern [SE 06008 84073] Holey Gill [NZ 84237 05926] Hollin Gill [NZ 91928 00138] Howden Gill [SE 05713 84291] Howgill Laithe [SD 93931 53237] Jenny Brewster's Gill [SE 48112 96505] Kex Gill Tarn [SE 13153 55004] King Spring Gill [SE 52303 87052] Limekiln Gill [NZ 76925 17423] Limperdale Gill [SE 52656 86715] Little Gill [SE 86244 93551] Little Gill [SE 90718 91046] Little Gill Noddle [SE 90676 91149] Loftshaw Gill [SE 11648 51951] Long Gill [SE 86155 93979] Long Gill [SE 80436 93017] Low Gill [NZ 72217 04568] Lowhouse Gill [NZ 75339 16465] Middle Gill [NZ 72120 17212] Moss Gill Slack [SE 94500 96761] Newgate Gills [SE 95294 92625] Oak Rigg Gill [SE 94738 93541] Old Gill [SE 47959 92632] Old Gill Well [SE 48029 93242] Onehams Gill [NZ 76912 18240] Osmund Gill [NY 99116 19859] Paddock Gill [NZ 75928 16880] Peak Scar Gill [SE 52584 88398] Pennock's Gill [NZ 75476 18246] Potatogarth Gill [NZ 76749 17312] Raven Gill [SE 94442 98105] Raven Gill Beck [NZ 66258 11628] Raven Gill Head [NZ 65986 11968] Ridding Gill [SE 05710 83758] Ruswick Gill [SE 19165 89531] Saltburn Gill [NZ 67419 20471] Sandy Gill [SE 89550 90244] Scale Knoll Gill [NZ 05456 08936] Scales Gill [SE 16154 51376] Scargill Low Moor [NZ 01320 11095] Scarth Wood Gill [SE 47363 00904] Seaton Gill [NZ 76409 16805] Shunner Fell Gill [SD 83801 96981] Sledhill Gill [SE 52801 87170] Slei Gill [NZ 01792 02522] Sole Beck Gill [SE 18469 78426] Stainforth Gill Head [SE 13879 52606] Stingamires Gill [SE 56601 95882] Stonegate Gill [NZ 77572 08663] Stonegate Gill Wood [NZ 77545 08366] Stony Gill [SE 95888 93860] Stony Gill Hole [SE 51588 90220] Stotgap Gill [SE 04111 83112] Strawbecks Gill [SE 06028 83630] Soursike Gill [NZ 35516 06234] Swarth Gill [SE 62858 73616] Swarthgill [SD 84860 82524] Swarth Gill [SD 84785 82782] Swarth Gill Spring [SE 62944 73423] Swinden Gill [SD 86552 53958] Swines Gill [SE 96415 93855] Swinesgill Rigg [SE 96289 93893] The Gill [NZ 67040 09154] Thorsgill Beck [NZ 01521 14320] Timble Gill [SE 18122 52267] Trough Gill Beck [NZ 70898 01865] Twizzie Gill [NZ 75651 18025] Warm Gill [SE 01785 89955] Wheeldale Gill [NZ 75772 00512] Whinthorn Ridge Gill [SE 12426 52075] Widgeytoft Gill [NZ 81486 14862] Wood Head Gill [NZ 34861 06145] Worry Gill [SE 88860 89961]	128
guis, gis, gig	ON (1) Gígr (2) Gísli [281]		(1) Gígr (personal name) (2) Gísli (personal name)	Gisboro' Hall [NZ 62346 16332] Guisborough [NZ 61890 16261] Guisborough Priory [NZ 61922 16099]	3
grain, grane	ON grain, grein [138]		grain, division, fork, branch of a valley	Broad Grain [SE 89884 94941] Broad Grain Head [SE 89287 95682] Cripple Grain Head [SE 98486 92571] East Grain [SE 90580 94739] Far Grain Slack [NZ 83811 01958] Grain Bank [NZ 73648 08211] Grain Beck [SE 88808 90576] Grain Slack [SE 88856 90570] Grain Slack [NZ 80636 00712] Grains [SE 83877 02294] Grains Holme [SD 93334 98310] Grain Spring [SE 89457 95488] Helwath Grains [NZ 95931 00192] Helwath Grain Side [SE 96229 99969] Keldy Grain [SE 88459 93438] Little Grain [SE 89923 94511] Little Grain Head [SE 89058 95080] Little Grain Noddle [SE 89719 94932] Long Grain [SE 88275 95534] Middle Grain Beck [NZ 83735 02315] The Grain [SE 73650 91309] Tinkler's Grain [SE 48135 90868] Tinkler's Grain Plantation [SE 47843 90621] Woof Howe Grain [SE 91204 96498]	24
gray, grey, gro	ON grár, grá [137]	OE græg	grey	Graystone Cottage [SE 64124 57754] Graystone [NZ 87069 10819] Graystones [NZ 70638 09195] Grey Mare [NZ 73613 01480] Greystone Farm [TA 01144 95744] Greystone Farm [SE 64484 58345] Greystone Farm [SE 45454 92786] Greystone Field [NZ 56009 20453] Grey Stone House [NZ 75808 08604] Greystone Plantation [SE 69767 58531] Grey Stones [SE 86755 96116] Greystone Wood [SE 64818 58355]	12
green, gren, grin, gran	ON grœnn, grænn [136]	OE gréne	green	Bell End Green [SE 71867 96906] Foul Green [NZ 66499 10187] Gosling Green [SE 76805 77165] Green Dale [SE 85670 89956] Green Dike [NZ 96941 00718] Green Gate [NZ 92513 07523] Green Gates [NZ 60398 22138] Greengate Slack [SE 97747 90215] Greengate Wood [SE 97551 90527] Green Hills [NZ 95294 06011] Green Hills [SE 69166 61317] Green Hills [SE 69429 60832] Green Houses [NZ 77100 09632] and [NZ 77049 09786] Green Houses Beck [NZ 77230 10267] Green Houses Bogs [NZ 76479 09929] Green Howe [NZ 73652 13989] Green Howe (Tumulus) [SE 53946 98795] Greenhowe Beck [NZ 73930 13905] Greenhowe Lane [NZ 73542 13984] Greenhowe Wood [NZ 73893 13801] Greenlands Farm [NZ 83789 03830] Greenland's Howe [NZ 86881 03559] Green's Stone [NZ 61015 26162] Green Lane Top [NZ 90710 10979] Greenseat Beck [SD 89994 97288] Green Shaw [SE 12100 54089] Green Shaw Well [SE 12171 54239] Green Swan [NZ 79427 18073] Green Swang [SE 89203 99771] Grinkle Carr [NZ 43967 01347] Grinkle Lane [NZ 74328 16997] Grinkle Park [NZ 74008 14427] Grinkle Park Farm [NZ 74302 15552] Grinkle Wood [NZ 74308 14281] Guild House Green [NZ 93678 05244] High Green [SD 92957 54070] High Greens [SE 91346 95497] Hilla Green Bridge [SE 94792 90046] Hilla Green Farm [SE 94911 90266] Little Hilla Green [SE 94630 89973] Low Green [SD 93488 54138] Lund House Green [SE 28744 52385] Middle Green [SD 93353 54012] Newholm Green [NZ 86550 10750] Shaw Green [SE 26772 52482] Skate Beck Green [NZ 68981 12475] Tell Green [NZ 84952 14727] Tellgreen Hill [NZ 84861 14647] Thorpe Green [NZ 94136 04821] Thwaite Green [NZ 03409 11486] Whin Green [NZ 87006 07784] Wrench Green [SE 96664 89333]	51
griff, grove, grave, grief	ON gryfja [21]	OE gráf	grove, hole, pit	Apple Grove [NZ 51147 08603] Black Griff [SE 84234 91614] Bonny Grove [NZ 52392 13968] Botton Grove [NZ 69704 05402] Bridestone Griff [SE 87344 91318] Cliff Grove Cottage [NZ 77977 18426] Coney Griff [SE 84755 90395] Dargate Griff [SE 88417 91099] Dovedale Griff [SE 87189 91747] Dundale Griff [SE 83094 91837] Egg Griff [SE 87002 91024] Golden Grove [NZ 90089 08772] Golden Grove Wood [NZ 90512 08546] Griff Farm [SE 58687 83799] Griff Lodge [SE 58933 83440] Grove House [SE 81855 91057] Grove House [SE 10949 90628] Groves Hall [NZ 86451 08187] Hazel Grove Foot [NZ 66232 21751] Holms Grove [NZ 84131 15129] Holmsgrove Sand [NZ 84026 15422] Hutton Mulgrave (Mulegrif 1160, Hotone, Hotune) [NZ 83655 10026] Hutton Mulgrave (parish) [NZ 82561 10585] Jackdaw Griff [SE 84777 90682] Little Griff [SE 83540 92314] Marton Grove [NZ 50014 18488] Nattley Griff [SE 88482 90941] Newgrove [NZ 78864 11785] Newton Mulgrave [NZ 78619 15536] Newton Mulgrave Moor [NZ 77752 13215] Newton Mulgrave (parish) [NZ 77560 13865] Newton Mulgrave Woods [NZ 77661 13651] Oak Grove [NZ 65957 10231] Pigtrough Griff [SE 83432 91988] Skinningrove (parish) [NZ 71116 20188] Skinningrove [NZ 71515 19667] Skinningrove Bank [NZ 71166 19897] Skinningrove Bank Road [NZ 71838 19681] Skinningrove Farm [NZ 71772 19629] Skinningrove House [NZ 70980 19323] Tanton Grove [NZ 52625 09464] Thistle Grove [NZ 85771 07749] Water Griff [SE 83674 92239] Whingroves [NZ 55952 02802]	43
grim, grime	ON Grímr, Grímir, Grímnir, Grímólfr [5]		Grímr, Grímir, Grímnir, Grímólfr (personal names)	Grime Gill [SE 93135 90943] Grime Moor [[SE 86737 92064] Grimes Holme [SE 56143 89955] Grimston Grange [[SE 60346 73943] Grimston Howl [[SE 61806 75107] Grimston Moor [[SE 61177 74387] Grimston (parish) [[SE 61904 74733] Miregrim (lost)	8
gris	ON (1) Gríss, (2) gríss [410]	OE stig-fearh, fearh, færh	(1) Gríss (personal name) (2) a pig	Girsby [NZ 35518 08267] Girsby Bridge [NZ 35262 08244] Girsby Green [NZ 35844 07856] Girsby (parish) [NZ 36299 08191] Girsby Scar [NZ 35495 08127] Girsby Wood [NZ 35545 08148] Gristhorpe [TA 08484 81978] Gristhorpe Carr [TA 08710 81356] Gristhorpe Cliff [TA 09525 83252] Gristhorpe Cliff Farm [TA 09472 82636] Gristhorpe Hall [TA 08801 81841] Gristhorpe Lodges [TA 08816 82092] Gristhorpe Manor [TA 08473 81860] Gristhorpe (parish) [TA 09490 82191] Gristhwaite Farm [SE 42489 78400] Gristhwaite Lane [SE 42101 78463]	16
ground	ON grund, grunn [135]	OE grund	a green field, grassy plain	Ground Wyke Hole [NZ 95409 05074] Grundales [NZ 62691 22858] Grundstone Wath [SE 77601 96881]	3
gruin, grunna	ON grunnr [293]		shallows, bottom, aground
grut, gret, greet, girt	ON grjót [134]	OE greôt	gravel, sandy, stony piece of land
gunner	ON (1) Gunnarr (2) Gunnvǫr [125]		(1) Gunnarr (personal name) (2) Gunnvǫr (personal name)	Gunnergate [NZ 51209 14587] Gunner Gate [NZ 51389 15098] Gunnergate Hall [NZ 51228 15106] Gunnerside [SD 94817 98211] Gunnerside Beck [SD 95013 98480] Gunnerside Bottoms [SD 95411 97974] Gunnerside Bridge [SD 95099 98200] Gunnerside Gill [SD 94796 98842] Gunnerside Lodge [SD 93521 98188] Gunnerside Mill [SD 95053 98348] Gunnerside New Bridge [SD 95011 97828] Gunnerside Pasture [SD 93700 98918] Gunnerside Pasture [SD 93459 99237]	13
gun(n)	ON Gunni [420]		Gunni (personal name)	Gundale Beck [SE 79815 88238] Gundale Slack [SE 79940 88109] Gundale Wood [SE 80054 87708]	3
gut, goit	N.E., ONb, OCum (1) gut [502]	ME (2) gote OE (3) gotu	(1) a wide ditch, or water-course that empties itself into the sea; a bay (2) channel, stream (3) a small artificial channel carrying water, channel, gutter, drain	Bird Flight Goit [NZ 69072 22041] Dabholm Gut [NZ 55676 24160] New Gut [NZ 72717 20295] Old Gut [NZ 73406 20279] Seal Goit [NZ 69842 21819] Sheep Goit [NZ 79212 18642]	6
ha, haa, hu	ON (1) hár; (2) Há- OWScand hór [133]	OE héah, heag(e)	(1) high, upper (2) Há- (personal name)	Fossdale High Folds [SD 86541 94523] Harbrough [SE 44186 96033] Hardale Beck [NZ 76531 10810] Hardale Head [NZ 75282 11023] Hardale Slack [NZ 75769 10800] Hargill [SE 14548 88602] Harland Hill [NZ 55570 08933] Harton [SE 70767 62099] Harton (parish) [SE 70441 61626] Harton Hills [SE 71575 61275] Harton House [NZ 93946 05305] Harton Lodge Plantation [SE 69203 61048] Harton Lodges [SE 69530 61293] Harton Moor [SE 68623 61143] Harwood Dale [SE 95332 96403] Harwood Dale Beck [SE 94514 95113] Harwood Dale Forest [SE 97075 97400] Harwood Dale Hall [SE 95111 96731] Harwood Dale Mill [SE 95409 96019] Harwood Dale Moor [SE 96301 97839] High Baxtonhowe [SE 68240 72929] High Crosslets [NZ 53261 00248] High Faggergill [NY 98678 06139] High Fields [NZ 73265 16884] High Hardhill [NZ 73403 02912] High Lair [SE 16347 53987] High Laithe [SD 86174 53029] High Moss [SE 13441 52604] High Peak Farm [NZ 97853 01240] High Round Hill [SE 16015 51535] High Stone [NZ 61067 25720] High Thornhill [SE 57259 97251] High Thorn (Stone) [NZ 71977 12123] Huby [SE 56961 65547] Huby Burn [SE 54300 65410] Huby Common [SE 55917 65362] Huby Fields [SE 55337 65679] Huby Old Hall [SE 56910 65859] Kingthorpe High [SE 83823 86650]	39
hab	ON Hábjörn [483]	OE Heah-beorht, Heardbeorht	Hábjörn (personal name)	Great Habton [SE 76146 76242] Great Habton (parish) [SE 75766 77204] Habton Grange [SE 74878 77052] Habton Lane [SE 75478 76500] Habton Villa [SE 75021 76671] Little Habton [SE 74417 77157] Little Habton (parish) [SE 74540 76912]	7
hag, hagg, hogg	ON högg [166]	OE hēawan	right of cutting trees	Abbot Hag Farm [SE 57865 84359] Abbot Hag Wood [SE 57915 84125] Ash Haggs Gill [SE 95665 93359] Ash Haggs Plantation [SE 95550 93450] Cum Hag Wood [SE 69334 71312] Hagga Hill [SD 98098 89412] Hagg Beck [NZ 69853 16525] Hagg Bottoms [NZ 67455 20005] Hagg End [SE 57071 92419] Hagger Lythe [NZ 89950 11350] Haggersgate [NZ 50189 14222] Hagg House [NZ 88090 08209] Hagg House [SE 41905 79052] Haggit Howe [NZ 91850 10050] Haggland Wood [SE 95831 91977] Haggs Farm [NZ 86105 11744] Hag Hall [SE 56708 84389] Hag Hill [NZ 75170 16287] Hag Lane [SE 49765 63334] Hag Pot [SE 37185 68695] Hagg Way [SE 99815 99777] Hag Wood [SE 56121 87650] Hag Wood [SE 50099 81356] Hag Wood [SD 95382 97599] Hagg Wood [SE 44543 93714] Hagg Wood [SE 84861 89108] Hagg Wood [SE 41422 78878] Hagg Wood [SE 93917 95134] Hagg Wood [SE 83025 89214] Hags Wood [SE 56829 83743] Hagworm Hill [NZ 77012 14707] Head Hag [SE 72484 71470] Lord's Hag [SE 62537 73633] Middle Haggs [NZ 82245 06027] Ness Hagg [NZ 70048 16460] Ness Hagg Wood [NZ 69969 16204] Pokehag Side [NZ 75631 16759] Porritt Hagg Wood [NZ 70228 16198] Riseborough Hagg [SE 75908 83305] Robinson Haggs [NZ 85617 11786] The Hag [SE 56494 84448] The Hags [SE 50074 81103] The Haggs [NZ 85369 11932]	43
haga, haw	ON hagi [148]	OE haga	hedge, a pasture, hedged field, place fenced in, an enclosure, a haw, part of an area of woodland, especially on a sloping bank	Burtree Hagg [NZ 89919 11293] Hagga Hill [SD 98098 89412] Hagworm Hill [NZ 77012 14707] Haw Dale [SE 88030 86348] Hawdale Griff [SE 83466 92810] Hawdale Rigg (Tumulus) [SE 88472 87353] Hawes Close Barn [SD 82434 66928] Hawthorn Bank [SE 54831 62676] Hawthorndale [NZ 86807 09658] Hawthorn Hill [SE 83234 02590] Hawthorn House [NZ 65458 05875] Hawthorns [SE 98000 89037] Hawthorns [NZ 79068 14066] Hawthorn Wood [SE 98365 89114] Studdah [SE 14549 90810]	15
hall	ON höll, hall [59]	OE heal	hall, large house	Acomb Hall [SE 57528 51464] Ainderby Hall [SE 34994 80922] Ainderby Hall [SE 33197 92075] Aislaby Hall [NZ 86310 08766] Aislaby Hall [SE 77611 85651] Allerthorpe Hall [SE 33112 86743] Apple Garth Hall [NZ 74505 03602] Arncliffe Hall [NZ 45421 00211] Aske Hall [NZ 17945 03390] Ayton Hall [NZ 55477 10833] Bagby Hall [SE 46364 80432] Bagdale Hall [YO21 1QL] Old Boulby (Boulby Hall, site of) [NZ 76158 18331] Bossall Hall [SE 71853 60699] Brandsby Hall [SE 59914 71798] Brawith Hall [SE 40918 87298] Breckenbrough Hall [SE 38613 83178] Brock Hall (Farm) [NZ 93064 02446] Brough Hall [SE 21544 97870] Burn Hall [SE 54097 65342] Claxton Hall [SE 68093 59934] Cleasby Hall [NZ 24796 13041] Cloughton Hall [TA 00991 94222] Colby Hall [SD 93625 91169] Cowesby Hall [SE 47026 89836] Crag Hall [NZ 97730 01368] Crake Hall [SE 87133 79680] Dromonby Hall [NZ 53208 05875] Easington Hall [NZ 74550 18050] Easington Hall Farm (on site of Easington Hall) [NZ 74715 18091] East Appleton Hall [SE 23483 95768] East Appleton Hall Farm [SE 23292 95704] Ellenthorpe Hall [SE 41114 67308] Ellenthorpe Hall Lodges [SE 41497 68018] Ewe Cote Hall [NZ 87929 10831] Fagdale Hall [NZ 46389 03149] Firby Hall [SE 26696 86473] Folly Hall [NZ 77572 11378] Fryup Hall [NZ 72278 04375] Fyling Hall Lodge [NZ 93137 04385] Fyling Old Hall (Remains of Fyling Hall) [NZ 94253 02761] Gilmonby Hall [NY 99246 13128] Gisboro' Hall [NZ 62346 16332] Glaisdale Hall [NZ 77396 05530] Gristhorpe Hall [TA 08801 81841] Groves Hall [NZ 86451 08187] Gunnergate Hall [NZ 51228 15106] Hall Garth [NZ 54089 01692] Hall Garth (Manor House, site of) [SE 79080 75582] Old Hall Garth [NZ 94350 02650] Harwood Dale Hall [SE 95111 96731] Hawnby Hall [SE 54022 89748] Hawsker Hall [NZ 92143 07517] Hawsker Hall Farm [NZ 92098 07611] Hag Hall [SE 56708 84389] Hall Close [NZ 63533 21676] Hall Hill (Roxby Hall, site of) [NZ 76002 16419] Hall Moor [SE 69252 72818] Harwood Dale Hall [SE 95111 96731] Hatter's Hall [NZ 40591 05467] Hawnby Hall [SE 53961 89746] Hawsker Hall [NZ 92143 07517] Hawsker Hall Farm [NZ 92098 07611] Helperby Hall [SE 43952 69705] Hempsyke Hall [NZ 88223 06089] Hesketh Hall [SE 49951 86935] Hollin Hall [NZ 74113 05771] Holtby Hall [SE 26934 92269] Hornby Hall Farm [NZ 36432 05698] Huby Old Hall [SE 56910 65859] Hunley Hall [NZ 68937 20317] Kepwick Hall [SE 47649 90858] Kildale Hall [NZ 61196 09457] Killerby Hall [TA 06156 82725] Killerby Old Hall [TA 06418 82866] Kilton Hall [NZ 69949 18197] Kirkleatham Hall [NZ 59707 21942] Langbaurgh Hall [NZ 56098 11684] Langton Hall [SE 30543 95253] Larpool Hall (Leirpel 1160) [NZ 89796 09352] Leake Hall [SE 43472 90542] Lingberry Hall [NZ 69659 08792] Loftus Hall [NZ 72050 18050] Longlands Hall [SE 79159 76399] Lop Hall [NZ 70876 09165] Low Crags Hall [NZ 70338 19143] Lowdale Hall [NZ 87287 07616] Lythe Hall [NZ 84827 12965] Marderby Hall [SE 46759 83959] Marsk Hall [NZ 63277 22343] Marton Hall [NZ 51727 16115] Maunby Hall [SE 35449 86364] Middleton Hall [SE 78314 85382] Midge Hall [NZ 76671 16856] Moxby Hall (on site of Moxby Priory) [SE 59600 66947] Nappa Hall [SD 96613 90753] Newbegin Hall [NZ 84312 06809] Newby Hall [TA 01540 89960] Newton Hall (Site of foundations) [NZ 78640 15666] Normanby Hall [NZ 54300 17733] Nunthorpe Hall [NZ 54238 13176] Old Hall [NZ 59097 21645] Ormesby Hall [NZ 52900 16703] Osgodby Hall (AD 1580) [SE 64832 33948] Osgodby Hall [TA 05594 84749] Osgoodby Hall [SE 49124 80914] Oulston Hall [SE 54864 74423] Owlet Hall [NZ 94666 03562] Pinchinthorpe Hall [NZ 57528 14067] Pott Hall (on site of Grange) [SE 15383 78184] Potto Hall [NZ 46521 03313] Raithwaite Hall [NZ 86901 11571] Raven Hall (Roman remains found A.D. 1774) [NZ 97990 01893] Rigg Hall [NZ 91486 05769] Rigg Hall Farm [TA 00712 98490] Riseborough Hall [SE 75197 82941] Roxby Hall (Site of) [NZ 75975 16375] Rudby Hall [NZ 48225 07102] Ruswarp Hall [NZ 88950 09350] Sand Hutton Hall [SE 69699 58226] Scalby Hall [TA 01211 90365] Scruton Hall [SE 29858 92533] Seaton Hall [NZ 78067 17783] Sexhow Hall (Farm) [NZ 47603 06203] Shaw Hall [SE 16880 52258] Silton Hall [SE 45364 92334] Skerry Hall [NZ 93552 05090] Sleights Hall [NZ 86718 07031] Slingsby Hall [SE 69692 75137] Skutterskelfe Hall [NZ 48502 07099] Sneaton Hall [NZ 89132 07805] Sproxton Hall [SE 62116 81472] Stainforth Hall [SD 81606 67171] Stainsacre Hall [NZ 91237 08303] Stainsby Hall (site of) [NZ 46546 15217] Stainsby Hall Farm [NZ 47211 15201] Stearsby Hall Farm [SE 61279 71523] Swinsty Hall [SE 19360 53268] Tanton Hall [NZ 52460 10706] Thimbleby Hall [SE 45812 96461] Thirkleby Hall [SE 47196 79198] Thirkleby Hall (site of) [SE 47302 78789] Thormanby Hall [SE 49530 74768] Thornaby Hall [NZ 45342 16097] Thorney Hall [SE 13329 89219] Thorpe Hall [NZ 94480 04951] Throxenby Hall [TA 01310 88941] Tollesby Hall [NZ 50738 15948] Trout Hall [NZ 66683 18285] Troutsdale Low Hall [SE 93216 89963] Turnerdale Hall [NZ 88682 09103] Uckerby Hall [NZ 24775 02540] Ugthorpe Hall [NZ 79601 11007] Upsall Hall [NZ 54764 15768] Upsall Hall Farm [NZ 55019 15944] Upton Hall [NZ 83973 13504] Wemmergill Hall [NY 90106 21747] Whin Hall [SD 95173 99178] White Hall [SE 87547 79050] Wiganthorpe Hall [SE 66382 72242] Youlton Hall [SE 49041 63438]	161
ham	ON heimr [73]	OE hám, -hám	home, abode, village	Figham [TA 00407 82391] Levisham Beck [SE 83982 91470] Oakham Wood [NZ 93837 07975] Wykeham [SE 92892 93308] Wykeham High Moor [SE 91550 95850]	5
hamma, hammer	ON hamarr, hamrar (pl) [132]	OE hamor, hamar	crag, steep cliff, rock face	Hamer Bank [SE 74249 97464] Hamer Beck [SE 73863 98088] Hamer Bridge [SE 74212 97594] Hamer House [SE 74545 99202] High Hamer [SE 74094 97695] Hamer Moor [SE 75627 98291] Hamer Slack [SE 73254 98938] Hammerdale Dub [SD 97791 69251] Low Hamer [SE 74844 97298]	9
har	ON har [471]	OE hær	rocky ground	Harbrough [SE 44186 96033] Hardale Beck [NZ 76531 10810] Hardale Head [NZ 75282 11023] Hardale Slack [NZ 75769 10800] Hardhill Beck [NZ 74512 02914] Hargill [SE 14548 88602] Harland Hill [NZ 55570 08933] Hartoft Beck [SE 75797 95073] Hartoft Bridge [SE 74929 92541] Hartoft Bridge Farm [SE 75029 92764] Hartoft End [SE 75015 93005] Hartoft (parish) [SE 75920 96636] Hartoft Rigg [SE 74904 95332] Hartoft Wood [SE 75792 93541] Harton [SE 70767 62099] Harton Hills [SE 71575 61275] Harton House [NZ 93946 05305] Harton Lodge Plantation [SE 69203 61048] Harton Lodges [SE 69530 61293] Harton Moor [SE 68623 61143] Harton (parish) [SE 70441 61626] Harwood Dale [SE 95332 96403] Harwood Dale Beck [SE 94514 95113] Harwood Dale Forest [SE 97075 97400] Harwood Dale Hall [SE 95111 96731] Harwood Dale Mill [SE 95409 96019] Harwood Dale Moor [SE 96301 97839]	27
harm, harn	ON Hjærne [426]		Hjærne (personal name)	Harmby [SE 12933 89779] Harmby Beck [SE 13169 89307] Harmby Gill [SE 12817 89767] Harmby Hills [SE 12959 89962] Harmby House [SE 12412 89379] Harmby Moor [SE 13334 91690] Harmby Moor House [SE 13256 91233] Harmby (parish) [SE 12980 90582] Harmby Quarry [SE 12589 90287]	9
hatt, hatter	ON (1) Hattr (2) hattr (3) höttr [389]	OE hôd	(1) Hattr (personal name) (2) hat (3) hood	Hatter's Hall [NZ 40591 05467] Hatterboard Hill [TA 01376 88504]	2
haugh, heog, -how(e), -hoe, -oe	ON haugr [31]	OE hoh OD -høj, -høje	barrow, sepulchral mound, cairn, tumulus	Andrew Howe (Tumulis) [NZ 82109 09445] Arundel Howe [NZ 89094 10918] Barnby Howe [NZ 83102 13693] Barnby Howes (Tumuli) Site of a Beacon [NZ 83054 13815] Baxton Howe Hill [SE 68370 72496] Beacon Howes (Tumuli) [NZ 97247 01083] Biller Howe [NZ 91416 01217] Biller Howe Dale [NZ 91654 01610] Biller Howe Dale Slack [NZ 90696 01813] Biller Howe Nook [NZ 90870 00789] Biller Howe Nook Slack [NZ 90968 00728] Biller Howe Turf Rigg [NZ 91383 00477] Black Howe Rigg [SE 84746 92467] Black Howes (Tumuli) [SE 84614 92421] Blakey Howe or Cockpit Hill (Tumulus) [SE 67784 99788] Blea Hill Howe [NZ 89798 00258] Brecken Howe (Tumulus) [SE 90877 95978] Breckon Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85376 03405] Breckton Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85376 03405] Brown Howe [SE 81006 94958] Brown Howe (Tumulus) [SE 80974 95084] Brown Howes (Tumuli) [SE 89708 90836] Brown Rigg Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 74520 09508] Burn Howe (Tumulus) [SE 91213 99153] Burn Howe Dale [SE 93701 99859] Burn Howe Duck Pond [SE 89630 99092] Burn Howe Moor [SE 94399 98243] Burn Howe Rigg [SE 91675 98762] Burnt Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 98624 01255] Butter Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 82735 15130] Carlin How [NZ 70481 19275] Cock Howe (Tumulus) [SE 54343 98341] Cop Howe [SE 59241 72523] Cop Howe Wood [SE 59421 72563] Cracoe [SE 49660 89601] Cracoe Slack [SE 49249 89552] Dog Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 77299 02928] Drake Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 53837 02938] East Toft Howe (Tumulus) [SE 84785 91228] Evan Howe [NZ 92101 01228] Evan Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 92484 01644] Evan Howe Plantations [NZ 92335 01712] Evan Howe Pond [NZ 92259 01382] Flat Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85479 04860] Flat Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85511 04617] Flat Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 73827 01010] Foster Howe (Tumuli) [NZ 87531 00947] Foster Howes Rigg [NZ 87517 00658] Fox Howe (Tumulus) [SE 90252 90962] Free Howe (Tumulus) [SE 80709 89874] Galli Howe [NZ 74107 19903] Gallihowe [NZ 74055 19784] Gnipe Howe (Tumulus) (Gnip 1160; olim Nype Howe) [NZ 93505 08536] Great How Beck Barn [SD 98363 68577] Green Howe [NZ 73651 13990] Green Howe (Tumulus) [SE 53946 98795] Greenhowe Beck [NZ 73930 13905] Greenhowe Lane [NZ 73542 13984] Greenhowe Wood [NZ 73893 13801] Greenland's Howe (Tumulus with Cist) [NZ 86778 03546] Grey Heugh Head (Tumuli) [NZ 90966 02530] Grey Heugh Slack [NZ 90754 02327] Haggit Howe [NZ 91894 10035] Hardhurst Howes (Tumuli) [SE 97430 97490] Haugh Bridge (Foot) [NZ 72293 17997] Haugh Rigg [SE 80294 87963] Herd Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 70447 11768] High Baxtonhowe [SE 68240 72929] High Woof Howe (Tumulus) [SE 89361 96831] Hilda Howes [NZ 79212 17379] Hilda's Howe [NZ 93841 07435] How Beck [SD 98100 68534] How Becks Barn [SD 98180 68596] How Close [NZ 88568 11192] How Dale [NZ 95004 02284] Howdale Beck [NZ 95048 01979] Howdale Farm [NZ 95154 01773] Howdale Moor [NZ 95536 01143] Howdale Wood [NZ 94784 02031] Howden Bridge [SE 35103 92035] Howden Hill [SE 93692 91576] How Hill [SE 38468 81737] Howe Bank [NZ 69322 08058] Howe Beck [SE 37250 90782] Howe Cottage [NZ 69512 07835] Howe End [NZ 69527 07920] Howe Farm [NZ 69602 07636] Howe Hill [SE 46439 90645] Howe Hill (Tumulus) [NZ 69503 18869] Howe Hill (Tumulus) (x2) [NZ 51220 11091] Howe Wath [NZ 69351 08275] Howe Wath Bridge [NZ 69556 08300] Howgill Laithe [SD 93931 53237] Hunter Howe (Tumulus) [SE 98687 97404] Hutton Howe [NZ 83576 09264] Jugger Howe (Tumulus) [SE 94155 99804] Jugger Howe Moor [SE 94175 99412] Jugger Howes (Tumuli) [NZ 94355 00176] Jugger Howe Slack [SE 94419 98429] Keldhowe Point [NZ 85543 14558] Keldhowe Steel [NZ 85565 14644] Kettle Howe (Tumulus) [SE 68693 98000] Killing Howe [NZ 57254 15158] Leaf Howe (Tumulus) [SE 77990 94408] Leaf Howe Hill [SE 77621 95392] Leaf Howe House [SE 78034 94335] Lilla Cross on Lilla Howe (Tumulus) [SE 88924 98689] Lingrow Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 80366 17029] Little Blakey Howe (Tumulus) [SE 68029 99353] Little How Beck Barn [SD 98291 68649] Little Howe Wood [SE 94443 90805] Loose Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 78300 11489] Loose Howe Rigg [SE 86181 96574] Louven Howe (Tumulus) [SE 88753 99189] Low Baxtonhowe [SE 68583 72424] Low Leaf Howe House [SE 78061 94182] Low Woof Howe (Tumulus) [SE 89215 96184] Mickle Howe (Tumulus) [SE 89865 83937] Miley Howe (Tumulus) [SE 54704 97048] Nanny Howe [NZ 59897 10300] Nean Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 72994 10179] Nean Howe Rigg [NZ 73143 10532] One Howe Cross (Tumulus) [SE 72553 93822] Pen Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85639 03715] Pen Howe Slack [NZ 85733 03565] Penny Howe (Tumulus) [SE 96279 99161] Penny Howe (Tumulus) [SE 81800 89562] Pike Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 68651 09546] Pin Howe (Tumulus) [SE 50667 99197] Prod Howe [SE 52628 98285] Pye Rigg Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 96668 00071] Rawland Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 75424 09265] Robbed Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 86772 01939] Robbed Howe Slacks [NZ 86953 01543] Rowhowe House [SE 95106 85094] Row Howes (Tumuli) [SE 94686 85400] Sail Howe [NZ 74597 11619] Scarfhill Howe (Tumulus) [SE 81478 94173] Scrathowes (Supposed Tumulus) [SE 45562 96317] Sil Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 85191 02837] Silpho [SE 96682 92134] Silpho Brow [SE 97784 93234] Silpho Brow Farm [SE 98091 93237] Silpho Moor [SE 96007 94138] Silpho Moor Plantation [SE 96602 93840] Silpho (parish) [SE 96857 92410] Silpho Well [SE 96524 92614] Simon Howe (Tumulus) Stones [SE 83006 98094] Simon Howe Moss [SE 83099 97158] Simon Howe Rigg [SE 82673 97365] Smeffell Howe (Tumulus) [SE 85399 91432] Stanghow [NZ 67985 15656] Stanghow (parish) [NZ 66419 14613] Stang Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 76369 13789] Stanghowe Plantation [NZ 76415 13235] Stanghow Bridge [NZ 68369 15029] Stanghow Firs [NZ 66688 15018] Stanghow House [NZ 67714 15606] Stanghow Mines [NZ 65310 15630] Stang How Moor [NZ 66160 13536] Stanghow Ridge [NZ 66711 15433] Stanghow Road [NZ 67283 15132] Stony Marl Howes (Tumuli) [NZ 95673 00647] Stump Howe [NZ 79421 13343] Stumphowe Lane [NZ 79122 13535] Swarth Howe (Tumulus) [SE 96945 94082] Swindle Howe [NZ 71076 98876] Tarnhow Hill [NY 97719 08741] The Howe [NZ 69321 07667] Thirnhowe (13th century) Thorn Howe [SE 95776 97390] Thorn Key Howes (Circle, Tumulus) [NZ 91432 03363] Three Howes (Tumuli) [NZ 62497 13201] Three Howes (Tumuli) [SE 96599 98033] Three Howes Rigg (Tumuli) [NZ 73953 10598] Tidkinhow [NZ 64556 14199] Tidkinhow Head [NZ 64565 13406] Tidkinhow Slack [NZ 64554 13565] Two Howes (Tumuli) [SE 82530 99444] Two Howes Rigg [SE 83078 99411] Waitcliff Howe (Tumulus) [SE 91208 91054] West Mire House or Park's Howe [NZ 75355 06670] Wheeldale Howe (Tumulus) [SE 76665 99366] Widow Howe (Tumulus) [SE 85975 99951] Widow Howe Moor [NZ 86859 00033] Widow Howe Rigg [SE 86191 99911] William Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 77690 03491] Woof Howe Grain [SE 91204 96498]	187
hause, hals	ON (1) Háls (2) háls [130]	OE heals	(1) Háls (personal name) (2) neck, col, connecting ridge
haven	ON hamn, hafn, höfn [131]	OE hæfen	haven, harbour	Rock Haven [TA 01017 95353] Wine Haven [NZ 97594 02426]	2
haver	ON hafr [167]	OE áte, æte	oats, haver	Haverbrakes Lane [SE 56029 66139] Havers [TA 00465 82966]	2
haw, halm, haln, hawn	ON (1) Halmi (2) hálmr [425]	OE (1) Helm (2) healm	(1) Halmi (personal name) (2) straw	Hawnby [SE 54121 89672] Hawnby Bridge [SE 54304 89337] Hawnby Hall [SE 53961 89746] Hawnby Hill [SE 54017 90669] Hawnby Hill Crag [SE 53997 90660] Hawnby Lodge [SE 53718 89978]	6
hawk, hawsk	ON (1) Haukr (2) haukr [17]	OE (1) Heafoc (2) heafoc	(1) Haukr (personal name) (2) a hawk	Hawk Carr [NZ 70815 03200] Hawkhills Beck [SE 53613 68059] Hawk Nest Well [NZ 01121 09113] Hawk Wood [SE 53529 66651] Hawkswick Head [SD 97188 71737] Hawkswick Head Lane [SD 97216 71465] Hawsker [NZ 92506 07694] Hawsker Bottoms [NZ 93930 07840] Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre (Steinsecher or Nedhrebi 1160), [NZ 92138 08771] Hawsker Hall [NZ 92143 07517] Hawsker Hall Farm [NZ 92098 07611] Hawsker Intake Road [NZ 92022 06276] Hawsker Lane [NZ 92189 09113] Hawsker Villa [NZ 92567 07389] High Hawsker [NZ 92635 07515] Low Hawk Hill [SE 53376 67649] Low Hawsker [NZ 92280 07465] The Hawkhills [SE 53780 67442]	18
hax	ON Hákr [302]		Hákr (personal name)	Haxby Plantation (Haxebi DB) [NZ 89921 04910]	1
hazel	ON hesli [440]	OE (1) hæsel, hæsl (2) hæsel	(1) hazel (tree) (2) a hat	Hazel Grove [NZ 65582 21540] Hazel Grove Foot [NZ 66232 21747] Hazel Head [SE 80961 99624] Hazel Head (Farm) [SE 80847 99560] Hazelhead Moor [SE 86418 94313] Hazel Head Woods [SE 80668 99190] Hazel House [SE 55363 66029]	7
head	ON höfuð [129]	OE heáfod	head, projecting peak	Allison Head Wood [NZ 94750 02050] Beckwith Head [SE 28164 52989] Beckwith Head Farm [SE 28267 52595] Beckwith Head Road [SE 28254 53437] Bell Heads [SE 96813 91217] Bellheads Wood [SE 96879 90888] Berry Head [NZ 87343 07702] Birk Head Beck [NZ 82107 11153] Bottoms Head [SE 78146 59281] Brown Head [SE 80931 95901] Carr Hill Head [SE 56363 96300] Cockley Head [SE 95948 93988] Crimple Head [SE 25237 51943] Crossdale Head [SE 84051 88301] Dean Head [SE 09994 50413] Derwent Head [SE 88843 97259] Derwent Head Rigg [SE 89237 96761] Dobbiner Head [NZ 86457 00770] Dry Heads [SE 95050 98150] Dyke Heads [SD 94115 98285] Eller Beck Head [SE 87126 96660] Eppy Head [SE 51753 89982] Eppy Head House [SE 52035 90059] Fisher Head [NZ 95169 04893] Gill Head Gate [SE 16093 54067] Grange Head [NZ 78468 02760] Great Marfit Head Slack [SE 85551 92281] Grey Heugh Head [NZ 90966 02530] Hackness Head [SE 96483 90379] Hackness Head Wood [SE 96301 90609] Hardale Head [NZ 75282 11023] Hazel Head [SE 80961 99624] Hazel Head (Farm) [SE 80847 99560] Hazelhead Moor [SE 86418 94313] Hazel Head Woods [SE 80668 99190] Head Hag [SE 72484 71470] Howl Dike Head [NZ 68206 09577] Keld Head [SE 68644 86951] Key Head [SE 92673 85683] Leas Head Farm [NZ 88241 03509] Lind Head [SE 99466 93957] Lindhead Barn [SE 99733 93950] Lindhead Beck [TA 00001 93730] Lindhead Bridge [SE 99288 93808] Lindhead Gorse [SE 99577 93813] Lindhead Lodge [SE 99622 94232] Lindhead Road [SE 99934 93588] Little Beck Head [NZ 85697 02139] Little Fryup Head [NZ 71157 04868] Little Marfit Head [SE 85417 92884] Little Marfit Head Slack [SE 85296 92509] Little Stubby Head [SE 91076 90015] Loffeyhead Heights [SE 96584 91113] Loffeyhead Wood [SE 96406 91038] Marfit Head [SE 85536 92523] Marton Head [SE 73079 83775] Middle Heads [NZ 77954 02005] Morra Head Wood [SE 93422 95458] Mossy Sikes Head [SE 12556 54367] Murk Head [SE 94980 95707] Murk Head Wood [SE 94939 95498] Ness Head [SE 82962 88663] Nettlehead [SE 95123 96650] Nettlehead Wood [SE 94974 96453] North Head [NZ 92704 91124] North Head Wood [NZ 92582 91190] Park Head Beck [NZ 75956 07811] Raindale Head [SE 80727 94037] Ramsden Head [SE 78918 95646] Raven Gill Head [NZ 65986 11968] Rock Head (Farm) [NZ 84415 11206] Rustif Head [SE 85646 90298] Rustifhead Slack [SE 85417 90544] Sandy Slack Head [NZ 71244 11176] Scugdale Head [SE 53090 98649] Shawfield Head [SE 26167 51928] Snilegate Head [SE 56718 88185] Stainforth Gill Head [SE 13879 52606] Stone Hill Heads [SE 88028 94408] Stray (olim Straw) Head [NZ 87524 05280] Street Head [SE 14467 91340] Stubby Head [SE 91014 90484] Swang Head [NZ 74532 04628] Thorn Hill Head [SE 88932 94117] Thwaite Head [SE 85795 89843] Tidkinhow Head [NZ 64565 13406] Warsman Head [SE 92486 94469] Widdy Head [NZ 93316 09500] Wood Head Gill [NZ 34861 06145] Wrea Head [TA 00457 91016] Wrea Head Farm (olim Barmer Farm) [TA 00320 91368] Wreahead Rigg [TA 00046 91075] Yondhead Rigg [SE 88034 90939]
height	ON hæð [489]	OE heánes	height	Batt Height [NZ 61185 26125] Breaday Heights [SE 96050 92650] Easington Heights [NZ 75087 19004] Inner Height [NZ 60578 26006] Loffeyhead Heights [SE 96584 91113] Middleton Heights [SE 78598 87963] Off Height [NZ 60487 26078] Slingsby Heights [SE 69933 73674] Suffield Heights [SE 97539 89657]	9
hel	ON Hel [388]	OE Hell	Hell, abode of the dead, death	Hell Hole [NZ 67885 08670] Hell Hole [SE 50427 87611] Hell Hole [SE 52613 881231] Hell Hole Barn [SE 52540 81145] Helwath [SE 94958 99135] Helwath Beck [SE 95551 99578] Helwath Bridge [SE 95454 99549] Helwath Grains [NZ 95911 00188] Helwath Grain Side [NZ 96196 99973] Helwath Plantation [SE 95076 99715] Helwath Road [SE 95349 98762] Helwath Wash Fold [SE 94857 98517] Helwath Wood [SE 94995 98802]	13
helper	ON (1) Hjalpr (2) hjalpa [428]	OE (2) helpan	(1) Hjalpr (personal name) (2) help	Helperby [SE 44150 69895] Helperby & Myton Lane [SE 44382 68593] Helperby Derrings [SE 40129 68538] Helperby Hall [SE 43952 69705] Helperby Moor [SE 46134 70234] Helperby (parish) [SE 44823 69152] Helperby Wath [SE 43620 69929]	7
hest, hesk	ON hestr [128]	OE hors, hengest	horse	Hesketh Dike [SE 51368 87807] Hesketh Grange [SE 50347 86879] Hesketh Hall [SE 49951 86935] Horse Back [NZ 74755 19954] Horse Shoe Wood [NZ 92432 91258]	5
hevda	ON höfði [127]	OE hóh	headland
hilda, hinder	ON (1) Hildr (2) hildr [9]		(1) Hildr (personal name) (2) battle	Henderskelfe (Hinderskelfe) (parish) [SE 71247 69637] Hilda Howes [NZ 79212 17379] Hilda Spring [SE 97151 90743] Hilda Wood [SE 97137 90971] Hilda's Howe [NZ 93841 07435] Hinderwell [NZ 79518 16789] Hinderwell (St Hilda's Farm) [NZ 79244 16954] Hinderwell (St Hilda's Church) [NZ 79041 17011] Hinderwell (St Hilda's Well) [NZ 79045 17072] Hinderwell Lane [NZ 78650 17425] Hinderwell (parish) [NZ 80032 16690] Lady Hilda's Beck [NZ 84720 07714] Lady Hilda's Well [NZ 84232 08618] St. Hilda's Place [NZ 72469 18136] St. Hilda's Well (spring) [NZ 78949 17052]	15
hilla, Hilla	ON hilla, Hilla, Hillar (plural), hjalli [241]		(1) Hilla (personal name) (2) shelf, ledge	Hilla Green Farm [SE 94911 90266] Hilla Green Bridge [SE 94809 90090] Hilla Thwaite Green [SE 95027 90287] Little Hilla Green [SE 94454 89926]	4
hoff	ON hof [126]	OE hof	temple, sanctuary
holm(e)	ON holm, hólmr, hólmi [124]	OE holm	an islet, dry place in a marshy area, higher dry ground amidst marshes, water meadow	Ash Holm [NZ 84415 11693] Breckenholm Crook [SE 95099 80120] Brigholme (olim Brigholm and Brygholm) [NZ 95249 04957] Bridge Holm Lane [NZ 95086 03431] Brockholme Farm [SE 38927 89954] Brockholme Lane [SE 39014 90034] Cross Holme [SE 56900 96645] Crossholme Bridge [SE 56623 96639] Dabholm Beck [NZ 56417 23773] Dabholm Gut [NZ 55676 24160] Darnholme (olim Darn Holm) [NZ 83692 02154] Feather Holme Farm [SE 56424 90119] Fylingholm [NZ 94830 03250] Grains Holme [SD 93334 98310] Grimes Holme [SE 56143 89955] Holm Brae [SE 07014 84264] Holme Bank [NZ 67765 08574] Holmes Bridge [NZ 59972 16122] Holm Farm [NZ 38929 04615] Holm Hill [TA 00347 95096] Holm Hole [SE 50496 86434] Holme Beck [NZ 54860 19008] Holme House [NZ 82244 04405] Holm Slack [TA 00318 95351] Holms Grove [NZ 84131 15129] Holms Well [TA 01326 93034] Holm Wood [SE 93582 95191] Holm Woods [SE 85338 89385] Keldholme [SE 70800 86273] Keldholme Bridge [SE 70790 86360] The Priory on Site of Keldholme Priory [SE 70599 86206] Lealholm Moor [NZ 75766 09894] Little Moorsholm [NZ 68564 16169] Moorsholm [NZ 69055 14386] Moorsholm Lodge Farm [NZ 69210 13999] Moorsholm Mill [NZ 68337 14846] Moorsholm Moor [NZ 67950 12094] Moorsholm (parish) [NZ 69042 13728] Moorsholm Rigg [NZ 68305 11952] Moorsholm Spring [NZ 68474 12161] Newholm (Neuham 1160) [NZ 86805 10509] Newholm Beck [NZ 86674 11348] Newholm cum Dunsley [NZ 86196 10983] Newholm Green [NZ 86550 10750] Nutholm Wath [SE 74534 87802] Peasholm [TA 03489 89864] Peasholm Beck [TA 03403 89447] Peasholm Bridge [TA 03638 89650] Peasholm Fort [TA 03630 89831] Sandholme [SE 41538 86596] Sleightholme Dale [SE 65654 89426] Sleightholme Dale [SE 64560 91201] Sleightholme Dale Road [SE 65961 91015] Sleightholme Farm [SE 79111 76188] Sleightholmedale Spa (Sulphurous)[SE 65212 90316] West Sleightholmedale Farm[SE 64927 89824] The Holms [TA 04818 89317] The Holmes [SE 43085 67900] The Holmes [SE 43601 68555] Thwaite Holme [SD 95975 90710] Thwaite Holme Lane [SD 95783 90724] Trenholme Stell [NZ 44503 03163]	62
holt	ON (1) Holti (2) holt [429]	OE (2) holt	(1) Holti (personal name), (2) wood	Holtby [SE 67685 54037] Holtby Grange [SE 66024 53726] Holtby House [SE 67501 54083] Holtby Lane [SE 66542 54076] Holtby Manor [SE 66244 52938] Holtby Moor [SE 66288 54047] Holtby (parish) [SE 66288 54047] Kirkby Fleetham, Hang East Wapentake Ainderby Mires [SE 25734 92717] Ainderby Miers with Holtby [SE 26300 92868] Holtby Cottages [SE 26891 92779] Holtby Grange [SE 26771 93235] Holtby Hall [SE 26934 92269] Holtby Park [SE 27079 92214] Little Holtby [SE 27388 91801]	14
hol(e), hol	ON holr [123]	OE hol	hole, hollow	Ackland Howles [SE 78939 76591] Arundel Hole [NZ 89239 10939] Ayton Hole [NZ 60675 25647] Beck Hole [NZ 82036 02238] Beck Hole Road [NZ 82444 02886] Beck Hole Scar [NZ 82314 02273] Biggersdale Hole (Waterfall) [NZ 83898 11202] Black Holes [SE 87457 94695] Black Sod Hole [NZ 65027 05818] Boggle Hole [NZ 95619 04024] Boghole Bank [SE 45786 96662] Bumble Bee Hole [SE 95054 96077] Bydale Howle [NZ 63093 23263] Bydale Howle Fox Covert [NZ 63106 22922] Cabin Hole Wood [NZ 70266 17264] Crag Hole [SE 94850 97750] Dale Hole Bridge [NZ 84050 13921] Dove Hole [NZ 77655 18846] Dungeon Hole [NZ 95401 05471] Ellerbeck Hole [NZ 74987 07533] Flat Howle [NZ 63519 23022] Fulmart Holes [SE 68578 60589] Goat Hole [NZ 61348 26202] Ground Wyke Hole [NZ 95409 05074] Hebe's Hole [NZ 61263 26179] Hell Hole [NZ 67885 08670] Hell Hole [SE 50427 87611] Hell Hole [SE 52613 881231] Hell Hole Barn [SE 52540 81145] Herbert Hole [TA 01020 97834] Hill Hole [NZ 77023 18916] Hob Hole Beck [NZ 66308 07543] Hob Holes [NZ 81490 15483] Hogarth Hill [NZ 93397 01671] Hogarth Hill [NZ 93397 01671] Hogarth Hill (Farm) [NZ 93397 01669] Hole Beck [SE 72039 91518] Hole Gate [NZ 66103 04648] Hole House [SE 27843 52112] Hole House Beck [SE 14270 49312] Hole Sike Slack [NZ 78858 08195] Hole Trough Bridge (Foot) [NZ 78105 06623] Hole Wyke [NZ 76233 19263] Holl Gate [SE 95050 91250] Hollgate Plantation [SE 95166 91190] Hollin Bush [SE 69182 99038] Hollin Hill [SE 56665 64677] Hollin Hill [NZ 64613 15268] Hollin Hill [SE 14367 92272] Hollins Hill [NZ 80862 01364] Hollin Tree Hill [SE 16659 50750] Hollin Tree Hole [SE 16590 50578] Hollins Wood [NZ 65647 15958] Hollow Bottom Beck [SE 55809 98017] Homerell Hole [NZ 95919 06957] Horse Hole [SE 52783 98931] Howl Beck [NZ 61446 17140] Howl Beck Bridge [NZ 61098 16848] Howl beck Cottage [NZ 60884 16864] Howl Beck Farm [NZ 61195 17084] Howl Beck Mill [NZ 60810 16787] Howlbecks [SE 71875 61343] Howl Dike Head [NZ 68206 09577] Howlgate Nab [SE 82271 89281] Howlgate Farm [SE 82111 88950] Howlgate Slack [SE 82310 89057] Howl Knoll [SE 70223 86751] Howl Moor [SE 90407 95682] Howl Sike [NZ 66738 09025] Howlsike [NZ 73779 07841] Howlsike Bridge [NZ 73304 07657] Howl Sike Bridgestone [NZ 66871 09000] Howlsike House [NZ 73900 07947] Howl Sike Slack [NZ 66612 08877] Howthorpe Farm [SE 67716 72869] Hunnies Howle [NZ 64583 22505] Jet Holes (Site of Brow Alum Works) [NZ 95803 03221] Kale Pot Hole [SE 81901 93163] Long Nab Hole [TA 02866 94177] Longdale Howl [SE 87320 89940] Lum Hole [NZ 67451 20636] Maw Wyke Hole [NZ 94192 08415] Mill Howle [NZ 62164 23993] Millclose Howle [NZ 62468 23794] Mott's Hole [SE 51955 88944] Mucky Hole Slack [SE 91157 99823] Murk Hole [NZ 94937 01634] Nut Hole [NY 98340 06935] Oakley Hole [NZ 83124 01622] Penny Hole [NZ 67402 21839] Rail Hole [NZ 91075 11388] Rail Hole Bight [NZ 91044 11293] Red Howles [NZ 62662 23627] Redscar Hole [NZ 82229 15565] Robin Hood's Howl [SE 68142 86869] Rock Hole [NZ 64063 15972] Rockhole [NZ 75580 19525] Rockhole Hill [NZ 75495 19479] Rock Hole Quarries [NZ 84272 11396] Runswick Bay Hob Holes [NZ 81492 15484] Scanbeck Howle [NZ 63431 23086] Seavey Hole [NY 98124 07086] Shake Holes [NY 98525 07112] Shake Holes [SD 94456 87318] Sloat Hole [NY 98256 07060] Shot Hole Bridge [NZ 78754 03388] Sleepy Hollow (F.B.) [NZ 48263 12961] Stony Gill Hole [SE 51588 90220] Swallow Holes [SD 94388 87447] The Hole [NZ 76120 06906] Thief Hole [SE 39608 88827] Thief Hole Farm [SE 39590 88698] Thief Hole Lane [SE 39298 88651] Toad Hole [SE 53528 89589] Toad Hole [NZ 70632 08174] Toad Hole [NZ 76648 06182] Tom Keld Hole [NZ 83863 02424] Trucky Rock Hole [NZ 84761 11340] White Stone Hole [NZ 95020 07752] Wind Hole [NZ 83292 16161]	120
hood	ON höttr [441]	OE hód	hood	Hood Beck [SE 49199 81709] Hood Grange (on site of monastic cell) [SE 50572 82310] Hood Grange Lane [SE 50983 80835] Hood Grange (parish) [SE 49972 81991] Hood Grange Wood [SE 51151 82061] Hood Hill (motte and bailey) [SE 50381 81384] Hoodhill Field Plantation [SE 50666 80977] Hoodhill Plantation [SE 50534 81589] Hood Hill Stone [SE 50438 81240] Robin Hood Butts (Tumulus) [NZ 70582 11560] Robin Hood Butts (Tumulus) [NZ 71021 11433] Robin Hood Butts (Tumulus) [NZ 71405 11405] Robin Hood Field [NZ 91678 09622] Robin Hood Road [NZ 97643 01236] Robin Hood Spring [SE 88418 95581] Robin Hood's Bay [NZ 94867 04945] Robin Hood's Bay Road [SE 86601 96924] Robin Hood's Bay Road [NZ 90068 01146] Robin Hood's Butts (Tumuli) [NZ 96254 01863] Robin Hood's Howl [SE 68142 86869] Robin Hood's Mill [SD 81451 66618] Robin Hood's Scar [NY 00181 13240]	21
hope	ON hóp [168]	OE hop	haven, shallow bay, small land-locked bay or inlet connected to the sea	Collier Hope [NZ 90050 11450] Fryup Dale [NZ 71914 06149] Fryup End [NZ 74482 06521] Fryup Hall [NZ 72278 04375] Fryup Lodge [NZ 72116 03119] Great Fryup Beck [NZ 73175 05027] Hope Cottage [TA 00833 94017] Hope Moor [NZ 02310 08033] Little Fryup Beck [NZ 71621 05788] Little Fryup Dale [NZ 71825 05974] Little Fryup Head [NZ 71157 04868]	11
horn	ON (1) Horn(i) (2) horn [32]	OE (2) horn	(1) Horn(i) (personal name) (2) horn (of cattle), antler (of deer)	Hornby, Hang East Wapentake Hornby [SE 22057 93742] Hornby Castle [SE 22555 93760] Hornby Laithe [SD 81962 66457] Hornby Park [SE 23269 93960] Hornby (parish) [SE 21889 93437]	5
horn	ON Hornboði [430]		Hornboði (personal name)	Great Smeaton, Gilling East Wapentake Hornby [NZ 36484 05566] Hornby Hall Farm [NZ 36432 05698] Hornby Glebe [NZ 36491 06539] Hornby Green [NZ 37544 04477] Little Hornby [NZ 38812 04809] Hornby (parish) [NZ 36852 05250] Danby, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Hornby Cottage [NZ 71227 08709] Hornby House [NZ 71232 08646]	8
houll, hill	ON hóll [122]	OE hyll	hill	Asylum Hill [NZ 85893 13657] Barfs Hill [SE 56335 66423] Bargh Hill [SD 82042 68702] Barley Hill [NZ 51813 10120] Baxton Howe Hill [SE 68370 72496] Beacon Hill Earthwork [SE 79291 84444] Beacon Hill (Tumuli) [NZ 75019 19038] Beamsley Beacon or Howber Hill (Beacon, Site of) [SE 09896 52441] Bedale Hill [SE 13860 89356] Bell Hill [SE 98384 99910] Bell Hill Farm (on site of Hospital of Knights Hospitallers of St.John) [SE 98673 99882] Benky Hill [SE 53114 99237] Birk Hill [SD 95447 97354] Black Hill [SE 60343 74211] Black Hill [SE 73472 92353] Black Hill [NZ 74167 04718] Black Hill [NZ 77139 16084] Blackmsith Hill [NZ 93458 00723] Bloody Beck Hill [SE 98152 99920] Boltonmoss Hill [NZ 48263 13339] Boy Hill [NZ 48748 10844] Bracken Hill [NZ 75984 05847] Bracken Hill [NZ 90413 01316] Bracken Hill [SD 93159 88995] Brecken Hill [NZ 43055 01413] Brockhill [SE 56967 90418] Brockhill Wood [SE 56942 90011] Brown Hill [SE 92044 97896] Brown Hill [NZ 77606 14683] Bry Hills [TA 00932 83528] Burnt Hill [NZ 79267 18400] Carr Hill [TA 04672 81824] Carr Hill [SE 56522 96120] Carr Hill Head [SE 56363 96300] Carr Hills [TA 05868 81526] Coldy Hill [TA 02411 89888] Coldy Hill Bridge [TA 02504 89896] Cleasby Hill [NY 97748 07700] Cliff Hill [NZ 78684 16985] Clint Hill [SE 51327 61337] Clint Hill Farm [SE 51574 61045] Cockshaw Hill [NZ 59010 10852] Comb Hill [NZ 67340 09234] Coney Hill [SE 42635 67694] Coneygarth Hill [SE 44784 68503] Coomb Hill [SE 52604 90198] Cote Hill [SE 15941 54357] Cote Hill Dike [SE 16177 54672] Cow Hill (with tumulus) [NZ 83130 14890] Crags Hill [NZ 69949 18864] Crookers Hill [NZ 50476 10925] Cross Hill [SE 68412 70574] Downdinner Hill [NZ 72578 19039] Duck Hill [NZ 87519 11175] Ellishaw Hill [SE 10589 50521] Fair Hill [SE 56005 89312] Flats Hill (supposed tumulus) [SE 06507 84371] Flout Hill [SE 15674 54655] Folly Hill [NZ 55645 08370] Foss Hill [NZ 88050 07224] Foss Hill (Well) [NZ 88069 07187] Friar Folds Hill [SD 96355 98895] Gally Hill [NZ 85723 09002] Gally Hill [NZ 85579 08943] Gother Hill [NZ 74176 16458] Great Hill [TA 04013 83164] Great Hill [NZ 86753 11635] Gueswick Hills [NY 00206 20979] Hag Hill [NZ 75170 16287] Hagga Hill [SD 98098 89412] Hagworm Hill [NZ 77012 14707] Hallgarth Hill [SE 75367 89325] Hall Hill (Roxby Hall, site of) [NZ 76002 16419] Hardhill Beck [NZ 74512 02914] Harland Hill [NZ 55570 08933] Hawkhills Beck [SE 53613 68059] Hawthorn Hill [SE 83234 02590] Hemmel Hill [SE 44545 96385] Hey Hill [SD 95003 54091] High Round Hill [SE 16015 51535] Hill Hole [NZ 77023 18916] Hoggit Hill [NZ 00386 93513] Holliday Hill [SE 72393 91603] Hollin Hill [SE 56665 64677] Hollin Hill [NZ 64613 15268] Hollin Hill [SE 14367 92272] Hollins Hill [NZ 80862 01364] Hollin Tree Hill [SE 16659 50750] Holme Hill [TA 04118 82091] Holy Hill [NZ 53751 09784] Hood Hill [SE 50381 81384] Hood Hill Stone [SE 50438 81240] Hopper Hill [TA 03526 82382] How Hill [SE 38468 81737] Howda Hill [SD 93314 90444] Howe Hill [SE 46439 90645] Howe Hill (Tumulus) [NZ 69503 18869] Howe Hill (Tumulus) (x2) [NZ 51220 11091] Hud Hills [TA 00914 82911] Hulleys [TA 00225 96227] Hunger Hill [NZ 53284 18673] Hunnies Hill Farm [NZ 64421 22331] Kelber Hill [SD 93514 53467] Kitley Hill [NY 98973 05228] Kitley Hill House [NY 98900 05030] Ladhill Beck [SE 54612 89784] Ladhill Beck Bank [SE 54688 89940] Leys Hill [SE 62793 73495] Lingberry Hill [NZ 74796 19856] Ling Hills [SE 68439 71424] Ling Hills [SE 68099 71493] Lingy Hill [SE 14772 91360] Lousy Hill [SD 94196 97623] Low Round Hill [SE 16018 51251] Low Hawk Hill [SE 53376 67649] Lumbert Hill [NZ 88102 08863] Manham Hill [TA 03792 82059] Mark Hill [NZ 79016 15163] Marton Hill [SE 72581 83540] Micklow Hill [NZ 72939 19110] Mill Hill [NZ 79033 11547] Mill Hill House [NZ 78984 11608] Mill Hills [SE 71793 71276] Mouldy Hills [NZ 40642 04389] Muff Hill [NZ 50429 12154] Mugdale Hill [SE 62369 72675] Nab Hill [SE 47398 92054] Noddle Hill [SE 56155 84496] Noon Hill [SE 53973 98751] Oak Hill [NZ 86326 08065] Old Stubble Hill [NZ 78208 18592] Oxen Hill [NZ 56321 17629] Ox Hill [NZ 46000 01395] Park Hill [NZ 92513 02658] Park Hill [NZ 94496 97097] Partridge Hill [282] [NZ 93094 04010] Partridge Hill [282] [NZ 84621 00331] Pepper Hill [SE 55220 91193] Pike Hill [NZ 84680 01832] Pike Hill Rigg [NZ 85040 02100] Pit Hills [NZ 64387 20909] Pit Hills Stell [NZ 65385 21531] Pry Hill [SD 92958 90339] Rand Hill [SE 24270 86780] Redhill House [SE 96807 90007] Riseborough Hill [SE 75299 82941] Riseborough Hill [SE 75591 83397] Rockcliff Hill [NZ 74602 19136] Rockhole Hill [NZ 75495 19479] Rook Hills [SE 72021 59018] Rose Hill [SE 51850 79316] Rose Hill Farm [NZ 72361 18833] Round Hill (Tumulus) [SE 10704 50917] Round Hill [SE 45462 66656] Round Hill [NZ 71578 04839] Rough Hill [NZ 50939 10419] Round Hill [NZ 54887 00173] Round Hills [SE 40638 87930] Ryehills Farm [NZ 62289 22587] Sand Hill [SE 71330 71848] Sand Hill [NZ 66844 10598] Sand Hill Bank [NZ 66468 10651] Sand Hill Bridge [NZ 66139 10484] Sand Hill House [NZ 66581 10607] Sand Hill Intake [NZ 66978 10384] Scar Hill Beck [NZ 81849 12405] Scaw Hill [NZ 81457 13996] Scrudom Hill [NZ 74329 19066] Scut Hill [SE 50611 61137] Seavy Hill [NY 98546 08318] Seavy Hill [NY 96550 07332] Selly Hill [NZ 86153 09537] Sheepstones Hill [NZ 79642 18086] Silver Hill (Tumulus) [SE 51138 87781] Silver Hill Farm [SE 51498 88131] Siss Cross Hill [NZ 70053 10663] Sled Hill [SE 51956 87327] Sledhill Gill [SE 52801 87170] Soury Hill [SE 60325 74520] Spa Hill [NZ 84549 04356] Spa Hill Slack [NZ 84563 04176] Spring Hill [NZ 94307 01391] Spring Hill [NZ 94076 01400] Stony Hill [NZ 53127 09742] Studfast Hill [SE 57689 96866] Sunny Hill [SE 40142 87194] Susanna Hill [284] [NZ 96547 02140] Sweet Hills [NZ 57792 16246] Tarnhill House [SE 18677 53411] Tarnhow Hill [NY 97719 08741] Tenter Hill [NZ 77837 18446] The Hawkhills [SE 53780 67442] Thistle Hill [SE 40678 78406] Thornbrough Hill [SE 44905 90777] Thorndale Hill [NZ 79826 17852] Thorn Hill [NZ 67000 09321] Thorn Hill [NZ 46932 02855] Thorn Hills [SE 54205 62074] Thorpe Hill [SE 59131 64875] Throstle Hill [SE 11062 77571] Todhill Beck [SE 57314 91235] Todhill Bridge [SE 57854 91037] Todhill Slack [SE 58069 91190] Toft Hill Farm [NZ 46291 04902] Tofts Hill [SD 86422 54189] Tor Hill [NZ 66166 03869] Tor Hill Crags [NZ 65997 03906] Trough Hill [NY 95828 06645] Twixt Hills [NZ 79715 17971] Upgarth Hill [NZ 81151 16189] Upton Hill [NZ 73668 19260] Viewly Hill [SE 35194 92547] Warsett Hill [NZ 72086 19808] Warsett Hill (Tumuli, Beacon site of) [NZ 69221 21436] Wath Hill [NZ 53438 01277] Wether Hill [SE 54401 98030] Whale Hill [NZ 55797 19296] White Close Hill [NZ 01612 12451] White Hill [SD 95915 98812] Wind Hill [NZ 92155 02757] Windy Hill [NZ 65135 21813] Witch Hill [NZ 74185 02383] Wood Hill House [NZ 77703 09652] Wooden Hill Bridge [SE 35618 92920] Wrack Hills [NZ 80860 16773] Wyes Hill [NZ 78929 14849] Yarsley Hill [NZ 75113 00815]	227
hummer	ON humarr [499]	OE loppestre, lopustre, lopystre	lobster	Hummersea Bank [NZ 72849 19903] Hummersea Cliff [NZ 72143 20137] Hummersea House [NZ 72402 19675] Hummersea Lane [NZ 72146 19311] Hummersea Point [NZ 72353 20095] Hummersea Scar [NZ 72617 20182]	6
hun(d)	ON (1) Hun(d)ra, (2) hundr [306]	OE (2) hund	(1) Hun(d)ra (personal name) (2) a dog, hound	Hun Dale [TA 02293 94752] Hundale Point [TA 02682 94850] Hundale Scar [TA 02593 94963] The Hundales [TA 02765 94472] Hunderthwaite [NY 98519 21184] Hunter Howe [SE 98687 97404]	6
hus, us, housa, house, hows, some	ON hús [121]	OE hūs	house	Acomb House [SE 78647 74857] Aldbrough House [SD 94218 89601] Allerston Carr House [SE 87877 80854] Arthurfield Houses [NZ 73853 18590] Ashtree House [SE 69522 59958] Bank House Beck [NZ 77628 03895] Bargh House [SD 81816 68492] Bargh House Barn [SD 81851 68138] Barnby House [SE 72578 60884] Beckhouse [SE 74893 89494] Beckwith House [SE 28226 52369] Bickley Gate House [SE 91092 91514] Birch House [NZ 83095 04198] Birkdale House [NZ 77480 14320] Bog House [NZ 74135 12135] Bog House [NZ 81150 12886] Boggle House [NZ 82992 04048] Boghouse Beck [NZ 74205 12404] Bottom House [NZ 94556 07114] Bottom House Lane [NZ 93883 06747] Broomfield House [SE 36782 92831] Broats House [SE 43961 76976] Brow House [NZ 83141 00300] Burnt House [NZ 78404 11340] Buskey House (Farm) [NZ 88511 07854] Carle House [SE 48961 67619] Carr House [SE 53571 90634] Catwick (Farm) [NZ 90794 05995] Cayton Carr House [TA 04660 82345] Cliff House [NZ 63443 22930] Clot House [SE 42597 67630] Clot House Cottage [SE 42351 67658] Cloughton Moor House [SE 98962 97346] Cockrah House [SE 96561 89018] Coomb Hill House [SE 52217 90236] Coomb House [SE 53056 89870] Cooper House [NZ 77797 17436] Cross Beck House [NZ 54842 18423] Dalehouse [NZ 77810 17971] Dalehouse Bridge [NZ 77683 18046] Dalehouse Plantation [NZ 77239 18068] Dalehouse Wood [NZ 76843 17484] Deepdale House [SE 92164 91503] Eastgate House [TA 01751 83811] East Loftus [NZ 72689 18140] Easthorpe House [SE 73759 71372] Eppy Head House [SE 52035 90059] Ewe House [NZ 78603 11297] Farsyde House [NZ 95071 04415] Finkel House [NZ 74552 06192] Friar's House [NZ 83143 01981] Gate House [TA 02366 82721] Green Houses [NZ 77100 09632] and [NZ 77049 09786] Green Houses Beck [NZ 77230 10267] Green Houses Bogs [NZ 76479 09929] Grey Stone House [NZ 75808 08604] Grove House [SE 10949 90628] Guild House Green [NZ 93678 05244] Hagg House [NZ 88199 08225] Hagg House [SE 41905 79052] Hawthorn House [NZ 65458 05875] Hazel House [SE 55363 66029] High Dalby House [SE 85378 88646] Hole House [SE 27843 52112] Hole House Beck [SE 14270 49312] Holme House [NZ 82244 04404] Hook's House [NZ 94565 05846] Hornby House [NZ 71232 08646] Horrabank House [SD 95227 91711] House Dale [SE 86446 87548] Housedale Rigg [SE 86825 87968] Howlsike House [NZ 73900 07947] Hungerill House [SE 73275 88309] Hunley House [NZ 68723 20055] Ings House [NZ 75268 18497] Ings House [NZ 54550 07403] Keld Slack House [SE 81073 89527] Keys Beck House [SE 79975 95576] King's House [NZ 59747 21847] Kitley Hill House [NY 98900 05030] Kingthorpe House [SE 83526 85674] Knaggy House Farm [NZ 89798 05967] Knapton Wath House [SE 87513 78255] Knowles House [SD 93608 54213] Laund House [NZ 88944 06455] Laund House [SE 56741 61358] Laund House [SE 55733 60724] Leaf Howe House [SE 78034 94335] Life House [SE 77976 93471] Loftus Alum House [NZ 72732 20026] Loftus Beck [NZ 72899 18259] Loftus Farm [NZ 72450 18350] Loftus Hall [NZ 72050 18050] Loftus (parish) [NZ 72973 17083] Loftus Wood [NZ 72122 16981] Long Beck House [NZ 62479 21695] Low Dalby House [SE 85744 87456] Lowhouse Gill [NZ 75339 16465] Low Leaf Howe House [SE 78061 94182] Low Moor House [NZ 78838 11626] Loy's House [NZ 73763 17201] Lund House [SE 28606 53040] Lund House Green [SE 28744 52385] Maddy House [NZ 67252 08102] Mill Bank House [NZ 95295 03742] Mill Hill House [NZ 78984 11608] Moorland House [SE 97462 99630] Murk Side House [NZ 81635 03048] Nab House [SE 47693 92095] Nappa House [SD 96129 90493] Ness House [SE 76287 75705] Newlands House [TA 01010 95820] Newton House [NZ 88760 03910] Newton House Plantations [NZ 90082 03103] Nook House [NZ 94840 05597] North Side House [SE 92015 92208] Oak House [SE 56740 90964] Oak House [SE 57412 97002] Oak House Farm [NZ 77125 16882] Oak Tree House [SE 35681 92499] Pretty House [NZ 94215 02632] Redhill House [SE 96807 90007] Red House [NZ 76862 18512] Redhouse Nab [NZ 76977 18819] Ridge Bottom House [SE 17455 53873] Rigg House [NZ 74571 02056] Rowhowe House [SE 95106 85094] Sandfield House [NZ 87903 11471] Sand Hill House [NZ 66581 10607] Semerdale House [SD 92527 88640] Sherwood House [SD 81459 68664] Shooting House Rigg [NZ 90193 02842] Sleigill House [NZ 01824 03012] South House Farm [NZ 95082 03725] South Loftus [NZ 72202 17830] Southwaite House (17th century) Stank House [NZ 69849 17477] Street Houses [NZ 74096 19229] Summer Field House [NZ 92275 08544] Swang House [NZ 76375 05754] Tan House [SE 99628 97568] Tarnhill House [SE 18677 53411] Thornburgh House [SE 11073 90705] Thorney House [SE 13517 89415] Thornsby House [SE 78742 91588] Thornton House [SE 38309 89855] Thorntree House [NZ 52836 18871] Thrush House [SE 59543 67803] Thrush House [NZ 60882 20894] Toft House (farm) [NZ 86350 08950] Tuft House [SE 68315 76711] Twizziegill House [NZ 75083 19905] Waites House [NZ 65427 03675] Wass House [SE 55673 89840] White House [NZ 94351 03613] White House [NZ 66805 21039] White House [TA 02522 90786] White House [NZ 57798 10952] White House Wood [NZ 66687 21019] Whitfield House [NZ 83256 02006] Wood Dale House [NZ 77348 10129] Wood Hill House [NZ 77703 09652]	161
icorn, icken	ON íkorni [169]	OE âcvern	squirrel
ingle	ON Ingólfr [308]		Ingólfr (personal name)	Ingleby Arnecliffe [NZ 44922 00976] Ingleby Cross [NZ 45107 00714] Inglethwaite (lost) [SE 52310 69295] Jingleby House [SE 89402 89550] Jingleby Thorn [SE 89523 89780] Jingleby Thorn Plantation [SE 89587 89611]	6
-ing, -ings, -ingas, -ingham	ON [435]	OE ing, -ingas hám	descendants or sons of, inhabitants or people of, race, clan	Bedlington Bedlington's Lane [NZ 93996 05567] Easington Easington [NZ 74264 17961] Easington End Farm [NZ 73950 18050] Easington Farm [NZ 73969 17984] Easington Hall [NZ 74550 18050] Easington Hall Farm (on site of Easington Hall) [NZ 74715 18091] Easington Heights [NZ 75087 19004] Easington Wood [NZ 75511 17161] Fyling Fyling (Fielinga 1160, Figclinge, Figelinge, Figlinge), Fyling Hall (altera Fielinga 1160) [70] Fylingdales (Detached) [SE 95149 99508] Fylingdales Moor [SE 92568 99546] Fylingdales (parish) [NZ 93897 03319] Fyling Hall Lodge [NZ 93137 04385] Fylingholm [NZ 94830 03250] Fyling Old Hall (Remains of Fyling Hall) [NZ 94253 02761] Fyling Park [NZ 93734 03456] Pickering Pickering Beck [SE 82197 89741] Pickering's Barn [TA 01637 95132] Potting [SD 95215 98851]	19
ing(s)	ON eng [46]	OE ing	water meadow, pasture (in marshy places)	Abbot Ings [SE 96935 88828] Aldborough Ings [SE 40944 67169] Bedlington's Lane [NZ 93996 05567] Broad Ings [NZ 88150 10167] Broad Ings [SE 58188 00811] Broad Ings Beck [SE 57979 00317] Broad Ings Farm [NZ 88150 10167] Broad Ings Wath [SE 58102 00232] Bull Ings Wood [SE 63891 73162] Claxton Ings [SE 69071 59767] East Ings [SE 78289 75269] Ebberston Ings [SE 90469 81412] Ellenthorpe Ings [SE 42672 66404] Fimmerdale Ings [SE 69371 59661] Hard Ings [NY 99789 20978] Ings Balk [SE 72402 88186] Ings Beck [SE 66749 68912] Ings Bridge (Foot) [NZ 52066 09646] Ings Drain [SE 43811 68734] Ings End [NZ 80790 15803] Ings Gutter [SE 69016 59984] Ings House [NZ 75268 18497] Ings House [NZ 54550 07403] Ings Lane [SE 68876 59948] Ings Lane [SE 51261 63573] Ings Lane [SE 76551 74907] Knapton Ings [SE 88033 78515] Knapton Ings House [SE 88211 78479] Little Ings Bridge [SD 92397 87345] Little Ings Sike [SD 92551 87594] Moor Ings [SE 51600 88350] Moor Ings Bank [SE 52127 87548] Myton Ings [SE 44238 65672] North Ings Farm (Far) [SE 64633 69558] North Ings Farm (Near) [SE 65103 70096] North Ings Moor [NZ 63885 11757] North Ings Slack [NZ 64169 12107] Priest's Ings [SE 43850 91832] Ryton Ings [SE 80157 75732] Sheriff Hutton Ings [SE 65559 67693] Snainton Ings [SE 93104 79725] Snainton Ings House [SE 92618 79776] Snainton Ings (parish) [SE 93028 80026] South Ings Barn [SE 72562 87418] Suffield Ings [SE 98330 89300] Swinton Ings [SE 77229 74743] The Fleetings [SE 69853 58717] The Ings [SE 20162 90263] The Ings [SE 51272 63082] The Ings [SE 75381 75886] The Ings [SE 75953 75193] The Ings [SE 77670 74758] Timble Ings [SE 15629 52806] Upper Ings [TA 01013 82438] The Ings [NZ 51938 18878] The Ings [NZ 61325 22788] West Ings [SE 76535 75371] Wilton Ings [SE 87247 81262] Wilton Ings Lane [SE 87090 81593] Windegg Ings [NZ 00619 04236]	60
ing(s)	ON Ingus [434]		Ingus (personal name)	Ings Beck [SE 66749 68912]	1
intack, intak(e)	ON intak [394]		land taken in or enclosed	Beck Intake [NY 96579 06703] Brown's Intake [NZ 58825 13223] East Intakes [NZ 66513 11051] Faggergill Intake [NY 98696 06185] Harker's Intake [SE 51866 99390] Hawsker Intake Road [NZ 92025 06275] Holey Intake [NZ 78489 04578] Hollingley Intake [SE 13254 51333] Intake [SE 71741 87514] Intake Barn [SE 47820 62550] Intake Beck [NZ 91718 07734] Intake Farm [NZ 87742 04137] Intake House [SE 14224 91822] Intake Lodge [SE 59158 73728] Intake Saw Mill [SE 14293 91739] Intake Wood [NZ 80466 04902] Moor Intake [NY 98190 03900] Morgan Intakes [NZ 74143 04856] Normanby Intake Plantation [NZ 56397 16908] Rosedale Intake [NZ 70608 09362] Sand Hill Intake [NZ 66978 10384] School Intake [SD 93560 89716] Stone Intake [NZ 54214 00535] The Intake [NZ 64867 13646] The Intake [SE 46630 95954] Upsall Intake Plantation [NZ 56222 16686]	26
ir-	ON Íri [309]		Íri (personal name)	Irton [TA 00935 84046] Irby Manor [NZ 40931 03040] Irton (parish) [TA 00798 84581]	3
keas	ON Kjóss [456]		small creek, valley, recess	Keas Beck [SE 95947 95329] Keasbeck [SE 96450 95850] Keasbeck Farm [SE 96371 95999] Keasbeck Hill [SE 96603 95726] Keasbeck Hill Farm [SE 96764 95832]	5
kek	ON Kekkja [318]		Kekkja (personal name)	Kekmarish (lost) [TA 81777 77279]	1
keld, kel, kell, kill	ON kelda [34]	OE celde	spring, deep water-hole, stream	Cold Keld [NZ 66204 17917] Cold Moor [NZ 55279 02207] Cold Moor [NZ 76501 09767] Cold Moor Cote [NZ 54590 01691] Cold Moor End [NZ 54780 00448] Cop Keld Brook [SE 98172 92891] Cross Keld Trough [NZ 94301 05828] East Keld Farm [NZ 94917 05586] Keld Bog (Tumulus) [NZ 78161 10327] Keld Bog Spring [NZ 77899 10288] Keld Farm [SE 80758 88622] Keldgate Road [SE 80740 88609] Keldgate Slack [SE 82230 90550] Keldgate Wood [SE 82282 90413] Keld Head [SE 68644 86951] Keldholme [SE 70800 86273] Keldholme Bridge [SE 70790 86360] The Priory on Site of Keldholme Priory [SE 70599 86206] Keld House Farm [NZ 52215 18191] Keldhowe Point [NZ 85543 14558] Keldhowe Steel [NZ 85565 14644] Kelding Well [NZ 80712 12689] Keld Runnels [SE 99150 89850] Keld Runnels (Farm) [SE 99189 89808] Keld Runnels Road [SE 99173 89683] Keld Scar [NZ 82239 01568] Keldsikes [SE 69113 60316] Keld Slack [SE 81017 89495] Keld Slack House [SE 81073 89527] Keld Spring [SE 80921 90406] Keld Spring [SE 73694 87297] Keldy Bridge [SE 77722 90749] Keldy Castle [SE 77703 91588] Keldy Cottage [SE 77819 92995] Keldy Grain [SE 88459 93439] Lingrow Keld [NZ 80151 17201] Red Keld (Chalybeate Spring) [NZ 77432 00030] Ringing Keld [SE 99276 96644] Ringing Keld Hill [SE 99311 96735] Roughton Keld [NY 96485 07067] Skelder Cottage [NZ 84587 08949] Skelder Farm (olim Skelder New Inn) [NZ 84841 08980] The Keld [SE 43266 99595] Tom Keld Hole [NZ 83863 02424] Waitekeld [SE 67477 62406] West Skelder Farm [NZ 84097 10457]	46
kel(l)	ON Kel(l)e [319]		Kel(l)e (personal name)	Kelsit Grange [SE 54895 63530]	1
kem, kemp	ON Kempi [320]		Kempi (personal name)	Kemplah Top [NZ 60790 14232] Kemplah Wood [NZ 60827 14384]	2
kep	ON Keppr [467]		Keppr (personal name and nickname)	Kepwick [SE 47022 90888] Kepwick Hall [SE 47649 90858] Kepwick Lodge [SE 46082 90736] Kepwick Mill (Corn) [SE 45342 90534] Kepwick Moor [SE 48282 92819] Kepwick (parish) [SE 47815 92024] Kepwick Quarry [SE 48553 91307]	7
kettle	ON (1) Ketil, (2) ketil [45]	(1) OE cietel	(1) Ketil (personal name) (2) kettle, cauldron	Kettle Beck [NZ 56361 19763] Kettle Howe [SE 68693 98000] Kettleness [NZ 83290 15587] Kettle Ness [NZ 83275 16219] Kettleness Farm [NZ 83018 15662] Kettleness Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 82306 15178] Kettleness Scar [NZ 83064 16266] Kettleness Sand [NZ 82929 15805] Kettlethorpe (lost) Kettle Well Cottage [NZ 93182 02292]	10
kil(l), chil	ON Ketill [409]	OE Cēolfriþ, Cēolferð	Ketill (personal name)	Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Kildale [NZ 60626 09398] Kildale Hall [NZ 61196 09457] Kildale Moor [NZ 63908 08216] Kildale Moor [NZ 62183 11107] Kildale (parish) [NZ 62751 08799] Little Kildale [NZ 61492 09248] Little Kildale Wood [NZ 61850 09179] Cayton, Whitby Strand Wapentake High Killerby [TA 06788 83731] Killerby Carr [TA 06338 81426] Killerby Cliff [TA 07160 84167] Killerby Grange [TA 06786 82039] Killerby Grange Gate [TA 06544 82539] Killerby Hall [TA 06156 82725] Killerby Old Hall [TA 06418 82866] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Kilton [NZ 69620 17373] Kilton [NZ 70158 18222] Kilton Beck [NZ 71001 18469] Kilton Castle (Remains of) [NZ 70369 17603] Kilton Hall [NZ 69949 18197] Kilton Hill [NZ 69478 17076] Kilton Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 69540 16878] Kilton Thorpe [NZ 69397 17599] Kilton Thorpe Lane [NZ 69253 18436]	23
kil	ON Ketilgrímr [321]		Ketilgrímr (personal name)	Kilgram Bridge [SE 19204 86031] Kilgram Grange [SE 19217 85877] Kilgram Lane [SE 18735 85636]	3
kill	ON (1) Kyle (2) kiðlingr (3) Kiðlingr[326]		(1) Kyle (personal name) (2) a kidling, young kid (3) a nickname	Killinghall [SE 28783 58599] Killinghall Bridge [SE 28727 59674] Killinghall Corn & Saw Mills [SE 28703 59585] Killinghall Farm [SE 29259 58624] Killinghall (manor house on site of hall) [SE 28564 58774] Killinghall Quarries [SE 28913 59615] Killing Howe [NZ 57254 15158] Killing Nab Scar [SE 83624 95202]	8
kirk	ON kirkja [170]	ODan kirk OE cirice	church	Church Plantation [NZ 85001 12922] Church Street [NZ 90124 10905] Jib Kirk [NZ 67345 14779] Kirk Balk Lane [SE 69908 60326] Kirk Beck [SE 96909 90503] Kirkby Mills [SE 70632 85822] Kirkby Mills Lane [SE 70158 86111] Kirkby Moorside [SE 69066 86637] Kirkby Moorside Parish [SE 70191 86637] Kirk Dale [SE 67617 85907] Kirkdale Wood East [SE 67636 85998] Kirkdale Wood West [SE 67380 85992] Kirk Field [NZ 83860 10400] Kirk Field [NZ 81596 00926] Kirk Gate [SE 96627 91357] Kirkleatham [NZ 59612 21686] Kirkleatham Hall [NZ 59707 21942] Kirkleatham Lane [NZ 59264 24143] Kirkleatham (parish) [NZ 58610 22678] Kirkless (Farm) [SE 98500 93882] Kirkless Plantation [SE 98246 93734] Kirk Moor (Kirkmoor) [NZ 92203 02177] Kirk Moor Beck [NZ 91801 02941] Kirk Moor Gate [NZ 91575 02808] Kirk Moor Plantation [NZ 91930 02943] Kirk Sink [SD 94052 53491]	26
knaggy	ON nagga [171]	OE ge-gnidan	rub, grumble, quarrel, maunder	Knaggy House Farm [NZ 89798 05967]	1
knap(p), knab, nap(p)	ON (1) knappr (2) knappr (3) knappi (4) napr [172]	OE (1) cnœp (4) cyle, cyld	(1) a knob (2) scanty (3) knappi (nickname) (4) cold, chilly, of a piercing cold wind	Arkengarthdale Baxton Knab [NY 97953 06858] Pickering Knapton Ings [SE 88033 78515] Knapton Ings House [SE 88211 78479] Knapton Lodge [SE 87227 77486] Knapton Wath House [SE 87513 78255] Askrigg Nappa [SD 96403 90617] Nappa Hall [SD 96613 90753] Nappa (Mill) House [SD 96129 90493] Nappa Scar (Farm) [SD 96544 91008] River Ribble Nappa (Acres 577.873) [SD 85937 52707] Nappa [SD 85688 53337] Nappa Flats [SD 85243 53540] Nappa Hippings [SD 85316 53401] (Nappa) Manor House [SD 85535 53317] Malham Nappa Cross [SD 87362 64145] Nappa Gate [SD 87455 63983] Craven Nappa Bridge [SD 93143 57103]	17
knipe, knip	ON (1) Gnúpr (2) gnúpr, gnípa [173]		(1) Gnúpr (personal name) (2) steep hill, peak	Gnipe Howe (Gnip 1160; olim Nype Howe) [NZ 93505 08536] Knipe Barn [SD 97070 71406] Knipe Close [SD 97033 71556] Knipe Scar [SD 96722 70208; SD 97023 70436] Knipe Wood [SD 97000 70873] Nipe Lane [SD 97054 89390]	6
knol(l)	ON knjúkr, knauss, knollr [386]	OE cnoll, hnol, hnoll	knoll, round hill top, summit	Cumma Knowe [SE 03229 83056] Cumma Knowe Gate [SE 03598 83037] Great Knoll [SE 56637 49794] Howl Knoll [SE 70223 86751] Hutton Knowl [SE 69674 91315] Kirby Knowle [SE 46677 87354] Kirby Knowle Moor [SE 47433 87960] Kirby Knowle (parish) [SE 46726 87739] Knowle Hill [SE 46985 86869] Knowle Lane [SE 46860 86902] Knowles House [SD 93608 54213] (Newbuilding on site of) Kirby Knowle Castle [SE 46070 87457] Old Man's Knoll [NZ 78849 15028] Scale Knoll [NZ 05087 08885] Scale Knoll Gill [NZ 05456 08936] Spaunton Knowl [SE 71711 91522] The Knowles [SE 42003 67972]	17
knot	ON (1) Knútr (2) knútr [12]		(1) Knútr (personal name) (2) a knot	Bell Knot [SE 04002 82462] Brown Knot [NY 98860 07128] Dry Knots [SE 11474 53996] Knavy Knot [SE 55793 96541] Knot Top [SD 94034 98894] Knotts [SD 98242 69599] Piper Knot [NY 99092 05504] The Knot [SD 98770 90258]	8
lad	(1) ON hlað, (2) leið [501]	(2) OE lád (3) Nhb lad	(1) a pile, stack, the pavement or court-yard in front of a homestead, barn (2) a course, way (3) a lad, boy	Ladgates [NZ 67905 21425]	1
lam	ON lamb [99]	OE lamb	lamb	Lamplands [NZ 82145 06678]	1
lathe, lay, laithe, leath	ON hlaða [178]	OE bearn, bern	barn	Bank Laithe [SD 85876 53411] Broach Laithe [SD 83448 52255] Butts Laithe [SD 85412 52989] Cobers Laithe [SD 86129 53593] Far Ground Lathe [SD 98337 69079] Ged Beck Laithe [SD 84123 53830] Haugh Lathes [SD 98525 67847] Heald Lathe [SE 08716 51373] High Hill Castles Lathe [SD 98553 68996] High Laithe [SD 86174 53029] Hill Castles Lathe [SD 98603 69078] Hornby Laithe [SD 81962 66457] Howgill Laithe [SD 93931 53237] Kell Sikes Lathe [SD 98342 68879] Lathehouse Beck [SE 08632 50979] Low Close Lathe [SD 97759 70024] Low Field Laithe [SD 85576 54054] Low Hill Castles Lathe [SD 98475 68639] Low Lathe [SE 08898 50764] Low Lathe [SE 09418 50775] Low Laithes Farm [NZ 92051 09491] Middle Laithe [SD 83276 55095] Middle Lathe [SE 08947 51063] New Laithe [SD 87036 51810] New Lathe [SD 98109 68239] New Laithe [SD 94947 54308] North Flats Lathe [SD 98225 69244] Oxgang Laithe [SD 82244 66169] Paa Laithe [SD 83701 52364] Pan Beck Laithe [SD 84937 55485] Peters Laithe [SD 84595 52949] Red Laithe [SD 81419 67403] Scar Lathe [SD 97510 68047] Slack Laithe [SD 85173 52335] Slated Laithe [SD 83333 52081] Wassa Lathe [SD 98457 68005] Wassa Lathe [SD 98705 68244] Whitby Laithes [NZ 92318 09599] Whitby Laithes (site of) [NZ 92126 09569] Whitby Laithes Farm [NZ 92542 09496]	40
land	ON land [98]	OE land, Gōda (personal name)	land, piece of ground	Cloughton Newlands [TA 01294 95974] Flattlands [SE 00954 88111] Goathland [NZ 82789 01364] Goathland Banks [NZ 87401 05592] Goathland Moor [NZ 84913 01749] Good Lands [SE 97001 92794] Gowland Farm [SE 99102 95895] Gowland Lane [SE 99103 96083] Greenlands Farm [NZ 83789 03830] Greenland's Howe [NZ 86881 03559] Lamplands [NZ 82044 06777] Langlands [SE 32804 90930] Linglands Cottage [SE 99036 96153] Linglands Farm [SE 98595 96382] Long Lands [NZ 57080 22843] Longlands Hall [SE 79159 76399] Low Lands [SD 94679 90889] Newlands Dale [TA 01409 96128] (Cloughton) Newlands Farm [TA 01201 96060] Newlands House [TA 01010 95820] Newlands Inn [TA 01048 95953] Newlands Lane [TA 01086 94718] Newlands Low Road [TA 01576 96031] Stockland Beck [SE 91984 93227] Strickland Dump [NZ 95750 03850] Sutherland Beck [SE 75753 90381] Sour Lands [TA 03323 83490] Townlands [NZ 78734 15494]	28
lang, long	ON langr [384]	OE lang	long, tall	Great Langton [SE 29795 96529] Great Langton (parish) [SE 30125 96813] High Langdale [SE 92384 95187] High Langdale End [SE 92978 95265] High Langdale End Warren [SE 92518 95189] Langbar [SE 09686 51346] Langbar Moor [SE 10779 52200] Langbaurgh East Wapentake [385] Langbaurgh West Wapentake [385] Langbaurgh [NZ 55771 11631] Langbaurgh Grange [NZ 55523 11638] Langbaurgh Hall [NZ 56098 11684] Langbaurgh Quarry [NZ 56327 12081] Langbaurgh Ridge [NZ 55946 12053] Langbaurgh Whinstone Quarries [NZ 55702 12238] Langcliffe Mill [SD 82103 65979] Langcliffe Scar [SD 83187 66132] Langdale Bridge [SE 94283 91034] Langdale End [SE 94504 91245] Langdale Forest [SE 90997 95746] Langdale Moor [SE 92078 96328] Langdale Rigg [SE 92988 94455] Langdale Rigg End [SE 92896 94756] Langdale Side (lost) Langlands [SE 32804 90930] Langthorne [SE 25378 91717] Langthorne New Covert [SE 24601 91226] Langthorne Old Covert [SE 24563 92103] Langthorne (parish) [SE 25541 91332] Langthorpe [SE 38644 67162] Langthorpe Cottage [SE 38091 68306] Langthorpe Moor [SE 38148 68744] Langthorpe (parish) [SE 38146 67668] Langthwaite [SE 03811 83151] Langthwaite [NZ 00665 02405] Langthwaite Scar [NZ 00683 02635] Langton Cottages [SE 31185 95241] Langton Hall [SE 30543 95253] Langton Lodges [SE 32213 96176] Langton on Swale [SE 30077 94762] Langton Park [SE 30774 95083] Langton Wood [SE 29942 96114] Little Langton [SE 30492 95496] Little Langton (parish) [SE 31296 96057] Long Beck [NZ 62649 21859] Long Beck Bridge [NZ 62968 22324] Long Beck House [NZ 62479 21695] Long Beck Lane [NZ 62643 21772] Longdale Howl [SE 87320 89940] Long Flat [NZ 63014 21676] Long Lands [NZ 43802 01251] Long Lands [NZ 57080 22843] Longlands Hall [SE 79159 76399] Long Sand [NZ 76491 19114] Long Sand [NZ 83575 15979] Long Side [SE 86589 94146] Low Langdale End [SE 93878 91184]	57
lask, lod, low	ON lág, lágr, laut [287]	(not found in OE)	(1) log (2) low (3) a deep hollow place	Ebberston Low Moor [SE 91139 91100] Laskill [SE 56352 90701] Laskill Bridge [SE 56271 90812] Laskill Pasture [SE 57612 91355] Laskill Pasture Moor [SE 58142 91954] Lockton Low Moor [SE 85627 92770] Low Balk [NZ 96519 03348] Low Bank [SE 56179 90054] Low Bell End [SE 71449 96888] Low Bride Stones [SE 87474 91223] Low Burrows [NZ 81622 04377] Low Dalby (House) [SE 86017 87333] Low Dalby Wood [SE 85354 86783] Lowdales Beck [SE 96030 90900] Lowdales Farm [SE 95425 91590] Low Dales [SE 95600 91970] Low Gate [SD 95304 90941] Low Hamer [SE 74700 97325] Low Hawk Hill [SE 53376 67649] Low Hawsker [NZ 92375 07487] Low Hollins Farm (olim Murk Hollins) [NZ 80850 04450] Lowhouse Gill [NZ 75339 16465] Low Laithes Farm [NZ 92051 09491] Low Lands [SD 94679 90889] Low Langdale End [SE 93878 91184] Low Mitten Hill [NZ 92150 07250] Low Newbiggin [NZ 85291 06872] Low Newbiggin North (Farm) [NZ 85309 07059] Low Newbiggin South [NZ 85021 06762] Lownorth Beck [SE 95189 95529] Low Peak [NZ 97203 02115] Low Rigg (Farm) [NZ 91550 06350] Low Scar [NZ 95936 03846] Low Staindale [SE 86871 90511] Low Stakesby [NZ 89150 10750] Low Toft Hills [TA 00821 92604] Low Whins [NZ 77190 10783] Low Woof Howe [SE 89187 96187] Marton Low Farm [NZ 50455 17642] Newlands Low Road [TA 01576 96031] Scargill Low Moor [NZ 01320 11095] Sneaton Low Moor [NZ 89771 03877] Troutsdale Low [SE 93100 90130]	43
lax	ON lax [288]	OE lex, leax, læx	a salmon
lay	ON Leikr [327]		Leikr (personal name)	Lackenby [NZ 56610 19350] Lazenby [NZ 57095 19789] Lazenby Bank Road [NZ 57561 19178] Lazenby Farm [NZ 57595 19913] Lazenby Whin (Fox Covert) [NZ 56142 22487] North Lackenby [NZ 55176 22190] South Lackenby [NZ 56331 19142]	7
laz, lack	ON leysingi [448]	OE lísing	freedman	Lackenby [NZ 56610 19350] Lazenby [NZ 57095 19789] Lazenby Bank Road [NZ 57561 19178] Lazenby Farm [NZ 57595 19913] Lazenby Whin (Fox Covert) [NZ 56142 22487] North Lackenby [NZ 55176 22190] South Lackenby [NZ 56331 19142]	7
lec, let	ON Ljóti [328]		Ljóti (personal name)	Leckby Farm (Villa) [SE 41719 73740] Leckby Grange [SE 41270 74672] Leckby House [SE 67002 61677] Leckby Palace (Farm) [SE 41659 74077]	4
lee, lith, lythe	ON hlið, hlíð [100]	OE hlið	(1) a slope, mountain side (hlíð) (2) a side, gate, gateway (hlið)	Bainley Bank [NZ 73812 04455] Bainley Bank Farm [NZ 73404 04802] Bainley Cottage [NZ 73885 04263] Bainley Farm [NZ 73632 05045] Bainley Gate [NZ 73979 04535] Barley Carr Dike [SE 92722 96028] Barley Carr Rigg [SE 91358 96228] Barley Carr Slack [SE 92239 96138] Barley Carr Tongue [SE 92546 96503] Bickley [SE 92135 91786] Bickley Gate [SE 91227 91248] Bickley Gate House [SE 91092 91514] Bickley Lodge [SE 92840 91772] Bickley Moor [SE 90877 91713] Bickley Moor [SE 91310 91014] Bickley Rigg Farm [SE 92348 91961] Bickley Trod [SE 92231 93315] Bickley Trod [SE 92617 94501] Caley Beck [NZ 85935 06980] Caley Becks Farm [NZ 85734 06603] Caley Beck Wood [NZ 85837 06946] Cockley Head [SE 95990 93933] Crookleth [SE 55805 97783] Crookleth Crags [SE 55628 96945] Dunsley [NZ 85985 11118] Dunsley Beck [NZ 86638 11513] East Ley Wood [SE 55732 87803] Everley [SE 97226 88903] Everley Bank Wood [SE 97265 89260] Everley Banks [SE 97075 89337] Everley Bridge (now Wrench Green Bridge) [SE 96798 89272] Flock Leys [SE 97283 91130] Galley Hill Slack [NZ 85652 08838] Hagger Lythe [NZ 90001 11397] Hipperley Beck [SE 92701 92953] Holey Gill [NZ 84237 05926] Hulleys [TA 00225 96227] Kirkleatham [NZ 59612 21686] Kirkleatham Hall [NZ 59707 21942] Kirkleatham Lane [NZ 59264 24143] Kirkleatham (parish) [NZ 58610 22678] Leigh Dams [NZ 61825 24323] Leyfield [SE 09692 51008] Leys Hill [SE 62793 73495] Low Wapley [NZ 72585 13499] Lythe [NZ 84485 12971] Lythe Hall [NZ 84827 12965] Lythe Bank [NZ 85435 13142] Lythe Bank Lodge [NZ 85530 13011] Lythe Beck [NZ 83518 04415] Lythe Beck Plantation [NZ 83465 04498] Lythe (parish) [NZ 84943 13458] Moorgate Lees [NZ 91150 10050] Nattley Griff [SE 88522 90894] Oak Ley [NZ 54676 18654] Parsley Beck [NZ 87286 02963] Parsley Beck Rigg [NZ 86288 03270] Scarth Lees [SE 46998 01092] Scarth Lees [NZ 45490 01116] Selley Park [SE 97665 88710] Thirley Beck [SE 98316 95302] Thirley Beck Cottage [SE 98419 95428] Thirley Cotes (Farm) [SE 97594 95070] Upleatham [NZ 63334 19350] Upleatham (parish) [NZ 63224 19753] Wapley Beck [NZ 73350 13432] White Leys [NZ 88708 11121]	67
leek, leake	ON lœkr, lækr [101]	OE leccan	brook, rivulet	Leake [SE 43448 90651] Leake Hall [SE 43472 90542] Leake Hill [SE 43845 91409] Leake House [SE 42637 90935] Leake House Farm [SE 42283 91226] Leake Lane [SE 43750 91234] Leake Lane House [SE 44023 91166] Leake (parish) [SE 42744 91367] Leake Stell [SE 43554 91741] Little Leake [SE 43653 91178]	10
leif	ON (1) Leif(r) (2) leif(r) [479]	OE (2) lyfan	(1) Leif(r) (personal name) (2) leaving, effects, inheritance	Middleton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Leaf Howe Hill [SE 77621 95392] Leaf Howe House [SE 78034 94335] Leaf Howe (Tumulus) [SE 77990 94408] Life House [SE 77976 93471] Low Leaf Howe House [SE 78061 94182] Pickhill, Hallikeld Wapentake Allerthorpe Hall [SE 33112 86743] Swainby with Allerthorpe [SE 33558 85875]	7
ler, lar	ON leir [24]	OE lám, laam	clay, earth, loam, but also mud, especially on the beach	Craven Lair [SE 18618 53131] Fewler Gate Wood [SE 94998 91839] High Lair [SE 16347 53987] Larpool Cottages [NZ 89993 09689] Larpool Hall (Leirpel 1160) [NZ 89796 09352] Larpool Lane [NZ 89960 09592] Larpool Wood [NZ 89801 09145] Ridge Bottom Lair [SE 17978 54178]	8
lim	ON lím, lind [382]	OE lím	lime	Limekiln Beck [NZ 80767 15431] Limekiln Slack [NZ 94450 07850] Lind Head [SE 99466 93957] Lindhead Barn [SE 99733 93950] Lindhead Beck [TA 00001 93730] Lindhead Bridge [SE 99288 93808] Lindhead Gorse [SE 99577 93813] Lindhead Lodge [SE 99622 94232] Lindhead Road [SE 99934 93588]	9
lin	ON lín [383]	OE lín	flax	Lins [NZ 82538 02282]	1
ling	ON lyng [381]	OE ling	ling, heather	Bedlington's Lane [NZ 93996 05567] High Lingrow [NZ 80354 17071] Lingberry Hall [NZ 69659 08792] Lingberry Hill [NZ 74796 19856] Lingdale [NZ 67073 16277] Lingdale Head [NZ 66814 16397] Lingdale Quarry [NZ 66542 16513] Lingdale Road [NZ 66636 16593] Lingrow Cliffs [NZ 80859 16873] Lingrow End [NZ 81002 16268] Lingrow Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 80366 17029] Lingrow Keld [NZ 80151 17201] Lingrow Knock [NZ 80834 17397] [400] Ling Hill [NZ 92778 10053] Ling Hill Farm [NZ 92416 10021] Ling Hill Plantation [NZ 91368 01838] Ling Hills [SE 68439 71424] Ling Hills [SE 68099 71493] Linglands Cottage [SE 99036 96153] Linglands Farm [SE 98590 96380] Lingy Brae [SD 83322 96818] Lingy Hill [SE 14772 91360] Lingy Plantation [SE 89975 87089] Thatch Ling [SE 12902 53011] Water Ling Force [SD 94227 86581] West Ling [NZ 01583 12314]	26
linger	ON lengja [280]	OE lengen	(1) an oblong piece (2) linger, tarry, lengthen	Lingers [NZ 94626 05374] Lingers Beck [NZ 94455 05362] Lingers Toft [NZ 94671 05348] Little Lingers Beck [NZ 94743 05511]	4
linty	linty [498]	ONb, OCum (various dialects), linty	idle, lazy, fat	Lintycock Stone [NZ 74829 20176]	1
little	ON lítill [305]	OE lýtel	little, small, short	Little Ark [SE 87951 95757] Little Banniscue [SE 54733 90277] Little Beck [SE 75976 91551] Littlebeck (olim Little Beck) [NZ 85003 01146] Little Beck Bank [NZ 88107 05260] Little Beck Head [NZ 85697 02139] Little Beck Lane [NZ 87384 04898] Little Beck Wood [NZ 88055 04715] Little Carr [SE 68575 71117] Little Cliff [TA 01501 96686] Little Cowgate Rigg [SE 97136 96986] Little Cross [SE 73462 88230] Little Dale [SE 85535 88841] Little Dale [NZ 67264 21282] Little Eller Beck [SE 83215 02234] Little Fryup Beck [NZ 71621 05788] Little Fryup Head [NZ 71157 04868] Little Gill [SE 90718 91046] Little Gill [SE 86244 93551] Little Gill Noddle [SE 90676 91149] Little Grain [SE 89834 94659] Little Grain Head [SE 89147 95082] Little Grain Noddle [SE 89532 95202] Little Griff [SE 83540 92314] Little Hilla Green [SE 94630 89973] Little How Beck Barn [SD 98291 68649] Little Howe Wood [SE 94443 90805] Little Ings Bridge [SD 92397 87345] Little Ings Sike [SD 92551 87594] Little Kildale [NZ 61492 09248] Little Kildale Wood [NZ 61850 09179] Little Lingers Beck [NZ 94741 05495] Little Luff Way [NZ 61138 25390] Little Marfit Head [SE 85417 92884] Little Marfit Head Slack [SE 85296 92509] Little Moor [TA 00465 95312] Little Moor Slack [TA 00654 95004] Little Oak Wood [SE 53842 66885] Little Stainforth [SD 81593 67262] Little Stubby Head [SE 91076 90015]	40
land, laund, lound, lount, lund	(1) ON lundr [67]	(2) ME launde, OFr lande	(1) grove, copse (2) glade, open space in a forest or between woods	Laund Bridge [SE 56660 61239] Laund House [SE 56741 61358] Laund House [SE 55733 60724] Laund House [NZ 88944 06455] Lawns Gate [NZ 74968 06353] Long Lands [NZ 43802 01251] Long Lands [NZ 57080 22843] Lowna Lund [SE 69137 91518] Lund Forest [SE 78383 77170] Lund Forest Cottages [SE 78718 76262] Lundgreen Lane [SE 56211 64877] Lund Bridge [SE 50343 67563] Lund House [SE 28606 53040] Lund House Green [SE 28744 52385] Stockland (lost) Stockland Beck [SE 91596 93693] Sutherland [SE 77078 91149] Sutherland Beck [SE 77512 90697] Sutherland (Cottage) [SE 77144 91154] Sutherland Lodge [SE 76830 91246] The Lunds [SE 49571 64161] Great Ayton, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Loundale [NZ 61080 10957] Loundale Farm [NZ 60648 10766] Loundale Plantation [NZ 61257 11137] Loundale Quarry [NZ 61240 10220] Lounsdale Beck [NZ 59703 10952] Lounsdale Cottages [NZ 59959 10739] Lounsdale Quarry (Disused) [NZ 59917 11541] Lounsdale Slack [NZ 59334 10922]	29
loos, loose	ON (1) Lúsi (2) lús [238]	OE (2) lûs	(1) Lúsi (personal name) (2) louse	Loose Howe [NZ 70258 00847] Loose Howe (?) [SE 86817 96210] Loose Howe Rigg [SE 86181 96574]	3
loft, lopt	ON lopt [453]	OE lyft	loft, air, sky, heaven	East Loftus [NZ 72690 18142] Loftshaw Gill [SE 11648 51951] Loftus [NZ 71961 18455] Loftus Alum Quarries [NZ 73983 20047] Loftus Beck [NZ 72902 18262] Loftus Farm [NZ 72463 18393] Loftus Grange [NZ 73105 18901] Loftus (parish) [NZ 72946 17085] Loftus Wood [NZ 72124 16979] South Loftus [NZ 72205 17830]	10
low	ON Logi [329]		Logi (personal name)	Hutton Lowcross [NZ 59621 13729] Hutton Lowcross [NZ 60411 13802] Hutton Lowcross Woods [NZ 59146 13533] Kingthorpe Low [SE 83737 85866] Lowcross Farm [NZ 58403 15384] Low Barn [SE 49841 62011] Low Baxtonhowe [SE 68583 72424] Low Breckonbrough[SE 80142 90378] Low Crags Hall [NZ 70338 19143] Low Crosslets [NZ 54060 00018] Lowdale Hall [NZ 87287 07616] Low East Field [TA 03797 83403] Low Farm [NZ 59680 23383] Low Farm Cottages [NZ 60157 23489] Low Field Laithe [SD 85576 54054] Low Moor House [NZ 78838 11626] Lower Swang [NZ 76475 05918] Low Fagger Gill [NY 97966 05242] Low Flask [NZ 93084 00908] Low Gill [NZ 72217 04568] Low Green [SD 93488 54138] Low Lathe [SE 08898 50764] Low Lathe [SE 09418 50775] Low Leaf Howe House [SE 78061 94182] Lowna [SE 68675 91019] Low Rake [NY 97893 03073] Low Round Hill [SE 16018 51251] Low Thornhill [SE 57179 97111] Low Wapley [NZ 72585 13499] Low Wood Beck [NZ 76112 07114] Micklow [NZ 73221 19229] Micklow Hill [NZ 72939 19110] Micklow Lane [NZ 72867 18754] Wintylow [SE 20779 96757]	34
luff, loff	ON lófi, úfr [490]	OE ?	luff, windward side of a sail or ship	Inner Luff Way [NZ 61135 25309] Little Luff Way [NZ 61138 25390] Loffeyhead Heights [SE 96584 91113] Luff Way [NZ 60838 26112]	4
man(n), mag, mau	ON Magni [331]		Magni (personal name)	Maunby [SE 35161 86285] Maunby Demesne [SE 34419 87116] Maunby Ferry [SE 34546 86090] Maunby Hall [SE 35449 86364] Maunby House [SE 35076 86336] Maunby Lane Cottages [SE 36199 87009] Maunby Lane [SE 35946 86874]	7
mar	ON (1) Mörðr, ON (2) Már [336]		(1) Mörðr (personal name) (2) Már (personal name)	Marderby Grange [SE 47200 83566] Marderby Hall [SE 46759 83959] Marderby Lane [SE 46770 83801]	3
mar(r), mars, moure(s)	ON (1) Maurr (2) maurr (3) marr [292]	OE (2) æmette (3) mere	(1) Maurr (personal name) (2) ant (3) a fen boggy ground, mere, lake, sea	Great Marfit Head Slack [SE 85551 92281] Grey Mare [NZ 73613 01480] Little Marfit Head [SE 85417 92884] Little Marfit Head Slack [SE 85296 92509] Marfit Head [SE 85536 92524] Marnar Dale [NZ 95160 04798] Marnar Dale Beck [NZ 94824 04650] Marrs Beck [SE 68012 76968] Marrs Bridge [SE 67089 76620] Mossy Mere [NZ 92598 04826] Marsett, Aysgarth, Hang West Wapentake Marsett [SD 90130 86792] Marsett Beck [SD 90447 86216] Marsett Bridge [SD 90323 86224] Marsett Pasture [SD 90125 86114] Marsett Ridge [SD 89968 86009] Marton Le Forest, Bulmer Wapentake Marton Abbey [SE 58481 69589] Marton Bridge [SE 58572 69287] Marton cum Moxby [SE 59664 69069] Marton in the Forest [SE 60128 68147] Marton Park [SE 58150 69509] Marton Priory (site of) (Austin Friars) [SE 58477 69456] West Marton Farm [SE 59316 69322] Sinnington, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Marton [SE 73593 83128] Marton Bridge [SE 73225 83193] Marton Common [SE 72878 83507] Marton Head [SE 73079 83775] Marton Hill [SE 72581 83540] Marton (parish) [SE 73696 83587] Marton, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Marton in Cleveland [NZ 51708 15773] Marton Cottage [NZ 51294 15847] Marton Farm [NZ 51224 15904] Marton Grange [NZ 51899 14983] Marton Grove [NZ 50014 18488] Marton Hall [NZ 51727 16115] Marton Low Farm [NZ 50455 17642] Marton Moor [NZ 53596 14946] Marton Moor House [NZ 53370 14529] Marton (parish) [NZ 51750 15539] Marton Road [NZ 50915 16928] Marton West [NZ 49466 17506] Marton West Beck [NZ 49726 18449]	41
math	ON maðr, máði [65]	OE mawan	(1) a man (2) worn out, destroyed, mown	Maddy House [NZ 67252 08102] Willymath Bridge [TA 01503 92779]	2
maw, may	ON Magi [330]		Magi (personal name)	Maw Rigg [SE 91230 94608] Maw Rigg End [SE 92329 93098] Maw Wyke [NZ 94116 08305] Maw Wyke Hole [NZ 94192 08415] May Beck [NZ 89019 01804] May Moss [SE 87605 96017] New May Beck [NZ 89769 03276] Old May Beck [NZ 88847 02297] Old May Beck Farm [NZ 89063 02780]	9
meet, mot	ON mót [68]	OE (ge)mōt	meet, meeting	Aymot (lost) [SE 72449 95789] Beck Meetings [NZ 69993 16837] Beck Meetings Lodge [NZ 77139 18037]	3
meols, mell, -mell, -mells	ON melr [291]		dune, sandbank, sand-hill grown with bent-grass	Mell Close Lane [NY 98308 05270] Mell Close Gate [NY 98415 05204] Mellowdale Slack [NZ 73555 10487] Mencliffe Hag [SE 49722 80733]	4
mickle, michel, much	ON mikill [402]	OE mycel, micel	(1) much (2) great, large, tall, of stature	Mickland Field [SE 45258 68551] Mickleby [NZ 80233 12839] Mickleby Beck [NZ 80876 12051] Mickleby High Grange [NZ 78562 12645] Mickleby Hole [NZ 80723 13351] Mickleby Lodge [NZ 79622 12806] Mickleby Low Grange [NZ 81310 12252] Mickleby Moor [NZ 78733 13039] Mickleby Moor Side [NZ 78926 12206] Mickleby (parish) [NZ 80230 13216] Mickledales [NZ 61522 22312] Micklegate [SE 59928 51632] Mickle Howe (Tumulus) [SE 89865 83937] Mickle Mire [SE 15053 89679] Micklow [NZ 73221 19229] Micklow Hill [NZ 72939 19110] Micklow Lane [NZ 72867 18754]	17
mid, mit	ON (1) miðr, (2) meðal [401]	OE middel, medel	(1) mid, midst, middle (2) among, between, in the middle, middling, the average	Far Middle Sike [NZ 91143 03119] Middle Birchwath Slack [NZ 77599 02231] Middle Cliffs [NZ 78682 17173] Middle Grain Beck [NZ 83735 02315] Middle Haggs [NZ 82245 06027] Middle Heads [NZ 77954 02005] Middle Laithe [SD 83276 55095] Middle Lathe [SE 08947 51063] Middle Rigg [NZ 91153 03571] Middle Rigg [NZ 91524 06249] Middle Rigg [SE 79413 96989] Middle Rigg (supposed British Settlement) [NZ 74031 10833] Middleton [SE 78331 85839] Middleton [SE 78494 85289] Middleton Carr Lane [SE 77795 84974] Middleton Dale [SE 78280 86580] Middleton Hall [SE 78314 85382] Middleton Heights [SE 78598 87963] Middleton Lane [SE 78396 86486] Middleton (parish) [SE 76228 82726] Middleton Road [SE 78883 84708] Middlewood Farm [NZ 94745 04624] Middlewood Lane [NZ 94620 04367] High Mitten Hill [NZ 92107 06830] Low Mitten Hill [NZ 92150 07250] Mitten Hill [NZ 92050 06950] Mitten Hill Beck [NZ 92126 06507] Mitten Hill Farm [NZ 92131 06954] Nigh Middle Sike [NZ 91185 03746]	29
mil	ON Mildi [333]		Mildi (personal name)	Milby [SE 40073 67685] Milby Lock [SE 40092 67361] Milby Moor [SE 40989 69024]	3
mil(e)	ON Milla [334]		Milla (personal name)	Miley Pike [SE 48768 96422] Miley Pike Hill [SE 48830 96344]	2
mill	ON milna [452]	OE mylen, myln, myll	mill	Aysgarth Mill [SE 00536 88764] Appleton Mill (Farm) [SE 74522 87881] Arkengarthdale Mill [NY 99907 02999] Baxby Mill [SE 51279 75331] Bellerby Mill [SE 11806 92839] Brandsby Mills [SE 58592 72328] Bransdale Mill (corn) [SE 62192 97903] Cock Mill [NZ 89866 08752] Cock Mill Beck [NZ 89815 09044] Cock Mill Wood [NZ 90374 08724] Crakehall Corn Mill [SE 24391 90226] Crakehall High Mill [SE 23543 90192] Ebberston Mill [SE 89570 82335] Faceby Mill [NZ 49965 03388] Flatty Mill Dale [NZ 81991 14212] Fleetham Mill [SE 28687 94061] Foss Mill [NZ 83100 11712] Foxton Mill (Corn) [SE 45300 96522] Gunnerside Mill [SD 95053 98348] Harwood Dale Mill [SE 95409 96019] Howl Beck Mill [NZ 60810 16787] Intake Saw Mill [SE 14293 91739] Langcliffe Mill [SD 82103 65979] Leadmill Beck [SE 17378 97630] Mill Bank [NZ 95350 03950] Mill Bank [NZ 74194 14059] Mill Bank House [NZ 95295 03742] Mill Beck [SE 12223 90167] Mill Beck Farm [NZ 95268 03883] Mill Brow [SE 83726 01584] Mill Force [NZ 83727 01401] Mill Hill [NZ 79033 11547] Mill Hill House [NZ 78984 11608] Mill Hills [SE 71793 71276] Mill Holme [NZ 68032 19215] Millholme Beck [NZ 67783 19056] Millholme Bridge [NZ 68113 18975] Millholme Wood [NZ 67808 45633] Mill Scar [NZ 83677 01857] Mill Scar Wood [NZ 83558 01660] Moxby Mill [SE 59595 66789] Moorsholm Mill [NZ 68337 14846] Nappa Mill [SD 96057 90446] Newby Mill [TA 02628 90723] Osgodby Windmill [SE 64298 33087] Osmotherly Mill (saw) [SE 46207 96827] Raisdale Mill [NZ 53831 00637] Raisdale Mill Plantation [NZ 53170 00701] Ramsdale (Mill) Farm [NZ 92658 03467] Rigg Mill [NZ 91059 07490] Rigg Mill Beck [NZ 90767 07978] Rigg Mill Wood [NZ 90922 07380] Robin Hood's Mill [SD 81451 66618] Roxby Mill [NZ 74947 14211] Scalby High Mill [TA 02207 90617] Scaling Mill [NZ 74434 14189] Skeeby Mill [NZ 20263 03147] Sproxton Mill [SE 60835 82417] Stonegate Mill (corn) [NZ 77923 09023] Swainby Mill [NZ 48241 01530] Thirkleby Mill [SE 48031 79668] Thoralby Mill [SE 00241 86502] Thormanby Mill [SE 48610 75027] Troutsdale Mill [SE 91694 87461] Uckerby Mill [NZ 24226 02658] Ugthorpe Windmill [NZ 79203 11534] Upsall Mill Farm (supposed site of Hospital of St Lawrence) [NZ 56179 15994] Walk Mill (Bleaching) [SE 44998 96560] Walk Mill Force [NZ 83214 022234] Wath Mill (Disused) [SE 67494 74974] Yaddow Mills [NZ 94971 04519]	71
-mine, -myn	ON mynni [93]	OE ge-mýð	mouth of river, fjord
mir, mire, myre	ON mýrr [289]	OE mire	bog, swampy moorland, mire	Arkilmire (lost) [38] Claymire Gate [NZ 70839 08117] Foulesike alias Wawe-myres (13th century), Tranmires [SE 95750 98604] Gysemire [SE 48268 63868] High Tranmire [NZ 77125 11760] Higher Row Mires [SE 75285 97050] Huker Mire [SD 95824 87259] Hukermire Moss [SD 94453 88447] Lower Row Mires [SE 75685 96863] Low Tranmire [NZ 76814 12469] Mickle Mire [SE 15053 89679] Mire Beck [SE 49654 84457] Mires Lane [NZ 86689 10787] Mires Slack [NZ 91079 02785] Mires Well [NZ 86588 10806] Mirey Close [NZ 57017 15104] Miry Sike Wood [SE 93362 91300] Murk Mire Moor [NZ 79826 02364] Plod Mire Wood [SE 21207 97406] Red Mires [NZ 77049 10662] Row Mires Rigg [SE 75231 97619] Stingamires [SE 56400 95801] Tranmire [NZ 76909 12137] Tranmire Bank [SE 73347 91318] Tranmire Beck [SE 73592 91320] Tranmire Moor [NZ 77257 11297] Tranmire or Old Beckwith Stone [NZ 72726 11461] Tranmire Slack [NZ 76733 11775] White Mires [SE 77306 96861] White Mires Slack [SE 76690 96190]	30
mol	ON Moldr [335]		Moldr (personal name)	Moxby [SE 59163 66580] Moxby Hall (on site of Moxby Priory) [SE 59600 66947] Moxby Lane [SE 59460 65917] Moxby Mill (Site of) [SE 59595 66789] Moxby Moor [SE 58966 66239] Moxby Moor Farm [SE 58900 66707] Moxby Priory [SE 59458 66718]	7
mor(e), moor, mur	ON mór [290]	OE mōr	a moor, heath, barren upland, waste land	Aislaby Moor [NZ 85183 08936] Askwith Moor [SE 16604 51356] Barnaby Moor [NZ 57041 17077] Beamsley Moor [SE 11367 53540] Bickley Moor [SE 90877 91713] Bickley Moor [SE 91310 91014] Bilsdale East Moor [SE 59936 96898] Bilsdale West Moor [SE 55565 96019] Black Dike Moor [NZ 75521 10618] Black Moor [SE 60499 72986] Blakey Moor [SE 87150 94150] Brow Moor (tumuli) [NZ 96146 01828] Brown Moor [SE 56865 64821] Brownmoor Lane [SE 56865 64821] Burn Howe Moor [SE 94384 98270] Carry Moor [NZ 35956 05855] Cawthorn Moor [SE 78182 91626] Claymoor [NZ 82041 14851] Claymoor Beck [NZ 81538 15122] Cloughton Moor House [SE 98962 97346] Coate Moor [NZ 59732 10352] Cock Moor [SE 94864 85920] Cock Moor [SE 93762 85836] Cockmoor Cottage [SE 93862 85716] Cockmoor Plantation [SE 94768 85830] Cockmoor Pond [SE 95067 85723] Cold Moor [NZ 55279 02207] Cold Moor [NZ 76501 09767] Cold Moor Cote [NZ 54590 01691] Cold Moor End [NZ 54780 00448] Commondale Moor [NZ 66452 09110] Earswick Moor [SE 64105 58023] Easington High Moor [NZ 73999 11445] East Moor [SE 78216 89465] Ellerby Moor [NZ 78805 13536] Faggergill Moor [NY 98774 07230] Far Moor Plantation [NZ 57314 17858] Fen Moor [SE 84668 96665] Fryton Moor [SE 68542 73174] Fylingdales Moor [SE 92568 99546] Ganthorpe Moor [SE 68984 71486] Gilmonby Moor [NY 98438 11167] Glaisdale Moor [NZ 76047 05298] Goathland Moor [NZ 84913 01749] Grime Moor [[SE 86737 92064] Hall Moor [SE 69252 72818] Harmby Moor [SE 13334 91690] Harper Moor Beeld [SE 91312 93122] Harton Moor [SE 68623 61143] Harwood Dale Moor [SE 96301 97839] Hazelhead Moor [SE 86418 94313] High Moor [NZ 00225 09583] High Thornton Moor [NZ 48643 12278] Hope Moor [NZ 02310 08033] Howdale Moor [NZ 95693 01260] Howl Moor [SE 90407 95682] Jugger Howe Moor [SE 94183 99413] Kildale Moor [NZ 63908 08216] Kildale Moor [NZ 62183 11107] Kirk Moor (Kirkmoor) [NZ 92209 02137] Kirk Moor Beck [NZ 91981 03027] Kirk Moor Gate [NZ 91761 02800] Kirk Moor Plantation [NZ 91929 02897] Langbar Moor [SE 10779 52200] Lealholm Moor [NZ 75766 09894] Laskill Pasture Moor [SE 58142 91954] Little Moor [TA 00465 95312] Little Moor Slack [TA 00654 95004] Liverton Moor [NZ 72055 12615] Lockton Low Moor [SE 85627 92770] Low Moor House [NZ 78838 11626] Low Thornton Moor [NZ 48865 12875] Marton Moor [NZ 53596 14946] Marton Moor House [NZ 53370 14529] Mickleby Moor [NZ 78733 13039] Mickleby Moor Side [NZ 78926 12206] Middleton Moor [SE 11253 51164] Moor Barn [SE 48585 67409] Moor Beck [SE 19282 89940] Moordale Beck [NZ 58651 17507] Moordale Bog [NZ 57064 17216] Moordale Bridge [NZ 59712 18188] Moordale Wood [NZ 58984 27840] Moor End Field [SE 44646 69248] Moorfield Farm [NZ 97464 00626] Moor Gate [NZ 82401 09721] Moorgate Lees [NZ 91150 10050] Moorgates [SE 84381 99429] Moor Ings [SE 51600 88350] Moor Ings Bank [SE 52127 87548] Moor Intake [NY 98190 03900] Moorland House [SE 97462 99630] Moor Nook Plantation [SE 65988 61543] Moorsholm [NZ 69055 14386] Moorsholm Lodge Farm [NZ 69210 13999] Moorsholm Mill [NZ 68337 14846] Moorsholm Moor [NZ 67950 12094] Moorsholm (parish) [NZ 69042 13728] Moorsholm Rigg [NZ 68305 11952] Moorsholm Spring [NZ 68474 12161] Moors Rigg [SE 86603 96207] Murk Mire Moor [NZ 79826 02364] Murton (parish) [SE 53231 87786] Murton [SE 53705 88040] Myton Moor [SE 45947 66679] Newby Moor Lane [TA 01286 89441] Newgate Moor [SE 87048 92769] North Ings Moor [NZ 63885 11757] Owlet Moor [SE 75806 97809] Purse Moor [NZ 80604 01816] Ray's Moor [SE 69743 71339] Rosedale Moor [SE 72165 99821] Roxby High Moor [NZ 75503 11959] Roxby Low Moor [NZ 76117 13657] Roxby Moor House [NZ 76422 11752] Roxby Old Moor [NZ 75659 11520] Ruston Moor Road [SE 95392 85127] Scargill Low Moor [NZ 01320 11095] Scarth Wood Moor [SE 46725 99733] Scugdale Moor Gate [NZ 52728 00026] Sheffield Moor [NZ 78528 12321] Silpho Moor [SE 96007 94138] Silpho Moor Plantation [SE 96602 93840] Sleights Moor [NZ 85790 04137] Sneaton High Moor [NZ 87996 00876] Sneaton Low Moor [NZ 89771 03877] Staintondale Moor [SE 98990 99441] Stony Marl Moor [NZ 95105 00343] Suffield Moor [SE 98245 92592] Thornton Moor [NZ 49093 12530] Tranmire Moor [NZ 77257 11297] Troutsdale Moor [SE 91695 88860] Ugglebarnby Moor [NZ 88862 05298] Upsall Moor [NZ 55860 16449] Westerdale Moor [NZ 66464 07082] Wilton Moor Plantation [NZ 57589 18055] Widow Howe Moor [NZ 86883 00101] Wykeham High Moor [SE 91550 95850]	138
moss	ON mosi [427]	OE mos	moss, a moorland	Ana Moss [SE 71969 93925] Boltonmoss Hill [NZ 48263 13339] Faggergill Moss [NY 99171 08111] Fleet Moss [SD 86645 83382] Fleet Moss Edge [SD 86424 83106] Fleet Moss Tarn [SD 87497 83511] Fossdale Moss [SD 85881 95314] High Moss [SE 13441 52604] Hukermire Moss [SD 94453 88447] May Moss [SE 87605 96017] Moss Beck [SD 96885 69181] Moss Brow [NZ 87225 11668] Moss Brow Lodge [NZ 87383 11800] Moss Ends [SE 53746 66508] Moss Gill Slack [SE 94500 96761] Moss Rigg [NZ 82661 00263] Moss Slack [NZ 82653 00110] Mossy Mere [NZ 92598 04826] Mossy Sikes Dike [SE 12361 54683] Mossy Sikes Head [SE 12556 54367] Simon Howe Moss [SE 83099 97158] Spain Gate Moss [SE 89992 91375] Yarsley Moss [NZ 75515 00739]	23
mouse, mouth, mus	ON (1) Músi (2) mús [338]	OE (2) mūs	Músi (personal name) (2) mouse	Mouthwaite [SE 07869 89493] Musley Bank [SE 76554 70738] Musley Wood [SE 75761 70596] Muscoates [SE 68777 80315] Muscoates Grange [SE 68263 80400] Muscoates [SE 69079 81005] Muscoates Lane [SE 67954 80879] Muscoates Fox Covert [SE 68228 81181]	8
mow, mul	ON (1) Múli (2) múli [337]		(1) Múli (personal name) (2) muzzle, snout	Hutton Mulgrave (Mulegrif 1160, Hotone, Hotune DB) [NZ 83874 10131] Hutton Mulgrave [NZ 82597 10591] Hutton Mulgrave [NZ 83654 10026] Hutton Mulgrave Moor [NZ 83599 09145] Low Mowthorpe Farm [SE 68649 69095] Mowthorpe [SE 68060 69040] Mowthorpe Bridge [SE 68530 68538] Mowthorp Bridge [SE 97996 88233] Mowthorp Cottage [SE 98063 88207] Mowthorpe Dale[SE 69102 69395] Mowthorpe Dale[SE 68843 69458] Mowthorpe Dale Wood [SE 69044 69240] Mowthorp(e) (Farm) [SE 98073 88278] Mowthorpe Hill [SE 67623 69059] Mowthorpe Hill Farm [SE 67797 69164] Mowthorpe Road [SE 98191 87980] Mowthorpe Wood [SE 67784 68813] Mulgrave Castle [NZ 84879 12565] Mulgrave Castle (in ruins) [NZ 83947 11677] Mulgrave Cottage (ruins) [NZ 83948 11678] Mulgrave Cottage [NZ 85632 12610] Mulgrave Mines [NZ 79890 17706] Mulgrave Woods [NZ 83537 11647] Port Mulgrave [NZ 79790 17528] Port Mulgrave [NZ 79861 17733]	25
murk	ON myrkr [94]	OE myrc	murky, dark, darkness, gloom, thick mist	Low Hollins Farm (olim Murk Hollins) [NZ 80850 04450] Murk Beck Slack [NZ 82581 07358] Murk Esk [NZ 81846 02493] Murk Esk Cottage [NZ 81644 02740] Murk Head [SE 94980 95707] Murk Head Wood [SE 94941 95497] Murk Hole [NZ 94937 01634] Murk Mire Moor [NZ 79947 02383] Murk Side [NZ 81638 02622] Murkside Grange [NZ 79127 02874] Murkside House (olim Murk Side House) [NZ 81637 03048] Murk Side Wood [NZ 81735 03388]	12
nab	ON nabbi, knollr [196]	OE cnoll	knoll, rounded top of a larger hill	Black Nab [NZ 92260 10793] Cat Nab [NZ 66902 21557] Cargate Nab [SE 86055 93845] Clock Case Nab [NZ 95553 07105] Coneygarth Nab [SE 86275 89908] Eston Nab [NZ 56785 18283] First Nab [NZ 89750 11550] Great Knoll [SE 56637 49794] Howlgate Nab [SE 82271 89281] Ivy Scar Oxclose Nab [SD 98829 90420] Lector Nab [NZ 88850 11750] Long Nab [TA 02887 94010] Long Nab Hole [TA 02866 94177] Miller's Nab [NZ 97075 02628] Nab End [TA 00181 97138] Nab End [NZ 75075 02896] Nab End [SE 57663 97149] Nab End Wood [NZ 70518 17507] Nab Hill [SE 47398 92054] Nab House [SE 47693 92095] Nab Ridge [SE 47545 92357] Nab Rigg [NZ 74873 01405] Old Nab [NZ 79312 18695] Old Nab Shaft [NZ 79344 18782] Penny Nab [NZ 78838 18924] Redhouse Nab [NZ 76977 18819] Red Nabs [NZ 77713 18937] Red Nabs Shaft [NZ 77718 18998] Ryston Nab [NZ 59122 13332] Saltwick Nab [NZ 91644 11345] Scab Nab [NZ 83727 16230] Scalby Nab [SE 99584 90307] Scalby Nabs [SE 99719 90055] Second Nab [NZ 89550 11550] Snowdon Nab [NZ 78388 05224] The Nab [NZ 95415 04091] The Nab [NZ 75171 02576] The Nab [SE 47320 91933] Whetstone Nab [NZ 58845 10391] Whinny Nab [SE 86495 94815]	40
nab, nate	ON Náti [340]		Náti (personal name)	Naby [NZ 00888 18129] Naby Lane [NZ 01084 18029] Naby Rigg [NZ 00240 18245]	3
nag, naw	ON Nagli [339]		Nagli (personal name)	Nawton [SE 65804 84696] Nawton Common [SE 65712 83502] Nawton (parish) [SE 65195 86198] Nawton Reservoir [SE 64959 85734] Nawton Watercourse [SE 65366 85330] Nawtondale (lost)	6
nar	ON ná, nær [484]	OE neah	nigh, near	Marnar Dale [NZ 95160 04798] Marnar Dale Beck [NZ 94824 04650] Nigh Jetticks [NZ 95724 06907]	3
-nes, -ness	ON nes [197]	OE næs (Anglian, West Saxon) ness (Kentish, Mercian)	headland, cape, promontory	Bay Ness [NZ 95251 06221] Bay Ness Farm [NZ 94832 06535] Craze Naze [NZ 95732 07000] Crook Ness [TA 02626 93465] Hackness [SE 96645 90085] Hackness Head [SE 96483 90379] Hackness Head Wood [SE 96301 90609] Kettleness [NZ 83290 15587] Kettle Ness [NZ 83275 16219] Kettleness Farm [NZ 83018 15662] Kettleness Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 82306 15178] Kettleness Scar [NZ 83064 16266] Kettleness Sand [NZ 82929 15805] Ness Hagg [NZ 70048 16460] Ness Hagg Wood [NZ 69969 16204] Ness Head [SE 82962 88663] Ness House [SE 76287 75705] Ness Point (or North Cheek) [NZ 96060 06204] Ness Quarry [NZ 95505 06250] Ness Ruck [NZ 96024 06040] Sandsend Ness [NZ 86111 13822] Scalby Ness [TA 03645 91066] Scalby Ness Rocks [TA 03842 91116] Scalby Ness Sands [TA 03407 91300] Wainess Hill Wood [NZ 91968 91115]	25
new	ON nýr [195]	OE niwe	new	Cloughton Newlands [TA 01232 95893] Cloughton Newlands Farm [TA 01198 96064] Low Newbiggin [NZ 85291 06872] Low Newbiggin North (Farm) [NZ 85309 07059] Low Newbiggin South [NZ 85021 06762] Maybecks New Plantation [NZ 89588 03071] Newbiggin Hall (Farm) [NZ 83991 06830] New Bridge [SE 56543 91159] New Bridge [NZ 94190 03753] Newby [TA 01650 90197] Newby Bridge [TA 01397 90324] Newby Farm [TA 01494 90053] Newby Hall [TA 01540 89960] Newby Mill [TA 02628 90723] Newby Moor Lane [TA 01286 89441] New Close [SE 04861 83004] New Close House [SE 05879 83554] Newclose Rigg [SE 87211 89439] New Fall [NZ 75708 19478] Newgate Foot [SE 56873 89774] Newgate Plantation [SE 56339 88683] Newgrove [NZ 78864 11785] Newholm (Neuham 1160) [NZ 86764 10322] Newholm Beck [NZ 86572 11206] Newholm Green [NZ 86550 10750] New Laithe [SD 94947 54308] New Laithe [SD 87036 51810] Newlands Dale [TA 01409 96128] Newlands Farm [TA 01049 96149] Newlands House [TA 01010 95820] Newlands Inn [TA 01048 95953] Newlands Lane [TA 01086 94718] Newlands Low Road [TA 01576 96031] New May Beck [NZ 89928 03311] New Parks [SE 55004 62474] New Parks (Formerly Royal Hunting Lodge of James 1) [SE 54781 62095] Newton [SE 81049 90568] Newton Farm [NZ 89079 03903] Newton House [NZ 88712 03927] Newton House Plantation [NZ 88943 01540] Newton Mulgrave [NZ 78619 15536] Newton Mulgrave Moor [NZ 77752 13215] Newton Mulgrave (parish) [NZ 77560 13865] Newton Mulgrave Woods [NZ 77661 13651] New Wath [NZ 81441 00285] New Wath Scar [NZ 82115 00602]	46
nook	ON hnúka [198]	OE hnoc, hnocc	bend, hook, angle	Biller Howe Nook [NZ 90870 00789] Biller Howe Nook Slack [NZ 90968 00728] Blue Nook [NZ 70660 20743] Blue Nook [NZ 75989 19207] Blue Nook [NZ 75981 19215] Eel Nook [NZ 55883 13625] Garth Nook Barn [SD 82380 67772] Grazing Nook [SE 20370 90691] Hobb Nook Lane [SE 17273 49276] Holly Nook [NZ 45180 98527] Hook's House [NZ 94565 05846] Low Nook [NZ 98018 02776] Moor Nook Plantation [SE 65988 61543] Nook House [NZ 94840 05597] Oven Close Nook [NZ 68385 13295] Park Nook [NZ 68628 08660] Swindale Nook [NZ 67789 14114] The Nook [SE 64524 69376] Washfold Nook [SE 74382 87815] White Carr Nooking [SE 66484 60811]	19
nor	ON norðr [199]	OE norð	north	North Bank [NZ 67313 21547] Northdale House [NZ 87363 08135] Northdale Scar [SE 83930 97393] Northfield Farm [SE 98609 90784] Northfield Wood [SE 98126 90904] North Head [NZ 92704 91124] North Head Wood [NZ 92582 91190] North Ings Moor [NZ 63885 11757] North Ings Slack [NZ 64169 12107] North Lackenby [NZ 55176 22190] North Side [SE 91986 92417] North Side House [SE 92015 92208] Northstead (parish) [TA 02694 89235] Northstead Stile [TA 02274 89447] Norway Wood [SE 20745 97433]	15
norman, northmen	ON Norþmanna, Norð-maðr, Norðmenn [450]	OE Norþmen, Normenn, Norðmen, Norra, Norna, Nor-wæg	northmen, Norwegians	Normanby, Whitby High Normanby [NZ 93317 05971] Normanby [NZ 92611 06131] Normanby Hill Top [NZ 92484 05559] Normanby House [NZ 85752 12671] Normanby, Ryedale Normanby [SE 73603 81734] Normanby Bridge [SE 73582 81434] Normanby Grange [SE 75500 81099] Normanby Hill [SE 73225 82090] Normanby Hill Farm [SE 73179 81776] Normanby Lodge [SE 75451 81517] Normanby (parish) [SE 73956 81611] Normanby, Ormesby Normanby [NZ 54946 18288] Normanby Beck [NZ 52158 20287] Normanby Hall [NZ 54300 17733] Normanby High Farm [NZ 53403 19364] Normanby Intake Plantation [NZ 56397 16908] Normanby Moor [NZ 55875 16944] Normanby (parish) [NZ 54113 18700]	18
-od, -odd	ON (1) Oddr (2) oddr, oddi [200]	OE ord	(1) Oddr (personal name) (2) point of land, triangle, odd number
orm	ON (1) Ormr (2) ormr [342]		(1) Ormr (personal name) (2) snake, serpent	Ormesby [NZ 53147 17165] Ormesby House [NZ 53297 16837] Ormesby Hall [NZ 52900 16703] Ormesby (parish) [NZ 52619 17582] Worm Beck [SE 14158 49449]	5
osgo(o)dby	ON Ásgautr [408]		Ásgautr (personal name)	Selby Osgodby [SE 64530 33749] Osgodby Bridge [SE 64471 33136] Osgodby Common [SE 64873 35660] Osgodby Grange (olim White House Farm [SE 65452 33999] Osgodby Hall (AD 1580) [SE 64832 33948] Osgodby (parish) [SE 65017 34367] Osgodby Park [SE 64829 34112] Osgodby Windmill [SE 64298 33087] Cayton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Osgodby Carr [TA 04527 81941] Osgodby Point (or Knipe Point) [TA 06549 85424] Osgodby Hill Top [TA 05902 85154] Osgodby Hill [TA 06339 84533] Osgodby [TA 05508 84827] Osgodby Hall [TA 05594 84749] Osgodby Village (site of) [TA 05649 84595] Thirkleby, Birdforth Wapentake High Osgoodby Grange [SE 49525 80302] Low Osgoodby Grange [SE 48672 80216] Osgoodby Bank [SE 49564 80582] Osgoodby Hall [SE 49124 80914] Osgoodby Wood [SE 49442 80918]	20
osmoth	ON Ásmundr [411]		Ásmundr (personal name)	Osmotherly [SE 45416 97445] Osmotherly Bridge [SE 45999 96765] Osmotherly Mill (saw) [SE 46207 96827] Osmotherly Moor [SE 48860 97298] Osmotherly (parish) [SE 46915 97415] Osmotherley Stones [SE 53321 98012] Osmund Beck [NY 98830 19417] Osmund Bridge [NY 99083 19706] Osmund Gill [NY 99116 19859]	9
oul, owls, ulv, ulsh, ulst	ON Úlfr [377]	OE Wulf	Úlfr (personal name)	Oulston [SE 54871 74313] Oulston Hall [SE 54864 74423] Oulston Lodge [SE 55013 74829] Oulston Moor [SE 56348 74634] Oulston (parish) [SE 55446 73933] Oulston Quarry [SE 54980 73805] Ulshaw [SE 14842 87407] Ulshaw Bridge [SE 14515 87222] Ulshaw Cottages [SE 14495 87330]	9
outgang	ON út-ganga [189]	OE ūt-geng	exit, act of leaving	Out Brough [SD 93297 89470] Outgang Villa [SE 80494 83424] Outgang Road [SE 80638 83147]	3
over	ON yfir [201]	OE ofer	over, above	Overdale [NZ 84719 13961] Overdale Farm [NZ 84703 14190] Overdale Wyke [NZ 85648 14390]	3
ox, ax	ON (1) öx, öxar (2) oxi, uxi, uxar, yxn [202]	OE (1) æxe (2) oxa, oxan	(1) axe (2) ox, oxen	High Oxam Wath [SE 91554 93747] Ivy Scar Oxclose Nab [SD 98829 90420] Low Oxam Wath [SE 92110 92964] Oxbank Wood [NZ 94099 01883] Ox Close (Lane) [SE 57732 66140] Ox Closes [SE 68813 59648] Ox Closes Lane [SE 43656 66290] Oxdale Slack [SE 99622 94888] Ox Gang [NZ 44860 03089] Oxgang [NZ 60288 22547] Oxgang Bridge [NZ 60664 22340] Oxgang Laithe [SD 82244 66169] Oxgangs [SE 69033 60175] Oxen Hill [NZ 56321 17629] Ox Hill [NZ 46000 01395] Oxnop Pot Well [SD 94264 97431] Ox Pasture Wood [NZ 93307 01307]	17
pack	ON (1) pakki (2) pakka [495]	OE (1) pæcca, (3) Pæcca	(1) pack (2) to pack, tie up (3) Pæcca (personal) name	East Pack [NZ 77539 18817] West Pack [NZ 77330 18810]	2
pap	ON papi [203]	OE préost, priost	priest, cleric	Priest's Sike [NZ 85649 13106]	1
pardon	ON pardun [493]	OE for-gifan, for-gifnes	a pardon	Pardon Bank [NZ 61896 25291]	1
penny	ON (1) penni (2) penningr [480]	OE (2) pening, penning, pending, penig, pennig	(1) pen (2) penny	Penny Beck [SE 44999 91604] Penny Hole [NZ 67402 21839] Penny Howe [SE 96279 99161] Penny Howe [SE 81800 89562] Penny Nab [NZ 78838 18924] Penny Steel [NZ 78775 19054]	6
peak	ON pík [204]	OE pic,	a peak, summit	Calf Peak [NZ 81001 16409] High Peak Farm [NZ 97853 01240] Low Peak [NZ 97254 02099] Old Peak [NZ 97997 02460] Peak Chapel Peak Scar [SE 52948 88313] Peak Scar Gill [SE 52584 88398] Peak Scar Road [SE 52802 88272] Peak Scar Top [SE 53500 88216] Peak Scar Wood [SE 53043 88393] Peakside [NZ 97822 01605] Peak Steel [NZ 98018 02776] Peak Windmill	13
pit(s)	ON pyttr [399]	OE pytt	a pit	Birk Wath Pits (Old Coal Pits) [NZ 72783 02352] Blue Pits [SE 75224 87192] Castleton Pits (Old Coal Pits) [NZ 71031 09314] Castleton Pits (Old Coal Pits) [NZ 71940 09902] Castleton Pits (Old Coal Pits) [NZ 72392 09319] Cock Pit [SE 74551 86248] Dother Pits [NZ 81002 15784] Marl Pits [SE 48531 91953] Marl Pits [SE 48103 91918] Mortar Pit [SE 82841 01615] Old Sand Pit [TA 02839 86992] Pit Hills [NZ 64387 20909] Pit Hills Stell [NZ 65385 21531] Pits [NZ 78553 04627] Pitts [SE 96503 82295] Sand Pits [TA 03622 86413] Sand Pit (Sandpits) [TA 01071 87310] Saw Pit [NZ 69448 07649] Upsall Pit (Ironstone) [NZ 57236 17246] Wolf Pit (Tumulus) [NZ 70517 03595] Wolf Pit Slack [NZ 70696 03523]	21
pool	ON pollr [472]	OE pōl	pool, pond	Arnecliff Pool [NZ 78161 05560] Cold Pool Beck [NZ 49601 11731] Cold Pool (Ford) [NZ 49308 11835] Deadman's Pool [NZ 78420 05148] Larpool Cottages [NZ 89993 09689] Larpool Hall (Leirpel 1160) [NZ 89796 09352] Larpool Lane [NZ 89960 09592] Larpool Wood [NZ 89801 09145] Shale Pool [NZ 78374 05380] Water Ark Pool [NZ 82897 02204]	10
porri	ON porri [283]	OE Æ'nýge	a one-eyed person	Porret Lane [NZ 79010 16884] Porritt Hagg Wood [NZ 70228 16198] Porrit Lane [TA 01035 84224] Porrits [NZ 96282 02691] Porritt's Stripe [SE 41733 83414]	5
pot	ON pottr [465]	OE pott	a pot	Blea Pot [SD 85415 92683] Blea Pot Hole [SD 85312 92942] Blea Pot Plain [SD 85345 92820] Crackpot [SD 97215 96619] Goydin Pot Hole (subterranean passage of the River Nidd) [SE 10070 76141] Ilton cum Pott [SE 14182 77420] Kale Pot Hole [SE 81901 93163] Pannierman Pots [NZ 78289 12908] Pott Bank [SE 15295 78091] Pott Beck [SE 16671 79577] Pott Hall (on site of Grange) [SE 15383 78184] Pott Moor [SE 12127 76770] Pott Ridge [SE 13515 77651] Potto [NZ 47512 03615] Potto Beck [NZ 47656 03745] Potto Carr [NZ 45640 02910] Potto Field House [NZ 46903 03892] Potto Grange [NZ 47020 04206] Potto Grove [NZ 47544 03340] Potto Hall [NZ 46521 03313] Potto Hill [NZ 47958 03061] Potto (parish) [NZ 46464 03570] Potto Slack [NZ 45977 03929] Potto Tilery Cottage [NZ 47275 04538]	24
preston, priest	ON prestr [447]	OE preost	priest	Prestby [lost] Preston Hill [SE 97526 84475] Preston Ings [SE 99480 81673] Priestcrofts [NZ 66460 17538] Priest's Sike [NZ 85649 13106] Priest's Sike Slack [SE 76080 97366]	6
pretty	ON prettr (prettugr) [205]	OE prættig	a trick (tricky)	Pretty House [NZ 94215 02632]	1
pund	ON pund [206]	OE púnd	enclosure
qui, quoy, wha	ON kví [393]	OE graef	pen, fold, enclosure	Whaw [NY 98161 04491] Whaw Bridge [NY 98306 04483] Whaw Scars [NY 98288 04596] Whaw Bents [NY 97767 04106] Whaw Edge [NY 97984 03146] Whaw Gill [NY 97837 045251] Whaw Gill Bridge [NY 98052 04318] Whaw Moor [NY 97012 03609]	8
ra, ro	ON (1) (2) rá [207]	OE (2) rā	(1) corner, nook (2) roe deer, roe-buck	High Lingrow [NZ 80354 17071] Jocks Row Beck [NZ 64529 15870] Jocks Row Bridge [NZ 64529 15697] Lingrow Cliffs [NZ 80859 16873] Lingrow End [NZ 81002 16268] Lingrow Howe [NZ 80366 17029] Lingrow Keld [NZ 80151 17201] Lingrow Knock [NZ 80834 17397] [400] Raisbeck (Raisebeck) [SE 60484 67655] Raw Riddings [SE 08814 49749] Roakley House [NZ 65486 17127] Roakley Wood [NZ 65321 17060]	12
raise, rose	ON hreysi [208]	OE ræran	a cairn, heap of stones	Raisbeck (Raisebeck) [SE 60484 67655]	1
rake	ON hrífa [209]	OE ræce	a rake	Bowrake Stell [SE 39321 79328] Low Rake [NY 97893 03073] Rake Bridge (Foot) [NZ 77596 06749] Rakehills [SE 49418 63540] Rakehills Lane [SE 49480 63551] Rake House [NZ 77829 06625] Rake Lane [NZ 77562 07301] Rakes Farm [SE 76215 78054] Rake Wath [NZ 78064 06564] Rake Wath Villa [NZ 77553 06625] Shunner Fell Rake [SD 85418 97730]	11
rain, ram, raven	ON (1) Hrafn (2) hrafn [210]	OE (2) hræfn	(1) Hrafn (personal name) (2) a raven	Raincliffe Woods [SE 98750 87635] Raven Gill [SE 94442 98105] Raven Gill Beck [NZ 66258 11628] Raven Gill Head [NZ 65986 11968] Raven Hall (Roman remains found A.D. 1774) [NZ 97990 01893] Raven Hill [NZ 70900 03440] Raven Hill [NZ 48813 04492] Raven Hill [NZ 86395 12086] Raven Hill [NZ 86651 12264] Raven Hill [NZ 97952 01330] Ravenscar [NZ 98014 01469] Raven Scar [SE 92160 92686] Ravensdale [SE 57932 66491] Ravensthorpe Manor [SE 47962 86644] Ravensworth [NZ 13785 07852] Ravensworth Castle [NZ 14201 07649] Ravensworth (parish) [NZ 14344 08233] Ravenswyke [SE 70632 87239] Ravenswyke Wood [SE 70819 87080]	19
raw, roe, rot, rop, rath	ON hrár [164]	OE hreow, hræw, hreáw	raw (only of meat or food)	Raw (Fyling Rawe, 16th century) Rawe [NZ 93850 05520] Raw (Row) Beck [NZ 93890 05293] Rawcliff (Pickering) (Newton-on-Rawcliffe) [SE 80797 90672] Rawcliff Banks (Pickering) [SE 79596 913329] Rawcliff Top (Pickering) [SE 79721 91069] Rawcliff (House Farm, Pickering) [SE 79707 91659] Rawcliff Road (Pickering) [SE 80670 90871] Rawcliff Banks Cottages (Langbaurgh East) [NZ 63853 16350] Rawcliff Banks Wood (Langbaurgh East) [NZ 64230 16557] Rawcliffe (Bulmer) [SE 58169 55050] Rawcliffe Farm (Bulmer) [SE 57043 55112] Rawcliffe Howe (Pickering) [SE 80018 91130] Rawcliffe Ings (Bulmer) [SE 57381 54400] Rawcliffe Lane (Bulmer) [SE 57986 55011] Rawcliffe Landing (Bulmer) [SE 57111 55285] Rawcliffe Lodge (Bulmer) [SE 57864 54416] Rawcliffe Moor (Bulmer) [SE 59002 56052] Rawcliffe Plantation (Bulmer) [SE 59011 55417] Rawcroft (Raw Croft) [NZ 02320 01542] Raw Lane [NZ 93827 05792] Raw Pasture [NZ 94456 06759] Raw Pasture Bank [NZ 93983 06421] Raw (Row) Pasture Beck [NZ 93794 07220] Raw Pasture Lane [NZ 94361 06577]	24
ray, rai, rey	ON Røyð(i)r [346]		Røyð(i)r (personal name)	Raisdale [NZ 53712 00561] Raisdale Beck [NZ 53223 01638] Raisdale Mill [NZ 53831 00637] Raisdale Mill Plantation [NZ 53170 00701] Raisdale Road [NZ 53647 01633]	5
rea	ON (1) Refr (2) refr [212]	OE (2) ryðða	(1) Refr (personal name) (2) fox	Reasty Hill [SE 96325 94541] Reasty Hill Top [SE 96230 94385] Reasty Quarry [SE 96392 94471] Reasty Road [SE 96045 94757]	4
rain, rein, ron	ON (1) rein (2) rá [25]	OE (1) rān, rœn(e) (2) (ge)mœre, mearc	(1) boundary strip, a strip of land (2) boundary, boundary mark	Rains Barn [SD 82044 67643] Scarborough, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Raincliffe Woods [SE 98750 87635] Newton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Rain Dale [SE 80637 92445] Raindale [SE 80021 92730] Raindale Beck [SE 80537 92435] Raindale Head [SE 80727 94037] Raindale Scar [SE 80994 91932] Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake Rain Dale [NZ 95289 06917] Raindale Slack [NZ 95233 07036]	9
rond, rand	ON (1) Randr, Randi (2) rönd [213]	ODan (1) Rand OE (2) rand	(1) Randr, Randi, Rand (personal names) (2) land on a boundary, border, rim, stripe	Rand Hill [SE 24270 86780] Randy Bell [NZ 81343 14962] Randy Bell End [NZ 81441 15289] Randy Rigg [NZ 81305 01788]	4
rigg, ridge	ON hryggr [214]	OE hrycg	ridge, rigg	Ainthorpe Rigg [NZ 70691 06436] Askew Rigg [SE 73972 91346] Barley Carr Rigg [SE 91358 96228] Bent Rigg [NZ 99187 00338] Bent Rigg Farm [NZ 98442 00823] Bent Rigg Lane [NZ 99270 00162] Bickley Rigg Farm [SE 92348 91961] Biller Howe Turf Rigg [NZ 91383 00477] Black Howe Rigg [SE 84746 92467] Black Rigg [SE 78815 96746] Black Rigg Beck [SE 79340 96837] Blea Hill Rigg [NZ 90339 00761] Bracken Ridge (Old M.S.) [SE 12360 52178] Bracken Ridge Well [SE 12258 52045] Brockrigg [NZ 82609 14496] Brockrigg (parish) [NZ 82742 14439] Brown Rigg [NZ 92417 00455] Brown Rigg Beck [NZ 92114 00558] Brown Rigg End [NZ 74737 09608] Brown Rigg Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 74520 09508] Brown Rigg Moor [NZ 92453 00579] Brown Rigg Road [SE 98079 98460] Broxa Rigg [SE 95301 90859] Burn Howe Rigg [SE 91675 98762] Burton Riggs [TA 03065 83094] Carr Cote Ridge [SE 58390 92276] Castle Rigg [NZ 84576 11913] Clenfield Rigg [SE 85585 88949] Cock Rigg [NZ 77698 13000] Cowgate Rigg [SE 96953 97153] Crag Stone Rigg [SE 83822 97731] Crook Beck Rigg [SE 74766 98147] Derwent Head Rigg [SE 89295 96730] Dundale Rigg [SE 83012 91975] East Rigg [NZ 94777 02992] Eller Beck Rigg [NY 99227 10493] Far Black Rigg [SE 84123 91766] First Rigg [SE 84441 91762] Flainsey Rigg [SE 86891 86566] Foldshaw Ridge [SE 11318 51676] Foster Howes Rigg [NZ 87517 00658] Hallow Rigg [SE 96642 97935] Haugh Rigg [SE 80294 87963] Howth Rigg [SE 75920 97266] Gale Hill Rigg [SE 81217 96937] Glaisdale Rigg [NZ 74083 04108] Hollin Rigg [SE 99636 91579] John Cross Rigg [NZ 90158 02445] Juniper Rigg [SD 95684 97244] Horness Rigg [SE 83900 92567] Langdale Rigg [SE 92988 94455] Langdale Rigg End [SE 92872 94716] Lease Rigg [NZ 81846 04594] Leith Rigg [NZ 92152 03194] Leith Rigg Wood [NZ 92363 03219] Lilla Rigg [SE 87717 98154] Limperdale Rigg [SE 52003 86489] Little Cowgate Rigg [SE 97136 96986] Long Rigg [NZ 91550 06150] Long Rigg [NZ 91195 07380] Long Rigg Beck [NZ 91387 05840] Loose Howe Rigg [SE 86181 96574] Low Rigg (Farm) [NZ 91553 06391] Lun Rigg [SE 92105 95522] Maw Rigg [SE 91230 94608] Maw Rigg End [SE 92329 93098] Merricks Rigg [SE 98216 91373] Middle Rigg [NZ 91153 03571] Middle Rigg [NZ 91524 06249] Middle Rigg [SE 79413 96989] Middle Rigg (supposed British Settlement) [NZ 74031 10833] Moorsholm Rigg [NZ 68305 11952] Moors Rigg [SE 86603 96207] Moss Rigg [NZ 82661 00263] Nab Ridge [SE 47545 92357] Nab Rigg [NZ 74873 01405] Nean Howe Rigg [NZ 73143 10532] Newclose Rigg [SE 87211 89439] Oak Rigg [SE 94628 93864] Oak Rigg [NZ 78431 16935] Oak Rigg Gill [SE 94738 93541] Oak Rigg Wood [SE 94850 93650] Oakrigg Wood [NZ 78380 16954] Parsley Beck Rigg [NZ 86288 03270] Pearson's Rigg [NZ 77827 11066] Peathead Rigg [SE 88979 90025] Pike Hill [NZ 84680 01832] Pike Hill Rigg [NZ 85040 02100] Pike Rigg [SE 93322 97455] Pye Rigg [SE 97192 99673] Pye Rigg Howe (Tumulus) [NZ 96668 00071] Pye Rigg End [NZ 96775 00200] Pye Rigg Slack [SE 97222 99541] Randy Rigg [NZ 81305 01788] Ridge [SE 52885 99590] Ridge Bottom House [SE 17455 53873] Ridge Bottom Lair [SE 17978 54178] Rigg End [SE 51846 90369] Rigg End (Farm) [SE 75065 93379] Rigg Farm [NZ 91446 06186] Rigg Hall [NZ 91486 05769] Rigg Hall Farm [TA 00712 98490] Rigg House [NZ 74571 02056] Rigg Mill [NZ 91059 07490] Rigg Mill Beck [NZ 90767 07978] Rigg Mill Wood [NZ 90922 07380] Rigg Noddle [SE 90827 91513] Row Mires Rigg [SE 75231 97619] Ryton Riggs [SE 78102 75480] Sandsend Rigg [NZ 85740 12445] Scarfhill Rigg [SE 81397 93833] Shawn Riggs [NZ 89476 09052] Shawn Riggs Beck [NZ 89650 08851] Shooting House Rigg [NZ 90183 02592] Simon Howe Rigg [SE 82673 97365] Smeffell Rigg [SE 85443 91338] (Ramsdale) Standing Stones Rigg [NZ 91996 03767] Standingstones Rigg [SE 97795 96930] Stoneclose Rigg [SE 86232 88738] Stone Ridge [NZ 67988 22217] Stony Rigg [NZ 84163 03520] Stony Rigg [NZ 74173 04415] Stoops Rigg [SD 96406 98525] Sutherbruff Rigg [SE 86704 87333] The Ridge [NZ 75707 17050] The Rigg [NZ 01604 11871] The Riggs [NZ 91307 07168] The Riggs [SE 79738 75154] Three Howes Rigg (Tumuli) [NZ 73953 10598] Tom Cross Rigg [SE 85662 97282] Topping Riggs [NZ 90167 07951] Topping Riggs Wood [NZ 89917 08292] Two Howes Rigg [SE 83134 99296] Whinthorn Ridge [SE 12696 52306] Whinthorn Ridge Gill [SE 12426 52075] White Cliff Rigg [SE 87152 86118] Widow Howe Rigg [SE 86191 99911] Worm Sike Rigg [SE 87769 96588] Wreahead Rigg [TA 00174 91151] Yondhead Rigg [SE 88037 91023] York Cross Rigg [NZ 87472 01410]	141
ris, rys, rice	ON (1) Hrísi (2) hrís [165]	OE (2) hrîs	(1) Hrísi (personal name) (2) brushwood	Foulrice [SE 62046 70194] Foulrice Farm [SE 61227 70558] Foulrice Farm [SE 61146 68762] Low Riseborough [SE 73798 82247] Rice Gate Wood [SE 95019 93754] Rice Hill [SE 67011 62757] Rice Lane [SE 67565 62956] Ricey Hill [NZ 66359 16402] Ricey Hill Plantation [NZ 66618 16267] Riseborough Hagg [SE 75908 83305] Riseborough Hill [SE 75299 82941] Riseborough Hill [SE 75591 83397] Thornton Riseborough (parish) [SE 74172 82613]	13
rudda	ON (1) ryðja (ryð, rudda, ruddr) (2) ryðr (3) rudda [215]	OE (3) ród, rodd, rud	(1) to clear, free land from trees (2) rust (3) a coarse kind of club, rod	Rudda Farm [SE 98072 99563] Rudda Howes (tumuli) [SE 97731 99730] Rudda Road [SE 97899 99500]	3
roman, romun	ON Hrómundr [432]		Hrómundr (personal name)	Romanby [SE 35888 93282] Romanby parish [SE 37232 92298] Romanby Grange [SE 36445 92143] Romanby Green [SE 36053 93348]	4
rom, ron, rona, roo	ON hraun [216]	OE hreó, hreów	a rough place, a wilderness, stony, barren ground	Harome [SE 64915 82236] Harome Common [SE 65873 82909] Harome Fox Covert [SE 66450 81865] Harome Moor Drain [SE 65641 82828] Harome (parish) [SE 65190 81796] Root Hill [SE 96602 92725] Roothill Wood [SE 96297 92489]	7
ros, rose	ON (1) Rossi, (2) hross [345]	OE (2) hors	(1) Rossi (personal name) (2) horse	Far Rosedale [NZ 79439 17762] Horse Back [NZ 74755 19954] Horse Hole [SE 52783 98931] Rosedale [SE 70602 97198] Rosedale Abbey [SE 72556 95899] Rosedale Cliffs [NZ 79897 17366] Rosedale Cottage [NZ 79431 17427] Rosedale East [SE 72358 99250] Rosedale Intake [NZ 70608 09362] Rosedale Moor [SE 72165 99821] Rosedale West [SE 70738 96727] Rosedale Wyke [NZ 80172 17381] Rose Hill [SE 51850 79316] Rose Hill Farm [NZ 72361 18833]	14
rosk	ON Hrossketill [433]		Hrossketill (personal name)	Roskelthorpe (lost) [XX ]	1
rotten	ON (1) Rotinn (2) rottin [407]	OE rotian	(1) Rotinn (nickname) (2) rotten	Rotten Gill [SE 82472 95909] Rotten Row [TA 01323 83014] Rotten Row [NZ 87741 04763] Rotten Row Crossing [TA 01263 83001] Rudmoor [xx ]	5
rook, rox	ON (1) Hrókr (2) hrókr [431]	OE (1) Hrōc (2) hroc, hrooc	(1) Hrókr (personal name) (2) rook	Bossall, Bulmer Wapentake Rook Hills [SE 72021 59018] Kingthorpe, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Rook Dale [SE 82911 85916] Normanby, Ryedale Wapentake Rook Barugh [SE 72086 82230] Rookbarugh fox covert [SE 72102 83063] Middleton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Rook Farm [SE 75567 94791] Stone Rook (Tumulus) [SE 76710 93167] The Rookery [NZ 50689 09781]	7
rox	ON (1) Rauðr, (2) rauðr [322]	OE (2) read, rud	(1) Rauðr (personal name) (2) red	Redcar [NZ 60484 25347] Red Brier [NZ 70977 08653] Red Keld (Chalybeate Spring) [NZ 77432 00030] Red Laithe [SD 81419 67403] Pickhill, Halikeld Wapentake Pickhill with Roxby [SE 34392 84109] Roxby House [SE 32921 82515] Hinderwell, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Roxby [NZ 76346 15908] Roxby Beck [NZ 76619 17369] Roxby Hall (Site of) [NZ 75975 16375] Roxby High Moor [NZ 75503 11959] Roxby Lane [NZ 77029 17375] Roxby Lodge [NZ 76642 14762] Roxby Low Moor [NZ 76117 13657] Roxby Mill (Disused) [NZ 74947 14211] Roxby Moor House [NZ 76422 11752] Roxby Old Moor [NZ 75659 11520] Roxby (parish) [NZ 75469 14838] Roxby Park [NZ 76032 16682] Roxby Peat Holes [NZ 75144 11263] Roxby Wood [NZ 74637 15057] Roxby Woods [NZ 75760 16937] Thornton Dale, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Roxby Castle [SE 82643 82993] Roxby Hill [SE 82789 82824] Roxby Plantation [SE 82995 83218]	24
rum	ON rúm [218]	OE rúm	room, space	Rumsdale Plantation [SE 69957 88779]	1
rus	ON Russi [217]		Russi (personal name)	Rose Hill Farm [NZ 72361 18833] Ruston [SE 95596 83187] Ruston Beck [SE 95645 81938] Ruston Cottage Pasture [SE 95724 83531] Ruston Lane [SE 95739 84603] Ruston Moor Road [SE 95392 85127] Ruston Quarry [SE 95285 85020]	7
rod, rid, ruth	ON ruð, rjóðr, ryðja [219]	OE ród	a clearing in a wood, a 'clearing', open space in a forest	Raw Riddings [SE 08814 49749] Reddings Barn [SD 82376 66633] Ruddings (lost) Ruddings Road [SE 81877 88638] The Riddings [SE 01680 89024]	5
rud, ruth	ON Rudi, Ruði [347]		Rudi, Ruði (personal name)	Hutton Rudby [NZ 46818 06264] Rudby [NZ 47045 06853] Rudby Farm [NZ 47015 06980] Rudby Hall [NZ 48225 07102] Rudby Plantation [NZ 47045 06760] Rutmoor Beck [SE 78552 96120] Rutmoor Fold [SE 78258 96179]	7
run, ran	ON (1)Hreinn (2) hreinn [397]	OE (2) hrân	(1) Hreinn (personal name) (2) clean, bright, clear, pure, sincere	Runswick [NZ 81127 16081] Runswick Bank Top [NZ 80870 16157] Runswick Bay [NZ 82194 16096] Runswick Bay Hob Holes [NZ 81492 15484] Runswick Lane [NZ 80550 16132] Runswick Sands [NZ 81327 15582]	6
sal, salt	ON salt [220]	OE sealt	salt	Salt Pans [TA 02143 95255] Salt Pans Road [TA 01591 95042] Salt Scar [NZ 61431 26338] Saltwick [NZ 91650 10777] Saltwick Bay [NZ 91912 10919] Saltwick Farm [NZ 91415 10890] Saltwick Hole [NZ 91746 10963] Saltwick Nab [NZ 91646 11345] Lockton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Saltergate Bank [SE 85080 94095] Saltergate Bridge [SE 85404 94809] Saltergate Brow [SE 85898 94843] Saltergate Moor [SE 86107 95946] Saltergate (parish) [SE 85494 94860] Brotton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Old Saltburn [NZ 67059 21458] Saltburn Bank [NZ 66836 21349] Saltburn Bridge (Toll) [NZ 66778 21204] Saltburn Sands [NZ 66658 21888] Saltburn Scar [NZ 68065 22054]	18
sand, sam, saun, soun	ON sandr [221]	OE sand	sand	Cattersty Sands [NZ 70937 20593] Coatham Sands [NZ 57407 26035] Holmsgrove Sand [NZ 84026 15422] Long Sand [NZ 83575 15979] Long Sand [NZ 76491 19114] Marske Sands [NZ 63515 23177] Old Sand Pit [TA 02839 86992] Redcar Sands [NZ 61414 25030] Runswick Sands [NZ 81327 15582] Saltburn Sands [NZ 66658 21888] Sandfield House [NZ 87903 11471] Sand Hill [SE 71330 71848] Sand Hill [NZ 66844 10598] Sand Hill Bank [NZ 66468 10651] Sand Hill Bridge [NZ 66139 10484] Sand Hill House [NZ 66581 10607] Sand Hill Intake [NZ 66978 10384] Sand Hills [SE 70366 60565] Sandholme [SE 41538 86596] Sand Hutton [SE 38501 82176] Sand Hutton [SE 69075 58507] Sand Hutton Cross [SE 40154 81988] Sand Hutton (parish) [SE 69323 58966] Sand Hutton (parish) [SE 37339 81820] Sand Hutton Hall [SE 69699 58226] Sand Pit (Sandpits) [TA 01071 87310] Sand Pits [TA 03622 86413] Sandsend [NZ 86215 12899] Sandsend Beck [NZ 84981 12264] Sandsend Bridge [NZ 86048 12856] Sandsend Ness [NZ 86111 13822] Sandsend Rigg [NZ 85740 12445] Sandsend Wyke [NZ 86833 12754] Sandswath Beck [NZ 58829 15694] Sandswath Bridge [NZ 59442 16010] Sandwath Beck [SE 49677 62121] Sandwath Bridge [SE 49309 62098] Sandybed Wood [SE 98893 99321] Sandy Gate (Pike) [SE 02490 70832] Sandy Gill [SE 89550 90244] Sandy Slack Head [NZ 71244 11176] Sandy Wyke [NZ 77927 18931] Stoupe Beck Sands [NZ 96032 03414] The Sands [NZ 95379 04528] Whitby Sands [NZ 89006 11732]	45
satt, seat, sett, -side, -shead, -ster	ON sætr [237]	OE side	shieling, summer mountain pasture	Browside Farm [NZ 95763 02441] Cock Lake Side [NZ 89851 00431] East Side Farm [TA 00250 98250] Farsyde House [NZ 95130 04398] Fell Side [SE 12009 53907] Gunnerside [SD 94817 98211] Gunnerside Beck [SD 95013 98480] Gunnerside Bottoms [SD 95411 97974] Gunnerside Bridge [SD 95099 98200] Gunnerside Gill [SD 94796 98842] Gunnerside Lodge [SD 93521 98188] Gunnerside Mill [SD 95053 98348] Gunnerside New Bridge [SD 95011 97828] Gunnerside Pasture [SD 93700 98918] Gunnerside Pasture [SD 93459 99237] High Back Side [SE 78466 85401] High Seat [SE 93710 96504] High West Side [SE 92918 93609] Louven Howe Side [SE 89016 99948] Low Back Side [SE 78237 85168] Low West Side [SE 92908 93650] Mickleby Moor Side [NZ 78926 12206] North Side House [SE 92015 92208] Peakside [NZ 97822 01605] Pokehag Side [NZ 75631 16759] Swineside [SE 06106 82443] Swineside Bank [SE 06248 82307] Swineside Bogs [SE 06320 81602] Swineside Moor [SE 06581 81706] Swineside (parish) [SE 06306 82201] Swineside Woods [SE 05756 82118] Thack Side House [NZ 81730 01706] Warsett [NZ 69261 21063] Warsett Hill (Tumuli, Beacon site of) [NZ 69221 21436] Way Side Farm [SE 97781 97691]	35
-side	ON síða [485]	OE síðe	a side, coast, direction	Arkleside [SE 04282 80497] Arkleside Gill [SE 04924 79495] Arkleside Moor [SE 05471 79307] Arkleside Pasture [SE 04997 80056] Beckside Farm [NZ 90803 06024] Brae Side [NZ 86726 07489] Browside Farm [NZ 95763 02441] Cock Lake Side [NZ 90067 00867] Cock Lake Side [NZ 89851 00431] Cowside Beck [SD 84852 66824] Daleside [SE 53398 88958] East Side Farm [TA 00250 98250] Easterside Farm [SE 55193 89582] Easterside Hill [SE 55360 90566] Eskdaleside [NZ 86442 06651] Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby[NZ 86562 05372] Farsyde House [NZ 95130 04398] Fell Side [SE 12009 53907] Glaisdale Side [NZ 74257 02855] High Back Side [SE 78466 85401] Gunnerside [SD 94817 98211] Gunnerside Beck [SD 95013 98480] Gunnerside Bottoms [SD 95411 97974] Gunnerside Bridge [SD 95099 98200] Gunnerside Gill [SD 94796 98842] Gunnerside Lodge [SD 93521 98188] Gunnerside Mill [SD 95053 98348] Gunnerside New Bridge [SD 95011 97828] Gunnerside Pasture [SD 93700 98918] Gunnerside Pasture [SD 93459 99237] Helwath Grain Side [SE 96229 99969] High West Side [SE 92918 93609] Kirkby Moorside [SE 69066 86637] Kirkby Moorside Parish [SE 70191 86637] Long Side [SE 86589 94146] Louven Howe Side [SE 89016 99948] Low Back Side [SE 78237 85168] Low West Side [SE 92908 93650] Mickleby Moor Side [NZ 78926 12206] Murk Side [NZ 81638 02622] Murkside Grange [NZ 79127 02874] Murkside House (olim Murk Side House) [NZ 81637 03048] Murk Side House [NZ 81635 03048] Murk Side Wood [NZ 81735 03388] North Side [SE 91986 92417] North Side House [SE 92015 92208] Peakside [NZ 97822 01605] Pokehag Side [NZ 75631 16759] Swineside [SE 06106 82443] Swineside Bank [SE 06248 82307] Swineside Bogs [SE 06320 81602] Swineside Moor [SE 06581 81706] Swineside (parish) [SE 06306 82201] Swineside Woods [SE 05756 82118] Thack Side House [NZ 81730 01706] Thwaite Side [SD 88657 97952] Way Side Farm [SE 97781 97691]	57
sax, sex	ON (1) Sekkr (2) sekkr [348]	OE (2) sacc	(1) Sekkr (personal name) (2) sack	Sexhow [NZ 48476 05979] Sexhow [NZ 47835 06160] Sexhow Grange [NZ 48182 05132] Sexhow Hall (Farm) [NZ 47603 06203] Sexhow Park (Farm) [NZ 47823 05910]	5
scar, skerry	ON sker [163]	OE carr	rock, scar, reef, skerry (small rocky island covered by the sea at high tide)	Barton Scar [NZ 83417 16265] Beck Hole Scar [NZ 82314 02273] Billet Scar [NZ 97291 02456] Blue Scar [SD 98323 91193] Blue Scar [NZ 85535 06675] Blue Scar [SE 51296 99325] Boltby Scar [SE 50622 85828] Brough Scar [SD 93860 89710] Cat Scar Beck [NZ 82103 06115] Clarke Scars [SE 48653 90853] Cowling Scar [NZ 95759 04742] East Scar [NZ 95549 04936] Faggergill Scar [NY 99414 07682] Flat Scar [TA 02838 93413] Flat Scars [NZ 96368 03198] Force Scar [SE 04472 90067] Girsby Scar [NZ 35495 08127] Goat Scar Lane [SD 82770 67224] High Scar [NZ 95762 03970] Hundale Scar [TA 02593 94963] Iron Scar [TA 01805] Ivy Scar Oxclose Nab [SD 98829 90420] Jenny Leigh's Scar [NZ 61597 25270] Keld Scar [NZ 82239 01568] Landing Scar [TA 95499 04986] Langcliffe Scar [SD 83187 66132] Little Scar [TA 02232 95056] Low Scar [NZ 95936 03846] Marble Scar [SD 94394 98065] Middle Scar [NZ 95825 03889] Mill Scar [NZ 83677 01857] Mill Scar Wood [NZ 83558 01660] Nappa Scar [SD 96544 91008] Nappa Scar Farm [SD 96603 90964] New Wath Scar [NZ 82115 00602] Oak Scar [NZ 77758 05785] Peak Scar [SE 52948 88313] Peak Scar Gill [SE 52584 88398] Peak Scar Road [SE 52802 88272] Peak Scar Top [SE 53500 88216] Peak Scar Wood [SE 53043 88393] Raindale Scar [SE 80994 91932] Ravenscar [NZ 98014 01469] Raven Scar [SE 92160 92686] Robin Hood's Scar [NY 00181 13240] Roulston Scar [SE 51346 81574] Saltburn Scar [NZ 68065 22054] Salt Scar [NZ 61431 26338] Scargill Low Moor [NZ 01320 11095] Scar Hill Beck [NZ 81849 12405] Scar Shootings [TA 78555 18918] Scar Wood [SE 94751 97320] Scarry Wood [NZ 88375 04487] Skerry Hall [NZ 93552 05090] Stainforth Scar [SD 82540 66807] Stokesley Scar [NZ 61514 25348] The Scar [NZ 90935 11407] Thornton Scar [SD 96669 89227] Water Ark Scar [NZ 83062 02288] West Scar [NZ 60232 25855] West Scar [NZ 95351 05164] Westscar Head [NZ 59612 26103] Whitestone Scar [SE 48737 92966]	63
scarg, skarg	ON Skakari [352]		Skakari (personal name)	Scargill [NZ 04929 10687] Scargill Beck [NZ 01513 09486] Scargill Castle [NZ 05461 10717] Scargill Farm [NZ 05142 10601] Scargill Low Farm [NZ 05095 10788] Scargill Low Moor [NZ 01320 11095]	6
scarth, shar, garth, scar	ON (1) Skarði (2) skarð, skarði [239]	OE carr, sceard	(1) Skarði (personal name) (2) notch, hack, hare-lip, in the edge of a thing, gap hence mountain pass	Bias Scar [NZ 76653 19159] Keld Scar [NZ 82239 01568] Northdale Scar [SE 83930 97393] Ravenscar [NZ 98770 01673] Redscar Hole [NZ 82229 15565] Scarborough [TA 02655 87874] Scarfhill Beck [SE 81416 93073] Scarfhill Howe (Tumulus) [SE 81478 94173] Scarfhill Rigg [SE 81397 93833] Scarth Lees [SE 46998 01092] Scarth Lees [NZ 45490 01116] Scarth Lees [NZ 46998 01092] Scarth Nick [NZ 74941 09806] Scarth Nick [SE 47235 00146] Scarth Nick Farm [SE 47037 01206] Scarth Wood [SE 46721 00415] Scarth Wood Farm [SE 46517 00841] Scarth Wood Gill [SE 47363 00904] Scarth Wood Moor [SE 46725 99733]	19
scrath, scrith	ON skriða [271]	OE eorþ-geberst	a land-slip on a hill-side, scree	Scrath [NZ 58744 19489] Scrath Bank [NZ 58585 19523] Scrath Bank Lane [NZ 58823 19192] Scrath Farm [NZ 58651 19198] Scrathowes (Supposed Tumulus) [SE 45562 96317]	5
scrape	ON skrapa [270]	OE scrapian, screopan, scrypan	scrape, scratch	Scraper Lane [NZ 91139 08475]	1
sea	ON sjár, sjór, sær [406]	OE sæ	sea	Seamer, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Seamer [TA 01335 83488] Seamer Carr [TA 02936 81894] Seamer Carr House [TA 03129 82484] Seamer Drain [TA 00637 82359] Seamer Mead [TA 03499 81771] Seamer Moor Hill [TA 01681 86582] Seamer Moor House [TA 02464 85929] Seamer Moor Plantation [TA 02367 86038] Seamer (parish) [TA 02491 85027] Seamer, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Seamer [NZ 49616 10160] Seamer Carrs [NZ 48714 09774] Seamer Farm [NZ 49655 10260] Seamer Grange [NZ 48862 10366] Seamer Hill [NZ 50250 09346] Seamer Hill [NZ 50351 09293] Seamer Moor [NZ 49930 08218] Seamer Moor Farm [NZ 49531 08591] Seamer (parish) [NZ 50540 09611] Hinderwell, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Seaton Church (supposed site of) [NZ 78583 17778] Seaton Garth [NZ 78375 18822] Seaton Gill [NZ 76409 16805] Seaton Hall [NZ 78067 17783] Seatons Hill [NZ 67299 15645] Seatons Hill House [NZ 67078 15600]	24
sef, seave	ON sef [236]	OE secg (also a personal name)	sedge, seave	River Seph [SE 56087 89652] Seive Dale [SE 86288 88421] Seaves [SE 58637 71445] Seaves Farm [SE 58538 71486] Seaves Plantation [SE 58872 71248] Seavey Bog [NZ 84209 15172] Seaveybog Hill [NZ 84227 15077] Seavey Hole [NY 98124 07086] Seavey Sike [NZ 99055 01235] Seavy Hill [NY 98546 08318] Seavy Hill [NY 96550 07332] Seavy Sike [NZ 00740 10013]	12
sel, sile	ON (1) sel (2) selja [235]	OE (2) sealh, salig	(1) cow shed on a mountain pasture (2) a sallow, willow	Selly Cottage [NZ 85963 09115] Selly Hill [NZ 86153 09537]	2
shun, shon	ON Sjónr [351]		Sjónr (personal name)	Great Shunner Fell [SD 84875 97257] Great Shunner Fell Currack [SD 84860 97286] (Great) Shunner Fell Hags [SD 84702 96887] Little Shunner Fell [SD 85932 97042] (Little) Shunner Fell Hags [SD 85827 96972] Shunner Fell Gill [SD 83801 96981] Shunner Fell Rake [SD 85418 97730] Shunner Fell Well [SD 84334 96984] Shunner Howe [SE 73706 99690]	9
sike, syke	ON sík [234]	OE síc	sike, small stream or gulley, gutter	Black Sike [SE 76858 83499] Black Sike [SE 95479 97958] Blinking Sike [TA 03605 83189] Crake Gill Sike [NZ 01371 12334] East Black Sike [NY 99723 10051] Far Foul Sike [NZ 74081 18205] Far Foulsyke [NZ 73558 18153] Far Middle Sike [NZ 90825 03377] Feather Sike [SE 56828 90069] Feather Sike Wood [SE 56554 89858] Foss Sike Lane [SE 37686 82163] Foss Sike Stell [SE 37563 81919] Foulesike alias Wawe-myres (13th century) Foulsike Bridge [NZ 73085 18205] Foul Sike [NZ 91245 02402] Foul Sike [TA 00807 91035] Foul Sikes [NZ 67920 13258] Foulsike Farm [TA 00819 91321] Foulsike Farm [NZ 91244 02403] Foulsyke Farm [TA 00833 91323] Gallon Sike [NZ 77500 17562] Goodman Sike [SD 92541 89979] Hemp Syke Hall [NZ 88319 05981] Hempsyke Farm [NZ 88478 05879] Hole Sike Slack [NZ 78858 08195] Howl Sike [NZ 66738 09025] Howlsike [NZ 73779 07841] Howlsike Bridge [NZ 73304 07657] Howl Sike Bridgestone [NZ 66871 09000] Howlsike House [NZ 73900 07947] Howl Sike Slack [NZ 66612 08877] Keldsikes [SE 69113 60316] Little Ings Sike [SD 92551 87594] Miry Sike Wood [SE 93386 91224] Moses Sike Slack [NZ 77572 11028] Near Foul Syke [NZ 773303 18251] Near Foulsyke [NZ 73181 18254] Nigh Middle Sike [NZ 91185 03746] Priest's Sike [NZ 85649 13106] Priest's Sike Slack [SE 76061 97481] Rudd Sike Drain [SE 55478 65994] Ruddysike Drain [SE 55508 66012] Seavey Sike [NZ 99148 01205] Seavy Sike [NZ 00740 10013] Sike Fields [SE 66509 61118] Sikes Plantation [TA 00147 84540] Sliving Sike [SE 86464 99166] Sliving Sike Slack [SE 86938 99970] Soursike Gill [NZ 35516 06234] Thack Sike [SE 85175 96954] The Sike [SE 66321 61025] The Sike [TA 00736 84412] West Black Sike [NY 99258 10059] Worm Sike [SE 87402 96914] Worm Sike Rigg [SE 87769 96588] Yaul Sike Slack [SE 83047 95455]	56
sil, syl	ON (1) silfr [2]	ODan (2) Silpa, (3) Sylve OE (1) silfer	(1) silver (2) Silpa (personal name) (3) Sylve (personal name)	Nether Silton [SE 45340 92278] Nether Silton (parish) [SE 45650 92156] Over Silton [SE 45375 93313] Over Silton (parish) [SE 44719 93618] Silpho [SE 96682 92134] Silpho Brow [SE 97784 93234] Silpho Brow Farm [SE 98091 93237] Silpho Moor [SE 96007 94138] Silpho Moor Plantation [SE 96602 93840] Silpho (parish) [SE 96862 92410] Silpho Well [SE 96524 92614] Silton Hall [SE 45364 92334] Silver Hill (Tumulus) [SE 51138 87781] Silver Hill Farm [SE 51498 88131] Silver Street [NZ 89702 11120]	15
ska	ON (1) Skagi (2) skagi [232]	ODan Skaghi	(1) Skagi (personal name) (2) a low cape, headland, ness	Scawthorpe (lost) Scaw Hill [NZ 81457 13996]	2
scal, skel, skill, gill, kill	ON (1) Skalli (2) skáli [37]	OE (2) schele	(1) Skalli (personal name) (2) temporary hut, shieling, hovel	Laskill [SE 56352 90701] Laskill Bridge [SE 56271 90812] Laskill Pasture [SE 57612 91355] Laskill Pasture Moor [SE 58142 91954] Little Scaling Farm [NZ 75555 14770] Scalby (parish) [TA 01495 90951] Scalby [TA 01383 90527] Scalby Beck [TA 02215 90513] Scalby Bridge [TA 01023 90002] Scalby Hall [TA 01211 90365] Scalby Hays [TA 00014 91620] Scalby High Mill [TA 02207 90617] Scalby Holt [TA 01225 90501] Scalby Lodge [TA 02600 91543] Scalby Manor (Wyndyate) [TA 02459 90923] Scalby Nab [SE 99537 90193] Scalby Nabs [SE 99815 90067] Scalby Ness [TA 03645 91066] Scalby Ness Rocks [TA 03842 91116] Scalby Ness Sands [TA 03407 91300] Scale Cross [NZ 67295 08827] Scale Foot [NZ 67695 08583] Scale Knoll [NZ 05087 08885] Scale Knoll Gill [NZ 05456 08936] Scaling Mill [NZ 74434 14189] Scales Gill [SE 16154 51376] Skell Dykes [SE 99250 87450] Skelton Bank Wood [NZ 94025 02132]	28
schi, ske(e)	ON Skiði [354]		Skiði (personal name)	Skeeby (parish) [NZ 19798 02886] Skeeby [NZ 19781 02631] Skeeby Beck [NZ 20753 01222] Skeeby Bridge [NZ 20369 02921] Skeeby Grange [NZ 20371 03447] Skeeby Mill [NZ 20263 03147] Skeeby Whin [NZ 20732 02290]	7
(1) scug, sco(g) (2) -scough, -screw, shaw, skew (3) -skew, -scew	ON (1) Skóga-Hreinn (2) skógr (3) skuggi [294]	OE (2) sceaga (3) scúa, sceádo	(1) Skóga-Hreinn (personal name) (2) shaw, small wood (3) shade, shadow	Beckwithshaw [SE 26651 53079] Box Shaw [SE 12267 51875] Cockshaw Hill [NZ 59010 10852] Ellishaw Hill [SE 10589 50521] Ellishaw Slack [SE 10749 50665] Foldshaw Gill [SE 11569 51745] Foldshaw Ridge [SE 11318 51676] Foldshaw Slack [SE 11021 51714] Hathenshaw [SE 13479 50207] Green Shaw [SE 12100 54089] Green Shaw Well [SE 12171 54239] Kitscrew Wood [SE 66984 74727] Lanshaw [SE 16298 50985] Loftshaw Gill [SE 11648 51951] Oughtershaw Beck [SD 86035 82059] Pie Shaw Corner [SE 47655 93507] Scograinhowes (lost) Scrog Fox Covert [SE 15453 89554] Scrog House [SE 16168 89760] Scrog Wood [SE 16333 89666] Scroggs Wood [NZ 77216 15100] Scugdale [SE 74737 93174] Scugdale Beck [SE 52523 99215] Scugdale Close [NZ 59617 16455] Scugdale Farm [NZ 58622 16136] Scugdale Head [SE 53090 98649] Scugdale Moor Gate [NZ 52728 00026] Shaw Dike [NZ 67346 10123] Shaw End [NZ 74686 05605] Shaw End Cottage [NZ 74894 06133] Shaw End Farm [NZ 74465 05669] Shaw End Spring [NZ 74878 05920] Shawfield Head [SE 26167 51928] Shaw Gate [NZ 82976 09697] Shaw Green [SE 26772 52482] Shaw Hall [SE 16880 52258] Shaw Lane [SE 26868 52506] Shaw Wood [SE 70003 71525] Skewsby [SE 62813 70999]	39
scur, scru, scro, scru	ON Skurfa [356]		Skurfa (personal name)	Scurf Beck [SE 26894 89586] Scrudom Hill [NZ 74329 19066] Scruton [SE 30448 92493] Scruton Cottage [SE 30328 91761] Scruton Grange [SE 29246 92887] Scruton Hall [SE 29858 92533] Scruton Lane [SE 30323 91921] Scruton (parish) [SE 30371 91831] Scruton Park [SE 29545 92829] Scruton South Grange [SE 30471 91510]	10
Scuth, codresch, skot, scuder, scoters, scutters	ON (1) Skvaðra (2) skvaðra [357]		(1) Skvaðra (personal name) (2) chatter, talk	Skutterskelfe Bridge [NZ 48512 07212] Skutterskelfe Hall [NZ 48502 07099] Skutterskelfe (parish) [NZ 49149 07311] Skutterskelfe Park [NZ 48383 06969]	4
shawn, shawm	ON Hjálmr [304]		Hjálmr (personal name)	Shawn Riggs (Shawm Rigg) [NZ 89418 09046] Shawn Riggs [NZ 89565 08925] Shawn Riggs (Shawm Rigg) Beck [NZ 89650 08851]	3
sig, sic	ON Siggr [349]		Siggr (personal name)	Kirby Sigston (parish) [SE 41867 94578] Kirby Sigston Manor [SE 41516 94821] Kirby Sigston School [SE 42140 94844] Sigston Bridge [SE 41914 94882] Sigston Castle [SE 41650 95150] Sigston Castle Plantation [SE 41663 95661] Sigston Grange [SE 43455 94422] Sigston Wood [SE 42357 93885]	8
sind	ON Sindri [350]		Sindri (personal name)	Sinderby [SE 34629 81884] Sinderby Lane [SE 33775 81198] Sinderby Lane End [SE 33604 81014] Sinderby (parish) [SE 34205 81579] Sinderberg (lost)	5
skate	ON skaut, skøyti [444]	OE sceât	nook, bend	Skate Beck [NZ 70000 12450] Skate Beck Bridge [NZ 70009 12140] Skate Beck Green [NZ 68981 12475]	3
skeith, sketh	ON skeið [272]	OE scíd	a course, track, race, especially a race-course; possibly also a boundary road, a boundary, shed as in watershed	Hesketh Dike [SE 51546 87810] Hesketh Grange [SE 50318 86955] Hesketh Hall [SE 49991 86999]	3
skeg	ON skegg [455]	OE sceacga	shaggy, beard
skelder	ON (1) Skjǫldr (2) skjöldr [355]	OE scild-wyrhta	(1) Skjǫldr (personal name) (2) shield maker	Skeldergate [SE 60221 51455] Skeldergate Bridge [SE 60387 51289] Skelderskew [NZ 66125 11002] Skelderskew Moor [NZ 66276 11592]	4
skew, skeugh	ON (1) Skeifr (2) skeifr [457]		(1) Skeifr (by-name) (2) askew	Skeugh House [SE 59599 67638] Skeugh Lane [SE 59483 67361] The Skeugh [SE 59573 67305]	3
ski	ON skíra [273]	OE scir	pure, clear, bright	Skivick Crag [SE 80914 97990]	1
skin(n)	ON Skinnari [353]		Skinnari (personal name)	Skinningrove (parish) [NZ 71116 20188] Skinningrove [NZ 71515 19667] Skinningrove Bank [NZ 71166 19897] Skinningrove Bank Road [NZ 71838 19681] Skinningrove Farm [NZ 71772 19629] Skinningrove House [NZ 70980 19323]	6
skirf	ON Skirfir [460]		Skirfir (personal name)	Skirfa Beck [SE 13497 49694]	1
slack	ON slakki [274]	OE slæc	slack, shallow valley, depression in a hillside or between two hills, hollow in the ground	Back Well Slacks [SE 16868 51674] Barley Carr Slack [SE 92239 96138] Beck Slack [SE 83940 99161] Beck Slack Head [SE 83664 98418] Bella Dale Slack [NZ 74356 10896] Bellsdale Slack [SE 97479 91109] Biller Howe Dale Slack [NZ 90696 01813] Biller Howe Nook Slack [NZ 90968 00728] Birchwath Slack [NZ 78415 02011] Birk Wath Slack [NZ 73062 02489] Bridge Stone Slack [NZ 90652 01461] Broadlands Slack [SE 96700 97190] Cockman Dike Slack [NZ 79856 01955] Corngate Slack [SE 97945 88503] Cowgate Slack [SE 97065 96495] Cracoe Slack [SE 49249 89552] Cross Slack [NZ 70159 07990] Dargate Slack [SE 89347 90994] Ellishaw Slack [SE 10749 50665] Ewe Pond Slack [NZ 90676 00115] Fanny Garth Slack [NZ 76711 09550] Far Grain Slack [NZ 83811 01958] Flout Slack [SE 12576 77479] Foldshaw Slack [SE 11021 51714] Galley Hill Slack [NZ 85652 08838] Grain Slack [SE 88856 90570] Grain Slack [NZ 80636 00712] Great Marfit Head Slack [SE 85551 92281] Greengate Slack [SE 97744 90214] Grey Heugh Slack [NZ 90754 02327] Guisborough Slack [NZ 65877 07018] Gundale Slack [SE 79940 88109] Hangman Slack [SE 69309 91470] Hardale Slack [NZ 75769 10800] Harding's Slack [NZ 90260 05956] Hardhurst Slack [SE 97467 97130] Hare Slack [NZ 67782 07712] Hare Slack House [NZ 67819 08098] Haynes' Slack [SE 99141 95658] Haystone Slack [SE 78129 91207] Hole Sike Slack [NZ 78858 08195] Honey Dale Slack [NZ 79533 12920] Howlgate Slack [SE 82310 89057] Howl Sike Slack [NZ 66612 08877] Howl Slack [SE 84169 90164] Howth Slack [SE 75693 97339] Jugger Howe Slack [SE 94419 98429] Keldgate Slack [SE 82230 90550] Keld Slack [SE 81017 89495] Keld Slack House [SE 81073 89527] Lenfield Slack [SE 95933 91213] Leech Bog Slack [SE 89611 99778] Limekiln Slack [NZ 94450 07850] Little Marfit Head Slack [SE 85296 92509] Little Moor Slack [TA 00654 95004] Mellowdale Slack [NZ 73555 10487] Middle Birchwath Slack [NZ 77599 02231] Mires Slack [NZ 91079 02785] Moses Sike Slack [NZ 77572 11028] Moss Gill Slack [SE 94500 96761] Moss Slack [NZ 82653 00110] Mucky Hole Slack [SE 91154 99824] Murk Beck Slack [NZ 82816 06859] North Ings Slack [NZ 64169 12107] Nun Slack [NZ 97517 00204] Oxdale Slack [SE 99622 94888] Pen Howe Slack [NZ 85733 03565] Priest's Sike Slack [SE 76061 97481] Purse Dike Slack [NZ 80349 01688] Pye Rigg Slack [SE 97250 99587] Rabbit Slack [SE 84564 91636] Randale Slack [NZ 72935 13541] Raindale Slack [NZ 95233 07036] Robbed Howe Slacks [NZ 86946 01544] Rustifhead Slack [SE 85284 89926] Sandy Slack [NZ 72147 11424] Sandy Slack Head [NZ 71244 11176] Seavy Slack [NZ 72543 12187] Seavy Slack [SE 90038 90359] Slack Laithe [SD 85173 52335] Sliving Sike Slack [SE 86883 99896] Sod Fold Slack [SE 79956 97115] Soulsgrave Slack [NZ 90667 04721] Spa Hill Slack [NZ 84563 04176] Stony Gate Slack [NZ 91756 05267] Stony Slack [SE 73708 92502] Thorn Hill Slack [SE 88827 93626] Tidkinhow Slack [NZ 64554 13565] Tim Wash Slack [SE 90168 98055] Todhill Slack [SE 58069 91190] Tranmire Slack [NZ 76733 11775] Turnerdale Slack [NZ 88483 09185] White Mires Slack [SE 76690 96190] Wedland Slack [SE 84371 90391] Wolf Pit Slack [NZ 70696 03523] Wood Slack [SE 87051 96830] Yaul Sike Slack [SE 83047 95455]	97
slap(e), slep	ON sleipr [275]	OE slæp	slippery place	Hither Slape Stones [SE 47622 96973] Slape Stone Beck [NZ 95473 01803] Slape Stones [SE 70189 91273] Slape Stones [SE 47613 97043] Slape Stones Beck [SE 47297 97108] Slape Stones Wath [SE 70168 91520] Slapewath (Slaipwath, Slaypewath) [NZ 78405 18895] Slapewath Beck [NZ 63993 15808] Slapewath Bridge [NZ 64233 15821] Slapewath Junction [NZ 63762 15810] Slapewath Mines [NZ 64579 14650] Slape Wath Moor [SE 59916 98493]	12
sled, sleigh, slet	ON (1) sliht (2) slétta [162]	OE (2) sled, slæd	(1) flat, even, smooth, level (2) a slade, plain level field, open tract of country	Barnby Sleights [NZ 82705 11554] Carperby Sleights [SE 00275 89285] Old Sleights [NZ 60219 16117] Sledgate Farm [NZ 93536 04746] Sled Gates [NZ 93914 04776] Sled Hill [SE 51956 87327] Sledhill Gill [SE 52801 87170] Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake Sleights [NZ 86865 07506] Sleights Bridge [NZ 86840 08168] Sleights Hall [NZ 86718 07031] Sleights Moor [NZ 85790 04137] Sleights Road [SE 83205 89309] Kirkby Moorside, Ryedale Wapentake Sleddale Beck [NZ 65867 10128] Sleights House [SE 65465 91816] Sleights Road [SE 65929 91668] Sleightholme Dale [SE 65654 89426] Sleightholme Dale [SE 64560 91201] Sleightholme Dale Road [SE 65961 91015] Sleightholme Farm [SE 79111 76188] Sleightholmedale Spa (Sulphurous)[SE 65212 90316] West Sleightholmedale Farm[SE 64927 89824]	21
sleng(es) sli(ng)	ON Slengr [358]		Slengr (personal name)	Slingsby [SE 70037 74813] Slingsby Bank [SE 70284 73840] Slingsby Banks Wood [SE 69913 73065] Slingsby Castle [SE 69519 74891] Slingsby Hall [SE 69692 75137] Slingsby Heights [SE 69933 73674] Slingsby (parish) [SE 70531 74675] Slingsby Quarry [SE 69471 74419]	8
sma-	ON smár, smalr [276]	OE smæl	small, narrow, little	Smay Lane [NZ 94966 05919] Smailes Moor Farm [NZ 95079 06173]	2
smith	ON smiðr [446]	OE smið	smith	Smiddales [SE 58756 95326] Smithy Ellers [SE 57507 94105]	2
snain, snod, snade, sneat, snead, snet(t), sno	ON (1) Snær, Snæ, Snjó (2) sníð, sneitt, sneið (3) snær, snjár, snjór [277]	OE (2) snæð (3) snáw	(1) Snær, Snæ, Snjó (personal names) (2) something which is cut off, isolated wood, clearing in a wood (3) snow	Snainton Dikes [SE 90847 89397] Snainton Ings [SE 93104 79725] Snainton Ings House [SE 92618 79776] Snainton Ings (parish) [SE 93028 80026] Snainton Moor [SE 91166 89551] Sneaton [NZ 89314 07726] Sneaton Beacon [NZ 89789 07670] Sneaton Castle [NZ 88173 10639] Sneaton Corner [NZ 91509 03645] Sneaton Hall [NZ 89132 07805] Sneaton High Moor [NZ 87996 00876] Sneaton Lane [NZ 88947 08373] Sneaton Low Moor [NZ 89771 03877] Sneaton Thorpe [NZ 90992 06135] Sneaton Thorpe Beck [NZ 90390 05772] Sneaton Thorpe Lane [NZ 90582 06405] Sneaton Thorpe Wood [NZ 90356 05706] Snod Hill [SE 86471 97287] Snowfield Farm [SE 49713 66499]	19
snake, snek	ON (1) Snákr (2) snókr [28]	OE (2) snáca, snácu, snáce	(1) Snákr (nickname) (2) snake	Sneck Yate [SE 51053 87678] Sneck Yate Bank [SE 50550 87350] Sneck Yate Plantation [SE 50833 87604]	3
snar	ON snar [43]	OE snear, sneare	swift, turn quickly, a snare	Snargate Farm [SE 60377 71763] Snargate Hill [SE 60710 72314] Snargate Wood [SE 60876 72309] Snargate Wood Farm [SE 60839 71540]	4
sni, snig, snil	ON (1) Snigill (2) snigil [359]	OE (2) snægel, snægl, snæl, snegel	(1) Snigill (personal name) (2) snail	Snilah [NZ 72617 19704] Snilah Ponds [NZ 72690 19780] Snilegate Foot [SE 56500 88247] Snilegate Head [SE 56718 88185] Snilesworth Lodge [SE 51093 95503] Snilesworth Moor [SE 52458 97236] Snilesworth (parish) [SE 51443 96099]	7
so, shep	ON sauðr, sauðir [278]	OE scæp, scep, sceáp, sceop, scép	sheep	Sheep Beeld [NZ 83683 02416] Sheep Beck [NZ 55384 18212] Sheep Beck Bridge [NZ 55206 18516] Sheepfold [NZ 83700 02283] Sheep Stones [NZ 79664 18164] Sheepstones Hill [NZ 79642 18086]	6
sour, sow	ON saurr [231]	OE sol, slím	(1) mud, dirt (2) soil, filth, mire, dirt, a place to roll in (3) slime, mud, mire	Sour Beck [SE 19901 97629] Sourby Farm [SE 16841 53020] Sourby Lane [SE 17903 52904] Sour Lands [TA 03323 83490] Sour Ley Farm [SE 57201 87964] Sour Ley Quarry [SE 57203 88117] Sour Sike [NZ 35576 05413] Soursike Bridge [NZ 35590 05748] Soursike Farm [NZ 35618 05669] Soursike Gill [NZ 35516 06242] Soursike Road [NZ 35576 05413] Soury Hill [SE 60325 74520] Sow Beck [SE 94547 89828] Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake Sowerby (lost) Thirsk, Birdforth Wapentake Sowerby [SE 43171 81514] Sowerby Flats [SE 43052 81688] Sowerby Grange [SE 42938 81521] Sowerby House [SE 43396 81058] Sowerby (parish) [SE 43724 79874] Sowerby Parks [SE 43999 78615] Kirby Sigston, Allerton Wapentake Sowerby Cottage [SE 39975 92986] Sowerby Grange [SE 41520 93961] Sowerby Grange [SE 41184 93482] Sowerby House [SE 40760 94044] Sowerby Under Cotcliffe [SE 40788 93841] Danby, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Sowerby Bogs [NZ 69911 08777] Mashamshire, Hang East Wapentake High Sourmire [SE 14494 78949] Low Sourmire [SE 14878 78992] Sourmire Moor [SE 12202 78361]	29
south, sut(h), sud, suff	ON (1) Sútari (2) suðr, sunnr [160]	OE (2) suð	(1) Sútari (personal name) (2) the south, south	South Cottage [SE 36989 93596] South End [TA 01283 92745] South End Farm [TA 01358 92816] South Eston [NZ 55417 18356] South House Farm [NZ 95082 03725] South Ings Barn [SE 72562 87418] South Lackenby [NZ 56331 19142] Southward Brow [NZ 71370 09435] Suffield [SE 98581 90648] Suffield cum Everley [SE 98361 90281] Suffield Heights [SE 97539 89657] Suffield Hill [SE 98350 90450] Suffield Ings [SE 98330 89300] Suffield Mere [SE 98861 90759] Suffield Moor [SE 98245 92592] Sutherbruff Rigg [SE 86704 87333] Sutherland [SE 77078 91149] Sutherland Beck [SE 77512 90697] Sutherlands Beck [SE 75753 90381] Sutherland (Cottage) [SE 77144 91154] Sutherland Lodge [SE 76830 91246]	21
spaun, spon	ON spánn [159]	OE spon (see also scid, speld)	chip, shaving, shingle
sprocs, spros, sprox	ON Sprok [26]		Sprok (personal name)	Sproxton [SE 61467 81471] Sproxton Cote [SE 59455 81709] Sproxton Hall [SE 62116 81472] Sproxton Lodge [SE 61476 81779] Sproxton Low Parks [SE 62547 81846] Sproxton Mill [SE 60835 82417] Sproxton Moor Plantation [SE 58562 80351] Sproxton (parish) [SE 60064 81158] Sproxton Quarry [SE 60066 81782]	9
staddle	ON stöðull [463]	OE staðol	a milking shed	Staddle Bridge [SE 44400 99019] Staddle Bridge House [SE 44144 98907]	2
stain, stan, sten, stone	ON (1) Steinn (2) steinn [19]	OE (2) stan	(1) Steinn (personal name) (2) stone, rock	Adder Stone [SE 87843 90136] Adderstone Rigg [SE 88254 90121] Adderstone Wood [SE 87963 90251] Ayton Stone [NZ 60559 25670] Backstone Beck [SE 12515 47110] Beckwith Stone [NZ 72878 11715] Bridestone Griff [SE 87381 91248] Bridge Stone Slack [NZ 90652 01461] Brown Higg Stone [NZ 78415 13664] Crag Stone Rigg [SE 83822 97731] Curlow Stone [SD 92250 87560] Dabdike Stones [NZ 81193 16003] Graystone (Farm) [NZ 86980 10837] Graystones [NZ 70638 09195] Greystone Field [NZ 56009 20453] Grey Stone House [NZ 75808 08604] Graystone Hills [NZ 91539 04193] Green's Stone [NZ 61015 26162] Greystone Farm [TA 01144 95744] Grey Stones [SE 86755 96116] Grundstone Wath [SE 77601 96881] Hanging Stone (tumuli) [SE 58438 92919] Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre CP [NZ 92477 08719] High Bride Stones [SE 87256 91478] High Staindale [SE 88604 90453] High Stone [NZ 61067 25720] Hither Slape Stones [SE 47622 96973] Lintycock Stone [NZ 74829 20176] Little Stainforth [SD 81593 67262] Low Bride Stones [SE 87474 91223] Low Staindale [SE 86871 90511] Old Man's Stone [SE 56036 95823] Osmotherley Stones [SE 53321 98012] Oven Stones [SE 14547 55118] Rokan Stone [NZ 72981 02924] Sheep Stones [NZ 79664 18164] Sheepstones Hill [NZ 79642 18086] Slape Stone Beck [NZ 95473 01803] Slape Stones [SE 47613 97043] Slape Stones [SE 70189 91273] Slape Stones Beck [SE 47297 97108] Slape Stones Wath [SE 70168 91520] Stain Dale [SE 86395 89676] Staindale [NZ 35433 07467] Staindale Beck [NZ 35505 07395] Staindale Beck [SE 86429 89684] Staindale Bridge [NZ 35669 07168] Staindale Grange [NZ 36172 06695] Staindale Lake [SE 88114 90322] Staindale Wood [NZ 35813 07232] Stainforth [SD 82402 67313] Stainforth Beck [SD 82584 67521] Stainforth Bridge [SD 81731 67199] Stainforth Force [SD 81769 67140] Stainforth Gill Head [SE 13879 52606] Stainforth Hall [SD 81606 67171] Stainforth Lane [SD 81536 66631] Stainforth (parish) [SD 82166 68209] Stainforth Scar [SD 82540 66807] Stainsacre [NZ 91574 08327] Stainsacre Dale [NZ 91381 08155] Stainsacre Bridge [NZ 91556 08076] Stainsacre Dale [NZ 91381 08155] Stainsacre Hall [NZ 91237 08303] Stainsacre Lane [NZ 91716 06233] Stainsby (lost) [NZ 46519 15559] Stainsby Beck [NZ 46467 14965] Stainsby Grange Farm [NZ 46448 15839] Stainsby Hall (site of) [NZ 46546 15217] Stainsby Hall Farm [NZ 47211 15201] Stainsby Hill Farm [NZ 47003 16511] Stainsby (parish) [NZ 46764 15927] Stainsby Wood [NZ 46403 14965] Stainton [NZ 48153 14132] Stainton (parish) [NZ 47298 14923] Stainton Vale [NZ 47381 14647] Stainton Grange [NZ 49114 13709] Staintondale (Steintun DB) [SE 98974 98408] Staintondale Moor [SE 98990 99441] Stoneclose Rigg [SE 86232 88738] Stone Dikes Barn [SD 82092 66560] Stone Gap [NZ 64967 22337] Stonegate [NZ 77637 09022] Stonegate Beck [NZ 77773 09008] Stonegate Bridge [NZ 77717 09078] Stonegate Gill [NZ 77572 08663] Stonegate Gill Wood [NZ 77545 08366] Stonegate Mill (corn) [NZ 77923 09023] Stone Hill Heads [SE 88000 94360] Stone Hill Slack [SE 88207 94272] Stone Intake [NZ 54214 00535] Stone Ridge [NZ 67988 22217] Stone Rook (Tumulus) [SE 76710 93167] Stones [NZ 85924 00562] Stones [NZ 85779 00562] Stonesty Wood [SE 98150 90450] Stony Gill [SE 95888 93860] Stony Gill Hole [SE 51588 90220] Stony Hill [NZ 53127 09742] Stony Leas [SE 88688 99238] Stony Marl Howes (tumuli) [NZ 95669 00648] Stony Marl Moor [NZ 95107 00342] Stony Rigg [NZ 74173 04415] Stony Slack [SE 73708 92502] Stony Wath [NZ 71093 10104] Stony Wood [SE 93295 95335] Thurstone Beck [SE 08567 51828] Thwaite Stones [SD 89642 98799] Tinkler's Stone [NZ 95805 03710] Tranmire or Old Beckwith Stone [NZ 72726 11461] Twelve o'clock Stones [SE 14569 55198] Whinstone Ridge [NZ 86016 02445] Whitestone [TA 00269 97587] Whitestone Scar [SE 48737 92966] White Stones [NZ 82009 15468] White Stones [SE 73972 92625] White Stones [NZ 74792 20110] Whitestones Cliff [NZ 82181 15420] Whitestones Wife [NZ 74907 20137] Yoak Stone [NZ 74095 01555] Yoak Stone [NZ 73917 01612]	121
staith	ON stöð [436]	OE stæð	berth, harbour	Sl(t)aithes Wyke [NZ 78404 18896] Staithes [NZ 78221 18692] Staithes Beck [NZ 77882 18293] Staithes Lane End [NZ 78212 18196]	4
stake, staki, stax	ON Stáki [360]		Stáki (personal name)	High Stakesby [NZ 88380 10682] Low Stakesby [NZ 89150 10750] Stakesby Vale [NZ 88550 10350] Stakesby Vale Farm [NZ 88550 10250]	4
stang, -stang	ON stöng [157]	OE steng	pole, stake, stang	Eller Stang Bridge [NZ 69332 08161] Stanghow [NZ 67985 15656] Stanghow (parish) [NZ 66419 14613] Stang Howe [NZ 76371 13786] Stanghowe Plantation [NZ 76415 13235] Stanghow Bridge [NZ 68369 15029] Stanghow Firs [NZ 66688 15018] Stanghow House [NZ 67714 15606] Stanghow Mines [NZ 65310 15630] Stang How Moor [NZ 66160 13536] Stanghow Ridge [NZ 66711 15433] Stanghow Road [NZ 67283 15132]	12
stank	ON stank [391]	OE stencan	bustle, shaking	Stank Bridge [SE 69292 58387] Stank House [NZ 69849 17477] The Stank [SE 69367 59068]	3
stath, -teth	ON stöð [66]	OE stæþ	a shore, bank, berth, harbour, landing place	Staithes [NZ 78224 18692] Staithes Beck [NZ 77896 18282] Staithes Lane End [NZ 78211 18198] Staithes Wyke [NZ 78405 18895]	4
stav	ON stafr [156]	OE stæf	staff, post, stick, stave
-stead	ON staðr [158]	OE stede	stead, place	Northstead Lane [TA 03258 89454] Northstead (parish) [TA 02694 89235] Northstead Stile [TA 02274 89447]	3
steares, stir(e)s	ON Stýrr [47]	ODan Styr	Stýrr (personal name)	(Brandsby cum) Stearsby (parish) [SE 61219 71724] Stearsby [SE 61270 71472] Stearsby Grange Farm (olim Snargate Wood Farm) [SE 60899 71629] Stearsby Hagg [SE 62009 71957] Stearsby Hag Farm [SE 61924 71695] Stearsby Hall Farm [SE 61279 71523]	6
steel, stile	ON (1) stigi, (2) stál [230]	OE (1) stigel (2) stíle	(1) stile, ladder, fence (2) steel	Beggars' Stile [NZ 76841 16892] Blea Wyke Steel [NZ 99235 01547] Boggle Stile [SE 03634 98522] Bulmer Steel [NZ 96099 06514] Bulmer Steel Hole [NZ 95998 06393] Grunsty Stile [SE 75006 88953] Keldhowe Steel [NZ 85565 14644] Northstead Stile [TA 02274 89447] Peak Steel [NZ 97946 02635] Penny Steel [NZ 78775 19054] Pinder Stile [SD 98568 68329] Ryton Stile Road [SE 78858 73420] Slateheap steel [NZ 78901 19045] Topman Steel [NZ 81198 16499]	14
-stell, stell	OCum (1) stell [496]	ONb (2) stell	(1) a large open drain, (2) a fold, shelter for cattle or sheep built on moorland or hillsides (3) a deep pool in a river where salmon rest and are fished	Bowrake Stell [SE 39321 79328] East Rounton Stell [NZ 43720 03286] Foss Sike Stell [SE 37563 81919] Leake Stell [SE 43554 91741] Main Stell [NZ 55938 13451] Nunthorpe Stell [NZ 55587 13720] Pit Hills Stell [NZ 64776 20891] Trenholme Stell [NZ 44503 03163]	8
stod, stud	ON stoð [418]	OE stod	a post	Stut Bog [NZ 75467 10049] Studdah [SE 14549 90810] Studfast Hill [SE 57689 96866] Studforth Ring [SE 58123 79862]	4
storr, stour	ON stórr [155]	OE stór	big, great, vast	Storr Lane [SE 96750 90423] Storry Hills [TA 00024 93262]	2
storr, stord, stort	ON storð [228]		brushwood, young wood, plantation	Storr Lane [SE 96750 90423] Storry Hills [TA 00024 93262]	2
stoupe, stoop, stowp	ON staup [18]	OE steap	a steep declivity or slope, a pitch, precipice	Barf Stoop [SD 96125 98513] Stoop House [SE 14605 90218] Stoops Dub [SD 96429 98643] Stoops Rigg [SD 96406 98525] Stoupe Bank Farm [NZ 95690 03351] Stoupe Bank Lane [NZ 95379 03630] Stoupe Beck [NZ 95541 03372] Stoupe Beck Sands [NZ 95905 03495] Stoupe Brow [NZ 96354 01959] Stoupe Brow Bank [NZ 95771 03433] Stoupe Brow (or Peak) Beacon [NZ 97181 01201] Stoupe Brow Cottage (Farm) [NZ 6028 03079] Stoupe Brow Farm [NZ 96652 02195] Stoupe Cross (farm) [NZ 91053 10833]	14
stove, stew, stump	ON (1) stofn (2) stúfr, stúfa, stubbi, stubbr, stumpr [229]	OE (1) stofn (2) stybb, stubb	(1) a tree stem (2) a stub, stump	Stump Cross [NZ 74410 09442] Stump Howe [NZ 79421 13343]	2
strand, strant	ON strönd [153]	OE strand	strand, beach, shore, old river bank	Whitby Strand [NZ 90341 10964]	1
street	ON stræti [108]	OE stræt	street, paved road	Appleton le Street [SE 73918 73676] Appleton le Street (parish) [SE 73381 72546] Church Street [NZ 90124 10905] Silver Street [NZ 89702 11120] Street [NZ 73293 04716] Street Head [SE 14467 91340] Street Houses [NZ 74096 19229] Street Lane [NZ 73265 04654] The Street [NZ 01013 13588]	9
strom	ON straumr [152]	OE stréam	stream, running water
stye, stie	ON stígr [151] and [286]	OE stīg	a steep ascent or pass, narrow footpath	Grunsty Stile [SE 75006 88953] Normanby Stye Batts [286] [NZ 95192 07558] Pursglove Stye [NZ 94450 08150] Pursglove Stye Batts [NZ 94450 08250] Reasty Hill [SE 96308 94522] Reasty Hill Top [SE 96380 94419] Reasty Quarry [SE 96392 94471] Reasty Road [SE 95735 94880] Stonesty Wood [SE 98150 90450]	9
sug(g)	ON segja [285]	OE secgan, secgean, secggan, secggean, sæcgan	to say, tell, declare, proclaim	Suggitt Plantation [NZ 93827 02395]	1
summer	ON (1) Sumarr (2) sumar [396]	OE sūmor, sumar, sumer, sumur	(1) Sumarr (personal name) (2) summer	Summer Carr [SE 39839 88826] Summer Field House [NZ 92275 08544] Summer Field Lane [NZ 91829 08457]	3
sun(n)	ON Sunnólfr [175]	ME Sunnolf	Sunnólfr (personal name)	Sun Beck [SE 14134 90422] Sun Beck [SE 36719 94026] Sunley Court [SE 68280 81815] Sunley Hill [SE 68090 82618] Sunley Hill Plantation [SE 68410 82916] Sunley Wood [SE 52403 75497] Sunny Bank [NZ 81112 15028] Sunny Hill [SE 40142 87194]	8
swallow	ON svelgr [226]	OE swelgan	swirl, whirlpool, swallower; to swallow	Swallow Head [NZ 93586 02947] Swallow Head Farm [NZ 93785 02742] Swallow Holes [SD 94388 87447] Swallow Holm [NY 99407 03771]	4
swart(h)	ON (1) Svarthǫfði (2) svartr [150]	OE (2) swert, sweort, blæc	(1) Svarthǫfði (personal name) (2) black, dark	Swarthgill [SD 84860 82524] Swarth Gill [SD 84785 82782] Swarth Gill [SE 62858 73616] Swarth Gill Spring [SE 62944 73423] Swarthlands Farm [TA 00951 92161] Swarthlands Lane [TA 01058 92060] Swarth Howe (Tumulus) [SE 96945 94082]	7
sway, swane, swain	ON Sveinn [361]		Sveinn (personal name)	(Langbaurgh West Wapentake) Swainby [NZ 47595 01954] Swainby Beck [NZ 47617 02383] Swainby Ellers [NZ 47630 02490] Swainby Mill [NZ 48241 01530] (Halikeld Wapentake) Low Swainby [SE 33807 85655] Swainby Abbey [SE 33535 85551] Swainby Grove [SE 33447 85476] Swainby with Allerthorpe [SE 33558 85875] Swainsea Cottage [SE 79085 84278]	11
sweinn, swin, swan, grise	ON svín [227]	OE swín	pig, wild-boar, swine	Little Swindale Wood [NZ 67607 14206] Swanbeck Farm [SE 99350 90050] Swindale [NZ 67996 14381] Swindale Beck [NZ 68313 14463] Swindale House [NZ 67841 14454] Swindale Lane [NZ 68132 14068] Swindale Nook [NZ 67789 14114] Swindale Wood [NZ 68043 13789] Swineber Scar [SD 98558 69353] Swinesale [SE 99382 90043] Swines Gill [SE 96419 93774] Swinesgill Rigg [SE 96305 94000] Swineside [SE 06106 82443] Swineside Bank [SE 06248 82307] Swineside Bogs [SE 06320 81602] Swineside Moor [SE 06581 81706] Swineside (parish) [SE 06306 82201] Swineside Woods [SE 05756 82118] Swinsty Hall [SE 19360 53268] Swinton Clough [SE 76946 74973]	20
tan	ON Tame [445]	OE Tame	River Tame	Tanton [NZ 52250 10598] Tanton Bridge [NZ 52374 10538] Tanton Carr [NZ 51110 10868] Tanton Dykes [NZ 52656 09786] Tanton Grove [NZ 52626 09465] Tanton Hall [NZ 52460 10706] Tanton House [NZ 52217 10637] Tanton North [NZ 52650 10972] Tanton South [NZ 52404 10494] Tanton Villa [NZ 52419 10006]	10
ta(i)ng, tong(e)	ON (1) tangi (2) tunga [225]	OE (1) tange (2) tunge	(1) a spit of land, cape, tongue of land (2) tongue	Barley Carr Tongue [SE 92453 96523] Tongue Barn [SD 82728 67639] Tongue End [NY 96682 04505] Tongue End Fold [NY 96538 04479] Tongue Gill [SD 83072 67776] Tongue [SD 84075 97790] Tongue Pasture [SD 82990 67928]	7
tarn	ON tiorn, tjörn, tjörn [224]		tarn, small mountain lake without tributaries	Delves Tarn [SE 10594 51062] Fleet Moss Tarn [SD 87497 83511] Hoove Tarn [NZ 00591 07515] Kex Gill Tarn [SE 13153 55004] North Tarn Hills [SE 02207 82911] South Tarn Hill [SE 02435 82884] Tarn Hill [SE 18927 53542] Tarnhill House [SE 18677 53411] Tarn Hole [SE 59076 97574] Tarn Hole Crag [SE 59310 97658] Tarn Hole Swang [SE 59553 97829] Tarnhow Hill [NY 97719 08741] The Tarn [NZ 82255 00134]	13
thack	ON þak [443]	OE þæc	a roof, thatch	Thackray Beck [SE 17595 54104] Thack Side House [NZ 81730 01706] Thack Sike [SE 85175 96954] Thatch Ling [SE 12902 53011]	4
thief, thicket	ON (1) þjófr [473]	OE (1) þeof (2) ODan þiūf	(1) a thief, robber (2) scrub, thicket	Thiefgate Lane [SE 24608 80768] Thief Hole [SE 39608 88827] Thiefhole Farm [SE 39590 88698] Thiefhole Lane [SE 39298 88651] Thief Lane [SE 62583 30191] Thief Lane [SE 62201 51107] Thief Lane End [SE 63686 30192] Thieves Dikes [SE 97348 92509] Thieves Gill [SE 20207 95531] Thieves Gill [SE 01088 88062] Thieves Moss [SD 77765 73087]	11
theoke	ON (1) Þjokka (2) þjokka [362]	OE (2) þaccian	(1) Þjokka (personal name) (2) thwack, thick	Allerston Loft Marishes [SE 87254 79813] Marishes [SE 81786 77280] Marishes Lane [SE 84266 78972] Marishes Lodge [SE 88319 79283] Marishes Low gate House [SE 83054 78036] Marishes Low Road [SE 81546 77126] Marishes Whin (fox covert) [SE 82688 78371] Pickering Marishes [SE 81806 78311] Theokemarais (Marishes) [SE 81777 77280] Thornton Marishes [SE 84597 79582]	10
thim(ble)	ON Þymill [371]	OE þymel	Þymill (personal name)	Thimbleby [SE 44824 95425] Thimbleby Bank [SE 45525 94429] Thimbleby Bank Plantation [SE 46057 95284] Thimbleby Grange [SE 44279 94908] Thimbleby Hall [SE 45812 96461] Thimbleby Moor [SE 47109 95567] Thimbleby (parish) [SE 44311 95613]	7
thing, ting	ON þing, þingvöllr [7]	OE þing	assembly, court, meeting place of parliament	Fingay Hill [SE 40174 99216] Thingwall [NZ 90051 11027], [54.486608, -0.611567] & [NZ 90051 11029]	2
thirk, thur	ON Þórkell [363]	ODan Thurkil, ME Thurkel	Þórkell (personal name)	Thirkell's Whin [SE 29172 50789] Great Thirkleby [SE 47797 78901] Little Thirkleby [SE 48015 78490] Thirkleby [SE 47954 78654] Thirkleby Beck [SE 47055 77317] Thirkleby Bridge [SE 47270 77497] Thirkleby Bridge Farm [SE 47008 77647] Thirkleby Common [SE 48520 78208] Thirkleby Hall [SE 47196 79198] Thirkleby Hall (site of) [SE 47302 78789] Thirkleby Mill [SE 48031 79668] Thirkleby Park [SE 47129 78929] Thirkleby (parish) [SE 47792 78043] Thurtle Wood [SE 69239 72393]	14
thir, thir(l)	ON Þrylli [369]		Þrylli (personal name)	Thirlby [SE 49003 84132] Thirlby Beck [SE 49019 83921] Thirlby Farm [SE 49364 84118] Thirlby Grange [SE 48413 84097] Thirlby (parish) [SE 48998 83930]	5
thistle	ON þistill [403]	OE þistel	thistle	Thistlebout [SD 94516 98260] Thistle Grove [NZ 85771 07749] Thistle Hill [SE 40678 78406]	3
thor, thorm, thorn	ON Þórmóðr [364]		Þórmóðr (personal name)	Thormanby [SE 49080 74753] Thormanby Bridge [SE 49670 74007] Thormanby Carr [SE 49075 73537] Thormanby Hall [SE 49530 74768] Thormanby Hill [SE 49574 74879] Thormanby Hill Cottages [SE 49878 74249] Thormanby Mill [SE 48610 75027] Thormanby (parish) [SE 49260 74358] Thornaby [NZ 45261 16460] Thornaby Grange [NZ 45623 16969] Thornaby Hall [NZ 45342 16097] Thornaby High Wood [NZ 45020 16317] Thornaby Lodge Farm [NZ 45873 16414] Thornaby Low Wood [NZ 44983 17008] Thornaby (parish) [NZ 45153 16608] Thornaby Plantation [NZ 45278 14216] Thornaby Vale [NZ 45383 14578] Thornaby Wood [NZ 45074 15154]	18
thorn(e), thurn, thean, -tron, -terne	ON (1) Þyrnir (2) þorn, þynir [48]	OE þyrne	(1) Þyrnir (personal name) (2) thorn(bush)	Cawthorn [SE 77448 89016] Cawthorn [SE 78060 89604] Cawthorn Banks [SE 77883 89917] Cawthorn Moor [SE 78182 91626] Cawthorn Pond [SE 77075 89044] Good Goose Thorn (x2) [NZ 74620 10889] Hawthorn Bank [SE 54831 62676] Hawthorn House [NZ 65458 05875] Hawthorns [SE 98002 89037] Hawthorns [NZ 79068 14066] Hawthorndale [NZ 86807 09658] Hawthorn Wood [SE 98360 89089] High Cawthorn [SE 78495 91432] High Thorn (Stone) [NZ 71977 12123] High Thornhill [SE 57259 97251] High Thornton Moor [NZ 48643 12278] Jingleby Thorn [SE 89523 89780] Jingleby Thorn Plantation [SE 89587 89611] Low Thornhill [SE 57179 97111] Low Thornton Moor [NZ 48865 12875] Thornbrough [SE 38331 90614] Thornbrough Hill [SE 44905 90777] Thornburgh House [SE 11073 90705] Thorn Clod Hill [SE 00308 72223] Thorndale Hill [NZ 79826 17852] Thorndale Shaft [NZ 79859 18041] Thorney Hall [SE 13329 89219] Thorney House [SE 13516 89414] Thorn(e)y Beck [SE 99237 97794] Thorn(e)y Brow(e) (16th century) [NZ 94690 01687] Thorney Brow Farm [NZ 94690 01687] Thorney Wait(e) [NZ 77665 06278] Thornfields Farm [NZ 93285 04568] Thorn Flat [NZ 43272 00236] Thorn Hill [NZ 67000 09321] Thorn Hill [NZ 88689 04613] Thorn Hill [NZ 78682 07204] Thorn Hill [NZ 46932 02855] Thornhill Farm [NZ 83787 00104] Thorn Hill Head [SE 88931 94115] Thorn Hill House [NZ 84010 00093] Thorn Hills [SE 54205 62074] Thorn Hill Slack [SE 88809 93625] Thorn Howe [SE 95776 97390] Thorn Key Howes [NZ 91433 03360] Thorn Key Wath [NZ 91398 03078] Thorn Park (Farm) [SE 98406 88115] Thornton House [SE 38309 89855] Thornton Lodge [SE 19006 88940] Thorntree House [NZ 52836 18871] Thorntree House [NZ 44615 00228] Thorny Beck [SE 97606 98159] Thornsby House [SE 78742 91588] Thornton Marishes [SE 84597 79582] Thornton Moor [NZ 49093 12530] Thornton Scar [SD 96669 89227] Thorny Brow [NZ 94764 01684] Whinthorn Ridge [SE 12696 52306] Whinthorn Ridge Gill [SE 12426 52075] Whitethorn [SE 86186 90894]	60
thol, thor, tur, tor	ON Þórólfr [365]	ODan Thorulw	Þórólfr (personal name)	Tholthorpe [SE 47608 66876] Tholthorpe Derrings [SE 46699 68089] Tholthorpe Fields [SE 47386 66476] Tholthorpe Moor [SE 48611 67766] Tholthorpe (parish) [SE 48244 67413]	5
thor	ON (1) Þórr (2) þórr [366]		(1) Thor (personal name) (2) thunder	High Thoresby [SE 02457 90085] Low Thoresby [SE 03739 90465] Poor's Field [SE 46185 80677] Thoresby [SE 03065 90291] Thoresby Lane [SE 03695 90566] Thurstone Beck [SE 08567 51828]	5
thoral	ON Þórvaldr [368]		Þórvaldr (personal name)	Thoralby [SE 00247 86748] Thoralby Mill [SE 00241 86502] Thoraldby [NZ 49227 07045] Thoraldby Farm [NZ 49381 07208]	4
thorpe	ON þorp [223]	OE þorp, þrop	small village, settlement "smaller village due to colonisation from a larger one e.g. Sneaton Thorp" (rare in Norway but common in Denmark)	Barthorpe Bottoms (olim Barchertorp) [SE 76601 59563] Carthorpe [SE 31078 83754] Howthorpe Farm [SE 67716 72869] Thorpefield [SE 41836 79411] Thorpefield House [SE 41241 79984] Thorpe Hill [SE 71738 59530] Thorpe Hill [SE 59131 64875] Thorp Perrow [SE 26373 85525] Pickering, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Kingthorpe [SE 83894 86467] Kingthorpe Cottages [SE 84717 86324] Kingthorpe High [SE 83823 86650] Kingthorpe House [SE 83526 85674] Kingthorpe Low [SE 83737 85866] Danby, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Ainthorpe [NZ 70536 07847] Ainthorpe Bridge [NZ 70865 08331] Ainthorpe Lane [NZ 69736 07888] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Kilton Thorpe [NZ 69397 17599] Kilton Thorpe Lane [NZ 69253 18436] Appleton Le Street, Ryedale Wapentake Easthorpe Cottage [SE 74267 71571] Easthorpe Farm [SE 73364 71594] Easthorpe House [SE 73759 71372] Easthorpe Lodge [SE 74129 71580] Low Easthorpe Farm[SE 73979 70969] Kirby Hill, Birdforth Wapentake Ellenthorpe Cottages [SE 42019 67646] Ellenthorpe Hall [SE 41114 67308] Ellenthorpe Hall Lodges [SE 41497 68018] Ellenthorpe Ings [SE 42672 66404] Ellenthorpe Lane [SE 41647 67854] Ellenthorpe Lodge [SE 41992 67129] Ellenthorpe (parish) [SE 42057 67340] Langthorpe [SE 38644 67162] Langthorpe Cottage [SE 38091 68306] Langthorpe Moor [SE 38148 68744] Langthorpe (parish) [SE 38146 67668] Terrington, Bulmer Wapentake Low Mowthorpe Farm [SE 68649 69095] Mowthorpe [SE 68060 69040] Mowthorpe Bridge [SE 68530 68538] Mowthorp Bridge [SE 98012 88225] Mowthorp Cottage [SE 98063 88207] Mowthorpe Dale[SE 69102 69395] Mowthorpe Dale[SE 68843 69458] Mowthorpe Dale Wood [SE 69044 69240] Mowthorp(e) (Farm) [SE 98073 88278] Mowthorpe Hill [SE 67623 69059] Mowthorpe Hill Farm [SE 67797 69164] Mowthorpe Road [SE 98191 87980] Mowthorpe Wood [SE 67784 68813] Great Ayton, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Nunthorpe [NZ 53926 13151] Nunthorpe Belt [NZ 54958 13988] Nunthorpe Grange [NZ 53996 14130] Nunthorpe Hall [NZ 54238 13176] Nunthorpe (parish) [NZ 53456 13247] Nunthorpe Stell [NZ 55587 13720] Sneaton, Whitby Strand Wapentake Sneaton Thorpe [NZ 90654 06188] Sneaton Thorpe Beck [NZ 90390 05772] Sneaton Thorpe Lane [NZ 90591 06378] Sneaton Thorpe Wood [NZ 90356 05706] Fylingdales, Whitby Strand Wapentake Fyling Thorpe or Fylingthorpe (Fielinga 1160, Prestethorpe, 13th century, Nortfigelinge) [NZ 94478 05026] Thorpe Beck [NZ 94486 04858] Thorpe Green [NZ 94122 04833] Thorpe Hall [NZ 94480 04951] Thorpe Lane [NZ 94924 05265] Thorpe Villa [NZ 93742 05175] Guisborough, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Pinchinthorpe [NZ 57959 14252] Pinchinthorpe Hall [NZ 57528 14067] Pinchinthorpe House [NZ 58185 14824] Pinchinthorpe Moor [NZ 59111 12999] Pinchinthorpe (parish) [NZ 57628 14403]	68
threll, trail	ON þræll [149]	OE þræl	thrall, serf, slave
thring, thyrn	ON (1) Þyrni, (2) þyrni, (3) þyrnir (4) Þyrnir [372]	OE (3) þyrne	(1) Þyrni (personal name) (2) a place growing with thorns (3) a thorn, thorn-bush (4) Þyrnir (personal name)	Thringarth [NY 93329 22965] Thringarth Park [NY 94420 23066] Thringarth Pasture [NY 92498 22729]	3
throstle	ON þrostr [222]	OE þrēasce	song thrush	Throstle Nest [SD 98430 89152] Throstle Hill [SE 11062 77571] Throstle Nest [NZ 47286 13575] Throstle Nest [NZ 87473 06093] Throstle Nest [NZ 69588 15485] Throstle Nest [SE 55374 63483] Throstle Nest [SE 37819 90064] Throstle Nest [SE 62869 80968] Throstles Nest [SD 97906 69083] Throstles Nest Barn [SD 97901 69455] Thrush House [SE 59543 67803] Thrush House [NZ 60882 20894] West Throstle Nest [NZ 69260 15397]	13
throx	ON Þórsteinn [367]		Þórsteinn (personal name)	Throxenby [TA 01696 88896] Throxenby Beck (Lady Edith's Drive) [TA 01535 88773] Throxenby Hall [TA 01310 88941] Throxenby Head [TA 01201 89269] Throxenby Lane [TA 01772 89320] Throxenby Mere [TA 00911 88760]	6
thu(f), tew(f)	ON Þúfa [370]		Þúfa (personal name)	Tewfit How [SE 05425 93490] Tewfit Mires [SD 99600 92899] Tewfit Mires Well [SD 99466 93101]	3
thwaite, twait, wait(e)	ON þveit, þvait [30]		"piece cut out or off", village, small settlement, paddock, meadow, forest clearing	Aysgarth, Hang West Wapentake Thwaite [SD 89278 98262] Thwaite Beck [SD 88830 98183] Thwaite Bridge [SD 89133 98118] Thwaite Common [SD 86264 97381] Thwaite Side [SD 88657 97952] Thwaite Stones [SD 89642 98799] Thwaite Wood [SD 89413 98619] ** ** ** ** Barningham, Gilling West Wapentake Garnathwaite [NZ 03275 09656] Garnathwaite Plantation [NZ 03378 10031] Garnathwaite Pasture [NZ 03290 10303] Brignall, Gilling West Wapentake Thwaite [NZ 04026 11160] Thwaite Beck [NZ 03152 11201] Thwaite Bridge [NZ 03694 11173] Thwaite Green [NZ 03409 11486] ** ** ** ** Agatwayt and Langthwayte Close (13th century) Bertwait and Setwait (1160) Bleakthwaite [SD 85234 93291] Brackenthwaite [SE 28080 51348] Brackenthwaite Lane [SE 27840 51265] Braithwaite (Cottages) [NZ 82576 03240] Calf Thwaite (Farm) [SE 98984 97782] Garfit [NZ 56378 03043] Garfit Gap [NZ 55815 03037] Haythwaite [NZ 05632 09163] Hilla Thwaite Green [SE 95027 90287] Hunderthwaite [NY 98519 21184] Langthwaite [SE 03811 83151] Nathwaite Bridge [SE 06623 83739] Raithwaite [NZ 86954 11650] Raithwaite Gill [NZ 86799 11941] Raithwaite Hall [NZ 86901 11571] Raithwaite Lodge [NZ 87150 12050] Raithwaite Plantation [NZ 87003 11767] Southwaite House (17th century) Thorney Wait(e) [NZ 77665 06278] Thwaite Beck [NZ 01587 11006] Thwaite Head [SE 85366 89641] Thwaite Holme [SD 95975 90710] Thwaite Holme Lane [SD 95783 90724] Thwaite Wood [SE 85385 89841] Thwaites Lane [NZ 60741 24362] Wait Cliff [SE 91660 91388] Waitcliff End [SE 91886 91412] Waitcliff Howe (Tumulus) [SE 91208 91054] Waitekeld [SE 67477 62406] Waite Wood [SE 68529 72100] Waites House [NZ 65427 03675] Waits House [NZ 83409 01401]	48
tid	ON tíð [487]	OE tîd	tide, time	Tidkinhow [NZ 64556 14199] Tidkinhow Head [NZ 64565 13406] Tidkinhow Slack [NZ 64554 13565] Tidkinhow Wood [NZ 65020 14467]	4
tir	ON tyri, tyrfi [190]		dry resinous fir-tree used for making a fire
tod	ON (1) Toddi (2) Tófa [373]		(1) Toddi (personal name) (2) Tófa (personal name)	Tod Howe [NZ 66880 11797]	1
toft	ON topt, tupt [39]	OE toft	site of a single house, farm, homestead (a mark of Danish settlement, as distinguished from Norwegian)	Allan Tofts (Tops) [NZ 83064 02980] Barnby Tofts [NZ 82253 13935] East Toft Dike [SE 85073 92226] East Toft Howe (Tumulus) [SE 84785 91228] Hartoft (parish) [SE 75920 96636] Hartoft Beck [SE 75409 93261] Hartoft Bridge [SE 74929 92541] Hartoft Bridge Farm [SE 75029 92764] Hartoft End [SE 75015 93005] Hartoft Rigg [SE 74904 95332] Hartoft Wood [SE 75792 93541] High Toft Hills [TA 00656 92326] Lingers Toft [NZ 94671 05348] Low Toft Hills [TA 00897 92337] Tofta Farm [SE 98175 98448] Tofta Hill [SE 98476 98480] Tofta Road [SE 98518 98742] Toft Hill [SE 62134 73540] Toft Hill Farm [NZ 46291 04902] Toft House [NZ 86325 08905] Toft Wood [SE 62156 73331] Tofts [SE 73514 60642] Tofts Hill [SD 86422 54189] Tofts Lane [SE 48081 66780] Tuft House [SE 68315 76711] Widgey Toft [NZ 81689 14600] Widgeytoft Gill [NZ 81486 14862]	27
tol(l), toul, tow	ON Tollr [374]		Tollr (personal name)	Tollesby [NZ 51142 15589] Tollesby (Foot) Bridge [NZ 50921 15406] Tollesby Hall [NZ 50738 15948] Tollesby Waste [NZ 51032 15466]	4
ton	ON tún [27]	OE tūn	an enclosure, a farmstead, a village, an estate (in Norse deeds each farm is called a tún)	Allerston, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Allerston [SE 88250 93550] ** ** ** ** Bedlington's Lane [NZ 93996 05567] ** ** ** ** Brayton House [NZ 83186 01347] Scalby, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Burniston (Brinitun, Brinnistun DB) [TA 00806 92974] Burniston Farm [TA 01017 92997] Cayton, (Pickering Lythe) Whitby Strand Wapentake Cayton Carr [TA 05087 81463] Cayton Carr House [TA 04660 82345] Scalby, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Cloughton [TA 00551 94650] Hawnby, Birdforth Wapentake Dale Town [SE 51870 89479] Easington, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Easington [NZ 74264 17961] Easington End Farm [NZ 73950 18050] Easington Farm [NZ 73969 17984] Easington Hall [NZ 74550 18050] Easington Hall Farm (on site of Easington Hall) [NZ 74717 18095] Easington Heights [NZ 75087 19004] Easington Wood [NZ 75511 17161] Seamer, Pickering Lythe Wapentake East Ayton [SE 99405 85058] East Ayton Dike [TA 00158 82661] Ebberston, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Ebberston [SE 91830 92138] Ebberston Low Moor [SE 91139 91100] Ebberston High Moor [SE 90778 93691] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Egton (Egetune DB) [NZ 80765 06191] Bossall, Bulmer Wapentake Flaxton [SE 67794 62292] Flaxton (parish) [SE 67734 62493] Flaxton Grange [SE 68377 63075] Flaxton Lodge [SE 68197 62059] ** ** ** ** Hamilton [NZ 92692 05277] Bossall, Bulmer Wapentake Harton [SE 70767 62099] Harton (parish) [SE 70441 61626] Harton Hills [SE 71575 61275] Harton House [NZ 93946 05305] Harton Lodge Plantation [SE 69203 61048] Harton Lodges [SE 69530 61293] Harton Moor [SE 68623 61143] High Straggleton [NZ 87500 11447] High Thornton Moor [NZ 48643 12278] Hutton Mulgrave (Mulegrif 1160, Hotone, Hotune) [NZ 83660 10023] Skelton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Kilton [NZ 69620 17373] Kilton [NZ 70158 18222] Kilton Beck [NZ 71001 18469] Kilton Castle (Remains of) [NZ 70369 17603] Kilton Hall [NZ 69949 18197] Kilton Hill [NZ 69478 17076] Kilton Mines (Ironstone) [NZ 69540 16878] Kilton Thorpe [NZ 69397 17599] Kilton Thorpe Lane [NZ 69253 18436] ** ** ** ** Knapton Ings [SE 88033 78515] Knapton Ings House [SE 88211 78479] Knapton Lodge [SE 87227 77486] Cayton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Lebberston Carr [TA 07501 81005] Lebberston Carr Farm [TA 06993 81394] Liverton, Langbaurgh East Wapentake Liverton [NZ 71347 15906] Liverton Beck [NZ 70085 15701] Liverton Grange [NZ 71515 17964] Liverton Lane [NZ 71217 15346] Liverton Lodge [NZ 71184 17330] Liverton Mill [NZ 70160 15508] Liverton Mine (Ironstone) [NZ 70861 18190] Liverton Mines [NZ 71364 17889] Liverton Moor [NZ 72055 12615] Liverton New Road [NZ 72109 12556] Liverton (parish) [NZ 71084 14912] Liverton Terrace [NZ 71382 17993] Lockton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Lockton [SE 84284 90112] Lockton Low Moor [SE 85908 92685] ** ** ** ** Low Straggleton [NZ 87682 11859] Low Thornton Moor [NZ 48865 12875] Marton Le Forest, Bulmer Wapentake Marton Abbey [SE 58481 69589] Marton Bridge [SE 58572 69287] Marton cum Moxby [SE 59664 69069] Marton in the Forest [SE 60128 68147] Marton Park [SE 58150 69509] Marton Priory (site of) (Austin Friars) [SE 58477 69456] West Marton Farm [SE 59316 69322] Sinnington, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Marton [SE 73593 83128] Marton Bridge [SE 73225 83193] Marton Common [SE 72878 83507] Marton Head [SE 73079 83775] Marton Hill [SE 72581 83540] Marton (parish) [SE 73696 83587] Marton, Langbaurgh West Wapentake Marton in Cleveland [NZ 51708 15773] Marton Cottage [NZ 51294 15847] Marton Farm [NZ 51224 15904] Marton Grange [NZ 51899 14983] Marton Grove [NZ 50014 18488] Marton Hall [NZ 51727 16115] Marton Low Farm [NZ 50455 17642] Marton Moor [NZ 53596 14946] Marton Moor House [NZ 53370 14529] Marton (parish) [NZ 51750 15539] Marton Road [NZ 50915 16928] Marton West [NZ 49466 17506] Marton West Beck [NZ 49726 18449] Middleton, Pickering Lythe Wapentake Middleton [SE 78331 85839] Middleton [SE 78494 85289] Middleton Carr Lane [SE 77795 84974] Middleton Dale [SE 78280 86580] Middleton Hall [SE 78314 85382] Middleton Heights [SE 78598 87963] Middleton Lane [SE 78396 86486] Middleton (parish) [SE 76228 82726] Middleton Road [SE 78883 84708] ** ** ** ** Murton (parish) [SE 53231 87786] Murton [SE 53705 88040] Nether Silton [SE 45340 92278] Nether Silton (parish) [SE 45650 92156] Newton [SE 81049 90568] Newton Beck [NZ 78893 15742] Newton Farm [NZ 88886 03971] Newton Hall (Site of foundations) [NZ 78640 15666] Newton House [NZ 88755 03911] Newton House Lodge [NZ 89048 04195] Newton House Wood (Plantation) [NZ 88567 03900] Newton Lane [NZ 78582 15595] Newton Mulgrave [NZ 78619 15536] Newton Mulgrave Moor [NZ 77752 13215] Newton Mulgrave (parish) [NZ 77560 13865] Newton Mulgrave Woods [NZ 77661 13651] Over Silton [SE 45375 93313] Over Silton (parish) [SE 44719 93618] Ruston [SE 95596 83187] Ruston Beck [SE 95645 81938] Ruston Cottage Pasture [SE 95724 83531] Ruston Moor Road [SE 95392 85127] Ruston Quarry [SE 95285 85020] Ryton [SE 79288 75727] Ryton Bridge [SE 79603 75361] Ryton Grange [SE 77001 75547] Ryton Ings [SE 80157 75732] Ryton Old Lane [SE 79872 75036] Ryton Old Road [SE 80166 74438] Ryton (parish) [SE 77904 76301] Ryton Riggs [SE 78102 75480] Ryton Stile Road [SE 78858 73420] Seaton Church (supposed site of) [NZ 78583 17778] Seaton Garth [NZ 78375 18822] Seaton Gill [NZ 76409 16805] Seaton Hall [NZ 78067 17783] Seatons Hill [NZ 67299 15645] Seatons Hill House [NZ 67078 15600] Sheriff Hutton [SE 65278 66596] Sheriff Hutton Carr [SE 66400 67638] Sheriff Hutton Ings [SE 65559 67693] Silton Hall [SE 45364 92334] Skelton Wath [SE 85483 78795] Sneaton (Sneton, Snetune 1160 and DB) [NZ 89311 07727] Sneaton Castle [NZ 88173 10639] Sneaton Corner [NZ 91509 03645] Sneaton Hall [NZ 89132 07805] Sneaton High Moor [NZ 88828 01182] Sneaton Low Moor [NZ 89771 03877] Sneaton Thorpe Beck [NZ 90330 05713] Sneaton Thorpe Wood [NZ 90356 05706] Staintondale (Steintun DB) [SE 98974 98408] Tanton [NZ 52250 10598] Tanton Bridge [NZ 52374 10538] Tanton Carr [NZ 51110 10868] Tanton Dykes [NZ 52656 09786] Tanton Grove [NZ 52626 09465] Tanton Hall [NZ 52460 10706] Tanton House [NZ 52217 10637] Tanton North [NZ 52650 10972] Tanton South [NZ 52404 10494] Tanton Villa [NZ 52419 10006] Thornton House [SE 38309 89855] Thornton Marishes [SE 84597 79582] Thornton Moor [NZ 49093 12530] Townlands [NZ 78734 15494] Upton [NZ 73778 19188] Upton Hall [NZ 83973 13504] Upton Hill [NZ 73668 19260] Wilton Carr [SE 86678 80698] Wilton Carr Lane [SE 86354 80885] Wilton Grange [SE 87153 81559] Wilton Grange [NZ 57661 21302] Wilton Ings [SE 87247 81262] Wilton Ings Lane [SE 87090 81593] Wilton Moor Plantation [NZ 57589 18055]	178
top(p)	ON topt [421]	OE top	a green tuft or knoll	Bank Top [NZ 66919 21223] Blakey Topping [SE 87266 93822] Green Lane Top [NZ 90710 10979] Runswick Bank Top [NZ 80870 16157] Top End [NZ 66527 04931] Topping Riggs [NZ 90167 07951] Topping Riggs Wood [NZ 89917 08292]	7
tran, tren	ON trani [462]	OE crân	a crane	Trenholme [NZ 44066 02834] Trenholme Bar Cottages [NZ 43816 04763] Trenholme Bridge [NZ 44128 03484] Trenholme Farm [NZ 44805 02368] Trenholme Lane [NZ 45061 04474] Trenholme (parish) [NZ 44440 02507] Trenholme Stell [NZ 44503 03163]	7
trough	ON trog [161]	OE trog	a long, narrow container, open on top, for feeding or watering animals, trough, tray	Cross Keld Trough [NZ 94301 05828] Fryup Trough [NZ 71013 01829] Gurling Trough [SD 98372 67487] Hole Trough Bridge (Foot) [NZ 78105 06623] Perry Trough [SE 38983 89409] Pigtrough Griff [SE 83432 91988] Trough [SD 97751 90303] Trough [NZ 44787 00296] Trough [SD 81432 67361] Trough [SD 98020 69143] Trough [SD 96383 91030] Trough [SD 93787 90981] Trough [SE 16982 53862] Trough [SE 17003 54223] Trough [SE 05520 82887] Trough [SE 56065 91768] Trough [NZ 72164 03046] Trough [NZ 73842 05175] Trough [NZ 74556 03631] Trough [NZ 74250 05883] Trough [NZ 74419 06056] Trough [NZ 66615 10147] Trough [NZ 82831 00500] Trough Gill Beck [NZ 70898 01865] Trough Hill [NY 95828 06645] Trough House [NZ 70276 01979] Trough Plantation [SE 52367 90515] Troughs [NZ 82025 12558]	28
trout, trowt, truz, truce	ON Trútr [375]		Trútr (personal name)	Broxa-cum-Troutsdale [SE 92134 89851] Trouts Dale [SE 92451 88110] Troutsdale [SE 92145 89072] Troutsdale Beck [SE 92926 89254] Troutsdale Brow [SE 92845 88079] Troutsdale Brow Plantation [SE 92709 87847] Troutsdale Lodge [SE 92532 89418] Troutsdale Low Hall [SE 93216 89963] Troutsdale Mill [SE 91694 87461] Troutsdale Moor [SE 91660 88755] Troutsdale (parish) [SE 92108 89068] Troutsdale School [SE 92590 89246]	12
turf	ON (1) torf (2) Turf [500]	OE (1) turf	(1) turf, (2) Turf (personal name)	Biller Howe Turf Rigg [NZ 91383 00477] Green Turf [NZ 69466 21771]	2
uck, huk	ON Útkári [378]		Útkári (personal name)	Huker Mire [SD 95824 87259] Hukermire Moss [SD 94453 88447] Uckerby [NZ 24454 02156] Uckerby Beck [NZ 24737 02377] Uckerby Grange [NZ 24381 02290] Uckerby Hall [NZ 24775 02540] Uckerby Mill [NZ 24226 02658] Uckerby (parish) [NZ 24903 02423]	8
ug, ugge, huge	ON Uggi [376]		Uggi (personal name)	Ugthorpe [NZ 79602 11087] Ugthorpe Hall [NZ 79601 11007] Ugthorpe House [NZ 79300 11444] Ugthorpe Lodge [NZ 78431 11108] Ugthorpe Moor [NZ 78078 10831] Ugthorpe (parish) [NZ 79726 10669] Ugthorpe Windmill [NZ 79203 11534]	7
ugle, ugel, uggel, oggel, uggle	ON Uglubarði [6]		Uglubarði (personal name)	Ugglebarnby [NZ 88184 07178] Ugglebarnby Moor [NZ 88870 05295] Ugglebarnby (parish) [NZ 87867 05408]	3
up-	ON upp [442]	OE up	up	Upleatham [NZ 63334 19350] Upleatham (parish) [NZ 63224 19753] Upton [NZ 73778 19188] Upton Hall [NZ 83973 13504] Upton Hill [NZ 73668 19260]	5
upgang	ON upp-gangr (1) upp-ganga (2) [188]	OE ūpgang (2)	(1) a pass or stile - up + walk (2) a rising, sunrise, approach, ascent, landing, incursion inland	Upgang [NZ 88248 11875] Upgang Beck [NZ 88076 11689] Upgang Lane [NZ 88705 11482]	3
upsal(l)	ON up-salir [449]	OE up	high dwellings	Ormesby, Langbaurgh West Wapentake East Upsall Farm [NZ 56321 15318] Upsall Carrs Plantation [NZ 55151 14797] Upsall Cottages [NZ 55846 15704] Upsall Grange [NZ 55207 16010] Upsall Hall [NZ 54764 15768] Upsall Intake Plantation [NZ 56222 16686] Upsall Hall Farm [NZ 55019 15944] Upsall Mill Farm (supposed site of Hospital of St Lawrence) [NZ 56179 15994] Upsall Moor (Mount Pleasant Earthwork) [NZ 55825 16540] Upsall (parish) [NZ 55898 16104] Upsall Pit (Ironstone) [NZ 57236 17246] Upsall Quarry [NZ 56115 16254] Upsall Quarry Cottages [NZ 56290 16253] Upsall Wood [NZ 56454 16297] South Kilvington, Birdforth Wapentake Upsall [SE 45434 87138] Upsall Castle [SE 45416 87030] Upsall Farm [SE 45339 87213] Upsall (parish) [SE 45101 86558] Upsall Park[SE 45485 86694] Upsall Park [SE 45420 86009]	20
oval	ON valr [488]	OE ana-wealg	round, oval	Ovalgate Cliff [NZ 84515 14766]	1
var, varda	ON varða, vara [154]	OE bécn, bécen, beácen, warenian	beacon, heap of stones, cairn, a pile of stones or wood to 'warn' a wayfarer as to the course of the way	Warsett [NZ 69260 21064] Warsett Beacon (Site of) [NZ 69086 21348] Warsett Farm [NZ 72433 19788] Warsett Hill [NZ 72086 19808] Warsett Hill (Tumuli, Beacon site of) [NZ 69221 21436]	5
vat, wat	ON vatn [147]	OE wæter	water, enclosed body of water	Water Ark Pool [NZ 82897 02204] Water Ark Scar [NZ 83062 02288] Water Dittins [NZ 72579 11874] Water Gate [NZ 82954 07495] Water Gate Ford [NZ 82865 07521] Water Griff [SE 83674 92239] Water Ling Force [SD 94227 86581] Waterslakgille (lost)	8
voe	ON vágr [146]	OE wæg	creek, small sheltered bay, a fishing-place in northern Norway
wal, weal	ON völlr [110]	OE weald, wald	field, close or paddock
wall, well	ON veggr [104]	OE wæcg	wall	Crag Well [NZ 85539 08652] Park Wall [NZ 93338 02946] Park Wall [NZ 13875 07680] Park Wall (site of) [NZ 93875 03253] Gaskel Well [NZ 72050 18050]	5
wang	ON vangr (1) [187]	OE wang (2)	(1) a garden, an in-field (2) a plain, field	Black Beck Swang [NZ 70772 11045] Blakey Swang [SE 68286 99808] Gale Swang [NZ 71871 10402] Glaisdale Swang [NZ 75808 05583] Green Swan [NZ 79427 18073] Green Swang [SE 89203 99771] Lower Swang [NZ 76475 05918] Swang Head [NZ 74532 04628] Swang House [SE 89761 92954] Swang House [NZ 76375 05754] Tarn Hole Swang [SE 59553 97829]	11
warp	ON varpa [107]	OE wearp, warp	(1) throw, cast (2) warp, threads stretched lengthwise in a loom; twig, osier	Ruswarp (Risewarp 1160) [NZ 88642 09320] Ruswarp Bank [NZ 88767 09337] Ruswarp Carrs [NZ 87624 08522] Ruswarp Hall [NZ 88950 09350]	4
-wath	ON (1) Vaði (2) vað (3) vaða [106]	OE (2) wæd (3) wadan	(1) Vaði (personal name) (2) a ford (3) to wade through shallow water	Birchwath Gill [NZ 77686 02417] Birchwath Slack [NZ 78401 02084] Birk Wath [NZ 72958 02491] Birk Wath Beck [NZ 73154 02643] Birk Wath Pits (Old Coal Pits) [NZ 72783 02352] Birk Wath Slack [NZ 73062 02489] Blawath Beck [SE 81522 97395] Blawath Crag [SE 81212 97657] Bluewath Beck [SE 75340 99635] Bluewath Beck [NZ 73625 00882] Briggswath [NZ 87024 08202] Broad Ings Wath [SE 58102 00232] Coach Wath [SE 87254 96947] Cow Wath Bank [NZ 83980 01148] Cow Wath Beck [TA 02092 91755] Cow Wath Bridge [NZ 83889 01157] Cow Wath Bridge [TA 02038 90907] Eller Wath [SE 74789 87967] Farwath [SE 83007 88308] Farwath Brow [SE 82562 88678] Farwath Road [SE 82689 88445] Flawith [SE 48241 65582] Flawith Moor [SE 47330 65221] Flawith (parish) [SE 47946 65030] Gainforth Wath [SE 97416 98350] Gainforth Wath Road [SE 97431 98624] Gill Wath (waterfall) [SE 67189 99806] Grundstone Wath [SE 77486 96872] Helwath [SE 94958 99135] Helwath Beck [SE 95551 99578] Helwath Bridge [SE 95454 99549] Helwath Grains [NZ 95911 00188] Helwath Grain Side [NZ 96196 99973] Helwath Plantation [SE 95076 99715] Helwath Road [SE 95349 98762] Helwath Wash Fold [SE 94857 98517] Helwath Wood [SE 94995 98802] High Oxam Wath [SE 91554 93747] Hither Slape Stones [SE 47622 96973] Howe Wath [NZ 69351 08275] Howe Wath Bridge [NZ 69556 08300] Knapton Wath House [SE 87513 78255] Low Oxam Wath [SE 92110 92964] Middle Birchwath Slack [NZ 77599 02231] New Wath [NZ 81441 00285] New Wath Scar [NZ 81924 00561] Nutholm Wath [SE 74534 87802] Prior Wath [SE 98682 97713] Prior Wath Road [SE 98525 98096] Quarry Wath [TA 00397 93670] Rake Wath [NZ 78064 06564] Sandwath Beck [SE 49677 62121] Sandwath Bridge [SE 49309 62098] Sandswath Beck [NZ 58829 15694] Sandswath Bridge [NZ 59442 16010] Skelton Wath [SE 85483 78795] Slape Stone Beck [NZ 95473 01803] Slape Stones [SE 70189 91273] Slape Stones [SE 47613 97043] Slape Stones Beck [SE 47297 97108] Slape Stones Wath [SE 70168 91520] Slapewath (Slaipwath, Slaypewath) [NZ 78405 18895] Slapewath Beck [NZ 63993 15808] Slapewath Bridge [NZ 64233 15821] Slapewath Junction [NZ 63762 15810] Slapewath Mines [NZ 64579 14650] Slape Wath Moor [SE 59916 98493] Sockburn Wath [NZ 35095 07123] Stony Wath [NZ 71093 10104] Thorn Key Wath [NZ 91400 03078] Wath [SE 67619 74961] Wath Beck [SE 68257 75257] Wath Farm [SE 67627 74996] Wath Hill [NZ 53438 01277] Wath Mill (Disused) [SE 67494 74974] Wath (parish) [SE 67474 74416] Wath (parish) [NZ 53569 01025] Wath Wood [SE 67371 74236]	78
way	ON vegr [474]	OE weg	way, a road	Broadway Foot [SE 56150 88716] Hagg Way [SE 99815 99777] Inner Luff Way [NZ 61135 25309] Little Luff Way [NZ 61138 25390] Luff Way [NZ 60838 26112] Norway Wood [SE 20745 97433] Way Foot [NZ 95373 04839] Way Side Farm [SE 97781 97691] Waytail Beck [NZ 71694 17474] White Way [TA 00636 94876]	10
wed	ON veiðr [105]		place for fishing, hunting	Wedland Slack [SE 84380 90283]	1
wed, weth	ON (1) veðr (2) veðr [475]	OE (1) weðer (2) weder	(1) wether (2) weather	Wether Hill [SE 54401 98030]	1
well	ON vesla, vesl, vermsl [61]	OE willa, wella, wylla, wille, wielle, welle, wylle	a well or spring that never freezes	Broach Well (and spring) [SE 53718 90122] Coney Well Spring [NZ 97520 01040] Doland Well [SE 05985 84442] Dowbrow Well [NZ 95317 06155] Fairy Well [SE 12423 89678] Foss Hill (Well) [NZ 88069 07187] Gaskel Well [NZ 72050 18050] Hawk Nest Well [NZ 01121 09113] Hinderwell [NZ 79518 16789] Hinderwell (St Hilda's Farm) [NZ 79244 16954] Hinderwell (St Hilda's Church) [NZ 79041 17011] Hinderwell (St Hilda's Well) [NZ 79045 17072] Hinderwell Lane [NZ 78650 17425] Hinderwell (parish) [NZ 80032 16690] Holms Well [TA 01326 93034] Holygill Well [NZ 71020 16499] Holywell Cottage [NZ 72306 16828] Holywell Farm [NZ 72742 16663] Jacob's Well [NZ 77118 15782] Kelding Well [NZ 80712 12689] Kendray Well [SE 11130 90223] Kettle Well Cottage [NZ 93182 02292] Lady Hilda's Well [NZ 84232 08618] Magpie Well [SE 14534 90509] Mires Well [NZ 86588 10806] Old Gill Well [SE 48029 93242] Oxnop Pot Well [SD 94264 97431] Silpho Well [SE 96524 92614] Spa Well [NZ 84318 04270] Tewfit Mires Well [SD 99466 93101] Teydale Well [SE 97477 97675] Three Crosses Well [NZ 75626 18522] Well Dale [NZ 78474 17395] Well Lane [NZ 49257 11297]	34
west	ON vestr [103]	OE west	the west, westerly	Bilsdale West Moor [SE 55565 96019] High West Side [SE 92918 93609] Low West Side [SE 92908 93650] Marton West [NZ 49466 17506] Marton West Beck [NZ 49726 18449] Rosedale West [SE 70738 96727] West Acklam (Detached nos 1 and 2) [NZ 52178 12791] West Bank [SE 82535 89603] West Barnby [NZ 82070 12623] West Beck [SE 81253 99970] West Beck [NZ 52064 06730] West Black Sike [NY 99258 10059] West Cliff [NZ 88850 11650] West Coatham Grange [NZ 56585 22772] West Coatham Marsh [NZ 57148 23903] West Cote [NZ 54569 00029] West Croft [SE 96512 89733] Westcroft Bridge [SE 96048 89968] West Dike [NZ 60413 23740] West Dyke [NZ 60141 24851] West Field [SE 56233 65900] West Gates [NZ 66752 09712] West Hall Beck [SE 09560 51163] West Ings [SE 76535 75371] West Ling [NZ 01583 12314] West Lodge [NZ 93645 03943] West Marton Farm [SE 59316 69322] West Pack [NZ 77330 18810] West Scar [NZ 95351 05164] West Scar [NZ 60232 25855] Westscar Head [NZ 59612 26103] West Skelder Farm [NZ 84098 10456] West Throstle Nest [NZ 69260 15397] Westworth Farm [NZ 63748 14122] Westworth Plantation [NZ 63301 13497] Westworth Wood [NZ 63463 13834]	36
whale	ON (1) Hvalr (2) hvalr [307]	OE hwœl	(1) Hvalr (personal name) (2) a whale	Falsgrave [TA 02655 87874]	1
wheat	ON hveiti [492]	OE hwæte	wheat	Wheatacres Farm [NZ 60071 22729] Wheatlands Farm [NZ 61384 22622]	2
wheel	ON (1) hvel, (2) hjól [174]	OE hweowol	(1) and (2) a wheel + ON dalr	Wheeldale Beck [SE 81246 98417] Wheeldale Bogs [SE 77899 96626] Wheeldale Bridge (foot) [SE 80214 99186] Wheeldale Bridge (foot) [SE 80163 96938] Wheeldale Gill [SE 80485 99075] Wheeldale Gill [NZ 75772 00512] Wheeldale Howe [SE 76666 99367] Wheeldale Lodge [SE 81319 98379] Wheeldale Moor [SE 79507 97982] Wheeldale Road [SE 80410 98269]	10
whin	ON hvein [186]	OE gorst, gost, georst	gorse, furze	Adamson's Whin (Fox Covert) [NZ 61789 22920] Alne Whin [SE 48724 64272] Appleton Whin Fox Covert [NZ 39805 05978] High Whins [NZ 77175 10905] Lazenby Whin (Fox Covert) [NZ 56142 22487] Low Whins [NZ 77190 10783] Marishes Whin (fox covert) [SE 82688 78371] Meggitts Lane Whin [NZ 58196 23157] Skeeby Whin [NZ 20732 02290] Thirkell's Whin [SE 29172 50789] Tunstall Whins [NZ 52463 11603] Whin Bank Plantation [NZ 93267 03964] Whin Brow [TA 01266 95376] Whin Covert [SE 99594 86257] Whin Green [NZ 87006 07784] Whingroves [NZ 55952 02802] Whin Hall [SD 95173 99178] Whin Hill [SE 99950 98850] Whinny Closes [SE 70707 61339] Whinnyera Barn [TA 01472 91935] Whinny Bank [NZ 58639 14983] Whinny Bank [NZ 46030 00942] Whinny Bank [SE 46961 96754] Whinny Hill (Tumulus) [NZ 83296 14505] Whinny Lane [SE 68847 60096] Whinny Nab [SE 86495 94815] Whinny Wood [NZ 89950 05350] Whin Rake [NZ 74360 12438] Whinstone Cottages [NZ 82055 04012] Whinstone Quarries [NZ 81926 04231] Whinstone Quarries [NZ 82531 04119] Whinstone Ridge [NZ 86007 02425] Whinthorn Ridge Gill [SE 12426 52075] Whinthorn Ridge [SE 12696 52306] Whinnyera Barn [TA 01472 91935] Whinny Nab [SE 86495 94815]	36
whit, white	ON (1) Hvíti (2) hvítr [185]	OE (2) hwīt	(1) Hvíti (personal name) (2) white	High Whitby [NZ 92796 09558] High Whitby [NZ 93153 09802] Peter White Cliff [NZ 96213 03026] Whitby [NZ 90341 10964] Whitby [NZ 89943 11370] Whitby Abbey (Benedictine, in ruins A.D. 1074) [NZ 90369 11192] Whitby Helredale [NZ 90371 10912] Whitby Sands [NZ 89006 11732] White Bank [NZ 55416 17249] White Beck [SE 92514 91486] White Carr [SE 66583 60301] Whitecarr Beck [SE 74040 61291] White Carr Nooking [SE 66484 60811] White Cliff [NZ 71218 18288] White Cliff (Whitecliff) Beck [NZ 71523 18123] White Cliff (White Cliff) Wood [NZ 71278 18300] White Cliff Rigg [SE 87224 86257] White Close Hill [NZ 01612 12451] White Crag End [NZ 00423 08558] White Cross Beck [NZ 66874 18395] White Dale [SE 85188 90943] White Hall [SE 87547 79050] White Hill [SD 95915 98812] White House [NZ 94351 03613] White House [NZ 66805 21039] White House [TA 02522 90786] White House [TA 08850 82228] Whitehouse Farm [TA 00377 97769] White House Wood [NZ 66687 21019] White Leys [NZ 88708 11121] White Mires [SE 77239 96930] White Mires Slack [SE 76642 96236] Whitestone [TA 00269 97587] White Stone Hole [NZ 94967 07785] Whitestone Point [NZ 92833 10321] Whitestone Scar [SE 48737 92966] White Stones [NZ 82009 15468] White Stones [NZ 74792 20110] Whitestones Cliff [NZ 82181 15420] Whitestones Wife [NZ 74907 20137] Whitethorn [SE 86187 90893] White Way [TA 00636 94876] White Wood [SE 93602 90991] Whyett Bank [NZ 67472 07030] Whyett Bridge [NZ 67508 07115]	45
wic, wig(g), wyg	ON (1) Víkingr (2) víkingr [380]		(1) Víkingr (personal name) (2) a freebooter, rover, pirate	Terrington with Wigginton [SE 66589 70094] Wiganthorpe [SE 66047 72205] Wiganthorpe Hall [SE 66382 72242] Wiganthorpe Wood [SE 66521 72951] Wigginton [SE 59686 58575] Wigginton Cottage [SE 59481 56410] Wigginton Grange [SE 59108 58747] Wigginton Moor [SE 59106 59766] Wigginton (parish) [SE 59304 58331]	9
wick, wyke	ON vík (1) [184], [64], and [380]	OE (2) wic, wyk (3) -wic	(1) small creek, inlet, bay (2) dwelling-place, habitation, village (3) dwelling, village, castle, bay	Angling Wyke [NZ 77149 18852] Blea Wyke [NZ 98953 01563] Blea Wyke Lodge [NZ 98888 00968] Blea Wyke Point [NZ 99214 01470] Blea Wyke Steel [NZ 99235 01547] Brackenberry Wyke [NZ 79459 18286] Catwick (Farm) (House Farm) [NZ 90790 05994] Cloughton Wyke [TA 02686 95239] Deepgrove Wyke [NZ 85828 14004] Dirt Wyke [NZ 70149 21229] Ground Wyke [NZ 95563 05263] Ground Wyke Hole [NZ 95409 05074] Hardwick (Farm) [SE 95824 95467] Hayburn Wyke [TA 01262 97068] Hayburn Wyke Wood [TA 00809 97030] Hole Wyke [NZ 76233 19263] Jet Wyke [NZ 79007 18806] Longhorn Wyke [TA 03148 92709] Loop Wyke [NZ 84732 14785] Maw Wyke [NZ 94116 08305] Maw Wyke Hole [NZ 94192 08415] Overdale Wyke [NZ 85648 14390] Ravenswyke [SE 70632 87239] Ravenswyke Wood [SE 70819 87080] Rosedale Wyke [NZ 80172 17381] Runswick [NZ 81127 16081] Runswick Bank Top [NZ 80870 16157] Runswick Bay [NZ 82194 16096] Runswick Bay Hob Holes [NZ 81492 15484] Runswick Lane [NZ 80550 16132] Runswick Sands [NZ 81327 15582] Ruswick [SE 19625 89456] Ruswick Gill [SE 19165 89531] Saltwick [NZ 91650 10777] Saltwick Bay [NZ 91912 10919] Saltwick Farm [NZ 91415 10890] Saltwick Hole [NZ 91746 10963] Saltwick Nab [NZ 91646 11345] Sandsend Wyke [NZ 86833 12754] Sandy Wyke [NZ 77927 18931] Skivick Crag [SE 80913 97987] Slaithes Wyke [NZ 78404 18897] Wykeham High Moor [SE 91550 95850] Wyke Lodge [SE 99453 97562]	44
wine	ON vín [466]	OE wîn ODan vin	wine	Wine Beck [SE 07918 50523] Wine Beck Bridge [SE 08125 50323] Wine Beck Farm [SE 07889 50421] Wine Haven [NZ 97594 02426]	4
wid, with	ON (1) viðir (2) víðr (3) Viðrir (4) víðir [57]	OE (4) wīðig	(1) the wide sea (poetic) (2) wide (3) one of the names of Odin (4) willow	Widdy Field [NZ 93215 09238] Widdy Head [NZ 93317 09500]	2
-with, -worth	ON viðr [102]	OE widu, wudu ODan ved	a wood, forest, felled trees	Askwith Moor [SE 16604 51356] Beckwith [SE 28132 52318] Beckwith Cottage [SE 28408 52677] Beckwith Head [SE 28164 52989] Beckwith Head Farm [SE 28267 52595] Beckwith Head Road [SE 28254 53437] Beckwith House [SE 28226 52369] Beckwith Lodge [SE 28430 52758] Beckwithshaw [SE 26651 53079] Beckwith Stone [NZ 72878 11715] Brawith Bridge [SE 40932 86742] Brawith Hall [SE 40918 87298] Brawith Lane [SE 40717 87580] Brawith Wood [SE 41456 87443] Tranmire or Old Beckwith Stone [NZ 72726 11461] Ulwith [SE 17228 96478] Waithwith [SE 16023 97730] Waithwith Bank [SE 14335 98407] Waithwith Bank (Farm) [SE 14349 98498] Waithwith Bank Plantation [SE 13733 97919] Waithwith Grange [SE 15838 97842]	21
wy, wig, weigh	ON (1) Vé (2) vé [183]	OE wíg	(1) Vé (personal name) (2) holy, sanctuary, temple, sacred place, idol, temple	Vé-ey (Veøya) [62.670649, 7.424705]	1
wym, wem	ON Vígmundr [379]	OS VikmuntR	Vígmundr (personal name)	Low Wemmergill [NY 90161 21333] Wemmergill Beck [NY 90182 21409] Wemmergill Farm [NY 90305 21761] Wemmergill Hall [NY 90106 21747] Wemmergill Hole [NY 90068 22486] Wemmergill Pasture [NY 90511 22127]	6
wrag, wrau, wraw	ON Ragi [40]	ODan Wraghi	Ragi (Wraghi) (personal name)	Wragby [NZ 93650 00350] Wragby Wood [SE 93122 99920]	2
wrang, wrag, wrong	ON rangr, vrangr [476]	OE wrang	wrong, crooked, twisted, awry	Wrang Beck [SE 50041 66906]	1
wreay, wray, wro(e), ray, roe, -row, -rea	ON vrá [182]	OE scéat, sceatt, scætt	nook of land, corner, wray, outlying piece of land	Scalebor (olim Scalwra) near Askwith Wrea Head [TA 00457 91015] Wreahead Rigg [TA 00046 91075]	3
yadd, odd	ON (1) ydda, oddr (2) Oddr, Oddi [481]		(1) sharp tip, point, triangle, point of land (2) Oddr, Oddi (personal names)	Yaddow Mills [NZ 94971 04519]	1
yarn	ON Járnólfr [310]		Járnólfr (personal name)	Yarna Beck [SE 90488 93045]	1
youl	ON Geōla [233]		Geōla (personal name)	Youlton [SE 49274 63499] Youlton Hall [SE 49041 63438] Youlton Lodge [SE 50527 63584] Youlton Moor [SE 49129 64533] Youlton (parish) [SE 49638 63960] Youlton Plantation [SE 49026 64652]	6
yor	ON Jórekr [311]		Jórekr (personal name)	Yorfalls Wood [SE 81597 92377]	1

Footnotes

Capitalised words in definitions taken from "An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson are root words or important words e.g. SILFR in note 2 below.

[1] Place-names designated '1160'

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A place-name designated '1160' is one of the hamlets and places which existed circa 1160 in the manors and towns comprising the "lands, possessions, forests, churches, tithes and liberties" the corpus of the endowment of William de Percy (as augmented by Alan his son and William his grandson) in 1096 to his brother Serlo (the prior) and the monks of Whitby of the churches of St. Peter and St. Hilda as described in "Early Yorkshire Charters" (1914) William Farrer at page 200 as taken from the "Whitby Cartulary" (1879) J. C. Atkinson.

[2] ON personal names Silpho, Sǫlvi; ON silfr, 'silver': Silpho, Nether and Over Silton.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Sǫlvi (m. 9).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Sylve ODan (Silpho, Nether and Over Silton)

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Editor's note: Silpho, 'Silpa's Barrow'. Possibly Danish female personal name Silpa (Latin spelling of a Hebrew name meaning 'drop, tear (of myrrh)' or 'intimacy'); alternatively the first element is ON silfr, 'silver' which, together with the second element ON haugr gives 'silver how'.

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Silfow - Yorkshire Lay Subsidy R. 30 Edward I (1301) (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1897).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 386 and 405

silfr n. silver; … money

silfrbelti n. silver belt

Silfrtoppr m. one of the Æsir's horses

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 528, entry 17

SILFR, n., provincial, Icelandic also silbr [Gothic silubr; Old High German silbar; German silber; English 'silver'; Scottish siller; Danish sölv; Swedish silfuer] silver … when used as payment distinction is made between lög-silfr (q. v.), standard silver, Grág; gang-silfr. (quod vide), current silver; brennt silfr, burnt, purified silver … skírt silfr, pure silver … and blá-silfr (q. v.), blue, i. e. bad silver (blá-silfr had only the third part value of skírt silfr … grá-silfr, grey silver, brass; hence the phrase bera sem gull af grá-silfri, to surpass as gold does grey silver … II. as a nickname, silfri, silfra, … whence Silfra-staðir, Silfr-toppr (or Silfrin-toppr), 'Silver-forelock', Silver-top, the name of a mythical horse … B. Used in compounds to denote a thing made of silver; silfr-ampli, -ausa, -bolli, -buðkr, -diskr, -kalkr (-kaleikr), -ker, -munnlaug, -skál … a jug, scoop, bowl, box, plate, chalice, vessel, basin of silver.

• silfr-spánn, a silver spoon
• silfr-baugr, a silver ring
• silfr-belti, a silver belt
• silfr-borð, a desk of silver
• silfr-stíll, a silver pencil
• silfr-flyngja, a silver clasp
• silfr-spöng, a silver clasp
• silfr-búnaðr, silver ornaments
• silfr-sylgja, a silver brooch
• silfr-festr, a silver chain
• silfr-þráðr, silver-wire
• silfr-hadda, a silver handle
• silfr-hólkr, a silver knob to a stick
• silfr-horn, a drinking-horn of silver
• silfr-hringr, a silver ring
• silfr-rós, a silver rosary (?)
• silfr-kross, a silver cross
• silfr-lok, a silver lid
• silfr-skeið, a silver spoon
• silfr-men, a silver necklace
• silfr-penningr, a silver penny
• silfr-vápn, a silver weapon
• silfr-hella, a plate of silver
• silfr-beisl, a silver bit
• silfr-skrín, -hirzla, -kista, -kistill, a shrine, chest, box for keeping silver

C. Proper compounds:

• silfr-berg, n. silver ore
• silfr-búinn, part. silver-mounted
• silfr-drjúgr, adj. well stocked with silver, money
• silfr-eyrir, m. a silver ounce
• silfr-fátt, n. adj. lacking silver
• silfr-gangr, m. a silver standard
• silfr-hvítr, adj. silver-white
• silfr-lagðr, part. inlaid with silver
• silfr-ligr, adj. silvery
• silfr-merktr, adj. = silfrmetinn
• silfr-metinn, part. valued in silver
• silfr-ofinn, part. woven with silver
• silfr-rekinn, part. = silfrbúinn
• silfr-slátta, u, f. silver coinage
• silfr-smiðr, m. a silversmith
• silfr-smíð, f. silver-work

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"Words and Places" Isaac Taylor (1936) at page 138

Chapter VIII

The Northmen

The Norse haugr, a sepulchral mound, is often found in the names of mountains crowned by conspicuous tumuli. The name of the old Viking who lies buried here is often preserved in the first portion of such local names. Thus, Silver How, Bull How, Scale How, and Butterlip How, are, probably, the burial-places of the forgotten heroes, Sölvar, Böll, Skall, and Buthar Lipr.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at pages 422 & 409

Silpho YNR [Sifthou 1145-8, Silfhou 12, 1230 Whitby Silfho 1231 Ass]. Most probably an OE Scylf-hoh 'ridge with a peak or with a plateau', Scandinavianized. As the sound sh was unknown to early Scandinavian, an s might be substituted for it. The first element is really OE scylfe. See SCYLF.

OE scylf, scelf 'rock, crag', no doubt also 'ledge' and 'bank of a river', is a common element in place names. There was also OE scylfe, scilfe 'ledge, shelf', but probably used in other senses too. The two are not always easy to keep apart. The exact meaning of the elements in place names is often difficult to determine … OE scylfe, scilfe is the first element of … SILPHO …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake (1979) at page 115

Hackness

4. SILPHO 23 C 4

• Sifthou (sic) 1145-8 Whitby, Surtees Society Publications 69, 72, MS 15th century
• Silfhou, -how 1155-65, 1230, circa 1265-78, early 14th Whitby, Surtees Society Publications 69, 72, MS 15th century
• Silfho 1231 Ass, unpublished (Public Record Office)
• Silfow(e) LS, Yorkshire Archæological Society, Record Series 21; 1395 Whitby (Surtees Society Publications 69, 72, MS 15th century)
• Silfey Saxton

vide haugr. The first element is probably the Old Danish personal name Sylve (Nielsen 1883). Compare Silton 201 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake (1979) at page 201

Over Silton

2. OVER SILTON 22 B 2

• Silftune, Siluetun(e) DB, 12 Riev (p)
• Silton 1204 Ass; (Parva) LS, (Over) Vill

vide tun. The first element is probably the personal name found in Silpho 115 supra. Compare also Nether Silton (Allerton) 207 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake (1979) at page 207

Leake

7. NETHER SILTON 22 C 2

• Silftune DB
• Silton Paymill 1285 KI; (Paynel) E 1 BM, (Nether) Abbr

Other forms and interpretation as for Over Silton 202 supra. Isabell Paynell held land here in 1231 Ass.

[3] Bera ON (feminine personal name); ON Bjórá (personal name); ON bjórr, 'a beaver, beer': Bardale.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON feminine personal names Hallbera (f. 10) and Bera (f. <2).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 242 and 243

bera (1) f. she-bear; shield-name ('that which is carried'?)

bera (2) (bar) bear, carry

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 66, entry 6

BJÓRR, m. [Anglo Saxon beofar], a beaver, especially the beaver's skin … 2. a triangular cut off piece of skin … II. metaphorical a small piece of land …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 66, entry 5

BJÓRR, m. [Old High German pior or bior; Low German and modern German, bier; Anglo Saxon bior; English 'beer'] no doubt a word of German extraction, öl (öldr), ale, being the familiar word used in prose: bjór hardly ever occurs … and is a foreign word, … bjór however is very current in poetry, but the more popular poems, such as the Hávamál, only speak of öl or öldr …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 62, entry 21

bifra, u, f. [Anglo Saxon beber, befer], a beaver (?), a cognomen.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 263

Aysgarth

BARDALE

• Beredale 1280, 1285 YI 1283 Rich 33

Possibly 'Bera's valley' vide dæl. The OE personal name Bera may be assumed from Barbury (Wiltshire), Beranbyrg (ASC). OE bere seems impossible in this high country.

Professor Ekwall suggests that a probable etymology is ON bjórr 'a beaver', giving an ON Bjóra-dalr, or perhaps still better, a stream-name Bjórá (derived from bjórr).

[4] ON brokkr, OE brocc, 'a badger': Brocka Beck, Brock Hall, Brockrigg, Broxa (Brochesei 1160).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 81, entry 13

BROKKR, m., properly a badger (?) [German, Scottish, and Old English 'brock'] … the name of a dwarf … 2. a trotter, of a horse.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 81, entry 11

BROK, n. bad, black grass; hence Brok-ey, an island … compare broki, a, m. a nickname

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at page 422

Broxa YNR [Brokesaye 1090-6 YCh 855, Brokesey 1316 FA]. First element perhaps Broc personal name. The second may be OE gehæg, 'enclosure'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake (1979) at page 57

Scawton

BROCK HILL (6")

• Brochesholes circa 1150 Riev

vide brocc-hol.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 82

Pickering

BROCKA BECK

• Brocholebec(h) 1109-14 YCh 865

'Badger hole stream' vide brocc-hol, bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 111

Hackness

1. Broxa 23 C 4

• Brokesay(e), -eye 1090-6 YCh et passim to 1335 ForP
• Brochesei 1155-65 Whitby
• Broxhay 1335 ForP
• Brokessay 1395 Whitby

'Broc's hunting enclosure' vide (ge)hæg, 'a fence, hag, enclosure'. The position does not admit of a second element eg. For the possibility of such a personal name, vide MLR xiv. 235.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 276

Danby Wiske

BROCKHOLME

• Brokholme 1382 YD

'Field where badgers are found' vide brocc, holmr.

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"Notes and Queries" (22 January 1870) J. C. Atkinson (Danby in Cleveland) at page 105

As to Broxa and Silpho: the former, tempore Henry I., was written Brocesay; in the Abbot's Book (Whitby) Brocchesay, Broechesey, Brocehesei, &c.; in 1146, Brokesay; in 1316, Brokesey; &c.

This termination, varying through a, ay, ey, ei, eie, may be either Anglian or ODan. In Tordisa, Thordisa, other ancient forms of which are Tkordesay, Tordsay, Thordeisa (the old name of what is now East Row Beck, near Whitby), I have no doubt it is ON á, river, stream. If Anglian, the a or ey will mean islet, the name for which, as formed by a stream whether constantly or only periodically, is in this district almost invariably holm. Thus, there must be some forty or fifty holms in Cleveland alone.

Brock (or Broch, in its more ancient form) is a prefix of frequent occurrence in the district Broxa lies in; and in some instances it would seem to be a personal name, as in Brotton, Broughton, both formerly Broctun. In Broch-hole Beck, Brock-rigg, &c, the animal probably supplies the name.

On the whole, I think that, as Thordisa is "Thord's stream" Brocchesay is fully as likely to be Brock's stream as Badger's island.

I may add that, in close vicinity to Broxa, the local names Thirley, Thirlsey, Hella, Cockrah occur. Silpho, in the Abbot's Book, and in a deed dated 1146, is written Silfhou; in 1316 it stands Silfou; in 1396 Silfhow. The suffix in this case is, beyond doubt, the ON haugr, Norwegian haug, Swedish hög, Danish höj, Jutlandish hyv, &c. Silf may be the ODan Sölvi (Editor's note: or ON masculine personal name Sǫlvi), or Anglian Sealf. The fact that the Scandinavian houe is suffixed in many instances, in the district in question, to Anglian names is both patent and interesting. I instance only in Glap Howe (Anglian Glappa or Clappa) near Skelton, Lil-houe (Anglian Lilla), Basin Howe (Anglian Basing or Besing), Sexhow (Anglian Saexa), Potto (anciently Pothow, Pottowe; Anglian Putta) - all in Cleveland. Gnipe Howe, Swart-houe or Swarth Howe (two or three of the name), Stanghow (two of the name), and many others, are ODan in both their elements. Naturally, out of the vast number of conspicuous objects which most of these "Celtic" burial-mounds or houes are, not a few would be specially named by the Anglian colonists, and many of these probably renamed by the Scandinavian settlers. I have been able to trace only three of the Anglian names of places with any certainty. The Anglian names of houes still surviving become, therefore, doubly interesting.

[5] ON Grímr, Grímir, Grímnir, Grímólfr (personal names): Grime Gill, Grime Moor.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Grímr (Grimes Dale, Grimsby, Grimston, Miregrim)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• Álfgrímr (Algrimhou, 13th)
• Grímr (Grimescroft, Grimeshou, 13th, Grymesgrave, 12th, Grymston, 1307)

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly ON personal name Grímr which, together with ON suffixes gil 'deep narrow gully with a stream' and mór 'moor' gives, respectively, 'Grímr's gill' and 'Grímr's moor'.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Grímr (m. 32), Arngrímr (m. 6), Steingrímr (m. 6), Grímólfr (m. <5), Hallgrímr (m. 3), Grímkell (m. 2), Eldgrímr (m. 1), Elliðagrímr (m. 1), Hafgrímr (m. 1), Hergrímr (m. 1), Stafngrímr (m. 1).

ON feminine personal names Gríma (f. <2), Kolgríma (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 54

Gilling

3. GRIMSTON 22 H 7

• Gri-, Grymeston(a) DB, 1166 P (p) et passim

'Grim's farm' from the common ON personal name Grímr and tun. Grimston is a common name found in WRY and four times in ERY, once in LEI and once in NTT.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 234

Mashamshire

GRIMES DALE (6")

• Grymesdalebek 1314 Fount

'Grim's valley' from ON Grímr and dæl

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Editor's note: ON dalr is preferred over OE dæl as the second of two ON elements, the first of which is ON personal name Grímr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 241

Patrick Brompton

MIREGRIM (lost)

• Myregrim circa 13 Marrick 114

'Grim's marsh' from myrr and ON personal name Grímr. This name is an example of Irish-Norwegian reversal of the order of elements (compare Hillbraith and Sawcock 158, 216 supra and vide Revue Celtique.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at pages 85 & 86

• Gríma f. Hebridean woman, wife of Kotkell
• Grímhildr f. wife of Atli, sister of Gunnarr and half-sister of Högni
• grimmðarnáttúra f. fierce nature, fierceness
• grimmr adj. fierce
• Grímr m. Þórðr Kolbeinsson's farmhand
• Grímr geitskör m. 10^th century Icelander
• Grímr Njálsson …
• Grímsnes n. area in southern Iceland

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"On the Danish Element in the Population of Cleveland, Yorkshire" J. C. Atkinson published in The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869-1870) Vol. 2, No. 3 (1870) at page 352

"… we also meet with a very large proportion of personal names which are not only English in their origin, but most certainly Scandinavian. I take as types of this class of names (and only a few out of many) Milburn, Mewburn, Osburn, Allison, Jordison, Towlson, Lockson, Colson, Birkell, Horne, Horden, Gill, Keld, Rigg, Ness, Lax, Scarth, Scar … besides the manifold prefixes furnished by such personal names as Kell or Ketel, Dane, Norma, Ugelbard, Leising, Orm, Ingialld, Bergulf, Grim, Grimkell, Baldr … we find as a rule … the geographical or physical features of the country described … by such terms as gill, foss, scar, finkel, dale, rigg, bottom, head, brae, sike, houl, bank, nab, and the like; and this without dwelling on such words as garth, intak', houe &c"

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at page 203

VIII. The age of the settlements with Scandinavian and scandinavianised names and of the names themselves.

1. The evidence of situation.

Although the personal name Grímr was common in Scandinavia and is found quite frequently independently in YKS, the number of YKS place names, the majority of them nature names, which apparently contain the personal names as first element is greatly in excess of the number of independent instances. Whereas it is likely that place names such as Grimsby YNR (quod vide) and Grimthorpe ERY (quod vide do in fact contain the Scandinavian personal name, it would seem more reasonable to assume that the first element in the nature names is rather Grímr/Grim, a by-name for Óðinn/Woden. The by-name may have been used with some mythological significance but it seems preferable to accept the suggestion made by Margaret Gelling (in "Place-Names and Anglo-Saxon Heathenism", University of Birmingham Historical journal, Vol. VIII, no. 1, 1961, 7-25, particularly 14) that the name Grim may have survived the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes to Christianity and have been used as a pseudonym for the Devil. Its survival may have been assisted by association with the OE adjective grim "sharp, savage, cruel". Margaret Gelling draws attention to the fact that Grim- is fairly common as the first element of place names in south-eastern England, particularly combined with elements that denote some form of prehistoric monument. Examples are Grimsdyke or Grim's Ditch, Grimsbury, Grimspound and Grimes Graves. There are certain facts that suggest that it may be the mythological name used in a derogatory sense rather than the Scandinavian personal name that is found in some of the YKS Grimstons. It has already been noticed that five of them have comparatively poor situations. Four of them are so-called lost villages (cf. below past participle 231-36), while there are only three other lost villages among the 36 remaining Grimston hybrids. Note also that Grimston NTT and Grimston SFK are lost villages (4) and that there is a lost Grimston in LEI (5), while another Grimston in LEI and Grimston NFK enjoy favourable English-type situations.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 216, entry 2

Grímr, Grímir and Grímnir are personal names of Odin from his travelling in disguise. Grímr is also frequently a masculine proper name, and in compounds, Þor-grímr, Ás-grímr, Stein-grímr, Hall-grímr, etc.; and of women Gríma, Hall-gríma, etc.; prefixed in Grím-kell, Grím-úlfr, etc.: a serpent is in poetry called grímr.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 294, 308, 319, 382, 445, 446 and 466

gríma f. (mask-) helmet; a name for night

grímr m. 'masked one', name for a snake

hergrímnir m. host-masked, war-masked one, the one who wears a mask in battle ?

Hrímgrímnir, a giant-name

sef-Grímnir m. 'rush-Grímnir', kenning for giant … sef-Grímnis mágar = giants

Ásgrímr m. (Ketilsson) Icelandic poet, 12th century

Aurgrímnir m. a giant

Gríma f. a troll-wife (the name is used for various female characters in fornaldarsögur)

Grímhildr f. wife of Gjúki

Grimlingr m. a giant

Grímnir m. a name of Óðinn … in kennings for poetry; a giant

Grímr m. a goat; a name for Óðinn and for a dwarf in þulur)

[6] ON Uglubarði (personal name): Ugglebarnby - see also [54] Barnby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Uglubarði (Ugglebarnby)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Bárðr (m. 19) and Barði (m. 1).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 416

ugla f. owl; fastening or batten on a ship; name for a ship

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"The Vikings and their Victims: the Verdict of the Names" Gillian Fellows-Jensen (1994) at page 25

One other Yorkshire place-name which contains as specific a Scandinavian by-name that would seem to have arisen in the Danelaw is Ugglebarnby (Vgleberdesbi GDB 305ra; 4N1) in the North Riding. The specific would seem to be a Scandinavian *Uglubarð 'owl-beard'. There are a number of other instances of this name in the Danelaw. In the forms Uglebert, Ugelberd it occurs on coins of Eadred, Eadwig, Edgar and Edward (Feiltzen and Blunt, 'Personal names', past participle 205-06.) and as Vgle-/Vgelbert (GDB 301rb; 1E57.59) it is recorded as the name of the Domesday tenant of Croom and Kirby Grindalythe in the East Riding of Yorkshire. It also survived into the eighteenth century as a Westmorland surname, Oglebird (A. H. Smith, The Place-Names of Westmorland 2, English Place-Name Society Vol. XLIII (Cambridge, 1967), past participle 125, 131.).

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"On the Danish Element in the Population of Cleveland, Yorkshire" J. C. Atkinson published in The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869-1870) Vol. 2, No. 3 (1870) at page 354

Ugelbardby 1540, Ugleberdebi 1340, Hugelbardebi 1160, Ugleberdesbi (DB). Uglebert and Ugelbard were owners of land in the district in 1066.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at page 485

Ugglebarnby YNR [Ugleberdesbi DB, Ugelbardeby 1100-15 YCh 857] 'Uglubarði's by'. Uglubarði is an unrecorded ON byname, composed of ugla 'owl' and Barði personal name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 121

Whitby

Ugglebarnby

• Uglebedesbi DB
• Ugelbardebi, Ugle- 1100 - circa 1115 YCh 1177-89, 1222-7 Whitby
• Uggelbardebi, -by 1145-8 Whitby; 1301 Abbr
• Ucchelbardebi 1155-65 Whitby
• Vgulbardebi 1181 P
• Uglebardby 1270 Whitby
• W-, Ugelbardby 1310 Whitby; 1335 ForP
• Oggelberdesby 1314 NRS
• Ugglebarnby 1613 NR

'Farm of a man nicknamed "Owl-beard"' from ON Uglubarði (compare "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page lxii, and NP, ZEN sine nomine) and vide by. The change of -bardby to -barnby is due to association of the name with Barnby across the river Esk.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 648, entry 36

UGLA, u, f. [Anglo Saxon ule; English 'owl'] an owl, nátt-ugla u, f. a night-owl. II. metaphorically, a hook-formed clothes-peg is called ugla, from the resemblance to an owl's beak.

[7] ON þing, 'assembly'; ON þingvölir, the 'thing-fields': Fingay Hill, Thingwall, Tingwal, Thingwala - see also [110].

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 111

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þing / ON þing 'assembly'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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The Thingwala of Whitby is thought to have been located at the junction of Grape Lane and Church Street [NZ 90055 11041] where there is now a piece of cobbled road and car park which is all that remains of the Potato Market known locally as 'Tatie Market', where the Abbott of Whitby had his toll booth prior to 1540.

The Thingwala of Whitby (site of)

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"Assembly Mounds in the Danelaw: place-name and archaeological evidence in the historic landscape": (2016) Alexis Tudor Skinner and Sarah Semple, The Assembly Project II, Journal of the North Atlantic, Special Volume 8:115-133 at page 124

Thingwall was evidently positioned at a short distance to the east or southeast of Whitby Abbey, possibly synonymous with the mound known as Haggitt Howe [NZ 91894 10035] (Young 1817:912).

Editor's note: Haggit Howe is 1.839 km south and 1.006 km east of the Grape Lane and Church Street junction also thought to be the location of the Thingwala of Whitby [NZ 90055 11041].

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"Thing sites, cult, churches, games and markets in Viking and medieval southeast Norway, AD c.800-1600" (2018) Marie Ødegaard PhD, Museum of Cultural History, Oslo

"The question of the co-location of different kinds of assembly, such as Old Norse things, churches, games and markets, is a familiar debate in archaeology and history. A close connection between thing and church sites is recognized in Scandinavia suggesting that law and religion were closely connected."

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"Whitby Yards Through Time" (2012) Alan Whitworth

"Church Street was first known as 'Kirkgate' in 1318, and originally it was a short street extending from the foot of the 199 Steps to the corner of the market place. Very little of this street was in the town of Whitby proper at that date. Today, the name 'Church Street' applies to the entire distance from the bottom of the 199 Steps to Spital Bridge. Church Street in different sections was known by various names. From the market place to what is today Bridge Street, which then did not exist, was 'High Gate', followed by 'Crossgate' to the end of Grape Lane. Here stood the old tollbooth and this junction still bears the name 'Tatie Market' from the market that grew up around the tollbooth. From that point to Boulby Bank was 'Southgate', and hereabouts the building ended. The rest of the road to Spital Bridge was merely a track over sand and gravel, and impassable at high water. A gate or turnstile barred the way to all but pedestrians just beyond Boulby Bank, horse traffic traversed Boulby Bank and went by the 'Horse Road' onto the highway, which runs from the abbey to Hawsker and beyond and was an extension of the famously steep and cobbled 'donkey road', the principal road out of Whitby in the medieval period."

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 128

Whitby

THINGWALL (lost)

• Tingwall 1145-8 YCh 872
• Thingwala 1155-65 Whitby

vide þingvölir. The name is undoubtedly that of the moatstead of a very strong Scandinavian colony in Eskdale. There is no clue to the site. Compare Fingay Hill 213 infra.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at pages 11 & 279

• Alþingi n. general assembly (legislative and judicative assembly for the whole of Iceland held annually in late summer at þingvöllr); á Aþlingi hér here at the Alþingi
• þing n. meeting; darra þing is a kenning for battle; assembly, conference; with suffixed def. art. i.e. the Alþingi, í þingi of the assembly; local assembly in Iceland
• þingboð n. summons to an assembly
• þingfararkaup n. assembly attendance tax or dues
• þinglausnir f. plural, the close of the assembly
• þingsköp n. plural, assembly procedure
• þingvöllr m. assembly-field, the site of the assembly, Alþingi (south-western Iceland)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 736, entry 4

ÞING, n. [no Gothic þigg is recorded; Anglo Saxon and Heliand þing; English 'thing'; Old High German, German, and Dutch ding; Danish-Swedish ting.] … B. As a law phrase [see þingvöllr]: I. an assembly, meeting, a general term for any public meeting, especially for purposes of legislation, a parliament, including courts of law; in this sense þing is a standard word throughout all Scandinavian countries (compare the Tyn-wald, or meeting-place of the Manx parliament) …

hús-þing, n. [compare English hustings], a council or meeting, to which a king, earl, or captain summoned his people or guardsmen;

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"An account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland" Jens Jakob Asmussen Worsaae (1852) page 70

Section VII

Danish-Norwegian Names of Places

… The name of the village of Thingwall in Cheshire affords a remarkable memorial of the assizes, or Thing, which the Northmen generally held in conjunction with their sacrifices to the gods; it lies, surrounded with several other villages with Scandinavian names, on the small tongue of land that projects between the mouths of the rivers Dee and Mersey. At that time they generally chose for the holding of the thing, or assizes, a place in some degree safe from surprise. The chief ancient thing place for Iceland was called like this Thingwall, namely Thingvalla (originally þingvöllr, þingvellir or the 'thing-fields').

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"On the Danish Element in the Population of Cleveland, Yorkshire" J. C. Atkinson published in The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869-1870) Vol. 2, No. 3 (1870) at pages 357 to 360

"… there is one other to which it will be well to direct special attention, and it seems strange that the local historians and antiquaries of Whitby should have left it to the present writer to do so … In the "Memorial of Benefactions" to Whitby Abbey, recapitulating the grants of land and other property made to that body by Wm de Perci and his son Alan, the list begins thus (translated from the Latin): … "The town and sea-port of Whitby (Witebi), "Overbi" and "Nedhrebi" that is Stainsacre (Steinsecher), Thingwall (Thingwala), Larpool Hall (Leirpel), Spital Vale (Helredale), "Gnip" that is Hawsker (Hauchesgard) &c". Young (Hist. of Whitby, ii page 912), after giving this memorial in extenso, proceeds to remark on some of the local names involved. "Overbi", he says, "is probably High Whitby, Thingwala, Highgate-houe," and so dismisses the name … and but for the remarkable dimness of vision besetting the Whitby historians, their local Thingwall would … have taken rank with those of Shetland, Orkney, Chester, Ross-shire, and demanded co-ordination in significance alike with them and with Norwegian "þing vellir", now Tingvala; and with Islandic "þingvöllir". The fact … that a Thing-place existed at Whitby would have amply justified the presumption that the entire district to which access is thence afforded by the sea must have been not only to a notable extent under the influence of, but occupied by, men of Northern or Old Danish origin; but coming as it does as a sort of practical commentary on the enumeration given above of local names, all bearing the impress of Scandinavian coinage, and prevailing to the extent of something like 9 out of 10 of the whole, it is difficult to overrate its importance."

"… Did the old Danes merely take up and occupy and name the parts of the districts hitherto unoccupied and unnamed, or did they enter on other men's possessions and rename as well as take possession ? … The materials for the answer of such a question are unhappily very scanty; but, as far as they go, they tend to the conclusion that these northern invaders and colonists overcame and killed or ousted the former possessors of the lands, which they then proceeded to rename. Certainly the name of Whitby itself, probably much the most important place at that time in the Cleveland district, was thus changed. In the times of Anglian possession it was Streoneshalh, or Streoneshalc; and it was reserved for its new northern masters, not only to replace that name by Whitby, but either to rename existing divisions of ancient Streoneshalc, or to create new local distinctions with the characteristic appellatives, Priestby, Overby, Netherby, Stakesby, Normanby, Gnipe, Berthwait, Sethwait, and Thingwall."

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"Words and Places" Isaac Taylor (1936) at pages 138 & 139

Chapter VIII

The Northmen

In Cheshire, with one remarkable local exception, we find no vestiges of Norse colonists. But the spit of land called the Wirral, between the Dee and the Mersey, seems to have allured them by its excellent harbours, and the protection afforded by its almost insular character. Here, in fact, we fund geographical conditions similar to those which gave rise to the two isolated Norse colonies at the mouths of the Stour and the Yare, and the result is no less remarkable. In this space of about twelve miles by six there is scarcely a single Anglo-Saxon name, while we find the Norse villages of Raby, Pensby, Irby, Frankby, Kirby, Whitby, and Greasby. We find also the Norse names of Shotwick, Holme, Dalpool, Howside, Bamston, Thornton, Thurstanston, Birkenhead, and the Back Brook; and in the centre of the district is the village of Thingwall, a name which indicates the position of the meeting-place of the Thing, the assembly in which the little colony of Northmen exercised their accustomed privileges of local self-government.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 94

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ei' (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

… it is worthy of note that we are in perhaps the most Scandinavian part of Yorkshire, not far from the Thingwala of the Whitby district …

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"Tingwall: The Significance of the name" Gillian Fellows-Jensen

"8. Thingwala, a place that cannot be localised more closely than to the parish of Whitby, Yorkshire North Riding, England circa [NZ 90336 10969]. Thingwala [circa 1077] late 12th century, Tingwal [1145 x 1148] circa 1240 (Atkinson 1879: xxii, 3, 118; Smith 1925: 128). Initial /þ/ survives in English. The exact site of Thingwala cannot be located but it seems likely that it was the meeting-place for Norse settlers in Eskdale or perhaps in the whole of Cleveland. The area is rich in Scandinavian place-names. It is of particular interest that Normanby (*Norðmanna-bý) [NZ 92698 06121] and Airy Hill (*œrgjum 'at the shielings') [NZ 89649 10086] are not far from Whitby and both their names point to settlers who had come to the Danelaw from the west, where Norwegians and Gaelic-speakers had been brought into contact with each other."

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 16

Tingwal YKS circa 1146 Whitby (Pap); Thingwala a. 1180 ibid. The place cannot be identified but must be close to Whitby; see J. C. Atkinson in his "Introduction to Whitby" Chartulary, page XXII f.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 200

In the southern part of Lancashire we likewise find a great many ON place-names, especially in West Derby and Ormskirk. The most interesting name is Thingwall (from ON þingvöllr, 'parliament field', the place where the thing or assembly of the district met). We also find in LAN 'lawmen' or the 'demand' as they are called in some places (probably the same as ON dómandi, dómendr).

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"Þingvellir: a place of assembly and a market ?" (2015) Natascha Mehler, Debating the Thing in the North: The Assembly Project II, Journal of the North Atlantic, Special Volume 8:69-81

Abstract

The site of the Icelandic general assembly at Þingvellir has long been at the center of assembly research. Over the past few decades in particular, archaeologists have criticised the antiquarian investigations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The criticism was directed at the methods used at the time to pinpoint assembly sites and to identify their architectural components, such as booths and court-circles. However, it is also important to take a critical approach to thequestion of what actually took place at Þingvellir. After Iceland became independent, a period of nationalistic historiography set in, during which it was stated that Þingvellir was not only the place for the general assembly but also the greatest market place in Iceland. This paper presents the results of a systematic study of written and archaeological sources to put to the test the premise of a large-scale market at Þingvellir. Written and archaeological evidence for economic activities are faint and ambiguous. On the basis of this it is argued that there was probably not a market zone within the assembly area and that trade only took place there at a limited scale, barely exceeding necessary levels for provisioning.

[8] ON prýði, 'an ornament; gallantry, bravery, glory, valour'; ON pikka, 'to pick, prick, stab'; ON pjakka, 'to pick, prick': Pricky Bank Wood, Prickybeck Bridge, Prickybeck Island.

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'Pricky' possibly from ON prýði, 'an ornament; gallantry, bravery, glory, valour'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 480, entry 8

Prýði, 'an ornament' … 2. gallantry, bravery … prýði-maðr, m. a brave man …

• prýða, d, to adorn, ornament
• prýði, f. an ornament … 2. gallantry, bravery
• prýði-maðr, m. a brave man
• prýði-liga, adv. finely, bravely, nobly
• prýði-ligr, adj. fine, ornamental, noble, magnificent
• prýðing, f. decoration
• prýðir, m. an adorner

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 326 and 327

pikka (að), verb, to pick, prick, stab (pikkaði sínu sverði á síðunni).

pjakka (að), verb, to pick, prick (ef þú pjakkar broddinum á hallinn).

prýða (-dda, -ddr), v. to adorn, ornament, make beautiful.

prýði, feminine, (l) ornament, pomp; (2) gallantry, bravery (falla með prýði ok orðstír); -liga, adverb, finely, nobly, bravely (Erlingr varðist -liga); -ligr, adjective, magnificent (-lig veizla).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 476, entry 25

pikka, að, to pick, prick.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 477, entry 28

pjakka, að, to pick, prick … stanga ok pjakka með knífum, to stab and prick with knives …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 477, entry 29

pjakkr, m. a stumbling hack; hann er mesti pjakkr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 479, entry 9

prik, n. [English], a prick or dot in writing … 2. a little staff, stick (staf-prik); … frequent in modern usage. Compounds: prika-rím, n. a computistic table with dots, called Talbyrðing, … prika-setning, f. punctuation, … prika-stafr, m. a calendar with points …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 479, entry 10

prika, að, to prick, stab slightly.

[9] ON Hildr (personal name); ON hildr 'nun, battle': Hilda Spring, Hilda Wood, Hilda's Howe, Hinderskelfe, Hinderwell - see also [61] ON vesl(a) and vermsl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hildr (f) (Hinderskelfe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Gunnhildr (f) (Gunildekelde, 1243)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hildir (m. 12) and ON feminine personal names Þórhildr (f. 8), Gunnhildr, (f. 7), Geirhildr (f. <5), Ragnhildr (f. <5), Þióðhildr (f. <5), Áshildr (f. <2), Hildigunnr (f. <2), Hrafnhildr (f. <2), Ormhildr (f. <2), Sæhildr (f. <2) and Úlfhildr (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Hilda of Whitby or Hild of Whitby (circa 614-680) is a Christian saint and the founding abbess of the monastery at Whitby, which was chosen as the venue for the Synod of Whitby. An important figure in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, she was abbess at several monasteries and recognised for the wisdom that drew kings to her for advice. The source of information about Hilda is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede in 731, who was born approximately eight years before her death. He documented much of the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 40

Bulmer

2. HINDERSKELFE (6")

• Hildreschelf, Ilderschelf DB
• Hi-, Hyldreskelf 1159-81 Kirkham 94; 1167 P
• Hi-, Hyderskelf 1207 FF; 1253 Ch; 1259 Ass; LS; 1336 Ch; 1418 YI
• Hyldyrschelf circa 1280 Kirkham 15
• Hi-, Hynderskelfe KF; 1483 Test
• Hilderskilf 1344 FF
• He-, Hyldresskelf 1346 NCyWills
• Hilderskill Saxton; Speed

This is probably a purely Scandinavian name, the first element being Hildar, the genitive of ON Hildr, a woman's name, and the second being ON skjálf, 'shelf, seat'. The latter element no doubt refers to the small plateau in the west of the township. For the change of l to n compare 34 supra and Hinderwell 138 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 138

Hinderwell

1. HINDERWELL 16 D 8

• Hildre-, Ildrewelle DB
• Hader-, Hylderwell(e) 1139-48 YCh 906 et passim to 1475 Pat
• Hildrewell 1347 Pat; 1348 FF; 1404 YI
• Hynderwell, Hinderwell 1468 Test; 1490 Cal. Inq.; 1573 FF; 1665 Visit

'Hild's well' vide w(i)elia. The name was probably originally OE *Hildewella, containing the name of the famous Saint Hild of Streoneshalch, whose monastery was a few miles to the southeast of Hinderwell. The present form of the name, however, points to a Scandinavianising of the name on the analogy of ON Hildr, genitive Hildar, found in Hinderskelfe 40 supra. There is still a well at Hinderwell called St Hilda's Well. Compare also a lost Hildekelde, fons sancte Hilde (12 Guisborough Cartulary) in Guisborough.

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Hinderwell, 'Hilda's well'

"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 10 and 11

Chapter I

Names containing distinctively Old Scandinavian inflexional forms

Hildreuuelle, Ildreuuelle YKS DB; Hilderwelle circa 1146 (Papal confirmation), ante 1180 feminine Whitby Chartulary; Hilderwel 1202, Hilderwell, Hylderwell 13th century Guisborough [140] Chartulary; Hilderwell 1226 Gray's Reg. (The Register, or Rolls, of Walter Gray, Lord Archbishop of York 1225-1255), Kirkby (The Survey of the County of York, taken by John de Kirkby, commonly called Kirkby's Inquest), 1286 Patent Rolls, Tax. eccl. (Taxatio ecclesiastica Angliæ et Walliæ auctoritate P. Nicholai IV. circa A.D. 1291), 1314 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII) Nomina villarum, 1332 f. Patent Rolls, 1339 f. C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII), 1475 Patent Rolls; Hilderwelle 1302 Feod. mil. Eb. (Feoda militum in Com. Ebor. (Knights' Fees in Yorkshire 31^st Edward I); Hildrewell 1314 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII), 1347 Patent Rolls; Hyldeswell I.N.; Hilierwell 1344 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); Hylderwella 1394/95 Whitby Chartulary; Hilderswell 1374, Hylderwell 1375 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); Hynderwell 1490 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); now Hinderswell.

1^st member can be the genitive - normally Hildar - of the OWScand female name Hildr, which, according to LindN, was in frequent use during the Viking Age. It is found in several ONorw place-names, e.g. Hilderton D. N. (Diplomatarium Norwegicum, I-XIX) 6 (1385), Hilldarland (see further LindN. A parallel to the former name, on English territory, is perhaps Hildertona, Hildreton NBL…

2^nd member ME welle 'a spring, fount' = N.E. 'well'.

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Hilda Spring

The place-name 'Hilda Spring' is opposite the "supposed site of monastic cell" at Hackness Hall [SE 97148 90747].

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 102

Hildr f. a nun

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 261, entry 17

HILDR, f., dative and accusative hildi, [Anglo Saxon hild probably akin to hjaldr, quod vide] battle, only in poetry; … vekja hildi, to wage war … hefja hildi, to begin a battle … er hildr þróask, when war waxes, … hörð hildr, a hard fight; bjóða hildi, to offer battle; ganga í hildi, to go into battle; semja, fremja hildi, to wage war … In poetry a shield is called hildar-ský, hildar-vé, hildar-veggr.

2. name of one of the Valkyrias (see Valkyrja), who were regarded as the handmaids of Odin; Hildr is also represented as a daughter of the mythical king Högni and the bride of Héðin, whose life is recorded in the tale of Hjaðninga-víg, Edda 89, 90: hence war is called Hildar-leikr, m. the game of Hildar. II. in proper names; it is rare as a prefix in northern names, but frequent in old German: of men, Hildir, Hildi-björn, Hildi-brandr, Hildi-grímr, Hild-ólfr; of women, Hildr, Hildi-gunnr, Hildi-ríðr: again, it often forms the latter part in female names, and often spelt or sounded without the aspirate, Ás-hildr, Bryn-hildr, Böðv-ildr, Dóm-hildr, Ey-ildr, Geir-hildr, Grím-hildr, Gunn-hildr, Hrafn-hildr, Matt-ildr (for.), Orm-hildr, Ragn-hildr, Svan-hildr, Úlf-hildr, Yngv-ildr, Þor-hildr, Landnámabók III. in plural, hildir, the caul or membrane covering animals, calves, lambs when cast, kálfs-hildir, kýr-hildir, frequent in modern usage.

• hildi-frækn, adjective mighty in war
• hildi-göltr, m., mythic. a helmet
• hildi-leikr, m. [Anglo Saxon hilde-gelâc], the game of war, a fight
• hildi-meiðr, m., poetical a warrior, pillar of war
• hildingr, m., poetic a war king … a proper name
• hilduri, a kind of hawk
• vekja hildi, to wage war
• hefja hildi, to begin a battle
• er hildr þróask, when war waxes
• hörð hildi, a hard fight
• bjóða hildi, to offer battle
• ganga í hildi, to go into battle
• semja, fremja hildi, to wage war

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 198

hildi-leikr, masculine, game of war, battle (poetic); -meiðr, masculine, warrior (poetic).

hildingr (-s, -ar), masculine, chief, hero.

hildr (genitive, hildar, dative, and accusative, hildi), feminine, battle (poetic); vekja hildi, to wage war, to fight.

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Hilda Spring, church, Kirk Beck and 'supposed' site of monastic cell

[10] Ramsdale Beck [NZ 94053 03803] is named:

• Kirk Moor Beck upstream [NZ 91814 02951] and [NZ 91802 02913] and
• Mill Beck [NZ 95927 03851] downstream

from Ramsdale Wood [NZ 93003 03557].

[11] ON Drómundr (personal name); ON drómundr, 'a kind of ship of war': Dromonby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Drómundr (Dromonby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at pages 168 & 169

Kirby in Cleveland

DROMONBY

• Dragmalebi DB
• Tromundesbi circa 1150 Godr
• Dromundby circa 1190 Fount
• Dromundebi, -by 1190-1210 YCh 581 et passim to 1310 Ch (p)
• Dromondby 1371 Baildon
• Dromonby 1285 KI; 1665 Visit

'Dromund's farm' vide by. The first element is OWScand personal name Drómundr (LindBN 1920), found as the surname of Henr. Dromund (Guis ii 302) in YKS. The normal genitive in ON would be Drómundar, so that the above spellings without any trace of the genitive suffix -r may arise from OEScand loss of -r- before a consonant (vide IPN 61-2) in such compounds. Compare Romanby 210 infra. The DB form is curious. It cannot be brought into relation with the later forms. It should not, however, be dismissed as a mere mistake. In BCS 1052 a man named Dragmel occurs among the other Northern witnesses to a Yorkshire charter of King Edgar. Evidently Dromonby was in the possession of one Dragmel before it passed to Srómundr. The Dragmel may even be identical with the winess named above. This name may be a by-name from ON drag-máll, 'drag speech', used of one who speaks with difficulty.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 107, entry 17

drómundr, m. a kind of ship of war (foreign word), [… middle Latin dromon; Old High German drahemond] … 3: a nickname …

[12] ON Knútr (personal name); ON knútr, 'a knot': Knotts, Knot Top.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Knottr (m. 2).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 132

Knútr m. brother of Auðr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 347, entry 1

… rembi-knútr, a kind of knot; … II. medicinal, a bump, protuberance, after a bone fracture or the like, … III. a proper name, Knútr, m. Cnut, Canute, Fms.: mar-knútr, quod vide

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 346, entry 30

KNÚTR, m. [English 'knot'; Danish knud; Swedish knut], a knot … ríða knút, to tie a knot … knýta knút, to knit a knot …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 277, entry 29

hnútr, m. a knot, = knútr …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 75 and 76

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE cnotta 'a knot' / ON knottr 'a ball' and topographically 'a rounded mountain top' (ME knot 'a hard mass, a rocky hill')

ME knot has been etymologised as a reflex of ON knottr in place-names due to the predominantly northern distribution of the element in place-names. However, recorded OE cnotta 'knot, fastening' and figuratively 'snare' and 'puzzle' is usually thought to be native, occurring, for instance, in the OE translation of Gregory the Great's Dialogi. Indeed, a couple of early occurrences in place-names from areas where there was not a great deal of Scandinavian influence on place-names are sufficient reason to suspect OE cnotta might also have been used topographically, most compellingly Knotting, Bedfordshire, derived rom a personal name but on a hill, and the later-recorded names Notting Hill, Middlesex and Knottenhill, Worcestershire. Although the distributional evidence is otherwise suggestive of Scandinavian influence underlying many examples from England, the elements are considered indistinguishable here on the grounds that any one instance cannot be reliably distinguished.

[13] Whitby Chartulary (Surtees Society) 520.

[14] ONb dobbe, 'dub - a pool of water, puddle': Blea Dub, Hammerdale Dub, Dobbiner Head, Stoops Dub.

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Dub, n. Northern England dialect, 'a pool of water; puddle', related to Norwegian dobbe, 'swampy land', Middle Low German dobbe, 'a pool' (Collins English Dictionary).

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Northumberland Words (1892) a glossary of words used in the county of Northumberland and on the Tyneside, R. Oliver Heslop, Volume 1 at page 255

DUB, a dirty pool. Also a still, deep place in a stream. "He floundered among the dubs" that is, he splashed and stumbled in the puddles. In Whittle Dene there is a deep pool called "the whorl dub".

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Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1850) Volume 1 of 2, A-I, James Orchard Halliwell at page 322

DUB … (3) A small pool of water; a piece of deep and smooth water in a rapid river. ONb. "Spared neither dub nor mire" from "A Lytell Geste of Robin Hode" (1848) John Matthew Gutch, i. 106 at page 240. Sometimes the sea.

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Blea Dub

Hammerdale Dub

[15] ON Eitri (personal name): Etersthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 104

Cayton

ETERSTHORPE (lost)

• Eterstorþ DB

The first element is a personal name, possibly ON Eitri (LindN), found also as the first element of Etresghilebec (13 Riev) in Middleton in Teesdale (Durham). vide þorp.

[16] ON Fangi (personal name); fangi, 'a prisoner': Fangdale

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Fangi (Fangdale)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 141, entry 10

fangi, a, m. a prisoner, Maríu Saga, (rare and unclassical); compare Danish fange.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 68

Helmsley

FANGDALE

• Fangedala circa 1160 abbr title="Rievaulx Cartulary">Riev; 1170-85 YCh 1845

'Fangi's valley' vide dæl (dalr ?). The first element is a personal name Fangi of Scandinavian origin. A personal name Fangulf (from ODan Fangulf) is evidenced in medieval NFK records and in York records of the 12th century (e.g. Waltero filio Fannulfi 1164-75 YCh 282, filio Faganulph' 1170-6 YCh 225) and enters into Fangfoss ERY, Frangefos (sic) DB, Fangelfosse 1200 Cur (p), Fangefosse 1260 YI. A short form Fangi would be normal and this enters into Fangdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 68

Helmsley

FANGDALE BECK

• Flandgedalebec (sic) 1201 Riev

[17] ON Haukr (personal name); ON haukr, 'a hawk': Hawsker.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Haukr (Hawkshill, Hawsker)

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Editor: the first element is possibly ON personal name Haukr which, together with ON suffixes garðr 'enclosure, yard' and hól 'hill' gives, respectively, 'Haukr's enclosure' and 'Haukr's hill'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Haukr (Haukescou, 12th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON Haukr (m. 3).

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 143 and 144

Chapter 4

Names containing Old West Scandinavian ou, au

Hauchesgard; see page 143: Houkesgarth, Houkesgard, Hauchesgard YKS 12th century Whitby Chartulary; Houkasgart, Houkesgart, Okesgard, Haukesgard ibid.; Hokesgard 1166-67, Haukesgard 1175-76, Hokesgarth 1179-80 Pipe Rolls; Haukasgarth 12th century Guisborough [140] Chartulary; Hokesgarthe 1212 Rotuli Chartarum; Houkesgarth 1213 Whitby Chartulary; Haukesgarth 1298 Yorkshire Inquisitions, 1301 Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, 1299, 1308 f. Whitby Chartulary; Haugesgargh Nomina villarum for Yorkshire 9th Edward II; etc.; now Hawsker, near Whitby.

1^st member is genitive of the OWScand man's name Haukr Old Swedish Høker, ODan Høk), which appears as early as La. (Landnámabók 1900) and was in frequent use in Norway and Iceland; see LindN. The name is identical with the appellative haukr, etc. 'hawk' - There are in ME records not a few place-names that have Hauk- or Haukes- as 1^st member. In almost every county in Scandinavian England, and outside it, we come across compounds such as Haukwell, Haukeswell, Haucherst (Kent), Haukedon, Haukhull etc. By far the largest percentage of these are without doubt of native origin and contain ME hauk < OE havoc, NE hawk. An OE man's name of the same form seems not to be known according to Björkman (1910) page 66. But it is most likely that such a name once did exist, although it may have early fallen into disuse, and, like several other OE personal names, has survived only in place-names. There can hardly be any doubt, that a name like OE Hauekestune Cambridge C.D. 907 (Eadweard), Havochestun DB, Haukestone 1316 FA, now Hauxton, is composed with a personal name Havoc. The same applies to Havochesberie GLS DB, Hauekesbiri 1252 Ch. R., 1272 C. Inq., Haukesbery 1303 FA, now Hawkesbury, and some other cases into which I cannot enter here. Kemble's index to C.D.. gives from the south of England some OE place-names beginning with Havoces-, of which at least two or three seem to contain the personal name. And in Stanmer, Sussex, there was in OE times a field-name hafocunga leahge Birch 197, the former member of which looks like a patronymic derived from the personal name just mentioned. Further it is to be noted that the genitive case of the OE appellative hafoc is not seldom found in place-names, as may be seen from the indexes of C.D. and FA. All this being so, it is clear that we can in no case assign Scandinavian origin to ME place-names beginning with Hauk(es), unless spellings with the diphthong written ou, o can be adduced in support. Forms of that kind reflect a very common development of the Scandinavian diphthong in England (compare on this above page 136 f.), which is well evidenced from Scandinavian loan-words in ME, and such forms may be regarded as doubtless of Scandinavian origin. Apart from Hawsker, this holds good of the following names: …

2^nd member is OWScand garðr (OSwed garþer, ODan garth) in the sense of 'a farm' compare above p.132, under Aistangarthes … 2^nd member is ME garth (OWScand garðr, OSwed garþer, ODan garth) 'a small piece of enclosed ground, usually beside a house or other building, used as a yard, garden, or paddock; a fence or hedge' NED ("A New English Dictionary on historical principles", Oxford 1888).

Not far from Hawsker is a place called Hogarth (Hill), which name may be of the same origin (as Hawsker). It is stated to be identical with Haukesgarth 1299, 1344 Calendar of the Patent Rolls.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 241, entry 27

HAUKR, m. [Anglo Saxon heafoc; English 'hawk'; Old High German habuch; German habicht; Danish hög; Swedish hök] a hawk … metaphorically, a hero … or perhaps the phrase is, hrók í horni, a rook in the corner, borrowed from chess. Hawks were in olden times carried on the wrist, whence in poetry the hand is called the seat, cliff, land of the hawk, hauk-borð, -klif, -land, -mærr, -storð, -strönd, -völlr; the adjectives hauk-fránn (of the eye, flashing as a hawk's eye), hauk-ligr, -lyndr, -snarr, -snjallr are all of them epithets of a bold man, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860): hauka-veiði, n. hawking: hauk-nefr, m. hawk-bill, a nickname, Landnámabók; sparr-h., a sparrow-hawk. II. as a proper name, Landnámabók; and in local names, Hauka-gil, Hauka-dalr, whence Haukdælir, m. plural name of a family … Haukdæla-ætt, f. id.; Hauk-dælskr, adjective, belonging to that family.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 303

haukr (1) m. hawk; in kennings for arms, resting places of hawks, hauka fjǫll, hauks kálfur

haukr (2) a. spirited, bold

haukstallr m. nobleman, warrior, king; … probably a variant of haukstaldr hellip; compare Old English hagosteald

kálfa f. strip of land; in kenning for arms, hauks kálfa

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 121

Whitby

3. HAWSKER 16 G 12

• Houkesgart(h) circa 1100 to circa 1125, circa 1110 Whitby; 1181 P; 1226 FF
• Haukesgard circa 1115-35 YCh 859, ante 1133, circa 1230-40 Whitby
• Houkesgard 1145-8 YCh 872; 1222-7 Whitby
• Hoches-, Hokesgard 1163, 1167 P
• Haukesgarð, Haukesgarth(e) 1176 P (p); 1284 YI (p); 1298 YI; 1308, 1351 Whitby
• Hakisgarth 1330 Whitby
• Housegarth 1577 Saxton
• Harrsker, Horskarse, Haskerth 1611, 1613 NR

'Hawk's enclosure'; vide garð. The first element is the ON personal name Haukr. Compare "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 143.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

HAWSKER BOTTOMS

• Bothem circa 1230-40 Whitby
• Bothome 1396 ibidem

vide OE botm, ON botn.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 25

Easingwold

HAWKHILLS

• Houkeshill 1226-9 RegAlb (circa 1300) ii 39 d

'Hawk's hill' vide hyll (ON hóll ?). The ME personal name Houk, common in the Danelaw, is derived from the ON name Haukr (LindN), OSwed Høk (Lundgren-Brate). Originally the name here may have been OE Heafoc (vide Hauxwell 269 infra).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West at page 269

Hauxwell

3. HAUXWELL 21 C 6

• Hauoc(he)swelle DB
• Houcheswell 1166 P (p)
• Hou-, Haukeswella, -e 1177 P (p); 1184 RichReg 84 d et passim to 1362 Archd 5 d
• Hauekeswell 1219 FF

'Hawk's well', but whether from OE Heafoc or ON Haukr it is difficult to say. For the use of OE feafoc as a personal name cf. MLR xiv 239 vide w(i)ella.

[18] ON staupe, 'a steep declivity': Stoupe Brow.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 165

Chapter 4

Names containing Old West Scandinavian ou, au

Staupe YKS tempore Henry I, Stoupe early 12th century feminine, Stowpe 1395, Stoope, Stowpe Browe 1540 Whitby Chartulary; now Stoupe Brow, hamlet and cliff in Whitby parish.

From OWScand staup in the sense of 'a steep declivity or slope, a pitch, precipice'. Stoupe Brow is a cliff, according to Bartholomew's Gazetteer 893 ft. high, which towers aloft over the shore at Robin Hood's Bay, and commands a magnificent view. The word staup in the sense just mentioned is only evidenced from Norw place-names; see e.g. Rygh NG V, 444 and XV, 87. It is related by ablaut to the rare verb stúpa, 'to stoop', OSwed stupa 'to fall, tumble headlong'. The primary sense of staup may have been that of a depression or hollow where one is apt to tumble down; compare the allied OE adjective steap 'high, lofty', N.E. steep. In Shetlandic local names staup is applied to a track beaten by the feet of cattle (Jakobsen); compare Norw. dialect, staup 'a hole in a road, deep rut, cup, goblet', OE steap 'a cup, flagon', OHG., MHG. stouf 'Becher, Felsen' (Schade), German Stauff, Stauffen, as names of mountains (see Schmeller, Bayerisches Worterbuch). Whether N.E. dialect stoup 'a deep and narrow vessel for holding liquids, pail for water', etc., is of Scand. introduction, is uncertain. Its local distribution - only in some northern counties and east Anglia - is in favour of it. On ME stope see "Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (1900) Erik Björkman at page 78.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 589, entry 32

STAUP, n. [Old High German stouf; Anglo Saxon steâp; English 'stub'; Danish stöb] a knobby lump … hatt-staup, the 'hat-knoll' i.e. the head … [Anglo Saxon stoppa; English 'stoup'], a stoup, beaker, cup, properly from the form, frequent in modern usage; taka í staupinu, to take a stoup of brandy.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 405

staup, n. (1) knobby lump … (2) beaker, stoupe.

[19] ON Steinn (personal name); ON steinn 'stone': Stainsacre, Stonegate, Stainton, Stainsby, Staintondale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Steinn (Stainsacre, Stainsby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Steinn (Stainishou, 12th, Staynesbrecke, 13th)
• ON Játsteinn (Jatstaineswad, 12th)
• ON Golsteinn (Golstaindale, circa 1160)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Eysteinn (m. 15), Steinn (m. 14), Hallsteinn (m. 8), Gunnsteinn (m. 7), Hólmsteinn (m. 7), Steingrímr (m. 6), Steinarr (m. <5), Steinmóðr (m. <5), Steinroðr (m. <5), Jósteinn (m. 3), Steinbjorn (m. 3), Steinþórr (m. 3), Geirsteinn (m. 2), Hásteinn (m. 2), Hersteinn (m. 2), Vésteinn (m. 2), Aðalsteinn (m. 1), Arnsteinn (m. 1), Freysteinn (m. 1), Nefsteinn (m. 1), Steinfiðr (m.1), Steini (m.1).

ON feminine personal names Steinunn (f. 15) and Steinvor (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 123

Whitby

STAINSACRE

• Stainsaker 1090-6 YCh 855
• Stainsecre, -echer, Staynseker circa 1110 Whitby; 1145-8 YCh 872, early 14^th, 1395 Whitby
• Steinsecher, Steinseker 1155-65 Whitby; 1181 P
• Stanesacher 1177 P (p)
• Stanseker 1611 NR

'Stein's field' from the ON personal name Steinn and akr. ON ekra (a by-form of akr) occurs in some of the spellings.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 134

Danby

STONEGATE, BECK, WOOD

• Stai-, Stayngateside 12, 1223 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1223 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Staingatelith 1233 (Guisborough Cartulary)

'Hill-side along which the stone(-paved) road runs' vide steinn, gata, sid. Compare Stonegate (York), Stainegate 1118-35 Magnum Registrum Album (Dean and Chapter of York, circa 1300) ii 5 d, etc. Staingatelith contains hlið.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 171

Stainton

4. STAINTON 15 K 7

Steintun, Esteintona DB

'Enclosure or farm built of stone' vide steinn, tun

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 171

Stainton

STAINSBY

Steinesbi DB

'Steinn's farm'; compare Stainsacre 123 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 231

Mashamshire

BACKSTONE BECK (6")

• Bacstainbek 1314 Fount

'Stream from which backstones, i.e. bake-stones, were obtained' ME bakstain ON steinn, bekkr. Compare Baxterwood and Backstonerigg (Place-Names NBL and DUR sub-nominibus).

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Editor's note: first element possibly from ON bakka 'to bake' or bakki, 'a bank of a river'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 591, entry 12

steinn, m. [English 'stain'], a stain, colour … rauðum steini, red paint.

STEINN, m. [a word common to all Teutonic languages] a stone … a boulder, rock, sólar-steinn, a loadstone … 2. metaphorical phrases; verða milli steins ok sleggju, between the 'stone and the sledge-hammer' (stones being used for anvils) … steins hljóð, stone-silence, dead silence … III. medical - stone, gravel, in the bladder … IV. proper names; Steini, Steinarr, Steinn, Stein-björn, Stein-finnr, Stein-grímr, Stein-kell (the stone-font for sacrifices), Stein-ólfr, Stein-móðr, Stein-röðr, Stein-þórr: of women, Stein-unn, Stein-vör: and in the latter part, Hall-steinn, Þór-steinn, Vé-steinn (the Holy stone for sacrifices), Her-steinn, Há-steinn, Ey-steinn, Út-steinn, Inn-steinn, etc., Landnámabók: and in local names, Steinar, etc.; Dverga-steinn. B. Compounds, of stone:

• stein-altari, a stone-altar
• stein-bogi, quod vide; stein-borg, a stone-castle
• stein-garðeth;r, a stone-wall
• stein-dyrr, stone-doors
• stein-gólf, a stone-floor
• stein-hjarta, a heart of stone
• stein-hurð, a stone-hurdle
• stein-hús, a stone-house
• stein-höll, a stone-hall
• stein-kastali, a stone-castle
• stein-ker, a stone-vessel
• stein-ketill, a stone-kettle
• stein-kirkja, a stone-church
• stein-kjallari, a stone-cellar
• stein-knífr, a stone-knife
• stein-topt, a stone-floor
• stein-musteri, a stone-minster
• stein-múrr, a stone-wall
• stein-nökkvi, a stone-boat
• stein-ofn, a stone-oven
• stein-ráfr, a stone-roof
• stein-sker, a rock
• stein-smiði, stone work, stone implements
• stein-spjald, a stone-tablet
• stein-stólpi, a stone-pillar
• stein-tabula, a stone-tablet
• stein-veggr, a stone-wall
• stein-þildr, stone-wainscotted
• stein-þró, quod vide; stein-ör, a stone-arrow
• stein-óðr and stein-óði, adj. 'stone-wood' (compare English 'stone-deaf'; German stein-alt), violent, of a gale
• stein-pikka, u, f. a mason's pick
• stein-setja, setti, to set with stones
• stein-smiðr, m. a 'stone-smith', mason
• stein-smíð, f. stone-masonry
• stein-smíði, n. articles worked of stone
• stein-snar, n. a stone's throw, of distance
• stein-sótt, f., medical stone, gravel, calculus
• stein-tálga, u, f. stone-carving, masonry
• stein-tjald, n. a coloured tent
• stein-ungi, a, m. a nickname
• stein-þró, f. a stone-coffin
• steina-brú, f. a stone-bridge, stone-arch, a natural one, not made by human hands, hence the phrase, gamall sem steinabrú, old as a stone bridge = 'stone-old' … the very phrase shews the ancient Scandinavians, like the old Germans, knew not the arch, as their buildings were all of wood, … indeed, stone masonry first became known after the introduction of Christianity
• stein-bítr, m. a fish, Anarrichas lupus
• stein-blindr, adj. stone-blind
• stein-grár, adj. stone-gray, iron-gray, of a horse
• stein-kast, n. a throwing stones
• stein-ligr, adj. stony
• stein-meistari, a, m. a stone-mason

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 288, 290, 339, 398, 402, 443, 456, 470, 517, and 528

• gimsteinn m. jewel
• glersteinn m. (glass) bead
• kvernsteinn m. millstone
• snúðgasteinn m. (swiftly) turning stone
• steinn m. stone, rock (plural,, millstones), (genitive plural, made of); dwelling in rock, cave; in kenning for heart, þróttar steinn … in kenning for giant, Ella steins; paint, colour(ing) …
• Aðalsteinn m. Æflelstan, king of England 924-939
• Erringar-Steinn m. Icelandic poet, 11th century
• Eysteinn (1) Haraldsson m. king of Norway (died 1157)
• Eysteinn (2) Valdason m. Icelandic poet, 10th century
• Eysteinsdrápa f. a poem by Einarr Skúlason about Eysteinn
• Hallar-Steinn m. Icelandic poet, 12th century
• Vésteinn m. legendary person
• Vǫlu-Steinn m. Icelandic poet (fl. circa 950)
• Ǫgmundr m. son of Vǫlu-Steinn

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Staindale, Stainsacre and Stainsby Hall.

"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 81 to 84

Chapter 2: Names containing OWScand ei

Stainsecre YKS 12th, 13th centuries Stainsecher circa 1146 Pap, Steinsecher, Stainsker 12th Whitby; Steinesacr 1175-76, Steinseker 1179-80 P; Staynseker 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy 1301); Staynseeker NV; Staynsekir 1394-95, Staynsyker 1396, Staynseker, -ekerr, Steynsekerr 14th century Whitby; now Stainsacre.

1st member is the OWScand man's name Steinn … which is of common occurrence in OWScand place-names; see "Gamle Personnavne i Norske Stedsnavne" (1901) Oluf Rygh at page 1. The same name seems to enter into the following ME place-names:

2nd member probably OWScand ekra 'a cultivated piece of land, corn-field'; NorwDial œkra, … 'a field that is left fallow'.

The same name seems to enter into the following ME place-names:

Steinesbi YKS DB 1086; Stainesby, Steinesbi 12th century Rievaulx Ch.; Stayneshy c. 1200 f. Guis; Steinsby 1247 Ch; Stainsby Kirkby; Steynesby 1311 Rot. Orig.; Steinesby, Stainisby 1332 Riev; Staynesby NV, 1339 Pat; Stainesby 1367 Cal. Inq.; marked on Cary's map as Stainsby Hall (in Stainton-in-Cleveland, near Thornaby). The Ordnance Map gives only the nature names Stainsby Beck and Stainsby Wood.

A great many compounded ME place-names exhibit OWScand steinn as 1st member. In not a few cases the remaining member, too, is a Scandinavian word; the Scandinavian origin of such names admits of no doubt whatever. But sometimes this latter member is either a native word or can be native as well as Scandinavian, when the word is found in exactly the same form in both languages. Now it should be noticed that in the local nomenclature of England previous to Domesday, as far as it is on record, compounds with OE Stan- seem to have been very frequent. Already in the earliest charters we repeatedly come across such names as - the following forms are normalized by me - Stanburh, Stanburne, Stanford, Stanclif, Stanleah, Stantun, etc.; see further the collections of Thorpe, Gray Birch, Kemble, and Dugdale. It is true that nearly all these names are known only from the southern counties to which the bulk of the OE charters relate. But it is more than probable that the local nomenclature of Northern England did not differ in this respect from that of the South. That being so, it is natural that in those districts of Northern England that were densely populated by Scandinavian settlers such and similar stan-names should be apt to be Scandinavianized, and that, in these parts, we should find Steinburh, Steinhurne, Steinford, etc.; see the list below. Still it is to be admitted that as long as no earlier native instances of those names can be given, we are not in a position to decide in each particular case whether a Scandinavian form found in Middle English represents a native formation in Scandinavian disguise, or whether the name was actually coined by the new settlers in the period when the amalgamation of the two races was in progress. I have deemed it appropriate to adduce here of such names only those of which the Scandinavian forms by far outnumber the native ones in my material. Some apparently native names of which Scandinavian spellings occasionally appear, are not included in the list below, as being of little or no value in the present investigation. They belong chiefly to Yorkshire, and their English origin is rendered likely by the fact that exact equivalents are as a rule to be found in counties out of Scandinavian England. If looked upon from these points of view, the following material may prove worthy of consideration … Steinegrif.

…

Steindal YKS 1247 Ch, Steindale 1260 Riev; now Staindale, near Bilsdale. 2^nd member OWScand dalr (OEScand dal 'valley' = OE dæl.

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"The Chief Elements used in English Place-Names" (1924) Allen Mawer at pages 55 & 56

There has been much confusion between place-names in stan and those in tun preceded by the genitive singular in -es of a personal name or common noun, for both alike in modern English naturally end in ston.

steinn, ON, 'stone, rock' cognate with OE stan. It is very common in place-names in numerous Staintons and Stainforths but is not always easily distinguished from the personal name Steinn. It is often replaced in the present-day form by English stan or stone … Stonegrave YKS.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at pages 436 & 438

… Staintondale NRY (Steintun DB … A Scandinavianized form of STANTON, OE Stantun.

OE Stan-tun, which probably as a rule means 'TUN on stony ground'. Sometimes a Stanton was named from some prominent stone or stones …

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Editor's note: ON steinn, 'a stone', tún, 'farm' and dalr, 'dale, valley': Staintondale

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 110

Scalby

4. STAINTONDALE 23 A 5

• Steintun DB
• Staynton Dale 1562 FF

vide steinn, tun, dæl.

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Editor's note: the three place-name elements are more likely derived from ON elements steinn, 'stone' (or proper name Steinn) and tún, 'homestead' with ON dalr being added after 1086.

[20] ON akr, 'acre': Stainsacre.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 63

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE æcer / ON akr, 'plot of arable land'

OE æcer would normally have unpalatalised (and consequently unassibilated) /k/ here and so would be indistinguishable from its Scandinavian cognate following the late OE merger of /æ/ and /a/ … The element is widely used in place-names from Norway, Denmark and England.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 81, 82 and 83

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian ei (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

Stainsecre YKS 12th, 13th centuries, Stainsecher circa 1146 Pap), Steinsecher, Stainsker 12th century Whitby Chartulary; Steinesacr 1175-76, Steinscker 1179-80 P; Staynsyker LS; Staynseeker Vill; Staynsekir 1394-95, Staynsyker 1396, Staynseker, -ekerr, Steynsekerr 14th century Whitby; now Stainsacre.

1st member is the OWScand man's name Steinn (OEScand Sten), which is of common occurrence in OWScand place-names; see Rygh Personnavne. The same name seems to enter into the following ME place-names … 2^nd member probably OWScand ekra 'a cultivated piece of land, corn-field'; Norwegian dialect, ækra, Swedish dialect ükra 'field that is left fallow'. The latter word is often found in place-names in the south of Sweden.

Staininghe … This looks like an OWScand derivative in -ing, either a patronymic of the man's name Steinn (compare preceding names), or developed from the concrete noun steinn (OE stan) 'stone'. With regard to the presumable original type of such names, see Hellqvist, p.137. As is stated by the same author (ibd. p.98) formations of this kind seem to have been rare in the local nomenclature of Old and Mediaeval Norway, although it is true they were far from being so in that of Sweden. Compare the OSwed place-name Steninge, Hellqvist, p.98. Staininghe may, of course, also be composed of steinn + OE ing 'meadow'.

Stein … From OWScand steinn (OEScand sten), OE 'stone, rock'. The word was in frequent use - uncompounded - as a place-name in ancient Norway. For examples see the indexes of E.J. and Rygh NG.

A great many compounded ME place-names exhibit OWScand steinn as 1^st member. In not a few cases the remaining member, too, is a Scandinavian word; the Scandinavian origin of such names admits of no doubt whatever. But sometimes this latter member is either a native word or can be native as well as Scandinavian, when the word is found in exactly the same form in both languages. Now it should be noticed that in the local nomenclature of England previous to Domesday, as far as it is on record, compounds with OE Stan- seem to have been very frequent. Already in the earliest charters we repeatedly come across such names as - the following forms are normalized by me - Stanburh, Stanburne, Stanford, Stanclif, Stanleah, Stantun, etc.; see further the collections of Thorpe, Gray Birch, Kemble, and Dugdale. It is true that nearly all these names are known only from the southern counties to which the bulk of the OE charters relate. But it is more than probable that the local nomenclature of Northern England did not differ in this respect from that of the South. That being so, it is natural that in those districts of Northern England that were densely populated by Scandinavian settlers such and similar stan-names should be apt to be Scandinavianized, and that, in these parts, we should find Steinburh, Steinhurne, Steinford, etc.; see the list below. Still it is to be admitted that as long as no earlier native instances of those names can be given, we are not in a position to decide in each particular case whether a Scandinavian form found in Middle English represents a native formation in Scandinavian disguise, or whether the name was actually coined by the new settlers in the period when the amalgamation of the two races was in progress. I have deemed it appropriate to adduce here of such names only those of which the Scandinavian forms by far outnumber the native ones in my material. Some apparently native names of which Scandinavian spellings occasionally appear, are not included in the list below, as being of little or no value in the present investigation. They belong chiefly to Yorkshire, and their English origin is rendered likely by the fact that exact equivalents are as a rule to be found in counties out of Scandinavian England. If looked upon from these points of view, the following material may prove worthy of consideration … Steinegrif.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at pages 3 & 436

Stainsacre YKS [Stainsaker 1090-6 YCh 855, Steinesacr 1176 P]. 'Stein's field'. First element ON Steinn personal name. See ÆCER.

OE æcer, 'field, ploughed land' = ON akr) is used alone in ACRE NFK and is the second element of some names … OScand akr is found in MUKER, ROSEACRE, STAINSACRE, TARNACRE.

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Editor's note: possibly 'stony or rocky field' or per "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 81 'Steinn's cultivated land (corn-field)' or 'Stein's field' (per Ekwall):

"2nd member probably OWScand ekra 'a cultivated piece of land, corn-field'; Norwegian dialect œkra, Swedish dialect äckra 'a field that is left fallow' …"

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 10, entry 17

AKR, rs, plural, akrar … Anglo-Saxon œcer; English 'acre' … arable land, ground for tillage: opposed to engi, a meadow; … opposed to tún, the 'town' or enclosed homefield …

• akra-gerði, n. a 'field-garth', enclosure of arable land
• akra-karl, m. cognom. 'Acre-carle'
• akra-spillir, m. cognomen destroyer of fields
• akr-deili, n. a plot of arable land
• akr-gerði, n. enclosure of arable land
• akr-görð, f. agriculture
• akrgörðar-maðr, m. ploughmen
• akr-hæna, u, f. a 'field-hen', quail, opposed to heiðarhæna or lynghæns
• akr-karl, m. a 'field-carle', ploughman or reaper
• akr-kál, n. 'field-kale', potherbs
• akr-land, n. land for tillage
• akrlands-deild, f. division of a field
• akr-lengd, f. a field's length
• akr-maðr, m. ploughman, tiller of ground
• akr-neyttr, part. used as arable land, tilled
• akr-plógsmaðr, m. ploughman
• akr-rein, f. a strip of arable land
• akr-skipti, n. a division of afield
• akr-skurðr, ar, m. reaping
• akrskurðar-maðr, m. a reaper, (young men)
• akr-súra, u, f. field-sorrel, Hom
• akr-tíund, f. tithe paid on arable land (Norse)
• akr-verk, n. field-work, harvest-work
• akrverks-maðr, m. ploughman, tiller of the ground
• akr né eng, 'field nor furrow', alliterative phrase

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 114

• hveiti n. wheat
• hveitiakr (genitive -akrs) m. wheat-field

[21] ON gryfja, 'a hole, pit': Stonegrave, Hutton Mulgrave, Souregryff, Newton Mulgrave - (see also [353])

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 85, 86 and 163

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian ei (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

Steinegrif, Stanegrif YKS DB; Steinegrive 12th century (?) Whitby; Steingreua 1162-63 P; Steyn-, Stayngreve, Steingrive circa 1267 GiffReg; Steingreve 1273 Pat, 1333 CI 1297; Steynegryve, Steyngrive 1277 Pat; Staingryfe, -grive, -gryf, -grif, -griff, KI; Stayngrive Tax; Steyngreve 1297 Ch; Stayngrife, Vill; Stenegriva, Stayngreve, Stangrive 1332 Riev; Stayngreve QW, 1300 CI, I.N.; Stangreue 1441 BM; now Stonegrave.

2nd member is ME grif, grive < OWScand gryfja feminine 'a hole, pit, cavity.' The latter word is of frequent occurrence in ONorw. place-names; compare Fritzner, and Rygh NG. ME grif, grive are both recorded only in some place-names within the Scandinavian part of England; of these may be adduced, besides the name under notice: Sourgryff YKS (see in Ch. 4); Grif YKS 12th century, 1226 f., Griff, Griffe 1332 Riev, now Griff (near Rievaulx); Griva WAR late Henry II, Gryff 1496 BM, now Griff; Grif DBY 1286 ibid., now Griff (in Bradborne); Hormesgrif (M.S. M. Ormesg[r]iue) YKS 12th century Whitby; Scineregrive ibid., now Skinningrove; Grif YKS DB; Mulegrif after 1180, Mulegrive early 13th century Whitby, now Mulgrave; etc. (further in Part II). ME grive must have been the earlier form of the two after the borrowing. From it was developed, by a sort of back-formation, ME grif with voiceless spirant, in conformity to the OE and ME sound-laws respecting the quality of medial and final f, and on the analogy of such cases as OE clif [-f-], dative singular, clife [-v-], NE cliff, in place-names Cliffe, and Clive (< ME clive); OE græf, ME grafe with the [-v-] of the inflected forms generalized, N.E. grave, but graff, graffe in the present Yorkshire and many other - also northern - dialects, with the voiceless sound of the old uninflected forms generalized (see EDD, gr. §279). In a similar way ME grif has come down in the Yorkshire and some other northern dialects as griff [f] 'a deep valley wdth a rocky, fissure-like chasm at the bottom; a deep, narrow glen, a small ravine' EDD, Vol. 6 includes The English Dialect Grammar, by J. Wright; quoted as EDD gr). The NED gives griff with the sole comment 'origin obscure'; furthermore, the word has been dealt with by Wall (Scandinavian elements in the English dialects, Anglia XX), who confines himself to connecting it with OWScand grof and some other Scandinavian words of more distant relationship. He includes it in his List B, which comprises words that can be either Scandinavian or English. In the face of the above material, the Scandinavian origin cannot be doubted.

Chapter 4

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ou', 'au'

Sourgryff YKS 14th century Whitby … 2nd member is ME grif 'a hole, pit, cavity'. On its etymology see page 85, under Stonegrave.

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Editor's note: it is unclear why ME grif is preferred by Lindkvist over ON gryfja 'hole, pit') unless the late (14^th century) reference is thought to be the earliest.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 218, entry 6

gryfja, u, f. a hole, pit

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Gripr (m. 1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 215, entry 26

gripr, m. [German griff], a vulture.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 159

gripr, m. vulture (rare).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 73

Helmsley

GRIFF FARM

• Grif DB 1086 et passim to 1301 LS
• Griff(e) 1229 Pat; 1333 Riev

'Narrow valley' vide gryfja.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 139

Lythe

7. NEWTON MULGRAVE 16 D 8

• Newetune, Neutone 1086 DB etc.

It is near Mulgrave.

[22] ON Ápi (personal name): Apedale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 257

Wensley

APEDALE

• Apedale 1175 Riev

'Api's valley' from the ON by-name Ápi and dalr. Compare Bergh Apton (NFK).

[23] ON ökkla, 'ankle, slope': Acklam.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 162

Acklam

1. ACKLAM 15 J 7

• Achelu', Aclun DB
• Aclum DB; 1129 Guis; 12 Dods xcv. 36; 1202 FF; 1247 Ch, 1226-1326
• Acclum circa 1142 Dugd v. 352, circa 1170-80 YCh 703 et passim to 1404 YI
• Acklum LS, 1303 KF
• Acclom 1303 KF et freq to 1453 Test
• Acclam 1399 YI

Acklam is of the same origin as Acklam (ERY), Aclun DB, Acclum 1223 RegAlb circa 1300) iii. 4, etc. The origin of both names is probably ON ökull 'ankle', and later 'slope'. The word ökull in the sense of 'slope' is found in some Norwegian place-names, compare (Rygh, Indl. 28).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 762, entry 41

ÖKKLA, n., plural ökklu, this (like hjarta, lunga, auga) is in good old vellums the constant form, whence mod. ökli, a, m.; [Anglo Saxon aucleow; English 'ankle'; German enkel; Swedish ankel] the ankle; … ökla-liðr, m. an ankle-joint.

[24] ON leir, 'clay, earth, loam, mud': Larpool.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 71

Chapter 2

Names containing OWScand ei (OEScand e)

Leirpel; see page 71: Leirpel YKS early 12th century, Lairpel circa 1146, Leirpelle 1351, Lairpell, Layerpelle, Lairepell 1395, Larepoole circa 1540, Whitby Chartulary; now Larpool … 1^st member being leir n. 'clay, loam; mud, especially on the beach' (OEScand ler), or leirr m. 'loamy soil' …

At page 72: Besides leir and leirr there was in OWScand an allied formation leira (or leiri) which signified 'a loam-field, loamy or muddy shore'. Like leirr this latter word is found sporadically uncompounded as a place-name in Norway (see further Rygh, Indl.), and traces of the words occur, too, in Scandinavian England. A document of A.D. 1332 in the Chartulary of Rievaulx speaks of a plot of land in Nalton (YKS) as 'una perticata terræ … quaelig; vocatur Leir'. It is by no means improbable that this field-name represents OWScand leirr.

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"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at page 47.

ME laire, 'mud, clay' … OWScand leir, OEScand ler. There is no corresponding native word found in English.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 383, entry 11

LEIR, n., as in leirinu … [Danish leer; Swedish ler; Scottish lair] clay, earth, loam, but also mud, especially on the beach … in plural leirar = leira (quod vide) II. metaphorically and poetically, arnar leir, 'eagle's mud' = bad poetry referring to the legend told in the Edda 49 … as also in modern usage, whence leir-skáld, n. a poetaster: local names, Leir-á, Leir-vík, etc. … iii: local names, Leiru-lækr, Leiru-vágr … Compounds:

• leir-bakki, a, m. a clayey bank
• leir-blót, n. a clay idol
• leir-bolli, a, m. an earthen bowl
• leir-brúsi, a, m. an earthen pot
• leir-burðr, m. bad poetry
• leir-búð, f. a clay booth
• leir-depill, m. a loamy spot
• leir-gata, u, f. a loamy path
• leir-gröf, f. a loam-pit
• leir-jötunn, m. the clay giant
• leir-kelda, u, f. a loam-pit
• leir-ker, m. an earthen pot
• leirkera-smiðr, m. a potter
• leir-krukka, u, f. an earthen 'crock'
• leir-ljós, adj. grayish, of a horse
• leir-maðr, m. a clay-man
• leir-pottr, m. an earthen pot
• leir-skáld, n. a poetaster
• leir-sletta, u, f. a blot of mud
• leir-smiðr, m. a potter
• leir-stokkinn, part. mud-splashed
• leir-tjörn, f. a loam-pit
• leir-vaðill, m. a shallow mud bank
• leir-vík, f. a muddy creek … a local name = Lerwick in Shetland
• Leir-vör, f. the name of an ogress
• leira, u, f. a 'loam field', the muddy shore at low water mark … a nickname
• Leira, u, f. the river Loire in France
• leiru-bekkr, m. a muddy brook
• leiru-vík, f. = leirvík
• leirigr, adj. loamy, muddy
• leir-ligr, adj. of clay

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 0478, entry 6

pollr, m. [Gaelic poll; Welsh pwl; German pfuhl; English 'pool'] a pool, pond … in local names, Gislu-pollar, in Bretagne; Snóksdals-pollr, Brákar-pollr, in western Iceland; compare Liver-pool, Hartle-pool, the Pool on the Thames.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

LARPOOL HALL

• Lairpel, Layrpel 1145-8 (Early Yorkshire Charters) 872, 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Leirpel 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Lairpelle 1307 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Lairepell 1395 ibidem
• Layerpelle 1396 ibidem
• Larepoole circa 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Lirpoole 1622 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 1^st series)

The first element is leirr. The second is more difficult. "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 71, note 2 suggests that it is OE pyll. The history and forms of Marple (Cheshire), Merpille in 1285 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls) and so generally, do not make this very likely. Professor Ekwall suggests that the second element is the Norse word from which comes Norwegian poyla, 'pool'. This would suit the phonology and fit a Norse first element better.

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Editor's note: vide ON leir 'clay, earth, loam, mud' and ON pollr, 'pool, pond'.

[25] ON rein, 'boundary strip, strip of land'; ON rá, 'boundary, boundary mark': Raincliffe, Rain Dale - for ON rá, 'boundary' and 'roe deer' see also [207].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 491, entry 18

REIN, f., dative, reinu, e. g. mark-reinu, kaup-reinu … sef-reinu … plural, reinar; [Scottish rins] a strip of land, frequent in modern usage; mark-rein, skógar-rein (quod vide), a strip of woodland; kaup-rein, a market-place: poetically, ragna rein, the heavenly strip, i. e. the rainbow. … geð-rein, the mind's strip, i. e. the breast; svana flug-rein, swan's pinion-strip, i. e. the sky … in circumlocutions, baug-rein, rein steina, = a woman.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 99 and 100

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE ræn 'a furrow (either used for drainage or between ridges in a ploughed field)' / ON rein 'a strip of land, a boundary strip'

The element, which occurs three times in the Wirral corpus, is considered to derive from ON rein in PNCh (v(2):318) and was considered a Scandinavian borrowing already by Björkman (1900-02:63).

The element is commonly used in western and northern Norway of grass borders between fields and other ploughed plots of land (Rygh NG i:70). In Denmark the element appears more common in Bornholm than elsewhere, and is interpreted as referring to ditches between fields serving as drains formed by repeated ploughing in one direction. However, an English etymology has also been suggested, which resolves difficulties with the phonological development of certain dialectal forms previously derived from ON rein, although the evidence for the English form is also slightly problematic … The element has therefore been classified here as indistinguishable in English- and Scandinavian-derived forms.

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Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland

Twenty-Third Annual Study Conference

"English Place-Name Elements Relating to Boundaries" (2011) Boel Jepson, Lund University at pages 177 to 180 (review)

at page 177

… Starting from the premise that territorial boundaries are historically important phenomena enshrined in place-names, Boel Jepson utilizes material from the English Place-Name Survey (EPNS) and other printed sources for a comparative analysis of the OE place-name elements (ge)mœre, mearc, rān and rœn(e) and ON rein and rá and OE hār. The study investigates the meaning and, to some extent, the geographical distribution of the elements and their later reflexes, from the Anglo-Saxon period onwards.

at page 178

… As regards OE rān, rœn(e) and ON rein, the principal meaning is 'boundary strip', but the secondary meanings 'ploughland area bounded by boundary strips, 'ploughland strip', 'bank between terraces' and 'terrace' are also possible in some cases. ON rá 'boundary' or 'boundary mark', the only term strictly confined to boundaries, is mostly found in names recorded from the medieval period or later. The controversial issue of whether OE hār 'hoary, grey, old' developed the meaning 'boundary' is addressed, but remains unresolved.

at page 179

It is puzzling that the first element of Raby Park in the West Riding of Yorkshire is attributed to ON rá 'boundary' on the grounds that 'this is a common combination' (page 161), yet the footnote quotes the entry for Raby Castle in Durham from V. Watts, "The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names" (2004, 489), which prefers a derivation from ON rá 'roe-deer'.

at page 180

… whereas it is correct to state that OE fœs means 'fringe of a garment' (page 18), the "Dictionary of Old English" definition 'fringe, border or hem (of a garment)' (sub verba fœs, fasn) makes clearer the link with the toponymic meaning 'boundary'.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 74

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ei' (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

Rancleiff [by Scarburgh] YKS 1405 Pat.R.; Reynclyf 1461, Raynclyff 1475 Pat.R.; now Raincliff, near Scarborough. 1^st member perhaps as in preceding name (Raynhull … 1^st member may be OWScand rein f. 'a strip of land which forms the boundary of a tilled field or an estate').

OEScand ren; on ME rene 'border', see Björkman (1902). This etymology goes well with the meaning of the 2^nd member, ME hil, hul 'hill'. The former word appears to have been common to several Teutonic languages, and it may be appropriate to consider, in some measure, the sense-development it has undergone in them. In Norw dialect (Aasen) rein has retained the meaning of the OWScand word; moreover, it signifies a narrow ridge or elevation of the ground, a long bank of earth or gravel … we find rain used of a long slope, a slope descending towards a fen or river (Bavarian), the slope of a hill (Swiss) … 2^nd member was originally OWScand kleif 'a ridge of cliffs or shelves in a mountain side', subsequently replaced by the native ME clif, N.E. cliff, or OWScand klif. …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 102

Seamer

RAINCLIFFE

• Ramescliua 1170-80 YCh 412
• Ravenesclif(fe) 13th Percy; 1252 Pat; -clive 1252 NRS
• Raveneclyff circa 1250 Whitby
• Ravenclif 1335 ForP 209 d; 1337 Percy
• Rancleiff 1405 Pat
• Reyn-, Raynclyf(f) 1461, 1475 Pat

'Raven's cliff' vide clif. The ON personal name Hrafn had various forms for the genitive, Hrafns, Hramnes, Hrams (LindN), and it is from the latter that the first spelling Rames- is derived.

[26] ON Sprok (personal name); ON sprok, 'gibberish': Sproxton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Sprok (Sproxton)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 70

Helmsley

4. SPROXTON 22 F 7

• Sprostune DB
• Sproxtun(a) 1165-75 YCh 410; 1192 Kirkham 70 d; 1202 FF
• Sprocston' 1186 P
• Sproxton(a) 1226 FF; 1228 Pat; 1252 Ass, KI; 1298 YI; LS; 1308 Ch; 1417 YI

vide tun. For the first element the following names should be compared: Sproxton (LEI) and Sproxmire (13 Easby 142 d), the name of a lost place in Crakehall (Hang East Wapentake) infra. Professor Ekwall suggests that it is the same as the OS personal name Sprok found in Sproxstatha (1376) recorded by Lundgren-Brate. This personal name is probably to be associated with OFris, LGerm sprok 'brittle'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 584, entry 36

sprok, n. plural, [Danish sprog; German sprache] foreign phrases, gibberish; … (modern) sprok-verskr, adj. mixing one's native language with foreign jargon.

[27] ON tún, 'a hedged or fenced plot, enclosure, within which a house is built': Allerston, Easington, Ebberston, Flaxton, Kilton, Liverton.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 444

tún, n. (i) a hedged plot, enclosure, court-yard, homestead; … (2) home field, home meadow … (3) town.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 123

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE tūn / ON tún 'an enclosure, a farmstead, a village, an estate'

These elements are self-evidently phonologically indistinguishable but the element is usually interpreted as OE tūn in the Danelaw (see Chapter Three for fuller discussion of OE/ON tūn/tín in major names). However, ON tín occurs in place-names from across Scandinavia, as a generic and a specific. Since the occurrence of the Scandinavian element cannot therefore be excluded, the elements are considered indistinguishable here.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 7

Chapter 1

Names containing distinctively Old Scandinavian inflexional forms

Bernertone … 2nd member OScand tún 'a hedged or fenced plot, enclosure within which a house is built, the farm-house with its buildings, a homestead', etc. = OE tun. Further details about this word when occurring in ME place-names of more or less certain Scandinavian origin, will be given in Part II. Compare also Introduction Chapter V.

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at pages 348 & 349

Place Names

In drawing the ethnographical map, it has been usually assumed that names in ham are Saxon, in ton Anglian, and in by Danish. This is true when we find considerable groups, but it does not hold for isolated instances. There are many names ending with ham in Anglian districts; some in ancient Norway are practically parallel, for Thrándheimr, Unarheimr, Stafheimr, and Sœheimr would become Thrandham, etc., in English; and Medalheimr in Iceland, is simply Middleham. Consequently an occasional Dearham or Brigham, Spunham or Waitham, do not prove the presence of Saxons in Cumberland and the Lake districts.

Ton, again, though not common as a place-name ending in Scandinavia, is found in Tunsberg and Sig-túnir: and ton in old Norse means just what it means in Lake district names: not 'town', but the ground on which a group of farm buildings stands. Where we get -ington we may assume an Anglian family settlement; and where (as in Low Furness) there is a group of -tons near -ington or -ingham, we have the tokens of Anglian population. But a casual -ton in a Norse context - like Kettleton in Galloway, Colton and Ulverston in Furness, etc. - may be regarded as a Norse settlement.

By is also common enough in Norway and Iceland (in the form of bœr) to be no proof of exclusively Danish settlement. Where we find a distinct group of bys, there we may assume Danish origin, but an odd Sowerby or Kirkby does not imply a Danish colony.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 244

tún n. enclosure, farmyard, infield (with suffixed definite article); court(yard); genitive, plural, túna to the dwelling, abode

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 644, entry 28

TÚN, n. [a word widely applied and common to all Teutonic languages; the Gothic is not on record; Anglo Saxon tûn; English 'town'; Old High German zûn; German zaun; Norse tûn] properly a hedge; this sense is still used in the German zaun; but in Scandinavian the only remnant seems to be the compound tun-riða (see B). II. a hedged or fenced plot, enclosure, within which a house is built; then the farm-house with its buildings, the homestead; and lastly, a single house or dwelling: in Norway tun is = Danish gaards-plads, the quadrangle or premises annexed to the buildings; whereas 'bö' answers to the modern Icelandic tún: in Norse deeds each single farm is called tún, í efsta túni í Ulfalda-stöðum, D. N. ii. 534: the same usage of the word town remains in Scotland, see Scott's Waverley, ch. ix, sub fin.: … B. Compounds:

• tún-annir, f. plural, haymaking in the in-field
• um sumar um túnannir, i. e. in July
• tún-barð, n. the outskirt of an in-field
• tún-brekka, u, f. the brink or edge of an in-field
• tún-fótr, m. the outskirt of a home-field
• tún-garðr, m. a 'town-garth', fence of a tún
• tún-göltr, m. a home-boar
• tún-hlið, n. the gate of a castle, in the Norse sense
• tún-krepja, u, f., botanically, a cryptogamous plant resembling the lichen tribe, tremella
• tún-riða, u, f. a 'hedge-rider', a witch, ghost; witches and ghosts were thought to ride on hedges and the tops of houses during the night
• túna-sláttr, m. = túnannir, as also the season, the 12th and following weeks of the summer
• tún-svið, n. the tún-space
• sem túnsvið kringlótt, a field like a round tún-enclosure
• tún-svín, m. = túngöltr
• tún-sækinn, part. of cattle, greedy to enter and graze in a tún
• tún-völlr, m. a strip of the in-field

The ancient Scandinavians, like other old Teutonic people, had no towns; Tacitus says, "nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari satis notum est … colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut campus, ut nemus placuit", Germ. ch. 16. In Norway the first town, Níðarós, was founded by the two Olaves (Olave Tryggvason and Saint Olave, 994-1030), and this town was hence par excellence called Kaupang, quod vide, but the real founder of towns in Norway was king Olave the Quiet (1067-1093); as to Iceland, the words of Tacitus, "colunt diversi ut fons, etc., placuit", still apply; 120 years ago (in 1752), the only town or village of the country (Reykjavík) was a single isolated farm. In the old Norse law, the 'Town-law' is the new law attached as an appendix to the old 'Land-law'.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at pages 59-60

-ton ranks with -ley as the commonest of all our suffixes. Dr. Lee estimated that about one-eighth of all the names in the first two vols, of Kemble's Codex Diplomaticus had this ending, whose root idea is 'enclosure', 'my property'; whereas, singular to note, this same root is never used as a place-name ending anywhere on the Continent. It is OE circa 725, 'tuun cors' ( = cohors, Latin for 'court'), later tún, ON tún, 'enclosure, homestead, farm'; toun in Scotland, town in West SOM, and tun in Norwegian dialects are still used for 'a single farm'. In CON town and town-place are still applied to the smallest hamlet or even to a farmyard. Then, probably after the Norman Conquest, tun came to mean 'a town'; long before that it meant 'a village'. The root is often said to be akin to Keltic dún, 'a fort', as in the old ending -dunum. But this is doubtful, as dún means first, 'a hill', and then, 'the fort which so often crowned the hill'. True, the forms -don and -ton do sometimes run into one another, as in Bishopston, 1016 Biscopesdun, Farndon (CHS), DB 1086 Ferentone, GAMSTON, Larton (CHS), DB 1086 Lavorchedone, etc., also Dunstall and TUNSTALL.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 76

Kirby Misperton

4. RYTON 22 H 13

• Ritun, Ritone 1086 DB
• Ri-, Ryton 1282 (Malton Cartulary) 102 et passim
• Rihtona circa 1145 (Rievaulx Cartulary)
• Rictona 1189 (Rievaulx Cartulary)
• Rigeton circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings)

'Farm by the river Rye' vide Rye, River 5 supra and tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

5. MIDDLETON 22 E 13

• Mid(d)eltun(e) 1086 DB

vide middel, tun. Middleton is the centre of other Anglian farmsteads in the district, such as Edstone, Nunnington, Salton, Sinnington and Wrelton.

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Editor's note: see ON miðr, 'mid, middle' and ON tún, 'arm, hedged enclosure, homestead (in Norse deeds each farm is called a tún)'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 84

Pickering

4. NEWTON 22 C 13

• Neuton, Newetone, Newetun(e) 1086 DB, 1242 (Pipe Rolls)

'New farm' vide niwe, tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at pages 141 and 142

Liverton

1. LIVERTON 16 D 5

• Liuretun 1086 DB
• Livertun 1165-75 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 890, p. 1180 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Li-, Lyverton(a) 1175-80 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 889, 1181 (Pipe Rolls) et passim
• Leverton circa 1200 (Index to the Charters and rolls in the British Museum), 1300 (Yorkshire Inquisitions), 1571 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines), 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)

With this name compare Liverpool (Ekwall, Place-Names Lancashire 117), Liversedge (Yorkshire West Riding), DB Liuresech, and Livermere (SFK), Liuremere 12 (Index to the Charters and rolls in the British Museum), Lyvermere 1224 (Royuli Litterarum Clausarum). The first element is probably in each case a stream-name which Professor Ekwall connects with OE lyfrig(-blōd), ME livered 'coagulated, clotted.' The Norwegian river-name Levra, earlier Lifr- 'stream with thick water' (Rygh Elvenavne 145, sub verbo Lifr-) is a parallel to the stream-name contained in these English place-names. Liverton stands on Liverton Beck. vide tun.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 388, entry 17

LIFR, f., genitive singular and nominative plural lifrar: [Anglo Saxon lifer; English 'liver'; German leber] the liver, … blóð-lifr, coagulated blood.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 157

Ormesby

MORTON 15 K 9

• Mortun, -tona DB

vide mor, tun.

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Editor's note: vide ON mór, 'moor' and ON tún, 'farm, homestead', giving 'moor farm'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 163

Newton

1. NEWTON 15 K 10

• Newetun, Niatona, 1086 DB
• Newetunie sub Ohtnebercg, 1140-53 Whitby
• Neuton sub Otneberch, 1155-65 Whitby
• Castell Neuton, 1399 YI

'New farmstead' vide niwe, tun. Newton stands under Roseberry Topping (infa). The last two spellings refer to an old castellated house. On the 1086 DB form Nietona vide IPN 68.

[28] ON Snákr, (nickname); ON snókr, 'a snake'; ON gat, 'a hole, opening'; ON bakki, 'a bank': Sneck Yate, Sneck Yate Bank, Sneck Yate Plantation.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 576, entry 7

snókr, m. [Danish snog], a snake; see snákr: a nickname, Sturlunga Saga iii. Snóks-dalr, a local name in Iceland, from the proper name.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 192, entry 31

GAT, n., plural göt, [Anglo Saxon geat and English 'gate' = entrance] a hole, … skrár-gat, a key-hole; lúku-gat, a trap-door; ….

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Editor's note: The first element of Sneck Yate place-name is likely derived from ON snókr 'a snake' or snákr 'a snake' (only in poetry), with the second element from gat 'hole, opening' and the third element from either banki 'earthen incline, bank of a river' or bakki 'bank of a river, earthen incline, slope' - see [82].

[29] ON Farmann (personal name): Farmanby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 89

Thornton Dale

FARMANBY

• Farmanesbi DB
• Farmanebi, -by 1155-65 Whitby; Dugd iv. 318
• Farmanby Hy 2 Leon 4 d; 1155-67 YCh 380 et passim
• Feremannebi 1170 P
• Farmanneby 1225 Ebor; 1242 P; 1280 Ass
• Faremanby 1231 Ebor

'Farman's farm' vide by. The ON personal name Farmann, ODan Farman appears in OE as Færeman, the name of the priest who glossed the Rushforth Gospel of St John, and in ME as Fareman (12 Easby 13).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 144, entry 24

far-maðr, m. a seaman, sea-faring man … farmanna-búðir, f. plural, merchant booths … farmanna-lög, n. plural = farlög

[30] ON þveit, 'a cut-off piece': Bertwait, Setwait, Thwaite, Calf Thwaite, Langthwaite, Raithwaite, Thwaite Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 752, entry 10

ÞVEIT, f., or þveiti, n. [the root is found in Anglo Saxon þwîtan, preterite þwât = to chop; Northern England 'thwaite'; Chaucer to thwite; compare also Dutch duit, whence English 'doit', German deut, Danish döit = a bit] properly a 'cut-off piece', but occurs only in special usages: 1. a piece of land, paddock, parcel of land, it seems originally to have been used of an outlying cottage with its paddock; ær jarðir allar, bú ok þveiti, all the estates, manor and 'thwaite', where bú and þveiti are opposed to one another … öng-þveiti, a narrow lane, strait. 2. frequently in local names in Norway and Denmark, tvæt, Danish tvæde (whence Danish Tvæde as a proper name); and in Northern English Orma-thwaite, Braith-thwaite, Lang-thwaite, and so on, names implying Danish colonisation: þveit, þveitar, f., þveitin, n., þveitini (quasi þveit-vin), þveitar-ruð, n., þveitar-garðr, m., þveitar-fjall, n., D. N. passim; in Icelandic local names it never occurs, and is there quite an obsolete word. II. a unit of weight; þveiti mjöls, Boldt; þveitis-leiga, a rent amounting to a þveit; þveitis-ból, a farm of the value or the rent of a þveit; tveggja þveitna (thus a genitive, plural, as if from þveita) toll, þveitis toll; hálf þveit smœrs …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V (1979) at page 330

Field and other minor names

þveit is a common element in field-names. Usually the first element is descriptive of size, shape etc., … the name of a neighbouring feature as … Setwait (1155-65) in Hawsker near the sea (OE sæ) …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 69

Helmsley

GARFIT

• Garthwayt 13 Kirkham 51
• Garthpheit 13 Kirkham 52
• Garthwat 1335 Kirkham 53

'Clearing with a garth on it', vide garðr, þveit.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 113

Hackness

HILLA THWAITE

• Thwayte, Thwaite 1372 (Inquisitiones Post Mortem)

vide þveit.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 124

Whitby

RAITHWAITE

• Raithwait 1351 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Rathwayte circa 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide þveit. The form Rai- is at first sight against Lindkvist's suggestion - see "Middle English Place-Names of Scandinavian Origin" (1912) of derivation from ON rá 'landmark' (page 119, notes 4, 5) but too much stress should not perhaps be laid on a form which first appears in 1351. It is worth noting also that in a Danelaw charter of circa 1190 (ed. Stenton no. 529) land lying compactly is contrasted with land described as lying rái a rái. It would seem that this can only mean 'strip by strip' and if so it is difficult to think that we have any other word than ON rá 'boundary-mark.' The spelling is exceedingly difficult but it is possibly an inversion due to the fact that OE a alternates with OE ai, ei, so that ON á might possibly have been spelt ai on occasion, in an area where OE long a was preserved.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

FOSSDALE

• Fossedale 1280 YI; 1283 Rich 33
• Foresdale 1301 LS
• Forsdalethwayt 1307 Ch

'Waterfall valley' vide fors, dalr, þveit. The earliest spelling is from the OWScand assimilated type foss.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 752, entry 13

þveitr, m. = þviti, a sling-stone …

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 96 to 101, 102, 103 and 121

Chapter 2

Old West Scandinavian thornveit in Middle English place-names

OWScand þveit f. properly meant 'a cut-off piece'; when occurring in place-names it seems to have been applied to an isolated parcel of land, a clearing, or an out-lying cottage with its paddock. Compare Norwegian dialect tveit 'a clearing in the forest, a plot of grass-land in the forest or among cliffs', etc. Of cognate words should be noticed the collateral form þveiti 'a unit of weight or money', and þveitr 'incision, cut'; besides, representing other grades of ablaut, OE þwitan 'to cut, shave off', and geþivit 'what is shaved off, chip'. It is stated by Rygh, Indl. page 83 that þveit enters into about 600 Norwegian place-names, of which one third are uncompounded. With regard to the further distribution of the word as a place-name element Rygh adds that it is not found in Iceland, nor in the Norwegian colonies in the West, but that during the Viking Age it was introduced into northern England from Denmark. Yet, as has subsequently been pointed out by Jakobsen (Shetlands øernes Stednavne), the word actually occurs in some Shetlandic place-names; it is also found, sporadically, in Scotland, as may be learnt from Johnston, Place-names of Scotland, Introduction p.69. From the local nomenclature of the Isle of Man it seems to be missing. The statement of Rygh that þveit in North England place-names is to be attributed to Danish influence, which view is likewise put forward in Cleasby-Vigfusson's Dictionary, is altogether unfounded and untenable. See below.

In the EScand languages we find ODan tved(e): meadowland, a tongue of land, peninsula; often used in place-names, apparently with much the same meaning as the OWScand equivalent (see Stenstrup, Da. Stednavne, page 105). Compare Swedish dialect tvet 'chip', etc. (Rietz), also frequent in Swedish place-names in the sense of 'a detached plot of cultivated land' (see Sveriges Ortnamn). On the Norman place-names supposed to contain the same word see Fabricius page 317 f.

Passing on to the English territory we look in vain for the word in the ME vocabulary, as far as this is covered by the investigations of Björkman (1902). That, however, it was in appellative use in Scandinavian England is evidenced by a passage in a charter signed by Henry II (1154-89) and relating to the Priory of Carlisle (Mon. VI, i), which specifies some pieces of land in Ireby, CUL as 'Langethweit, et Stalethweit, et alios Thweiter qui pertinent ad Langethwest'. Here we have before us the OWScand accusative plural, normally þveitar - not recorded as appellative in OWScand literature? - with the inflexional -ar reduced, as usual, to -er in ME Moreover, the word still survives in NE dialect thwait (Lakel. YKS, LAN): (1) a forest clearing, a piece of land fenced off or unenclosed, a low meadow, (2) a fell, the shelving part of a mountain-side, (3) a single house, small hamlet.

OWScand þveit is preserved, lastly, in a great number of English place-names. Those marked on the modern maps have been enquired into by Worsaae (Minder) and Browne (Transactions of Philological Society 1880-81), who arrive at somewhat divergent results as to their frequency in the several counties. The instances considered by these two writers are by far outnumbered by those from the ME records adduced by myself below. This is illustrated by the following tabular view comprising the entire material:

New English thwaite-names according to			Middle English þveit-names, dealt with below
	Worsaae	Browne
Cumberland	43	6	52
Westmorland	14	4	23
Lancashire	14	2	43
Yorkshire	9	2	83
Lincolnshire	-	-	1 1
Nottinghamshire	-	-	5
Derbyshire	-	-	2
Leicestershire	-	-	3
Northamptonshire	-	-	1
Norfolk	2	2	7
Suffolk	1	1	2
	83	17	232

A glance at the Maps of the Ordnance Survey will show that in YKS and the three north-western counties there are nowadays not a few other thwaite-names, in addition to those recorded in ME Such is particularly the case in Cumberland, where according to Taylor (Isaac, 'Names and their histories' 1898 at page 377), whose calculations I am for the present not in a position to verify, more than a hundred instances in all are to be found. It appears, then, that many of the present names of this kind came into existence only in the NE period. This fact holds good, even though due allowance has to be made for the possibility that some of those names did exist in ME times, though they happen not to be recorded in the sources of the present work. Now it should be remembered, for one thing, that a great percentage of the ME þveit-names dealt with below were field-names, that have, in progress of time, become obsolete, or at any rate have disappeared from the map. Furthermore, a considerable number of the modern thwaite-names had, during the ME period, quite different terminals, which in NE times were exchanged for -thwaite owing, to the influence exercised by the host of names composed with this terminal. A few examples may be adduced by way of illustration. The present Stangerthwaite in WES was in the 14th century Stangrewath (see above "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 16). Ickenthwaite in North LAN - not given by Wyld & Hirst - was as late as A.D. 1534 Yccornewyth (see Furness Reg., Mon. V), from OWScand ikornaviðr = ikorna-skógr 'squirrels' wood'. Thornthwaite, near Boltons CUL, on the river Waver, was Thoraldwath 1294 Cl. R. (Calendar of the Close Rolls (1227-1354), Thoraldewathie 1350 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII), from OWScand póraldr or póraldi personal names, and vað 'a ford'. Considerations of space forbid me to treat of any more similar cases.

As may be seen from the tabular summary above, the ME þveit-names formed a characteristic feature of the local nomenclature in the northern, esp. north-western counties, whereas in those south of the Humber they were few and far between. Still more than thirty instances do occur in the Southumbrian counties, where the word þweit as a place-name element is by no means so rare as is asserted by Taylor (Isaac, 'Names and their histories' 1898) on the basis of the modern nomenclature.

With regard to the origin and age of the ME þveit-names some further remarks may be appropriate. Not one reliable instance seems to be on record in the OE period. Domesday has a very few, belonging to YKS and NFK Several others appear during the latter half of the 12th century in the monastic chartularies and registers, the Pipe rolls and in various other local documents. But the majority of these names are not met with until the 13th and 14th centuries, or even later. Their gradual appearance in literature reflects, to a certain extent, a progressive process of settlement, in the course of which a large proportion of them were coined, and the localities indicated by them were growing in importance. In many cases, when a þveit-name occurs for the first time in the records, it is expressly said to design a campus, or pastura, or cultura, or clausum, a meadow, vaccary, &c. It seems, in fact, that, as far as the earlier half of the ME period is concerned, the bulk of these names are to be regarded as mere field-names, mostly designations of reclaimed land, or of out-of-the-way places, which, as time went on, were built upon and permanently inhabited; many of them then formed some kind of dependencies of an old manor or demesne. In the same direction points the evidence that may be gathered from the quality of the 1st members of these names. For as 1st members we not seldom find the name of a township or a village, or else some other place-name, at times one that has not come down to our own times and, in consequence, cannot be precisely located. In other cases we find names of different varieties of corn, plants or trees, or words embodying some conspicuous natural feature of the spot.

It is a matter of special interest that in the case of a fairly great number of the names treated below, exact parallels can be adduced from ONorw territory, not nearly so often from OEScand This squares well with the fact that most ME þveit-names belong to counties, the local nomenclature of which is, in several other respects, demonstrably OWScand in form, as that of the three north-western counties (LAN, CUL, WES) and YKS. On the other hand it is possible, or even probable, that at least in certain Southumbrian counties the þveit-names owed their origin to Danish settlers. The ODan, tved seems to have been of rather frequent occurrence in the oldest Danish place-nomenclature, as far as we can form an opinion on this with the aid of the LCD. and contemporary charters and deeds in SRD. compared with the material given by Steenstrup (l. c), and Madsen (Sjælandske Stednavne, page 251). But still the numerical superiority of the corresponding ONorw names is salient. Such facts go a long way to disprove the view held by Rygh and others (see above) that the occurrence of thwaite in North English place-names would be due to Danish influence.

As to the natural site of the places designated by thwaite it is true of nearly all north of the Humber that they belong to the most mountainous and rugged districts. Very often they are situated on mountain-sides sloping towards a lake, river or a valley. On the Cumberland thwaite-names an early 16th century writer, John Denton (see above p.30 n.), makes the following reflections:

"But in several parts and pieces as they are marked by nature, differing in form and quality of soil or otherwise by the inhabitants inclosed from the barren wastes of the fells, such pieces of land are now and were of old called Thwaites in most places of the shire, sometimes with addition of their quality, as Brackenthwaite of fearns, Sivithwaite of rushes' etc."

The spelling of þveit in place-names seems to have presented great difficulties to the mediæval scribes, to whom the proper form and meaning of the word must often have been unfamiliar, if we may judge as much from the many corrupt spellings. This is also evident from the circumstance that þveit was occasionally mistaken for a different word, such as vað 'ford', wei 'way', &c, see below Langthwaite YKS, Braworth, Steinþveit. In the 13th and 14th centuries we not seldom come across the writing -weit, which seems to represent a continuation of the late OE tendency to drop the interdental spirant þ between consonants; examples are given by Kluge in Paul's Gr. (Paul, H. Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, 1901-09) at page 1008, and, from Gaimar, by Rathmann, p.41, Anm. 3; compare also the place-name Norwolde NFK 1302 FA, but Northwolde 1316 f. ibid, now Northwold. The spirant must have been particularly subject to being lost, when it got into contact with a dental sound belonging to the 1st member; see, e.g. Gunthwaite, Geghestueit, Estweyt; compare also Ruhwaith, Storthwayt, &c. On spontaneous dialectal development depends the loss of w in thweit, which is well instanced in North English local records, where spellings like -theit, -thait are to be found from the 12th century onwards. From the material brought together in A.J.Ellis Chapter V, page 605 (compare also in Hope's Glossary) may be learnt that in many place-names in Cumberland -thwaite is still in our days pronounced without the w. [th-at].

Here belongs the following ME material:

… Thwayte, Thwaite YKS 1372, Twayte 1424 Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem sive Escaetarum (Henry III - Richard III); now (Hilla) Thwaite, near Hackness

… Thwait sub Huglawe YKS 1308 Whitby Chartulary; near Whitby

… Bertwait YKS ante 1180, Berthuait circa 1146 Papal confirmation, Whitby Chartulary - In the Whitby district. Site unknown. From OWScand berr, 'bare, naked', (OSwed, Dan bar, OE bær, ME bar); or perhaps rather OE, ME bere 'barley', N.E. dialect bear, retained only in Scotland, NBL, YKS, LIN, SAL and SFK Also OWScand ber 'berry' might possibly be taken into consideration.

… Setwait YKS early 12th century, Whitby Chartulary. (compare ibid. p.118 n.); near Whitby. Apparently from OWScand sjár, sær (ME sæ) 'lake, sea'. An exact parallel is the ONorw Sæþuæit BK (Björgynjar Kálfskinn, 14th century).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 438

þveita f. 'chopper, hewer', axe

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 59

-thwaite - ON þveit, þveiti, 'a piece of land, a paddock' (literally 'a piece cut off', a piece 'thwited' or whittled off). This suffix is found only in the north-west, chiefly in CUL; also, rarely, in S. Scotland. The limits seem to be - Seathwaite, Broughton-in-Furness, Satterthwaite, Ulverston, Linthwaite ('flax plot'), and Slaithwaite, Huddersfield, and Hunderthwaite, NRY (DB 1086 Hundredestoit, or 'bit cut off the hundred'). Modern lips have clipped Slaithwaite down to Sló-at. We have one -twight in NFK, Crostwight, DB 1086 Crostueit; and see Eastwood.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at pages 179, 198 and 199

Some of the principal elements of the Scandinavian place-names in England seem, however, to be Danish, while others are acknowledged as Norwegian. … Norwegian, on the other hand, are probably the names ending in -thwaite, which still survives in North-English dialects, like tveit in Modern Norwegian, meaning 'a forest clearing, a small hamlet'. The word is cognate with þwîtan, 'to cut', and probably originally means 'separated or cut off from its surroundings'. In Norway many farms or manors from the viking age, or even older, have names ending in þveit. They seem originally to have formed a part of larger estates. In some cases, however þveit also in Norway merely signifies 'house, abode, estate'. In this meaning the word is used in many North-English place-names, e.g. Finsthwaite, a hamlet and parish in LAN, near the foot of Windermere (that is 'the estate or portion of Finn', a common Norwegian name), and Haverthwaite, village in Colton parish, LAN (a compound of þveit and Hávarðr, another common Old Norwegian name). I am well aware that the word tved, corresponding to ON þveit, is found in Danish. It is, however, very rarely used in place-names and never in the meaning of 'portion, estate'. The Danish word only means 'a field, cleared of wood'. Of the 232 place-names ending in -thwaite which are known in England, no less than 83 are found in YKS, 11 in LIN, and 7 in NFK. This also seems to indicate that all over the ancient Danelaw there was a considerable Norwegian element.

A charter signed by Henry II f.i. specifies some pieces of land in Treby, CUL (itself an ON name) as 'Langethweit, et Stalethweit et alios Thweiter, qui þertinent ad Langethweit' (4 Dugdale).

Here we have the ON accusative plural þveitar used not as a place-name, but as a noun. Langethweit means 'the longthwaite', Stalethweit means 'the thwaite where the hay is laid in 'staals' or stack'; - staal is still in use in Norwegian dialects …

[31] ON haugr, 'a hill, mound, cairn': Cracoe, Biller Howe, Flat Howe, Gnipe Howe, Hila's Howe, Kettle Howe, High (Low) Woof Howe (tumuli).

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 54

-how - This is ON haug-r, 'mound, cairn', a rather rare suffix, and only in the north - Brant How, Great How, etc. It may shrink into -oe, as in ASLACOE or THINGOE (this in Suffolk); or even into -o, as in Duddo, 1183 Dudehowe, and as, perhaps, in Cargo, N. CUL. But Brisco, in the same shire, is, in its charter form, Birkescagh - i.e., birk shaw or 'birch wood'. The same word appears again Frenchified, in the Channel Islands, as Hogue and Hougue.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

LEAF HOWE

• Lefehowe 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 224

The name of a tumulus, vide haugr. The first element is probably a personal name, such as ODan Lefi (Nielsen 1883).

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Editor's note: it is very unlikely that this place-name has an Old Danish personal name derivation, surrounded as it is by place-names of ON derivation. The first element is most probably derived from ON personal name Leif, Leifr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 83

Pickering

SIL HOWE

• Si-, Sylehou 1108-14, a. 1133, 1154-89, 1199 (Whitby Cartulary), 1204 (Rotuli Chartarum), 134 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)
• Silhou 1308 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Sill howes 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

OE syle 'miry place' would hardly suit topographically. We should rather connect the first element with ODan Sile (Nielsen 1883) and OSwed Sil (Lundgren-Brate). 'Sile's mound' vide haugr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 83

Pickering

SIMON HOWE (6")

• Simondeshou 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 206

'Sigemund's mound' vide haugr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

BLAKEY MOOR, BLAKEY TOPPING

• Blakehau 1223 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Blakhouloundes 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 210 d
• Blakay more 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)

'Black mound' vide blaec, haugr, lundr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 97

Brompton

ROW HOWES

• Ruchou circa 1242 (Malton Cartulary) 141

'The rough mound' vide ruh, haugr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 100

Wykeham

HIGH (LOW) WOOF HOWE (tumuli)

• Woulfhow 13 Whitby
• Wolfhow 1446 Whitby
• Wulhow, North-, Southewulfehow 1619 NRS

'Wolf-mound', vide wulf, haugr

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 120

Whitby

FLAT HOWE

• Flathou 1252 (Yorkshire Inquistions)
• -how 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd Series)

'Flat mound'; vide flöt, haugr. There is a tumulus here.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

GNIPE HOWE

• Ghinipe 1086 DB
• Gnip(e) circa 1110, 1145-8, 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary)

From ON gnipa 'a steep rock or peak', probably referring to the high peak overlooking the sea-cliffs on which Gnipe Howe stands; vide haugr. There is a tumulus here.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 137 and 138

Chapter 4

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ou', 'au'

Among my own material which is given below the reader will miss one category of names that he may have expected to find here. I am referring to the numerous names that contain OWScand haugr (OSwed högher, ODan høgh) 'a hill, mound, cairn'. Of this word there occur in ME place-names several forms: hogh, hough, howe, hou, &c. They coincide in spelling with contemporary forms of OE hoh (ho) 'heel', ME hoge, howe, how (< OE hoge, dative singular) and - especially in the north - hogh, hough, which latter word was, too, very frequent in place-names almost everywhere in Scandinavian England. Having primarily meant 'heel', it was already in OE applied to 'a promontory, a projecting ridge of land, a height ending abruptly or steeply'; compare North East dialect hoe. Now if we find a ME name terminating in -howe, &c. it is clearly impossible to determine, from a phonological point of view, which of the two words we have before us. In a few cases the character of the other member affords something in the nature of a clue to a plausible derivation, but as a rule we are left to what can be gathered by means of topographical investigations. Since I have not been in a position, for the present, to undertake any with the thoroughness and accuracy which would be desirable, I have preferred to give a survey of these names in the later, non-phonetical, part of the present work.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 90

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hōh 'a heel, a spur of land' / ON haugr 'a hill, a heap, a mound'

OE hōh (nominative, singular) regularly yields ME hough, heugh; however, OE hōge, hōhe (dative, singular)gives ME howe due to processes of labialisation and vocalisation occurring from the thirteenth century, which similarly explain the development of ON [ɣ] to ME /w/ in ON haugr to ME howe. ME representations of ON /au/ in loanwords vary: /ou/ (<ou>) and /au/ (<au>) are all found, and the first two would be indistinguishable from ME howe. Semantic distinction between the elements may at times be possible where the feature can be identified, but the breadth of meanings both elements had make this potentially problematic, and I did not think it practicable here. The elements are considered indistinguishable here except where orthographic representation of ON /au/ permits a distinction to be made.

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"Ragnarr Lothbrók and his sons" (1909) Professor Allen Mawer, Saga Book VI at page 82

… There was certainly a tradition that Ívarr was buried in England. We read in Ragnar Loðbrók's Saga how, on his death-bed, he gave orders that his body should be buried in a place which was exposed to attack, and prophesied that, if this was done, foes coming to the land would meet with ill-success. The story went that Harald Hardrada landed near Ívar's how, and fell on his expedition. William the Bastard came and broke open Ívar's how and burned his body and then gained possession of the land. In the story of Heming, quoted in Orkneyinga Saga, Harald Hardrada lands in the Cleveland district, and asks Tosti what a certain hillock is. Tosti says that it is Ívar's how, and Harald declares that to be of evil omen. When William the Conqueror lands he orders Ívar's bones to be burnt.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Ragnarr (m. 1).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 96

haugr m. (grave-) mound

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 303 and 466

haugr m. (burial) mound; (dwelling place of a giant) … haugs skunduðr

haugþak n. mound-roof in kenning for gold, wealth: Hǫlga haugþak

Grjótún n. plural i.e. Grjót-tún, stones-dwelling; Grjótúna haugr (mound = hill ? or burial mound as dwelling of giants ?)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 241, entry 21

HAUGR, m. [akin to hár, high; Danish höj; Swedish hog; Northern English 'how'] a how, mound … there was usually a how near the houses, from which the master could look over his estate … 2. a dung-heap. midden; fjós-haugr, a byre-midden; ösku-haugr, an ash-heap; myki-haugr, a muck-heap; … II. a cairn, over one dead; the cairns belong to the burning age as well as to the later age, when the dead were placed in a ship and put in the how with a horse, hound, treasures, weapons, or the like … names of such cairns, Korna-haugr … Hildis-haugr … Hálfdanar-haugar … Tréfóts-haugr … Melkorku-haugr, Mókolls-haugr., etc.: frequent in local names, Haugr, Haugar, Haugs-nes … Hauga-þing, n. an assembly in Norway … a kind of sacrificial mound … the burying in cairns was typical of the heathen age, whence such law phrases as, frá heiðnum haugi, from heathen how, i. e. from time immemorial … in early Danish laws unbaptized children were called höghæmen = how-men. Compounds:

• haug-brot, n. the breaking of a cairn
• hauga-brjótr, m. a cairn breaker, a nickname
• hauga-eldr, m. a cairn fire, a kind of ignis fatuus, said to burn over hidden treasures in cairns
• hauga-herr, m. the host of cairns, fiends, ghosts, demons
• hauga-öld, f. the cairn age, opp. to bruna-öld
• haugs-dyrr, n. the doors of a cairn
• haugs-gölf, n. the floor of a cairn
• haugs-görð, f. cairn-making
• haug-staðr, m. a cairn-place, heathen burial-place
• haug-tekinn, part. taken from a cairn (weapon)
• haug-þak, n. the roof of a cairn
• haug-búi, a, m. a 'cairn-dweller', a ghost
• haug-færa, ð, to bury in a cairn
• haug-ganga, u, f. the breaking into a cairn
• haug-óðal, n. a Norse law term, the manorial right to treasures dug out of cairns
• haugóðals-maðr, m. an owner of haugóðal

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ON Galli, (a nickname): Galli Howe [NZ 74107 19903] and Gallihowe [NZ 74055 19784.

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 187, entry 22

GALLI, a, m. [compare Swedish gall = barren], a fault, flaw, drawback … frequent in modern usage (ár-galli, quod vide); hence galla-lauss, adjective, faultless … gallaðr, participle, vicious, guileful. II a nickname, Biskupa Sögur III.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 36

ár-galli, m. failure of crop.

[32] ON Horn(i) (personal name); ON horn, 'horn'; Hornby.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 187, entry 22

GALLI, a, m. [compare Swedish gall = barren], a fault, flaw, drawback … frequent in modern usage (ár-galli, quod vide); hence galla-lauss, adjective, faultless … gallaðr, participle, vicious, guileful. II a nickname, Biskupa Sögur. (D. III.).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Horni (OEScand) Hornby (Hang East Wapentake)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 240

Hornby

2. HORNBY 21 B 8

• Hornebi, -by DB et passim to 1361 FF
• Hornby 1469 RichWills

'Horni's farm' vide by. According to Ekwall (Place Names LAN 180) the Scandinavian personal name Horni is adduced in OEScand sources only; compare however ZEN 47, note 3.

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"A Dictionary of British Place Names", David Mills, (2011) at page 246

Hornby, 'farmstead or village on a horn-shaped piece of land, or of a man called Horn or Horni', Old Scandinavian horn or personal name + bý. Hornby NRY, near Great Smeaton. Hornebia DB. Hornby NRY, near Hackforth. Hornebi DB.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 279, entry 19

HORN, n. [Anglo Saxon, English, Old High German, German, Danish, and Swedish horn] a horn (of cattle), antler (of deer) … II. the back-fin of a whale … III. a drinking horn … drekka horn, horna skvol, a bout … IV. a horn, trumpet; horna blástr, horna þytr, the blowing, sound of a born … B. A corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county, fara lands-horna á milli, to run from one corner of the land to the other: a nook in a house or building, … rétt horn, a right angle. 2. phrases:

• skjóta í tvau horn, 'to shoot between two horns', of a wide difference
• eiga í mörg horn að líta, to have many nooks to look at, have many things to heed

A corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county … fara lands-horna á milli, to run from one corner of the land to the other: a nook in a house or building … When parents get old and infirm, and yield up their fortune and estate to one of their children, they are in popular Icelandic phrase said 'to go into the corner', to take their seat in the chimney-corner. Many sayings refer to this, eigi munu vér eiga úvænna en horn-ván, if the worst happens, we shall have a 'corner-chance' … II. frequent in local names, Horn, Cape Horn; Horn-strandir, Horna-fjörðr (whence Hornfirðingar).

• horna, u, f. a female hornungr (q. v.).
• hornauga, n. a wry look; líta hornauga til einhvers.
• horn-blástr, m. a sound of trumpets.
• horn-bogi, a, m. a horn bow.
• horn-fiskr, m. a garfish or green-bone: a nickname.
• horn-glói, a, m., poetic, a ram.
• horn-gæla, u, f. a kind of fish, esox belone.
• horn-göfigr, adj. proud of his horns, epithet of a he-goat.
• horn-hagldir, f. plural, horn buckles.
• horn-ístöð, n. plural, horn stirrups.
• horn-ker, n. a horn cup.
• horn-kerling (horn-kona, horn-oka, horn-reka, u, f. all various readings), f. an old woman in the corner, a term of contempt.
• horn-klofi, a, m., poetic a raven.
• hornóttr, adj. horned.
• horn-síl, n. a kind of fish, the stickle-back.
• horn-skafa, u, f. a scraper made of horn, used in the game called sköfuleikr (q. v.).
• horn-spensl, n. a horn buckle.
• horn-spónn, m. a horn spoon.
• horn-stafr, m. a corner pillar in a building.
• horn-steinn, m. a corner stone.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE horn / ON horn 'horn'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

[33] ON Ari (personal name); arnar, örn, ari, 'eagle': Arncliffe, Arn Gill.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Ǫrn (m. 12), Orn (m. 12), Ǫrnólfr (m. 9), Ari (m.8), Arngrímr (m. 6), Gunniǫrn (m. <5), Arnbjǫrn (m. 3), Arnmóðr (m. 3), Arinbjǫrn (m. 2), Arnoddr (m.2), Árni (m. 2), Arnríðr (m. 2), Arnlaugr (m. 1), Arnliótr (m. 1), Arnþórr (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 129

Egton

ARNECLIFF

• Erneclive 1223 FF

'Eagle's cliff' vide earn, cliff

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 178

Ingleby Arncliffe

1. INGLEBY ARNECLIFFE 15 O 6

• Englebi, -by DB; 1231 Ass
• Engelby juxta Erneclyf KF

vide Ingleby Greenhow 167 supra and Arncliffe infra: 'village of the English' from OE Engle and by. There are three places in the district of Ingleby Greenhow so called and they probably all denote isolated survivals of English inhabitants amid a prevailing Scandinavian population.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 178

Ingleby Arncliffe

ARNCLIFFE

• Erneclive, Gerneclif, Lerneclif DB
• Ernesclive circa 1160 Riev
• Erneclive circa 1170 Riev et passim to 1293 QW
• Arneclive circa 1291 Poll-tax
• Arneclyff 1349 Test; 1474 YD, etc

'Eagle's cliff' vide earn, clif.

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Editor's note: for the first and second elements of Arncliffe, 'eagle's cliff', see ON örn, arnar, and klif. The ON derivation is supported by (1) the preponderance of local place-names with ON elements and (2) the four "old jet workings" and "old jet mine" in Arncliffe Wood, jet usually being associated with Norwegian vikings. The locality is littered with ON place-names.

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Arncliffe is a large, steep, wooded bank. The DB forms Gerne- and Lerne- (L is an error for I, Zachrisson) arise from the shifting of the stress in OE éa to the second element of the diphthong (compare Yearsley 193 infra).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 24, entry 59

ARI, a, m. [Old High German aro; compare German adler = edel-aro; compare also the lengthened Icelandic form örn, Anglo Saxon earn, English earn], an eagle, rare and mostly in poetry; örn is the common word; compounds: ara-hreiðr, n. an eyrie, nest of an eagle, … Ari is also a common proper name.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 767, entry 33

ÖRN, m., genitive arnar, dative erni, plural ernir, accusative örnu; in modern usage the word has become feminine örn, arnar, örn, plural nominative accusative arnir; örn is like björn, an enlarged form from ari, quod vide: [Anglo Saxon earn; Chaucer erne; Danish örn]: an eagle; erninum … the eagle is the bird of the giants … arnar-flaug, f. eagle's flight, as an 'omen' boding battle … Compounds:

• arnar-hamr, -kló, -fjöðr, -vængr, m. an eagle's skin, talon, feather, wing
• arnar-hreiðr, n. an eyrie
• arnar-ungi, m. a young eagle
• örn-fljótr, adj. eagle-swift
• örnir, m. eagle, the name of a giant

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 236

ari m. eagle; in kenning for carrion, ara barr; for blood, ara hræsær

[34] ON kelda, 'a spring': Lingrow Keld, Waitekeld, Keldy Grain, Keld Spring, Keld Slack, Keldhowe Steel.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hrafnkell (m. <5).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

KELDHOLME

• Keld(e)holm 1170-86 Dodsworth vii 157; 1201 ChR et passim

'Water-meadow near the spring' vide kelda, holmr.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 28

Chapter 2

Names containing OWScand 'ei' (OEScand 'e')

Braithekeld YKS 1202 Ped. fin. Eb.. A spring near Hutton Conyers.

2nd member ME keld (in place-names), N.E. dialect keld, kell (NBL, CUL, YKS, LAN) 'a fountain, spring', most probably from OWScand kelda (OSwed kälda, ODan kyœldœ) with the same meaning. Frequent in NE place-names.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 335, entry 35

KELDA, u, f. [mid. High German qual and quil; German quelle; Danish kilde; Swedish källa; compare English 'well', Northern English 'keld' = a spring]: a well, spring … keldu-lækr, a stream from a well … II. specific Icelandic, a stagnant pit in a swampy ground … Compounds:

• keldu-skítr, m. = myri-skítr, a snipe: a nickname
• keldu-sog, n. the outlet of a kelda
• keldu-svín, n. 'Rallus aquaticus', the name of a bird, the water-rail
• keldóttr, adj. miry, marshy

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1967), Geir T. Zoëga at page 238

Kelda, feminine (1) well, spring; (2) bog, quagmire.

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Keldy Cottage [SE 77819 92995] with spring

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 334, 373, 486 and 499

kelda f. spring; combined with Rán as 'rankellda'

Kelda f. name for a wave ? (perhaps part of a compound Ránkelda, compare Rán

Ránkelda f. a wave (perhaps a proper name)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 487, entry 73

Rán, f., dative, Rán, … the name of the giant-goddess the queen of the sea; she was wife of Egir, mother of the Nereids, called Ránar-dætr; all that perished in the sea came and abode with her … Compounds: Ránar-dætr, f. plural, the nine daughters of Rán, the Oceanides of the Northern mythology, also of the waves … : poëtically, the sea is called Ránar-land, -salr ('hall'), -vegr ('way'), Rán-heimr ('abode').

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON feminine personal name Rannveig (f. 9).

[35] ON Feitr (personal name); ON feitr 'fat': Faceby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 176

Whorlton

1. FACEBY 15 N 8

• Feizbi, Fezbi, Foitesbi DB
• Fayzeby, Faysebi 12 Guis; 1340 Pat
• Fayceby circa 1160 Riev et passim to 1367 FF
• Faicesby 1208 FF
• Faceby KI; 1399 Archd 19

'Feit's farm' vide by. The first element is derived from ON feitr 'fat' used as a personal name in the OIcel place-name Feitsdal (Landnámabók). A weak form of the personal name Feiti is adduced by LindBN 1920.

The DB form Foites- is satisfactorily explained at "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 43, note 1 as due to a Central French scribe, whose language would contain OFr oi instead of Northern French and AN ei. The ON genitive -s is preserved in this name (compare Haxby 14 supra).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 150, entry 11

FEITR, adjective, [Anglo Saxon fætt; English 'fat'; … Danish feed; Swedish fet] fat … vide fita.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 58

feitir m. fattener, feeder (folkstara feitir is a kenning for a warrior, here King Haraldr, who kills his enemies and provides food for carrion birds

feitr adjective, fat; n. feitt

[36] ON Gálmr (personal name): Ganthorpe.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Gálmr (m. 1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 188, entry 5

GALM, f. or galmr, m., only in local names, Galmar-strönd, [compare Anglo Saxon gealm = din], probably called so from the roaring of the surf.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gálmr (Ganthorpe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 34

Terrington

1. GANTHORPE SS J 10

• Gameltorp DB
• Gamelstorp 1169 P
• Galmethorp 1202 FF; 1290 YI; LS; 1344 FF
• -torp 1244 Ass
• Gametorp' 1200 Cur
• Gaumisthorp 1202 FF
• Yalmethrope 1316 KF
• Ganthorp(e) Saxton; 1665 Visit

'Galm's village' vide þorp. The ON personal name Gálmr (LindN) is found also in ERY Ganton, Galmeston DB, 1207 FF. In both names the phonetic change is that -alm became -awm- and m became n through the influence of the following t. The DB form is due to confusion with the common Anglo-Scandinavian Gamel.

[37] ON Skalli (personal name); ON skáli, 'a temporary hut': Scales, Scalby, Scalebec, Scale Foot.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Skalli (Scalby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Skalli (Scalleberg, Scallerig, 13th)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 506

Skalli m. a giant ('bald-head') … compare Skǫll; Skolli is a fox

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 554, entry 7

skollr, m. [Ivar Aasen skæll = a fog], = skolli, a fox, Edda ii. 490. 2. skulking, deceit … Compounds: skoll-laust, adjective, guileless; skoll-víss, adjective, skulking, wily.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 189, 190 and 191

Chapter 5

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'a'

Scales … From OWScand skáli 'a hut, shed, put up for temporary use, sometimes at a considerable distance from the farm' (Norwegian dialect skaale: no O.E.Scand equivalent recorded), which meaning is particularly obvious in compounds such as lauf-skáli, leik-skáli, fiski-skáli. On OWScand territory the term came soon to be employed chiefly of the house among the farm-buildings that was intended for sleeping in, svefn-skáli (compare Guðmundsson, Privatboligen p. 206 &c.). In England there is as yet no evidence of a similar specialized application of the word, which appears in ME as scale 'shanty', the sole reference in Björkman (1902), being from the northern Cursor Mundi. To the north is confined, too, its modern continuation, NEDial (CUL, WES) scale "a temporary hut or shelter, wooden shed'.

OWScand skáli occurs, moreover, in about 40 ME place-names, to be found almost exclusively in the northern counties of YKS, LAN, CUL, WES, where they form a marked characteristic of the local nomenclature. The word seems to have been used here in the same sense as was stated above to have been the earliest on record, and in which it occurs in some ONorw place-names (see Rygh, Indl.). Of the greatest interest are those ME names of this kind into which it enters, generally in the plural,, as last member; as first member we find, as a rule, a personal name, a place-name, or a descriptive word, referring either to the situation of the building, the purpose for which it was used, or to its form and structure. Several noteworthy and suggestive compounds of the two last-named categories are included in the list below.

… But to return to OWScand skáli: It is derived … from a Teutonic Skawalan. Although there are no phonetical difficulties in the way of such a derivation, it seems to me preferable to connect the word with OWScand skál (OSwed skal, ODan skaal) 'a bowl, dish, scale of balance', as is suggested by Guðmundsson (o.c., page 207), who, in support of his view, calls attention to the compound skál-hús = skáli. Our skáli would then primarily have denoted a bowl-shaped hut. Buildings of such a form are proved to have existed since primeval times in Iceland, Shetland, the British Isles ('beehive houses'), and elsewhere in northern Europe (see ib. p.107 f.); in Iceland they are still to be found and especially used for confining sheep in. Again, the aforesaid OWScand skál (< Teutonic skæo) has several cognates in the Continental Teutonic languages, such as Old Saxon scâla, … When faced with such facts one might feel disposed to wonder if an OE equivalent to these words did not once exist; we should then expect an Anglian form scel or a weak scela, which would be precisely the ground-word presupposed by a native ME shele. In other words, the possibility is not out of the question that OWScand skáli and ME shele are - at any rate approximately - etymological equivalents, which have undergone the same development in meaning. It must be regretted that the material to go upon in OE is so very scanty and does not suffice for forming any definite conclusions, the nearest cognate here being scealu 'a shell, dish, cup &c' with short stem-vowel. Accordingly the whole problem remains, for the present, practically unsolved.

We now pass on to the other ME place-names containing OWScand skáli.

… Scalebec YKS 12th century Whitby Chartulary; near Liverton. 2nd member is OWScand bekkr (OSwed bäkker), or ME beck 'a stream'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Introduction at page xxvii

In Langbaurgh East and Langbaurgh West, where Danish influence was not extensive, there are indications of a thorough settlement by Norwegians, especially round Guisborough and the district to the west. Norwegian influence is evident in such names as Scalebec in Liverton, Burnolfscales in Guisborough, Raufscales in Kildale, Scalestedes in Tocketts, Stainschale in Upleatham, Scale Foot and Scaling (all containing skáli), Endebrec in Guisborough, Bakestanbrec in Tocketts and Likkebreke in Coatham (containing brekka); Coldman Hargos (erg) and Commondale contain the Irish personal name Colmán. Patricius (Old Irish Patric) and Magbanet are the names of early tenants, and crosses at Easington and Skelton exhibit Irish forms of decoration. A little to the west occur Normanby, Airy Holme, Lackenby, and Hillbraith, whilst Dunlangabrotes in Great Broughton contains the Old Irish personal name Dunlang, and Colman is the name of an early tenant. The series is continued further west in the northern parts of Allertonshire and Birdforth, by Fowgill, Blow Gill, Irby and Irton. Sawcock is an Irish-Norwegian inversion compound (v. supra xxii, n. 1), and Birkby probably refers to a village of Britons or Brito-Scandinavians who had joined the Norwegians as they were passing through Cumberland. Melmidoc, Gilemicel, Dughel, and Malgrin are Irish names borne by local landholders in 1066. Irish forms of carving are found on crosses at Birkby, Northallerton, Brompton, and Osmotherley all in the north of Allertonshire, and at Crathorne and Kirk Leavington in the adjacent part of Langbaurgh West.

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Editor's note: for place-name 'Breaday Gill' the first element is ON personal name Breiðr which, together with ON suffix gil 'ravine', gives 'Breith's ravine'. For place-name 'Broad Ings' the first element would be ON breiðr, 'broad', which, together with the ON suffix ings, 'water meadow, pasture' gives 'broad pasture' - see also [46].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 72

Helmsley

6. LASKILL PASTURE 22 C 6

• Lauesc(h(ales 1170 Riev; 1200 FF; 1201 Riev
• Laygskales 1301 LS

'Low pastures' vide lágr, skáli. Laskill is in the bottom of the deep valley of the river Rye. On the change of ME laue to la compare Addlebrough 262 infra. vide Introduction xxvi.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 262

Aysgarth

ADDLEBROUGH

• Otholburgh 1153 Dugdale v. 573
• Authelburi, Authelburgh 1283 Dugdale v. 575; 1307 Ch

'Authulf's burh' from the ON personal name Auðulfr. Roman remains have been found here as at Brough Hill infra. On ON au becoming a compare Laskill 72 supra, Marsett 264 supra and Scratby NFK, at Scroutebi BCS 1017.

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"The History of Whitby, and of Whitby Abbey, before the Conquest" Lionel Charlton (1779) Book II at pages 132 and 133

893. Grant by Robert de Livertun to the monks of Whitby of two bovates and a toft in Livertun and 18 acres of Land. 1170-1180

Chartulary of Whitby f. 59

… About the year 1163 the aforesaid Robert of Livertun gave, granted etc … Some time after this, the same Robert of Livertun gave, granted and by his charter confirmed to God and St Peter and St Hylda of Wyteby … the land which is between the water of Scineregrive and Scalebec, as far as the footway coming from Grenerig; and also the land on the other side of Scalebec, between the said footway and the tillage land of the countrymen, as far as the toft of the two aforesaid oxgangs …

at page 187 of the Chartulary of Whitby:

M. Scinnergriue. It seems to be impossible now, owing to the change of local names during recent times, to identify tlie streams here named, or indeed any of the places specified, with rare exceptions. There are two becks which meet at the northern limit of Liverton, one of which is now called Kilton Beck, and the other White Cliff Beck, and which with their united streams flow on to Skinningrove. Scalebeck is probably Kilton Beck, but it is impossible to decide. Grenerig is Gerrick.

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"Early Yorkshire Charters; being a collection of documents anterior to the thirteenth century made from the public records, monastic chartularies, Roger Dodsworth's manuscripts and other available sources" William Farrer 1861-1924 (published 1914 in four volumes) at page 237

Volume II

At page 237

The Memorials of the abbey record the gifts of Robert de Liverton as consisting of ½ carucate quit of Danegeld with additions which William, dean (of Cleveland?), sold to them. In the confirmation of Henry II (1175-1180) the donor is described as Robert son of Nigel de Liverton. The additions, namely 18 acres and a toft in Liverton, were ostensibly given by Robert de Liverton, but the person from whom they were acquired may have been William de Herlesei, who attested the donation.

At a later date Robert de Liverton gave to the monks land and wood between the water of Schinnegrive and the water of Scalebec to the road of Grenerig, which runs from Schinnegrive to Scalebec; land of Lusekeldesic, from the sea road to Duncildehalc and from the tilled land, formerly the monks', to Scortebutes; and a toft of 2 acres in 2 parcels; attested by Henry de Percy, Peter de Bradelai, and two others.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 209

skáli m. hall (usually without dividing walls), the main living area of a medieval house … with suffixed definite article i.e. the roof of the hall … ofan allr skálinn, all the upper part of the hall; at skáli in the house; shed, hut for sleeping in: sumir skálarnir, some of the sleeping huts.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 541, entry 30

SKÁLI, a, m. [compare Scotish shieling; Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850) skaale = shieling] properly, a hut, shed, put up for temporary use; this is the earliest Norse sense, and it is still so used in Norway … II. a hall (höll is only used of the king's hall) … the skáli is a detached building; drykkju-skáli, a drinking hall; svefn-skáli, a sleeping hall:

• skála vist at Rauðabjörgum, of a fisherman's hut
• skála búi, a hut dweller = a robber
• leik-skálar, play-shielings, put up when people assembled for sports
• gufu-skálar, 'steam-shieling' a local name, of bathing-sheds
• fiski-skálar, fishing shielings; it also remains in local names as Skála-holt

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 370

skáli, m. (1) hut, shed (put up for temporary use); (2) hall, room … especially sleeping-hall.

skálkr m. (1) servant; (2) rogue …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 108

Scalby

3. SCALBY 23 C 6

• Sc-, Skallebi, -by DB et passim to 1400
• Sc-, Skalebi, -by DB, 1169 P et freq to 1280 Ch
• Escaleby 1251 CI
• Scalby 1322 NRS; 1376 FF; 1408 For; 1508 Test; 1665 Visit
• Sc-, Skawby(e) 1570, 1575 FF; 1577 NRS

'Skalli's farm' vide by. The first element, as in Scawby (LIN), is the ON personal name Skalli, genitive Skalla LindN; compare the Swedish place-name Skålby, OSwed Skallaby (Hellquist, Svenska ON på -by, 37).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 109

Scalby

SCALBY HAY

• haia (haya) de Scallebi 1190 P; 1201 ChR

vide Scalby 108 supra and gehaeg. Here it denotes a hunting enclosure in the forest of Scalby. Compare Hayburn 111 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 139

Hinderwell

SCALING

• Skalynge, Skalinge 12 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy), 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)
• Scalingis 1243-73 (Cartularium de Parco Helagh) 43 d
• Estskaling 1415 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

'Shieling, pastureland, or a roughly built hut (near such a piece of land)'. The etymology of this word is probably ON *skáling (vide New English Dictionary sub verbo shieling), a derivative of skali. The same element is found in Scale Foot 148 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 148

Guisborough

SCALE FOOT (6")

• Schalingthawythe 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Skalethwayte 1539 (Dugdale's Monasticon) v. 510
• Scalethwayte al. Scaylthat 1573 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

'Enclosure with a small shed or shieling', compare Scaling 139 supra, and vide þveit. The final element þveit has undergone a dialectal sound-change of th to f (compare Garfit 69 supra) and popular etymology has connected the word with foot.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at pages 202 and 203

We also find in the husbandry of the Lake District many Norwegian traces, e.g. the isolated farms, which in earlier times were more common than now, and the custom of sending the cattle up in the mountains in summer time. The word shieling itself is probably of ON origin, formed from ON skáli, 'a hut built for temporary use'.

[38] ON Arkil (personal name): Arkilmire (lost), Arkilhou (lost), Arkilland (lost), Arkilmireflat (lost).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Arkil (Arkengarthdale, Arkleside, Thwaite - Hang West Wapentake)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Arnkell (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Arkil (Arkelmire, Arkilmireflat, 12th, Arkilhou, 1244, Arkilland, 1342)

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Editor's note: the first element of place-name Arkilmire is ON personal name Arkil which, together with the second element ON mýrr 'moor', gives 'Arkil's moor'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 253

Coverham

ARKLESIDE

• Arkelsit 1240 VCH i. 222, -sit 1270 YI

'Arkel's pasture' from the ON Arnketell, Arnkell, ODan Arkil, OSwed Arkil (Björkman (1910) 8). vide sætr.

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Editor's note: the first element of place-name Arkleside is ON Arkil.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 295

Arkengarthdale

1. ARKENGARTHDALE 14 H-J 1

• Arkillesgarth, -gardh 1199 VCH l; 1201 ChR
• Arkil, Arkelgarth 13 RichReg 121 et freq
• Arclegarthdaile 1557 RichWills
• Arechengarthdale 1671 Grinton

'The valley of Arkil's enclosure' vide dæ, garðr. On the change of l to n compare Hinderskelfe and Arkleside 40, 253 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 295

Arkengarthdale

ARKLE BECK and ARKLE TOWN

• Arkelbek 1226 FF
• Arkilton 1476 VCH i. 37

These two names are probably back-formations from the parish name supra. vide bekkr, tun.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 205 and 206

Chapter 6

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'y'

The only place-name element which belongs to this chapter is ME mire OWScand myrr f. 'moor, bog, swampy ground' … All the ME names that contain the Scandinavian word are to be found in northern England. I have noted the following instances:

Compare, however, next page, foot-note 6 … With regard to Mirefelt, Myrehage, Mireschogh and Mireton it is possible, from a formal point of view, that the first member is, instead, from ME mire 'an ant', borrowed from Scandinavia; compare Björkman (1902) page 115. In any case the names are to be included here.

Arkilmire YKS 13th century Guis [140]; Arke(l)mire 13th century Guis; near Normanby

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Arkengarthdale: The large proportion of Viking names, Fagger Gill, Kitley Hill, Langthwaite and Whaw, indicates Viking settlement during the 10th century, probably arriving from the west. Arkil is a Viking name which leads to speculation that he was a local leader.

[39] ON toft, topt, 'site of a single house, farm, homestead': -Toft place-names: Allan Tofts (Tops) (Aleinetoften), Hartoft Rigg (Haretoft).

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 208 to 212 and 217

Chapter 7

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'o'

From OE, ME toft 'a piece of ground, a slightly elevated, exposed site, campus', an adoption of ODan toft 'an enclosed home-field' (husætoft, see Lund; compare OSwed tomt, topt, toft), or OWScand topt, tupt 'a piece of ground, messuage, homestead, a place marked out for a house or building' … The meaning of 'messuage', i.e. a portion of land, intended to be occupied, or actually occupied, as a site for a dwelling-house and its appurtenances, is to be assigned to the Latinized forms toftum, tofta, which are of constant occurrence in Old and Middle English records of various descriptions, especially in charters transferring landed property. In such documents the phrase cum tofto et crofto is met with, over and over again.

As a place-name element the OScand toft, topt is frequently found in Norway and, more particularly, in Denmark and Sweden … Some instances exist, moreover, in Iceland (La.), in the Shetlands … in Scotland … in the Faroes … besides, there are a great number in Normandy, for examples of which see below. From Mediaeval England I have noted more than a hundred place-names containing the word, which are scattered nearly all over Scandinavian England, from SFK in the south up to NBL, DUR and WES in the north; the last three counties, together with LAN and CUL, have only one instance each. The scarceness of the word in the local nomenclature of the northern counties is noteworthy in view of the fact that New English dialect toft (tuft YKS) is in general use even in that part of the country - see E.D.D. (The English Dialect Dictionary 1898-1905). Of the material given below about four fifths belong to YKS), LIN and NFK

An examination of the compounded ME toft-names will show that comparatively many of them contain a native word as 1st member, either an appellative or a personal name. All things considered it is clear that toft was adopted in the native language at a very early period. [The word seems to have been introduced here in the form toft and prior to the OWScand transition ft > pt which … was in operation about A.D. 1000. When that is so, and the word occurs both in OWScand and OEScand local nomenclature, all attempts at deciding whether the English toft-names are of West or East Scandinavian extraction are doomed to failure from the outset, the more as the 1st members of the compound names are anything but suggestive on this point. Furthermore it is interesting to notice that exact parallels to several of these names can be cited from the numerous toft-names of Normandy, the total number of which is put down by Taylor (Words and places, p. 123) at about one hundred. Among the early Norman instances adduced by Fabricius (page 312 f.) we find Breitot, Hotot, Esketot or Esquetot, Langetot, Wictot or Wigetot, &c., all of which re-appear in Scandinavian England. As may be seen from these spellings, the Norman form of toft was tot - with the f regularly dropped before the consonant t - which, indeed, occurs in all the names of the present kind given by Fabricius (1. c.) and Joret (p.52-54). Under such circumstances it is not surprising that the same tot is used repeatedly in the place-name spellings of Domesday, which is wholly in keeping with the Norman orthography of this record, while it is hardly ever found in our subsequent sources. We now pass on to the remaining material:

… Tofthous YKS 1291 Abbr Tempore regum Richard I - Edward II; Tofthouse, Thouhouse Kirkby now lost. Near Harewood. This name is etymologically identical with New English dialect toft-house 'the house attached to a toft', EDD.

… Ailwintoft YKS 1310 Ch; in Scaling near Easington, N. Riding. 1st member is the ME personal name Aylwine for which compare above page 192, note 6.

Aldwinetoftes, Aldenetoftes YKS 13th century, Aldenetoftes 1332 Riev; now Antofts. 1st member is OE Ealdwine, Aldwini, personal name. From this is, perhaps, Aldene in DB (cf. Aldenescheles p.190). ME Aldewyn, Aldyn, &c.; cf. Bardsley, under Alden.

Aleinetoften YKS 1204 ChR Aleinstoftes Rotuli Hundredorum, tempore Henry III et Edward I); Aleintoftes 1297 YI (1241-95), 1372 Cal. Inq.; near Scalby and Scarborough. 1st member is the common ME personal name Aleyn, Alayn, of which numerous instances are to be found in early ME records. Compare Aleynscheles p.190. Bardsley (q.v.) states it to be of Norman introduction.

Alwaldtoftes YKS 1292 Pat; Alwaldetoftes 1295, Allewartoftes 1296 YI (1241-95); near Liglethwaite? From OWScand Olvaldi, ODan Alwaldi, personal name; or, possibly, OE &ARlig;lfweald. Compare Alwaldeby, p.175 n.3.

Arnaldetoftes YKS 12th century f. Whitby; near Ayresome. From OWScand Arnaldr OEScand Arnald, personal name; or ME Arnald < OE Earnweald (on record ?).

… Haretoft YKS Vill, 1349 Cal. Inq.; now Hartoft. From ME hare (OE hara) or (ON hari 'a hare') OSwed hari, Danish hare 'a hare'.

(More -toft place-names from Beltot to Werkhustoft on pages 213 to 225

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 636, entry 28

TOPT, tomt, tupt, toft, tuft; the vowel is short, and toft makes a rhyme to opt … the word is identical with English 'tuft'. B. A green tuft or knoll, green, grassy place, then generally like middle Latin toftum, English toft, a piece of ground, messuage, homestead … göra kirkju ok hvergi tuft eyða, build a church, and not lay waste the toft … en ef hón er eigi til, þá skal kaupa tuft þar sem menn vilja svá sem menn meta, purchase a toft where to launch the ship … 3. a square piece of ground with walls but without roof (compare tjalda), this is the special later Icelandic sense … búðar-tópt, the square walls of a hut without a roof.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 283

fǫðurtoptir f. plural, father's homestead, the place where one's father had dwelt

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 439

topt or tupt, f. :

1. 'toft', homestead; Skaði byggvir fornar toptir föður, Skaði dwells in her father's old home;
2. a place marked out for a house or building (Skyldi þar vera kaupstaðr; hann gaf mönnum toptir til at gera sér þar hús);
3. the mere walls or foundations of a (former) building (út með firðinum eru viða toptir).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

4. HARTOFT 22 B 11

• Haretoft 1316 (Nomina Villarum, 1316), 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 246, 1349 (Inquisitiones post mortem)
• Hartoft 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 244, 1408 (Forest Proceedings)

vide topt. For the first element vide Harome (page 70 supra). 'Messuage by the stony or rocky place'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Lanbargh East Wapentake at page 144

Skelton

HAREDALE (6")

• Hardale 1273 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

Probably 'rocky valley' vide Harwood Dale 113 supra.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 187

The field-names of the Whitby district and of some parts of LIN are likewise Scandinavian, and faithfully render all the characteristic features of the Danish village system. In the township each man had his homestead which, as in Denmark, was called toft, and, besides, he had his share of land; 'toft and croft' is the usual expression.

[40] ON Ragi and ODan Wraghi, both personal names: Wragby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Wraghi (ODan) (Wragby)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Ragi (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 118

Fylingdales

WRAGBY

• Wrauby 1344 Test
• Wragby 1476 Test; 1540 Whitby

'Wragi's farm' from the ODan personal name Wraghi (Nielsen 1883), found as the first element of ODan Wraghæthorp and of Wrawby (LIN), Waragebi (DB), and Wragby (YWR), Wraggeby 1308 (Wakefield Court Rolls); vide by. The g in this name is purely a spelling survival.

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Editor's note: regarding the likely derivation of the place-name Wragby, according to "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 208, Wragby is likely derived from the Old West Scandinavian man's name Ragi (Wragi), ODan Wraghi, which is found in the LIN place-name Wragheby … or Wrag- might possibly be an orthographical error for Wrang-, in which case it is to be explained as in Wrangeflat. In summary, the derivation of place-name Wragby is probably an ON source (personal name Ragi) and not the Danish personal name Wraghi.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 208

Chapter 6

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'y'

Wragmire CUL 1362 Test. Karl. Not identifiable … Perhaps from the OWScand man's name Ragi (Wragi), ODan Wraghi, which is found in the LIN place-name Wragheby (see above p.197 n.). Or Wrag- might possibly be an orthographical error for Wrang-, in which case it is to be explained as in Wrangeflat, see page 197, note 1

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 481, entry 15

Ragi, a, m. a proper name, Landnámabók Raga-bróðir, m. a nickname.

Editor's note: Landnámabók, ("Book of Settlements"), often shortened to Landn, is a medieval Icelandic written work which describes in considerable detail the settlement (landnám) of Iceland by the Norse in the 9th and 10th centuries.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 190

Ragabróðir m. brother of Ragi, son of Óleifr hjalti, 10th century Icelander.

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at pages 6 & 7

II. Place-names in bý

1. The element bý in Scandinavia and Yorkshire

… In Norway, on the other hand, the term (bý) seems to have been generally used of an isolated farmhouse, perhaps also originally of cultivated land. At all events, however, the element would seem to have acquired the meaning "village" before the period of the Scandinavian settlements in England (cf. PNEl i 66-72).

It is generally accepted that the village names in -bý in England were given by the Danish settlers but, as Kr. Hald points out in KLNM II 386, the use of the element by in the sense "village" would seem to have penetrated to the north and west from the areas of densest Danish settlement and there been adopted by the Norwegian settlers. Neither those places with names in bý in the areas of Yorkshire which are generally considered to have been settled by Norwegians nor those whose names contain a demonstrably WScand first element (e.g. an Irish or Norwegian personal name) can be shown to have been any smaller at the time of the compilation of DB than the villages in the demonstrably Danish areas. It is conceivable, however, that some of the names in the areas of predominantly Norwegian settlement and perhaps elsewhere, too, may originally have contained by in the sense "farmhouse". It is noticeable that several of the names indicate places that are now completely lost or whose site is marked by a solitary house or farm or in some cases merely by archaeological remains.

…

The volumes of the EPNS, however, record no less than 69 instances of place-names in bý in Yorkshire which are first recorded in post-DB sources. There are 25 in YNR, 7 in YE, and 37 in WRY. Only 12 of these names are borne by townships or parishes … Of these, 12 probably contain Scandinavian personal names, namely … Wragby YNR (Wrauby 1344, Vragi, PNYN 118), and Wragby WRY (Wraggebi 1160-70, Vragi, PNYW 2, 89) …

[41] ON Arnaldr (personal name): Arnoldstoft

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Arnaldr (Arnoldstoft)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Arnaldr (m. 2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 161

Middlesbrough

ARNOLDSTOFT (6")

• Arnodestorp DB
• Arnaldestoftes 13 Whitby

'Arnald's homestead', from ON Arnaldr and topt. The DB form is probably erratic (compare Spennithorne 253 infra).

[42] ON elri, 'alder tree': Eller, Alder Carr, Eller Beck, Ellerburn, Ellerlands, Ellerton.

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Possibly from Ælla (Ella, Ille), the first certain king (560-588) of Deira, a kingdom (559-664) in Northern England which probably emerged when Anglian warriors conquered the Derwent Valley in the third quarter of the fifth century. It extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. The origin of all four place-names - Eller Beck, Eller Beck Bridge, Eller Beck Head and Little Eller Beck - is ON bekkr 'a brook, stream', and it was common for the ancient names of rivers to survive the place-name Scandinavianisation during the Scandinavian colonisation which took place between circa 900 and 1086.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page LIX

Chapter 5

Some general remarks on the Scandinavian place-nomenclature in England in Old and Middle English times

Of ME nature names which contain Scandinavian elements there is an almost endless host preserved in our charters and other records of a more local character. Among them we meet with names of woods and groves, hills and mountains, valleys, bays and inlets, fens and marshes, fords, &c. Relatively few in number are the names of lakes and rivers … Most of the river-names in England seem to be very ancient and of Celtic origin, and they were not discarded either by the Anglo-Saxon or the Scandinavian invaders … Many of the northern ME names of streams and brooks which terminate in -beck without doubt embody OWScand bekkr and not the native beck (compare this word in Björkman (1902) page 144), more particularly when the preceding member is a Scandinavian word, as in Stainbec page 89 … There is no reason for doubting the Scandinavian origin of such a name as a whole.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at pages 163 & 165

Ellerbeck YNR [Elre, Alrebec, DB, Elrebeck 1243 FF], Ellerburn YNR [Elreburne DB, -burn 1225 Ep, Alreburne circa 1160 YCh 380]. 'Alder brook'. See ALOR, Elri.

O.Scand elri 'alders, alder grove' is the first element of several names, as Ellerbeck, Ellerker. Compare Ellers, Ellerton.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 127, entry 8

elrir, m., and elri, n. the alder-tree, Latin alnus, Anglo Saxon alor, aler, German erle

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 764, entry 9

ölr, m. = elrir, [Norwegian or, older, elle; Anglo Saxon alr; English 'alder'; Latin alnus] a kind of tree, the alder-tree … öls blakkr, the wolf, Lexicon Poeticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 468, entry 31

orir, m. an alder

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 80

Middleton

ALDER CARR (6")

• Ellerker 1537 Dugd iv. 319

Self-explanatory.

See "Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire", Gillian Fellows Jensen at page 95: "The first element is the Scandinavian appellative elri, 'alders', perhaps showing confusion with cognate OE alor or with ODan al. The second element is the Scandinavian kjarr, 'marsh'."

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 212

Osmotherley

ELLERBECK 22 A 2

• Elrebec DB
• Alrebec DB, 1088 LVD 50 d, 51

'Alder stream' vide elri, bekkr. Later forms as for Eller Beck and Ellerburn 82, 88 supra and Eller Beck 233, 266 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 233

Mashamshire

ELLER BECK

• Elrebec Hy 2 BM

'Alder stream' vide elri, bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 266

Aysgarth

ELLER BECK (6")

• Ellerbech 13 Easby 278
• Elrebek 1291 YD

'Alder stream' vide elri, bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 82

Pickering

ELLER BECK

• Helrebec 1201 ChR
• Ellerbe(c)k 1335 ForP 204 d; 205, 217 d, 1619 NRS

'Alder stream' vide elri, bekkr. The initial h- of the first spelling is onorganic.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 88

Thornton Dale

ELLERBURN

• Elreburne DB, 1225 Ebor
• Elrebrune DB
• Elraburna 1145-53 Leon 35
• Alrebrune 155-67 YCh 380; Hy 2 Leon 4 d
• Ellebrone circa 1200 For; -burn(e) 1227 Pat; 1231 Ebor
• Ellerburn(e) 1252 Ebor; 1275 YI et passim

'Alder stream' vide elri, burna. There is indecision in the early forms between OE alor and ON elrir and between OE burna and ON brunnr. All these forms have their parallels in Yorkshire. In the light of the early forms quoted this place cannot be identical with OE æt Helaþyrnum (Anglo Saxon Chronicle 778 E). Compare Brandl Festschrift i. 48 on this identification.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 256

Wensley

ELLERLANDS

• Ellerlund 14 YD (a wood)

'Alder Wood' vide elri, lundr. Compare Sutherland 79 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 294

Marrick

ELLERS

• Hygh Ellers 1567 FF

'The Alders', vide elri.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 270

Downholme

ELLERTON ABBEY 21 A 4

• Elreton DB, 1228 Pat; 1230 Ebor; 1268 Abbr
• Ellerton(a) -tun 1184 RichReg 84 et passim

'Alder enclosure' vide elri, tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 277

Bolton on Swale

ELLERTON (ON SWALE) 21 A 9

• Alreton DB
• Ellerton 1184 RichReg 83 d, (upon Swale), 1314 Ch et passim

'Alder enclosure' vide alor (elri), tun compare Ellerton Abbey 270 supra.

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Editor's note: a further example of the local association of 'eller' with 'alder' is Tanner's Wood Beck [NZ 81805 10197] in Tanner's Wood adjacent to Alder Park [NZ 82010 10323], being the start of the northern continuation of Eller Beck [NZ 82818 09232]. Alder bark and wood (like oak and sweet chestnut) contain tannin and are traditionally used to tan leather. Some 956 metres to the north and 302 metres to the east Tanner's Wood Beck becomes Birk Head Beck [NZ 82107 11153] where 'birk' is derived from ON birki, a birch, the bark of which is also used in tanning leather.

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"An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898 and 1921) Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller at page 35 entry 20

The alder tree, called ELLER and ALLER, ON elri, elrir, ölr, OE alor, aler, is an inhabitant of swamps and meadows in all Europe, the north of Africa and Asia, and North America. Its favourite station is by the side of rivulets, or in the elevated parts of marshy land where the soil is drained. Its juice contains a great abundance of tannin, which renders the bark valuable for tanning, and the young shoots for dyeing. Its foliage being large, and of a deep handsome green, the alder is rather an ornamental tree. The alder, Alnus glutinosa, must not be confused with the elder, Sambucus nigra, the elder-tree.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 112

elri, n., elrir (gen. -is), m. alder.

[43] ON snarr, 'swift'; ON snara, 'to turn quickly' and 'a snare': Snargate.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Snorri (m. 15).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 573, entry 33

SNARR, snör, snart, adjective, [this word with its derivatives is akin to snúa, preterite, snöri; English 'snarl', of cord] properly, hard-twisted, of a string; snarr þáttr, hard-spun cord … (snar-þáttr, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860); þráðrinn er snarr: chiefly used, II. metaphorical, swift, [Anglo Saxon snear]; snarir vindar, the swift winds, … snör brögð, gallant deeds, … 2. keen; snör augu, keen, flashing eyes, … adverbially, smartly … III. temporal, soon, Danish snart; …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 573, entry 12

SNARA, að, [English 'to snare'], to turn quickly, twist, wring … snaraðr ok snúinn, wrung and twisted … to translate a book, snara bók upp í Norrænu … 2. to throw, fling … 3. [Anglo Saxon snyrian], to make a quick turn, step out quick … II. reflexive, to turn oneself quickly …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 573, entry 13

snara, u, f., plural, snörur, [Anglo Saxon sneare], a snare (properly, a 'hard-twisted cord') …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 397

snarr, adjective, keen, swift, brave; n. as adverb, quickly, smartly

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 219 and 221

snarr adjective, swift, keen, bold

snǫr see snarr

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Editor's note: Snargate, vide ON snarr, 'swift' and ON gata, 'way, road' giving 'swift way or road'. The first element may be derived from ON snara, 'to turn quickly' and 'a snare'.

[44] OE Cloh, 'a ravine'; OE clough, 'a cleft of a rock, or down the side of a hill'; ON klofi, 'a cleft or rift in a hill closed at the upper end': Cloughton, Cloughton Beck, Cloughton Newlands and Cloughton Wyke.

Cloughton Wyke

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 108

Scalby

2. CLOUGHTON 22 B 6

• Cloctune, -ton(a) DB; 1195-1225 Dods vii. 244; 1230 Whitby; 1235 Ch
• Clochton 1231 Ass
• Cloghton 1368 FF; 1408 For
• Clouchetone 1322 NRS
• Cloughton 1577 NRS
• Clawghton 1619 NRS

'Valley farm' vide OE cloh, tun.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at page 113

Cloughton YNR [Cloctune DB, -ton 1191 ff, Clotton 1195 P]. 'TUN in a ravine' Cf. CLOH

OE cloh, ME clo dialect 'ravine'. See … CLOUGHTON.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 343, entry 28

KLOFI, a, m. a cleft or rift in a hill closed at the upper end … fjalla-klofi, a ravine with a bottom …

• landa-klofi, a delta at the fork of a river
• lausa-klofi, grammatically, a diphthong (au, ei, ey)
• klofa-kerling, f. and klofa-stafr, m. a cleft stick or staff
• klofa-rúm, n. a ship's cabin near the mast
• klofa-sigling, f. sailing with a forked mast
• klofa-stef, n. a metric. term, a 'cleft-burden', a kind of refrain, consisting of several lines inserted separately in different lines of a stanza

---

"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 183, 241 and 242

hamra-fjall, n. craggy mountain

hamra-klif n. cleft between two crags

klauf (plural -ir, f. (1) the cleft (between the toes); (2) cloven foot (3) beast, head of cattle

klofi, m. (1) cleft, rift (in a hill); cleft stick … to be caught in a trap; (3) the forks to support the tents on board a ship (4) snuffers

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 335, 336, 391 and 478

klofi m. clamp (to fix a tent on board ship ?); cloven end to the lower part of a mast to hinge the upper end on to; the fixing for the mast at the level of the transoms; the area around the mast; pl. klofar a hinged pair of slats for the end of a tent on board ship

skeiðklofi m. bow-legged, bandy-legged person

Hornklofi m. (= Þorbjǫrn (2)) Norwegian poet (fl. circa 900) …

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Editor's note: the first place-name element 'clough' is more likely derived from either OE clough, 'a cleft of a rock, or down the side of a hill' (see Bosworth "Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary" at page 59) or its ON equivalent klofi, 'a cleft or rift in a hill closed at the upper end' with the second element from ON tún, 'a homestead'.

[45] ON Ketil (personal name); ON ketil, 'kettle': Kettle Howe, Kettle Well Cottage and Kettlethorpe.

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Editor's note: Kettle Howe and Kettle Well possibly also from ON personal name Ketill (OS Kœtil, ODan Ketil): 'Ketill's cairn' and 'Ketill's well'

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ketill (Kettlethorpe)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Ketill (Ketelsgat, 1313; Ketelpittes, 13th; Katilscroft, 12th)
• ON (H)unketill (Unkelbeck, circa 1300)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Ketilbiǫrn (m. 2) and Reyrketill and ON feminine personal name (m. 1), Ketilríðr (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V (1979) at page 89

Pickering Lythe Wapentake

Thornton Dale

KETTLETHORPE (lost)

• Chetelestorp DB, circa 1250 Malton 118

'Ketill's village'; vide þorp. A common Scandinavian personal name.

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"Norse Place-names in Gower (Glamorganshire) (1900)" Saga Book of the Viking Club Vol II, Alexander G. Moffat at page 114

Kettles, Kittle Hill, Kittle, Kytehull, Personal name. S. O. Addy writes in Notes and Queries, May 2nd, 1896, p. 345:

"I see no reason why Kettlewell should not mean 'Kettle Fields' because, according to ancient custom, the kindling of a fire on land and the boiling of a kettle (pot) thereon, was proof of possession. See Grimm's 'Rechtsalterthümer,' 1854, p. 107."

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 337, entry 44

KETILL, m., dative, katli, plural, katlar, [Gothic katils … Anglo Saxon cytel; English 'kettle'; Old High German kezil; German kessel; Swedish kettel; Danish kjædel] a kettle, cauldron … in old usage as a general name for every kettle, boiler, cauldron; … but pottr = cauldron; … 2. the earliest northern eccl. law prescribed as an ordeal for a woman to take hot stones out of a boiling kettle, whereas a man had to take up hot iron; ganga til ketils, taka í ketil, (the ordeal being called ketil-tak, n.); …

II. as a proper name of men, Ketill, Ketil-björn; of women, Katla, Ketil-ríðr: but chiefly used as the latter part in compound names of men, contracted into 'kel', As-kell, Arn-kell, Grím-kell, Hall-kell, Stein-kell, Úlf-kell, Þór-kell, Vé-kell: of women, Hall-katla, Þór-katla. In poets of the 10th century the old uncontracted form was still used, but the contracted form occurs in verses of the beginning of the 11th century, although the old form still occurs now and then. The frequent use of these names is no doubt derived from the holy cauldron at sacrifices, as is indicated by such names as Vé-kell, Holy kettle; compare Ketilby in Yorkshire.

• ketil-botn, m. the bottom of a kettle
• ketil-garðr, m. a kiln (?)
• ketil-hadda, u, f. a kettle-handle
• ketil-hrím, n. kettle-grime, soot
• ketil-járn, n. a gridiron

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 333, 335 and 478

katli see ketill

ketill (dative, katli) m. pot

Hrafnketill m. a ninth-century Norwegian (presumably the one who brought the poet the shield as a gift from King Ragnarr)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 118, 129, 130, 205, 240, 281 and 282

Hœngr m. = Ketill hœngr, Icelandic settler

katlar see ketill

Katli see Ketill

Ketilbjǫrn (Gizurarson) m. son of Gizurr þorvaldsson; died in the fire at Flugumýrr

Ketilbjǫrn (Ketilsson) m. Icelandic settler

ketill (plural, katlar) m. pot

Ketill kálfr m. of Hringunes (modern Ringnes) in Norway

Ketill ór Mǫrk m. son-in-law of Njáll and one of the burners; son of Sigfúss Sighvatsson, brother of þráinn Sigfússon

Ketill sútari (cobbler) m. died in the fire at Flugumýrr

Ketill (dative, Katli) þorsteinsson m. 1074/75-1145, bishop at Hólar 1122-45; married to Gróa, daughter of Bishop Gizurr Ísleifsson

Sigríðr1 f. daughter of Ketill kálfr

Teitr Ketilbjarnarson m. 10th-century Icelander

þorgerðr Njálsdóttir f. wife of Ketill ór Mǫrk

þórketill see þorkell nefja

þorleifr (Ketilsson) hreimr ('cry, noise, shriek') m. died 1289; married to Gróa's sister

[46] ON eng, 'meadow': Abbot Ings, Broad Ings Farm, Moor Ings, Moor Ings Bank and Suffield Ings.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 129

ENG, feminine, plural engjar, (spelt æng), [Danish, eng; Swedish äng; Anglo-Saxon ing, found in local names in Northern England, as Ings, Broad Ing] a meadow; opposite to akr, in the alliterative phrase, akr né eng, 'field nor furrow' … hálfs mánaðar eng, half a month's meadow-land … in plural engjar is in Iceland used of the outlying lands, opposite to tún, the home-field, and hagi, the pasturage … used in many compounds:

• engja-brigð, f. the escheatage (the reversion of property to the state, or (in feudal law) to a lord, on the owner's dying without legal heirs) of an eng
• engja-grasnautn, f. right of grazing, making hay in the eng
• engja-hey, n. hay of the eng, = út-hey, 'out-field hay,' opposite to taða, hay from the well-manured home-field
• engja-merki, m. marks, borders of the eng
• engja-skipti, n. division of the eng
• engja-sláttr, m. the time of mowing the eng, in August, opposite to túna-sláttr, mowing of the home-field, in July
• engja-vinna, f. and engja-verk, n. making hay in the eng. engja-vöxtr, m. meadow-produce

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 114 and 115

eng (genitive -jar, plural -jar), feminine, meadow, meadow-land (hann villtist í enginni) plural, out-lying grass-fields.

eng, engi, neuter, meadow, meadowland (tún ok eng; akr ok engi).

engi-dalr, masculine, meadow-valley.

engi-domr, masculine, a court to decide the possession of a contested meadow.

engi-lykkja, feminine, an enclosed piece of meadow.

engi-mark, neuter, (1) boundary of a meadow; (2) the meadow within the boundary.

engi-skipti, neuter, division of a meadow.

engiskiptis-búi, masculine, = engibúi.

engis-maðr, masculine, owner of a meadow.

engi-teigr, masculine, strip of meadow-land.

engi-verk, neuter, meadow-work; um engiverk, during the time of mowing the meadows.

engi-vöxtr, masculine, that which grows upon meadows.

engja-grasnautn, neuter, right of grazing, or making hay, in the engjar; -merki, neuter, boundary between meadow-lands.

Englar, masculine, plural, the English, Englishmen (var kominn herr Englanna).

Englis-maðr, masculine, Englishman.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 50 and 106

engisax n. 'meadow-sword', 'meadow-chopper', i.e. scythe; subject of hneit

hneit see hníta

Hneitir m. 'cutter', St Óláfr's sword

hnekkir m. one who halts or checks, puts an end to; hertryggðar hnekkir i.e. successful battle-leader (who destroys the enemy's confidence; subject of baðat hyggja)

hníga (past hné, past plural hnigu, past particple, hniginn) strong verb, sink down, i.e. fall (in battle)

hníta (past hneit, past plural, hnitu, past particple, hnitinn) strong verb, strike against; hníta saman, strike against each other (i.e. in battle)

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"Words and Places: illustrations of history, ethnology and geography" (1864 - 1909) Isaac Taylor, Chapter VII - The Anglo Saxons at page 105

The syllable ing has sometimes a topographic rather than a patronymic signification. Thus, in the Chronicle and the Charters, mention is made of the Centings, or men of Kent, the Brytfordings, or men of Bradford, and the Bromleagings, or men of Bromley. Sometimes, as Mr. Kemble and Dr. Massmann think, the suffix ing has simply the force of the genitive singular … Occasionally it denotes a meadow.

[47] ON Stýrr (personal name): Stearsby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Stýrr (Stearsby)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Styrr (m. 1) and Styrkárr (m. 1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 601, entry 29

styrjar skyndir, deilir, kennir, valdi, = a warrior; styrjar-gjarn, martial; as also styr-fimr, styr-remdr, styr-bráðr, styr-viðr, styr-bendir, alert, mighty … in battle, all epithets of a warrior; styr-vindr, 'war-wind', i.e. battle, … all these compounds are solely poetical; styrjöld (quod vide) alone is used in prose, both old and mod. II. Styrr as a proper name, genitive, Styrs; and in compounds, Styr-björn, Styr-laugr (modern Stur-laugr), Styr-kárr

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 405

styrr m. uproar; battle; at styr about the battle

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 229

styrr m. turmoil, uproar, battle

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 28

Brandsby

STEARSBY

• Estires-, Stirsby DB
• Stiresbi circa 1110-25 YCh 1094; 1308 Ch
• Steresbi, -by 1167 P; 1251 Ass; et passim to 1399 YI
• Sterisby KI, KF

'Styr's farm' vide by. The ON personal name Stýrr, ODan Styr is found in DB as Stir, and enters into Starston (NFK), DB Sterestuna, Streetthorpe (YKS), circa 1170 Wollaton MS Stirestorp, Sturston (DBY), DB Sterstune.

[48] ON Þyrnir (personal name); ON þyrnir and ON þorn 'a thorn': Cawthorn, Hawthorns, Thorn(e)y Beck, Thornton, Thornton Bridge, Thornton Dale, Thorn Hill, Whitethorn.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Þyrnir (Thirnethorn, 13th)

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"The Chief Elements used in English Place-Names" (1924) Allen Mawer at pages 59 & 60

þorn, OE, ON, 'thorn-bush'. Places whose name begins with Thorn- must, for the most part, have been so called owing to the presence of some thorn-bush close at hand, but some Thorntons and the like may denote enclosures actually made from thorn-bushes …

þyrne, OE, 'thorn-bush' … In Scandinavian England it is impossible to distinguish it from ON þyrnir.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 742, entry 2

ÞORN, m. [Anglo Saxon þorn; English 'thorn'; Old High German and German dorn; Danish torn] a thorn; … II. metaphorical, a spike; … especially the tongue of a buckle, pin of a brooch …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 755, entry 12

ÞYRNIR, m. [see þorn; Danish tjörne] a thorn … Compounds: þyrni-fótr, m. thorn-foot, a nickname. Eg. þyrni-fullr, adjective, full of thorns, … þyrni-hjálmr, m. a thorn-helmet, a crown of thorns, … þyrni-kórona … a crown of thorns, … þyrni-tré, n. a thorn-bush, …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 112

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þorn / ON þorn 'thorn(bush)'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 78

Middleton

2. CAWTHORN 22 D 12

• Caltorn(e), -torna DB; circa 1200 For
• Calthorn(e) 1175 P (p); circa 1190 Guis et passim to 1572 FF
• Kaldthorn 1202 FF
• Cawlthorne 1561 FF
• Cawthorne 1571 FF

'Cold thorn' vide cald, þorn. OE cald is coupled with a tree-name in Chold Ash (Devonshire). Cawthorne (WRY), for which Moorman suggests OE calu, is probably identical with this name. OE calu 'bare' would however give ME Caluethorn from the dative calwe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 24

Brafferton

3. THORNTON Bridge 22 J 2

• Torenton(e) DB
• Thorenton(a) 13 BylA 32 et passim; (Brigge) 1576 FF
• Thorento on Swale 1275 YI

Thornton is a common name in Yorkshire. It means 'enclosure made of thorn bushes' and is parallel to such compounds as Stockton, Stanton (Stainton), 'enclosure made of stocks (stone)'. vide þorn, tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 88

THORNTON DALE

1. THORNTON DALE 22 E 14

• Torentun(e), Torentona DB
• Thornetun, -tun 1157-8 YCh 402, (in vallem de Pykerynge) 1248 Whitby et passim

With the same run of forms and meaning as Thornton Brisge (24 supra). The suffix Dale refers to the valley in which the village stands.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 90

THORNTON DALE

THORNTON BECK

• Thorntonebech 1167-79 Riev

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 171

Stainton

THORNTON

• Torentun, Tornetun DB

vide þorn, tun.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 729, entry 2

þ (þorn) was adopted from the Runic alphabet; its ancient name was þorn (thorn) … and it is still so called in Icelandic; the ancients also called it 'þurs' (giant), which was originally the name of a magical Rune, intended to cause love-madness, and in the Runic poem it is so called … the letter is evidently derived from Greek-Latin, being a Δ or D with the vertical stroke prolonged both ways … ÞORN, m. [Anglo Saxon þorn; English 'thorn'; Old High German and German dorn; Danish torn] a thorn; … II. metaphorical, a spike; … especially the tongue of a buckle, pin of a brooch …

In Icelandic there is phonetically a double th sound, as in English, but subject to a different rule; the hard th, marked þ is only sounded as the initial letter of distinct syllables; whereas the soft th, marked ð is only sounded as a medial or final; and that the case was the same in olden times, as early as the 12th century, is borne out by the statement of the second grammarian, who counts hard th, or þ, among the 'head-letters,' as he calls them, whereas the soft ð he counts among the 'sub-letters'. That the initial th had only one sound in Icelandic is also borne out by the modern Faroe dialect, which has the closest affinity to the Icelandic; for here the initial þ has, in pronouns and particles as well as in nouns, changed into t as in ting, tu, teir. But in the rest of Scandinavia the case is different, for there (Danish, Swedish, Norse) the initial þ has been changed into d in all particles and pronouns … whilst, in all other words, it has been changed into t, as in ting taale, tre, etc., which points to a hard and soft th sound, used not as in Icelandic, but as in modern English.

[49] Coverdale Pasture Plantation, Gowerdale Wood, Gowerdale Windypits, Limperdale Gill, Limperdale Rigg, Sneverdale Rigg, Whisperdales, Whisperdales Beck and Whisperdales Farm.

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"The Origin of English Place Names" (1960) P. H. Reaney at pages 163 and 164

Chapter Seven

The Scandinavian Element

Pure Scandinavian Place-Names

… Undoubted proof that a place-name was given by a Scandinavian-speaker is provided by the survival of Scandinavian inflexional forms. The OScan genitive in -ar survives in … Amotherby (NRY) … This ON inflexion is also used in compounds formed from older place-names: … Such compounds are usually found in areas known to have been at least partly colonised by Norwegians and are rare in preponderatingly Danish districts … In Norway this r of the genitive was normally preserved; in Danish and Swedish it was lost, particularly before a consonant, the normal ODan genitive becoming -a and later -e.

[50] ON bekkr 'stream': Beck Hole, Beck Hole Road and Beck Hole Scar.

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"The Origin of English Place Names" (1960) P. H. Reaney at page 166

Chapter Seven

The Scandinavian Element

Scandinavianised Place-Names

Word-substituition

… Substitution of a Scandinavian word for an English synonym is common: … Holebec circa 1180 'stream in the hollow' (OE broc, ON bekkr 'stream') …

[51] Ási, Áslákr and Ásúlfr (ON personal names): Aysdale, Aislaby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ási (Aysdale)

ON Áslákr (Aislaby - Pickering Lythe Wapentake)

ON Ásúlfr (Aislaby - Whitby Strand Wapentake)

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Editor's note: the first element is any one of these three ON personal names which, together with ON suffix býr 'farmhouse, village' gives 'Ási's or Áslákr's or Ásúlfr's farmhouse/village'.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Áslákr (m. <5) and Ási (m. 2).

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 175

Chapter 5

Names containing Old Scandinavian a

Asuluesby, Asuluebi YKS DB; Asulvebi ante 1180, Asolvebi early 13th century Whitby; Ascilbi 1278 YI; Asselby, Haselby circa 1280 Whitby; Asila-, Asillaby KI; Aselby late 13th century Whitby, RH Henry III and Edward I, Testa de Nevill Henry III and Edward I, No. Vill. for Yorkshire 9th Edward II, 1339 f. Pat, &c.; Assulby 1487 Ipm and other analagous documents (Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); Asilby 1394, Aslaby, Aislaby circa 1540 Whitby; now Aislaby, near Whitby.

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at pages 5, 9 and 17

II. Place-names in bý

1. The element bý in Scandinavia and Yorkshire

3. The material

at page 9

2. The first elements in the place-names in bý

(i) Personal names

Altogether the survey includes 210 býs. A study has been made of the first elements in these names and this reveals that 119 býs or approximately 57% have either certainly or most probably a personal name as their first element. Of these personal names 108 or approximately 90% are Scandinavian, 7 English, 3 Irish, and one probably Continental Germanic.

at page 17

3. The material

… Aislaby. Aislaby township, Pickering Lythe Wapentake, N. Aslachesbi 300r, Aslachebi 380v. The first element is the Scandinavian personal name Áslákr …

… Aislaby. Aislaby township, Whitby Strand Wapentake, N. Asuluesby 305r, Asuluebi 380v. The first element is the Scandinavian personal name Asulfr …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 77

Middleton

1. AISLABY 22 E 12

• Aslache(s)bi DB
• Aselacbi circa 1160 Riev
• Aslakebi, -by 1167 P et passim to KF
• Aselakeby circa 1200 For; 1244 Fees; circa 1250-63 Malton; 1260 Ch
• Aslakesby 1253 Pap
• Aslacby KI; 1299 Baildon, Vill; 1519 FF
• Asle-, Asleyby 1536 YChant
• Aslabye 1572 FF

'Aslak's farm' vide ON bú. The ON personal name Aslákr is found in the similar Norwegian place-name Aslaksby (Rygh NG i. 30, GP 17) in Aislaby (DUR) and Aslackby (LIN), Aselachebi 1086 DB, locally called [eizalbi].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 119

Whitby

1. AISLABY 16 G 10

• Asulue(s)bi DB
• Assulueby 1215 CIR
• Asolvebi 1222-7 Whitby
• Aselby circa 1300 Whitby et freq to 1339 Pat
• Assulby 1487 Ipm
• Ayslabye 1556 NCyWills

'Asulf's farm' vide ON bú. ON Asulfr (LindN) occurs independently in English as Asulf, Asolf on OE coins (Björkman (1910)) and in the Yorkshire DB as Asulf, Asul.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Skelton

AYSDALE GATE

• Asadale 1119, 1129 Guis
• Asedale 1239 Guis
• Hasdale 1273 YI

'Asi's valley' from ON Ási LindN and dæl.

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Editor's note: by reason of the preponderance of ON local place-names, the second element is more likely ON dalr than OE dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 140

Easington

1. EASINGTON 16 D 6

• Esingetun, -ton 1086 DB
• Esintun 1119, 1129, a. 1199 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Esinton(a) 1154-61 (Index to the Charters and rolls in the British Museum), 1160-75 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 656, 1228 (Calendar of Liberate Rolls), 1292 (Calendar of entries in Papal Registers), 1369 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Esing-, Esyngton 1154-81 (Guisborough Cartulary) et passim to 1371 (Wills of the Northern Counties), etc.
• Eassington 1575 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

'Esa's farm' from OE Ésa (vide Easingwold 24 supra) and ingtun. Easington is found also in Yorkshire East Riding and Durham.

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See Easby (Birdforth Wapentake) at page 185: "'Esi's farm' vide by. The first element is the ODan personal name Esi (Nielsen 1883), which in some of the above spellings has been influenced by the cognate OWScand Ási (LindN). Compare Easby 287 infra and 167 supra."

See Easby (Langbaurgh West Wapentake) at page 167: "'Esi's farm' vide bú. The first element is ON Ési (Nielsen 1883), only found in OEScand (= OWScand Ási)."

See Easby (Gilling West Wapentake) at page 287. "'Esi's farm' vide bú. The first element is the ODan personal name Esi, which is equivalent to OWScand Ási …"

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Editor's note: again, by reason of the preponderance of ON local place-names, OWScand and ON personal names Ási and Ési are to be preferred to ODan personal name Esi. 'Easington' now becomes 'the farm of Asi's people' (ON Asi + ing + tún).

[52] ON erg, 'a shieling, i.e. a hill pasture, a hut on a pasture': Airy Hill, Airy Hill Farm, Arrathorne, Aireyholme, Airey Holme, Cober, Cober Hill, Coldman Hargos.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 49

Hovingham

1. AIRYHOLME 22 J 9

• Erghum 1138 Dugd v. 350
• Ergum 1218 FF, 1236 CI

'(At) the shielings' vide erg. The word is derived ultimately from OIr airgh 'a place for summer pastures in the mountains', and as Airholme stands on the top of a hill overlooking Wath Beck in the hilly district south of Hovingham, it seems probable that the meaning of the name is 'summer pastures'. The phonology of this word is of interest; the MIr form was airge but this does not indicate a diphthong; medial -i- is here used to indicate the palatial quality of OIr a, whilst gh represents a spirant consonant aspirated from original stopped g between vowels. The pronunciation, therefore, of OIr airgh would be [ærg]. This would normally develop into [erj(ɘm)] in Yorkshire.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 126

Whitby

AIRY HILL

• Ergum 1090-6 YCh 855 et passim to 1314 NRS
• Hergum 1155-65 Whitby

vide erg and compare Airyholme 49 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 165

Great Ayton

AIRY HOLME

• Ergun DB
• Ergum 1282 YI

vide erg and compare Airyholme (Ryedale) 49 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at pages 240 and 241

Patrick Brompton

1. ARRATHORNE 21 C 7

• Ergthorn 13 Marrick 117
• Erchethon, Erg(h)ethorn Hy 3 BM; 1259 Ass; 1278 Baildon; KI
• Erethorn KI
• Arrowthorne 16 VCH i. 334
• Arathorne 1581 FF

'The thornbush near the shieling' vide erg, þorn.

… Irish influence in this district is also betokened by the names Arrathorne 240 supra and Miregrim infra.

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Cober and Cober Hill

"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at page 114

Cober River, Cornwall [Coffar 1284, 1286 Assize Rolls, Chohor 1336 Charter Rolls] Unexplained.

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Editor's note: derivation unknown but see Cobers Laithe [SD 86175 53599] and Cobers Laithe Camp (Nappa) [SD 86702 53404] (North Yorkshire) believed to be an Iron Age camp or settlement which has yet to be excavated. Derivation of first element 'cobers' unknown but second element is from ON hlaða 'a barn'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Guisborough

1. COMMONDALE 16 F 4

• Colemandale 1273 YI
• Colmandale 1539 Dugdale vi. 275
• Comondale) 1583 FF
• Colmendall 1573 FF

'Colman's valley' vide dalr. The name Colman (which is also found in Coldman Hargos infra) is of Irish origin, from OIr Colmán, a shortened form of OIr Columbán (vide Revue Celtique, XLIV 41). vide Introd. xxvii.

COLDMAN HARGOS (6")

• Colemanergas 1119, 1129 Guis
• Col(l)emanhergas 1170-90 YCh 659, a. 1199, 1239 Guis

'Colman's shielings' vide erg (shieling, hill or summer pasture) and Commondale supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Introduction at page xxvii

In Langbaurgh East and Langbaurgh West, where Danish influence was not extensive, there are indications of a thorough settlement by Norwegians, especially round Guisborough and the district to the west.

Norwegian influence is evident in such names as Scalebec in Liverton, Burnolfscales in Guisborough, Raufscales in Kildale, Scalestedes in Tocketts, Stainschale in Upleatham, Scale Foot and Scaling (all containing skáli), Endebrec in Guisborough, Bakestanbrec in Tocketts and Likkebreke in Coatham (containing brekka); Coldman Hargos (erg) and Commondale contain the Irish personal name Colmán. Patricius (Old Irish Patric) and Magbanet are the names of early tenants, and crosses at Easington and Skelton exhibit Irish forms of decoration. A little to the west occur Normanby, Airy Holme, Lackenby, and Hillbraith, whilst Dunlangabrotes in Great Broughton contains the Old Irish personal name Dunlang, and Colman is the name of an early tenant. The series is continued further west in the northern parts of Allertonshire and Birdforth, by Fowgill, Blow Gill, Irby and Irton. Sawcock is an Irish-Norwegian inversion compound (v. supra xxii, n. 1), and Birkby probably refers to a village of Britons or Brito-Scandinavians who had joined the Norwegians as they were passing through Cumberland. Melmidoc, Gilemicel, Dughel, and Malgrin are Irish names borne by local landholders in 1066. Irish forms of carving are found on crosses at Birkby, Northallerton, Brompton, and Osmotherley all in the north of Allertonshire, and at Crathorne and Kirk Leavington in the adjacent part of Langbaurgh West.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 133, entry 19

ERG, n., Gaelic word (àirigh), answering to the Scotish shiel or shieling; … compare local names in Caithness, e. g. Ásgríms-erg, Orkney 458.

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at pages 4 and 168

Airyholme YNR near Malton [Erghum 1138 Mon], YNR in Ayrton [Ergun DB]. 'The shielings', the dative plural, of erg.

ON erg, ærgi 'a shieling, i.e. a hill pasture, a hut on a pasture', from MIr airge 'a dairy, Ir airghe, Gaelic airidh 'a shieling', is common in place-names in Cumbria, Lancashire, Westmorland, Yorkshire. The element is usually combined with Scandinavian first elements, and the names must be looked upon as Scandinavian. The vowel of the word varies a good deal between e and a. This is due to various substitutions for the Irish sound. Erg is the second element of several names … It is often used alone as a place-name usually in the plural, … The following go back to the dative plural, ergum, ærgum: Airyholme …

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Etymology

A shieling (Scottish Gaelic: airghe), also spelt sheiling, shealing and sheeling, is a hut, or collection of huts, once common in wild or lonely places in the hills and mountains of Scotland and northern England. The word also refers to a mountain pasture used for the grazing of cattle in summer, implying transhumance between there and a valley settlement in winter.

The term shieling is mainly Scottish, originally denoting a summer dwelling on a seasonal pasture high in the hills, particularly for shepherds and later coming to mean a more substantial and permanent small farm building in stone. The first recorded use of the term is from 1568. The term is from shiel, from the Northern dialect Middle English forms schele or shale, probably akin to Old Frisian skul meaning 'hiding place' and to ON skjol meaning 'shelter' and skali meaning 'hut'.

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"A Viking-Age Shieling in Skarðsvík, Fugloy, Faroe Islands" (2003) Anna Katrin Matras, Hákun Andreasen and Steffen Stummann Hansen at pages 207 to 211

How do we explain the occurrence of an originally Old Irish term for shieling sites in the Faroe Islands ? According to Matras, the term was brought here by Viking-Age settlers who had become acquainted with it in Scotland, where the Scots-Gaelic language derives from Old Irish. Dahl did not touch upon this question of origin either in his publication of the shieling site Ergidalur or in an article published the following year. The linguist Fellows-Jensen suggested in 1980 that the term œrgi/áirge referred to a specific type of shieling, which was unfamiliar to the Scandinavian settlers when they arrived in the Celtic-speaking world and, consequently, they adopted the local term. She suggested that the Isle of Man was the most likely place that this occurred. Mahler points out that the Faroese landscape is quite different from the homeland of its early settlers, which he assumes to have been Norway, and he proposes that this may have forced them to introduce a somewhat different shieling model than the one they were used to. He suggests that they found this in the Celtic-speaking regions to the south and hence the adoption of the term œrgi into Faroese.

Fellows-Jensen has recently re-stated her views on the origins of the term œrgi:

"Although the word is recorded in Old Irish sources … it would not seem to have been used there as a place-name element denoting a shieling and it is thus very unlikely that the Norse can have adopted the element from the Irish. It is probable then, that they became acquainted with the word in a sense such as 'summer grazing land' in the areas which are known to have had a Gaelic-speaking population in the period of the Norse settlement, that is the Western Isles, the western seaboard of Scotland or the Isle of Man … The Isle of Man might seem a likely place for the Norse form to have developed because the inhabitants were Gaelic-speaking before the arrival of the Norse".

In her 1980 paper she explained why she excluded Ireland as the source of the term:

"Although there are a few possible occurrences of the element áirge in place-names in Kerry, it seems hardly likely that the Vikings adopted the generic in the sense 'summer milking-place' in Ireland. The Viking settlements in that country were small and rather urbanised and practically restricted to the areas surrounding Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick".

In the authors' opinion it seems strange that Fellows-Jensen does not accept that the Old Irish term áirge, as it was used in Ireland in the Early Medieval period, was used in place-names to denote a shieling. It seems clear that it must have been used, to the extent that the Irish historical and literary sources indicate what the meaning of the term actually was. Kelly, for instance, based on his study of these sources, notes that: "In summer, cows were milked away from the farm at a contemporary milking-place (áirge)". Clearly, one can argue that if a term is used in literary and historical sources to describe a specific activity then this term is very likely to have been used as an element in the names of places connected to this type of activity. In the authors' view the opposite argument, which appears to form Fellows-Jensen's viewpoint, cannot be supported: if an activity-specific term does not exist as a place-name element, then this means that the concept behind the term was not practised. This is arguing on the basis of negative evidence.

The basis for Fellows-Jensen's belief, that the Scandinavian settlers did not adopt the term áirge in Ireland, is clear. She states:

"The Viking settlements in that country were small and rather urbanised and practically restricted to the areas surrounding Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick".

This statement does not stand up to examination, however, and is incorrect on several grounds. The traditional view of the character of Scandinavian settlement in Ireland and of the interaction of the Scandinavians with native Irish society has been transformed in recent decades. For instance, Bradley has demonstrated that there was a significant Scandinavian or Hiberno-Scandinavian presence in the rural areas surrounding the urban centres, and that some of these areas were very sizeable. For example, the total area of the hinterland of Scandinavian Dublin, Dyfflinarskiri, approximately matches that of Viking-Age Orkney. Recent work by Sheehan, Stummann Hansen and Ó Corráin has demonstrated, by means of archaeological, historical and onomastic evidence from the southwest coast of Ireland, that there is likely to have been a developed network of Scandinavian or Hiberno-Scandinavian settlements along this coastline serving as way-stations for shipping between the urban centres. Therefore, it is clear that there were significant amounts of Scandinavian settlement in rural environments in Ireland. In such contexts, there would have been many interchanges of knowledge and practices, including interchanges relating specifically to farming.

Fellows-Jensen's comment on the prevalence of the áirge element in Ireland, furthermore, is not correct. The element occurs, for instance, in the following place-name examples: … All of these names located in upland locations, though the elevation of those in County Limerick is slight. The latter locations, however, do contrast markedly with the rolling plains of the adjacent Golden Valley.

All authorities agree that the occurrence of the place-name element œrgi in the Faroe Islands derives from the Celtic-speaking world. However, there is disagreement about where specifically it derives from and about how it was transmitted to the Faroe Islands. It is the view of the authors that its adoption may well indicate that a sizeable section of the Viking-Age settlers of the Faroe Islands had their roots in Hiberno-Scandinavian communities, and there is further archaeological and linguistic evidence to support this hypothesis (see for instance Stummann Hansen and Sheehan, submitted). These settlers, probably bilingual, would already have been familiar with the term œrgi and it was only natural that they transplanted this term into the landscapes of their new homeland - the Faroe Islands.

[53] ON bryggja, 'bridge, quay, jetty'; ON brú, 'bridge': Briggswath, Brigholme, Fell Briggs, Foulbridge (see also [468]).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 32 and 33

brú (plural, brýr) f. bridge …

bryggja f. quay, jetty

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 69 and 70

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE brycg 'bridge' and possibly 'causeway' / ON bryggja 'landing-stage, gang-plank, jetty, pier'.

Although apparently phonologically and semantically distinct, distinguishing these elements is problematic. Whilst OE brycg is a commonly occurring place-name element, ON bryggja … seems to have been rarely used in place-names (although it is used in modern Scandinavian place-names), and its (apparent) frequent use in England may reflect English influence …

The OE and ON words are phonologically distinct … semantic differentiation of the elements is also difficult. The original meaning of the Germanic ancestor of these words is thought to have been 'bridge', as in all Germanic languages bar ON, where the usual term for a bridge was brú …

However, place-names with the Scandinavian phonological form occur where the meaning 'landing-stage, jetty' is implausible … These names might therefore reflect phonological Scandinavianisation of OE brycg, or adoption of the meaning 'bridge' by Scandinavian speakers in England. However, isolated instances of bryggja with the meaning 'bridge' are known in ON texts and it is consequently also possible that ON bryggja could mean 'bridge' during the Viking Age … Conversely, OE brycg may have had the sense 'causeway' occasionally in place-names, for instance Slimbridge, Gloucestershire which is thought to mean 'bridge or causeway over the mud or a muddy place' … A postulated OE compound hrīsbrycg 'brushwood causeway' occurs in minor names from southeast England (and areas of Scandinavian settlement) and may provide further evidence that OE brycg could mean 'causeway'. However, these names are only recorded from the late twelfth century and it is alternatively possible that OE hrīs might have referred to material more substantial than brushwood …

Overall, then, these elements are indistinguishable in ME orthography and cannot reliably be distinguished on semantic grounds.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 82, entry 41

BRÚ, genitive, brúar; nominative plural brúar … dative singular, brú, genitive plural brúa, dative brúm [Anglo Saxon brycg and bricg; Scottish brigg] a bridge. In early times bridges, as well as ferries, roads, and hospitals, were works of charity, erected for the soul's health; hence the names sælu-hús (hospital), sælu-brú (soul-bridge). In the Swedish-Runic stones such bridges are often mentioned, built by pious kinsmen for the souls of the dead … The Icelandic Libri Datici of the 12th century speak of sheltering the poor and the traveller, making roads, ferries, churches, and bridges, as a charge upon donations (sálu-gjafir) … brú á á, a bridge on a river …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 82, entry 42

brúa, að, to bridge over

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 26

BRYGGJA, u, f. [vide brú, Scottish brigg] a pier, landing-stage, gangway … The piers were movable, and were carried about in trading ships; hence such phrases as, skjóta bryggjum (skut-bryggja), to shoot out the gangway, for embarking or loading the ship. 2. seldom = bridge. In English local names, Stanfurðu-bryggja, Lundúna-bryggja, Stamford-bridge, London-bridge … combinations:

• bryggju-búð, f. a pier-shop
• bryggju-fótr, m. the head (end) of a pier
• bryggju-ker, n. a tub at the pier
• bryggju-lægi, n. a lying with the gangway shot out
• bryggju-mangari, a, m. a 'bridge-monger', shopkeeper at a landing-pier
• bryggju-sporðr, m. the end, head of a pier

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 280, entry 41

HÓLMR properly holmr, also hólmi, a, m. [Anglo Saxon holm; Northern English holm and houm] a holm, islet, especially in a bay, creek, lake, or river …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 98

Brompton

FOULBRIDGE

• Fuchebruge 1178 P
• Fuchkebrige 1179 P
• Fulkebrig(g)e 1182, 1184 P
• Fukbrigg 1285 KI; 1325 Ipm
• Foukebrigge 1301 Ebor
• Foulbridg 1577 Saxton

vide brycg. The local pronunciation of the name presupposes an original -ul- in the first element (vide Introduction xxxii), which is probably the personal name Fulk. This is OEScand Fulke (Lundgren-Brate) cognate with OWScand Folki (LindN). If the original form were ON Folki it has been influenced by the Norman name Fulk (1124 ASC), which was a loan from OHG Fulco. The name enters also into Folkton (ERY), Fulcheton (DB 1086) and Fulkeholm 1208 ChR in Thornton le Beans.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 129

Egton

BRIDGE HOLME (6")

• Brigholme LS

vide brycg, holmr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 151

Guisborough

HOLMES BRIDGE (6")

• Holmes circa 1175 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide holmr, brycg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 154

Upleatham

FELL BRIGGS

• Alfelebrigge 13 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Felebrige 13 (Whitby Cartulary)

The first spelling is erratic. The second and the modern form suggest that the first element is ON fjöl 'a board'; compare Felebrigge (Place-Names LAN 253) Felbrigg (NFK) and Fell Beck (WRY), Felebrigebec 1170-9 Magnum Registrum Album (Dean and Chapter of York) i. 71 d, 72. 'Bridge made of planks' vide brycg.

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Editor's note: Fell Briggs [NZ 61297 21007] sits at the junction of Grewgrass Lane and Long Beck Lane where there is neither bridge nor beck, gill, river etc. The closest bridge is unnamed and spans Roger Dike [NZ 61041 21089] at Thrush House [NZ 60882 20894] 415 yards to the east of Fell Briggs. Accordingly, the first element of Fell Briggs is more likely derived from ON fjell, 'rough hill, fell', ON fjall, 'a fell, mountain' or ON fell, 'a fell, wild hill' giving 'fell bridge' - see [259]).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 237

Bedale

KIRKBRIDGE

• Kirkebrigge 13 Easby 142 d

'Bridge leading to the church' vide kirkja, by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 262

Aysgarth

5. BAINBRIDGE 20 D 13

• Bainebrig(g), Beynebrigge 1219 FF et passim to KI

'Bridge across the river Bain' vide brycg.

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Brygholm (13th century) Whitby Chartulary [Surtees Society], 520). Brigholme (formerly listed under Brig Garth) is a Grade II listed building (English Heritage ID 1148663) located at NZ 95249 04960.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 89

Steinbrigge LIN 1291 ChR; in Bullington, near Stainton by Longworth.

OWScand bryggja: (i) a bridge (rare), (2) a gangway, pier, landing stage; or ME brygge, brigge (OE brycg) 'a bridge'.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 109

Foulthwayt, YKS 1368 Rot. Orig.. Near Riccall ?

ME foul (OE fugel), or OWScand fugl, 'fowl, bird'. Or perhaps from OWScand fúll = OE fúl, ME foul 'foul, rotten', etc. Compare above Fairthwaite.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 93 and 94

Swaytesflat, Swaytesflath (2x) YKS 13th century Guis; in Guisbrough.

First member is probably an unrecorded OWScand *sveite, an ia-derivative of OWScand sveit f., which signified

1. a troop or party of men, generally (= OSwed svēt; compare OE sweot); as a military term: a small force forming a tactical unit in the field;
2. as in the compound þingmannasveit the district inhabited by the liegemen of a certain goði (priest and chief), in Iceland;
3. a settlement, tract or district in a general sense, especially in Iceland.

In the present case *sveiti may have been used in the first or the last of these applications. The type of the word presents no difficulties, seeing that it is paralleled by not a few similar formations in the OWScand language; compare, e.g. the synonyms fylki 'a troop, also a territorial division, district': folk n. 'people'; Hverfi: hvarf f. 'a district'; byrgi: borg f. 'fortified place': þveite: þweit f. 'piece'; enge: eng f. 'meadow', etc. In this connection should be noticed the 2nd member of the name in question, which is OWScand flǫt f. or flǫtr m. (gen. flatar) 'a plain, a level piece of ground'; perhaps the compound was applied to some sort of meeting-place for the men of the neighbour-hood. The name, which is of distinctly OWScand origin, is possessed of no small interest. In the immediate vicinity we find the field-name Thorfinflat (from the OWScand man's name þorfinnr); moreover, it is worthy of note that we are here in perhaps the most Scandinavian part of Yorkshire, not far from the Thingwala of the Whitby district (see above, page 16), Thynghou (13th century Riev, now Finney Hill) in West Harlsey, and Tinghoudale (Guis) in Lowcross, both the last from OWScand þing-haugr 'hill of laws' (compare Fritzner). For further details about sveit see … Steenstrup, Danelag, page 141 f.

[54] ON Bjarni (personal name); ON bú, 'a house, farmstead, dwelling': Barnby, Barnby Howe(s), Barnby Tofts Farm, East Barnby, West Barnby and Ugglebarnby - see also [6] and [74].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bjarni (Barnby (2) )

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Biarni (m. 13)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 25

Bjarni Bergþórsson m.

Bjarni Grímólfsson m.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 36

Bossall

BARNBY

• Barnebi, -by DB 1086 et passim to 1416 YI
• Barnby(e) 14 Kirkham 23; 1316 KF

This name, together with Barnby (135 supra), other Barnbys in WRY and two in NTT, offers difficulties. There is an ON personal name Bjarni but this should appear in ME as Berne. Nielsen gives a reconstructed Danish Bjarni but it is doubtful if we should use such to explain so common a place name and for the moment judgment must be reserved as to the precise name involved.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 135

Lythe

1. BARNBY 16 E 9

• Barnebi DB 1086

With the same range of forms and interpretation as Barnby 36 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 66, entry 24

BJÓRN, m., genitive, bjarnar; dative, birni, plural, n. birnir; accusative, bjórnu, modern birni, [an enlarged form, compare Gothic, biari, … Anglo Saxon bera; English 'bear'; German bär; but Swedish and Danish bjórn] a bear; hvíta-bjórn, the white bear or ice-bear; and skóg-bjórn, híð-bjórn, við-bjórn, the black bear or wood-bear, … the ice-bear was unknown in Europe till the discovery of Iceland at the end of the 9th, and Greenland at the end of the 10th century. The very first ice-bear was brought to Europe by Ingimund the Old as a gift to the king of Norway about A.D. 900 … Isleif, the first bishop of Iceland, also brought one as a present to the German emperor about A.D. 1050; … Bjórn and Bjarni are frequent proper names; also in compound names, Þorbjórn, Ásbjórn; and as a prefix, Bjarngrímr, Bjarnhéðinn, etc.; Compounds: bjarnar-broddr, m., botanical, nartheticum; bjarnar-hamr, m. the hide, shape of a bear; bjarnar-híð, n. a black bear's lair; bjarnar-hold, n. the flesh of a bear; bjarnar-hrammr, m. a bear's paw; bjarnar-slátr, n. meat of a slaughtered bear …

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at page 19

II. Place-names in bý

2. The first elements in the place-names in bý

3. The material.

Barmby, Barnby, Bernebi

5. Barnby township, Langbaurgh E W, N. Barnebi 38ov.

The first element is probably the genitive plural, of the appellative barn "child" … but possible alternative suggestions are the Scandinavian personal names Barn, Barni … or Björn, Bjarni … If the first element is barn or Barn(i), the spellings in e show Anglo-Norman interchange of a and e. If the first element is Björn or Bjarni, spellings in e represent the normal form the diphthongs ja and jö take in English sources and spellings in a show the Anglo-Norman interchange mentioned above.

According to the Grænlendinga saga (The saga of the Greenlanders) America was discovered by accident in the autumn of 996. The saga tells the tale of Bjarni Herjólfsson who is believed to be the first European to see North America when he set sail for Greenland to meet his father.

"Bjarni Herjólfsson had learnt how to sail to Greenland from Norway, but his ship encountered several days of strong northerly wind and fog. His ardent efforts to keep the ship afloat resulted in his ship being blown off course."

In his efforts to get back on course, Bjarni Herjólfsson tried to sail due west again. He eventually saw a piece of land (North America), but this land was more fertile than the Greenland he had heard about. His crew wanted to go ashore, but Bjarni insisted on reaching Greenland before the end of the sailing season. So he headed north and there he noticed that the land was becoming less fertile and rockier.

After a while he saw land that resembled what he had been told about Greenland and eventually he landed near the place where his father lived. Bjarni Herjólfsson was not credited for having found new land. Rather, he was mocked for not having gone ashore in America.

Although he passed on his findings in Greenland, there was little interest in his reports until, after his father's death, he returned to Norway. Here, Bjarni Herjólfsson's travel tales inspired Leif Ericsson to mount his own expedition to Greenland. He bought Bjarni's ship and manned it with 35 crew members. In the year 1002, Ericsson discovered North America. Here, he found grapes and berries, which is why he decided to call it Vinland (Wineland).

[55] ON Danir, 'Danes'; ON bú, 'a house, farmstead, dwelling': Danby - see also [74].

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at page 25

II. Place-names in bý

3. The material

Danby, Denaby, Denby

1. Danby Parish, Langbaurgh East Wapentake, North (Riding) Danebi 327v, 328r, 380v, Danebia 333r … The first element is the genitive plural, of the folk-name "Danes", presumably indicating isolated Danish settlements (DEPN; PNYN 131 etc) … In (Danby) the form is the Scandinavian genitive plural, Dana suggesting that the names may have been given by Norwegians in Norwegian dominated areas …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 96, entry 2

Danskr, adjective, Danir, plural, Danes; Dan-mörk, f. Denmark, i.e. the mark, march, or border of the Danes; Dana-veldi, n. the Danish empire; Dana-virki, n. the Danish wall, and many compounds … This adjective requires special notice, because of the phrase Dönsk tunga (the Danish tongue), the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue. It must be borne in mind that the 'Danish' of the old Saga times applies not to the nation, but to the empire. According to the researches of the late historian P.A. Munch, the ancient Danish empire, at least at times, extended over almost all the countries bordering on the Skagerac (Vík); hence a Dane became in English synonymous with a Scandinavian; the language spoken by the Scandinavians was called Danish; and Dönsk tunga is even used to denote Scandinavian extraction in the widest extent … During the 11th and 12th centuries the name was much in use, but as the Danish hegemony in Scandinavia grew weaker, the name became obsolete, and Icelandic writers of the 13th and 14th centuries began to use the name Norræna, Norse tongue, from Norway their own mother country, and the nearest akin to Icelandic in customs and idiom. Swedish never occurs, because Iceland had little intercourse with that country, although the Scandinavian tongue was spoken there perhaps in a more antique form than in the sister countries. In the 15th century, when almost all connection with Scandinavia was broken off for nearly a century, the Norræna in its turn became an obsolete word, and was replaced by the present word 'Icelandic,' which kept its ground, because the language in the mean time underwent great changes on the Scandinavian continent. The Reformation, the translation of the Old and New Testaments into Icelandic (Oddr Gotskalksson, called the Wise, translated and published the N.T. in 1540, and bishop Gudbrand the whole Bible in 1584), a fresh growth of religious literature, hymns, sermons, and poetry (Hallgrímr Pétrsson, Jón Vídalín), the regeneration of the old literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (Brynjólfr Sveinsson, Arni Magnússon, Þormóðr Torfason) - all this put an end to the phrases Dönsk tunga and Norræna; and the last phrase is only used to denote obsolete grammatical forms or phrases, as opposed to the forms and phrases of the living language. The translators of the Bible often say vort Íslenzkt mál, our Icelandic tongue, or vort móður mál, our mother tongue; móður-málið mitt, Pass. 35. 9. The phrase Dönsk tunga has given rise to a great many polemical antiquarian essays: the last and the best, by which this question may be regarded as settled, is that by Jon Sigurdsson in the preface to Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860) …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V (1979) at pages xxv and 131

Introduction (at page xxv)

The general distribution of Danish and Norwegian settlements is clearly marked by the distribution of place-names. The settlement of the Danes was far greater in the south of the Riding than in the north … (xxiv)

… In Ryedale and Pickering Lythe, however, there are very definite examples of Norwegian influence and other Scandinavian place-names may be Danish or Norwegian in origin. In Whitby Strand it is known traditionally that the Danes Ingwar and Ubba destroyed the monastery of Streonæshalch (Whitby, 1), but the Danes do not seem to have settled there to any great extent … Danby in Cleveland, the only other name pointing to Danish settlement, though in Langbaurgh East, belongs to the geographical district of Eskdale, and if the name Danby has any racial significance it suggests that the Danes were only present there in small numbers. In Whitby Strand, therefore, the very high proportion of Scandinavian names must be due to Norwegian influence. In the north of the Riding there are a few traces of Danish colonisation (xxv)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 131

Danby

1. DANBY 16 J 5

• Danebi, Daneby DB et passim to 1328 Banco
• Danby 1285 KI et passim
• Danby Forest 1665 Visit

'Village of the Danes' vide by. For the significance of this name, vide Introduction xxv.

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Normanby [NZ 92611 06131] immediately adjacent to three "old jet workings", is indicative of Norse settlement, as is the place-name 'Normanby'.

[56] ON bátr, 'a boat': Normanby Stye Batts (see also [286]), North Batts, Pursglove Stye Batts, South Batts.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 55, entry 6

BÁTR, … m. a boat, either a small open fishing vessel or a ship-boat. In Iceland only small boats are called so, those of two or four oars; an eight-oared boat is a 'ship' … Compounds:

• bát-festr, f. a rope by which a boat is made fast
• bát-lauss, adj. and bátleysi, n. being without a boat
• bát-maðr, m. a boatman
• sjá fyrir báti sínum, to go one's own course, to mind one's own business
• báts-borð, n. the side of a boat
• báts-farmr, m. a boat's freight
• bát-stafn, m. a boat's prow

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 45

bát-stafn, m. boat's prow

bát-festr, f. a rope by which a boat is made fast; bát-lauss a. having no boat; bát-leysi n. want of a boat; bát-maðr m. boatman

bátr (-s, -ar), m. boat; sjáfyrir báti sínum, to go one's own course, to mind one's own business.

báts-borð, n. the side of a boat;

báts-farmr m. boat's freight; báts-haki n. boat hook

[57] ON viðir, 'the wide sea' (poetic); ON víðr 'wide'; ON Viðrir, one of the names of Odin; ON víðir, 'willow': Widdy Head, Widdy Field.

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Editor's note: 'Widdy' is possibly derived from one of four ON original ON elements:

• ON viðir, 'the wide sea' (poetic)
• ON víðr 'wide'
• ON Viðrir, one of the names of Odin
• ON víðir, 'willow'

whilst the second element - either 'head' or 'field' - is possibly derived, respectively, from ON hofuð, 'head' or ON fold, 'field', giving:

• 'wide sea head\field'
• 'wide head\field'
• 'Odin's head\field'
• 'willow head\field'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 163, entry 36

FOLD, f. [Anglo Saxon folde; compare English 'field', German feld], a field of soft grass; flata-foldir, fields … hence fyldinn, adj., quod vide Foldir, f. plural local name of a grassy oasis in western Iceland; rare in prose, but frequent in poetry: generally the earth … á foldu, on earth, … II. the name of a fjord and county in Norway, the modern Christjania-fjord; Vest-fold, West-fold, a county; perhaps 'fold' is to be taken in this sense, viz. = fjörðr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 714, entry 29

víðir, m., poetically, 'the wide sea', the main, Lexicon Poëticum, Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860 …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 704, entry 16

Viðrir, m. one of the names of Odin, Edda, Lexicon Poëticum, Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 714, entry 31

VÍÐR, víð, vítt, adj., comparative víðari, superlative víðastr; [Anglo Saxon wid; English 'wide'; German weit; Danish vid] wide, large, of extension; … II. víðs, gen. used as adverb, mostly spelt viz, very far, full; … var hann víðs fjarri, very far off … viz ramligr, full strong; viz errilig, very fierce.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 127

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE wīðig / ON víðir 'willow'

As final-r in ON víðir is inflexional, and as OE /j/ would have been vocalised in wīðig (giving /wi:ði/), the OE- and ON derived forms would be indistinguishable (compare Hogg 1992:§7.70).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 714, entry 28

VÍÐIR, m. [Anglo Saxon wiðig; English 'withy'; compare. Latin vitis ], a willow … in Iceland especially willow-scrub, dwarf-willow, Salix repens, fjalla-grávíðir = Salix alpina glauca … loð-víðir or kotuns-víðir, the cotton-willow; haga-grávíðir, Salix repens … used for thatching, but especially as fodder; many local names are derived from this plant: Víði-dalr, -nes, -hjalli, -ker (see kjarr), -skógr, … Víð-dælir, men from Víðidalr (whence the family name Vidalin, descended from Arngrim lærdi). Compounds: víð-dælskr, adjective from Viði-dalr …

• gras-víðir, m. a kind of willow, salix herbacea
• grá-víðir, m. 'grey-withy', a kind of willow
• víði-hæll, m. a peg of willow
• þeir hrukku fyrir sem viðihæll, as a willow-twig
• víði-rif, n. the picking willow-twigs for fodder

[58] ON boði, 'a messenger, a breaker boding' hidden rocks'.

See Skaldic Project.

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Editor's note: the etymology of boði, 'a messenger', in a marine context is disputed. Most ON dictionaries see it as deriving from boða, 'to announce' (boði 'messenger, proclaimer'), i.e. a wave which, breaking over a submerged reef or skerry, 'announces' or 'bodes' the hidden rocks …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 71, entry 41

boði, a, m. 1. [vide boð 4, compare Anglo Saxon boda] a messenger, used in poetry … sendi-boði, a messenger, fyrir-boði, aforeboder. 2. especially as a nautical term, a breaker 'boding' hidden rocks … the phrase, vera sem boði á skeri, like a breaker on a skerry (rock), of a hot-tempered man, never at rest. Compounds: boboðia-fall, n. the dash of breakers … boboðia-slóð, f. the surf of breakers …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 62

boði, masculine (1) announcer, messenger (compare 'sendiboði, fyrirboði'); (2) a breaker (on hidden rocks).

[59] ON höll, hall, 'hall, large house': Ayton Hall, Fyling Hall, Thorpe Hall.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 225 entry 1

höll, genitive hallar, plural hallir, feminine, large house, hall (especially of king or earl).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 234, entry 15

hall, f. a hall; vide höll

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 309 entry 32 and page 310 entry 1

HÖLL, feminine, genitive hallar, often spelt hall without umlaut, [Anglo Saxon heal, genitive healle; English 'hall'; but not found in OHG and MHG the modern German halle being a borrowed word, … a hall, but in the Norse only of a king's or earl's hall, whereas a private dwelling is called skáli eldhús quod vide; and thus 'hall' never could be used of an Icelandic dwelling. In earlier times it seems to have had a more general sense …: in the mythology and old poems 'hall' is also used of the hall of gods, giants … Val-höll, Valhalla, the hall of the slain, of Odin … as also Guðs höll, God's hall = the heaven, Geisli; dags höll, days' hall, the sky; höll fjalla, mountain hall, the sky; lífs höll, life's hall, the breast … in prose constantly, konungs-höll, a king's hall, or hall simply, passim. For the building, structure, seats of a hall, see the Sagas … As all heathen Scandinavian buildings were of timber, the hall of stone … is no doubt an anachronism. Compounds:

• hallar-búnaðr, -búningr, m. the hangings of a hall
• hallar-dyrr, n. plural, hall-doors
• hallar-gólf, n. a hall-floor
• hallar-veggr, m. the wall of a hall
• Höll, name of an Icelandic farm, whence Hallar-Steinn, a proper name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 116

Fylingdales

BOWNHILL

• Bownehalle 1236 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Bownelle 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Buna's hall' from the OE personal name Buna and h(e)all.

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Editor's note: the derivation of this place-name is more likely to be one of the following:

1. ON personal name Bown and ON höll / hall giving 'Bown's Hall', surrounded as it is by a preponderance of ON place-names including the parish and wapentake in which it is located;
2. Bownhill Wood (Fylingdales). From the shape of the wood, the derivation of the first element of this place-name is likely to be ON beinn, 'in a straight line or course' with the second element possibly derived from ON hóll, 'hill' or ON hallr 'a slope, hill'. The surname 'Bown' is related to ON beinn and is believed to have come from 'De Bohun' from the La Manche region of Normandy, brought to England in 1066 by William the Bastard, the great-great-great-grandson of Rollo, a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy. A Humphrey De Bohun was recorded as owning land in the Norfolk section of the Domesday Book. Over the years De Bohun became Boun, and then Bown or Boon.

[60] ON bygg-hlaða, 'a barley-barn': Barriebarn (Barrie Barn).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 90, entry 3

bygg-hlaða, u, f. a barley-barn, Stjórn. 344.

[61] ON vesl(a), vermsl, 'a well or spring that never freezes': Coney Well Spring, Hinderwell, Silpho Well, Holygill Well, Lady Hilda's Well - see also [83] ON brunnr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 700, entry 1

vesla, u, f. a well that never freezes; see vermsl.

vermsl, n. [vesl, Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850)], a spring that never freezes … kalda-vesla, quasi kalda-vermsl, 'cold-warm', of wells that do not freeze all the winter, although icy-cold.

[62] ON búr, 'store-house, small house': Burrill.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 71

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE bur 'chamber, dwelling, cottage' / ON búr 'store-house, small house'

The words are self-evidently indistinguishable and additionally hard to distinguish from OE burh 'stronghold' and OE ge-bur 'peasant' (VEPN: sub verbo būr).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 237

Bedale

3. BURRILL 21 D 9

• Borel(l) DB 1086; 1184 RichReg 84 d; 1285 KI
• Burel(l) 12 Easby 27; 1282 YI; 1283 Rich 26; 1316 Vill; 1400 YI; 1572 FF
• Burrell 1568 FF

This, as Professor Ekwall suggests, may be a compound of OE burh and hyll. Compare Burhill (He).

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Editor's note: possibly 'small house on the hill' derived from ON búr and ON hóll.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page xxx, entry xx

BÚR, n. [Anglo Saxon bûr; English 'bower'; Scottish and Northern England byre; German bauer], a word common to all Teutonic idioms, and in the most of them denoting a chamber; this sense only occurs a few times in some of the old poems … in prose now and then in translations of foreign romances … in Icelandic only in the sense of larder, pantry (the Northern English and Scottish byre = cow-stall); this sense is very old, … where búri (not brúði) is the right reading … a house where stores are kept = úti-búr … In Iceland a game in which children try to force open one's closed hand, is called að fara í búr einhvers, to get into one's larder.

[63] ON Gamall (personal name); gamal, 'old': Gammersgill, Ruddings.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gamall (Gammersgill, Ruddings)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Gamli (m. 2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Gamall (Gamelssicke, 13th; Gamelriding, 1293)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 254

Coverham

GAMMERSGILL

• Gamelscale 1269 Ipm
• Gamylscale 15 VCH i 222

'Gamel's hut', from ON Gamall and skali.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 191

Husthwaite

RUDDINGS

This is the name of an enclosed piece of land (vide OE hryding) which seems to have included Gamelridding, Normanridding, le Suterridding, and Wluerikridding (13th, 1346 Yorkshire Deeds), deriving respectively from the ON personal names Gamall, Sútari (LindBN 1920) and the OE Norðman, 'Norwegian'. For the last-named we have the name of one Ulric who held a ridding here circa 1217 Yorkshire Deeds. On the modern form, compare Ruswarp 125 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 188, entry 13

GAMALL, contracted forms, gamlan, gamla, gamlir, gamlar, gömlum, etc., fem. singular and neuter plural gömul; neuter singular gamalt; the comparative and superlative from a different root, viz. comparative, ellri, superlative, ellztr, modern, eldri eldstr or elztr: … Anglo Saxon gamol and gomel occur, although rarely even in Beowulf; in modern English and German it is lost, but is in full use in all Scandinavian dialects; Swedish gammal; Danish gammel; Norse gamal, feminine, gomol, Ivar Aasen]: I. old, Latin senex; … gamlir eru elztir, old are the eldest, i.e. the most cunning, clever; … hence gamals-aldr, m. old age, … compounds: … ör-gemlir = German uralt, a giant in Edda. 2. grown up, old, of animals; … gamlir sauðir, old rams; … 3. old, of things, frequent in modern usage, but the ancients use gamall of persons or living things, and distinguish between gamall and forn (quod vide); a man is 'gamall', but he wears 'forn' klæði (old clothes) … II. old, aged, of a certain age; nokkurra vetra gamall, some years old … hve gamall maðr ertu, how old art thou? … vetr-gamall, a winter old; árs-gamall, a year old; misseris-gamall, half a year old; nætr-g., a night old, etc. III. in proper names, hinn Gamli is added as a soubriquet, like 'major' in Latin, to distinguish an older man from a younger man of the same name; hinn gamli and hinn ungi also often answer to the Engl. 'father and son;' thus, Hákon Gamli and Hákon Ungi, old and young H., Fms.; also, Jörundr Gamli, Ketilbjörn Gamli, Örlygr Gamli, Bragi Gamli, Ingimundr hinn Gamli, etc., Ari hinn Gamli to distinguish him from his grandson Ari Sterki; compare the Latin Cato Major: in some of the instances above it only means the old = Latin priscus.

• gamal-ligr, adjective, elderly
• gamal-menni, n. an aged person
• gamal-órar, f. plural, dotage from age
• gamal-ærr, adjective, in dotage

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 196, entry 50

gemlingr, m. (diminutive gemsi, a, m.), a year old (gamal) sheep.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 203

Still more interesting is it, perhaps, that in the Lake District we find written evidences of how long the ON language was spoken. On a sculptured stone built into an outhouse at Loppergarth - itself a ON name - in Furness, there has been found an ON, certainly a Norwegian, Runic inscription, which says: "Gamal founded this church. Hubert the mason-wrought the marks (that is, the runes). The stone evidently is a tympanum from some Norman church door. It is known that a church existed here in the twelfth century; according to tradition it was built by Gamel de Pennington about the middle of the century, to which date also the ornamentation on the base of the tympanum points. This Gamel, the lord of the manor, was a Norseman who still spoke the language of his ancestors. Gamall was during the Middle Ages a well known name in Norway.

[64] OE Crecca, wic and ON kriki 'a creek' - see also [184] and [380].

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A compendious Anglo-Saxon and English dictionary (1848) Joseph Bosworth at pages 61 & 251

OE crecca, 'a creek, bay, wharf', (Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum, opera et studio Guliel. Somneri, 1659). Crecca gelád, Creg lád, e; feminine. Cricklade, Creeklade, Wilts.

OE wic … 5. A place of security of boats, hence 'a bay, creek, formed by the winding bank of a river or the shore of the sea'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 355, entry 19

kriki, a, m. [English 'creek'], a 'crack, nook' …

[65] ON villa, 'a going astray, losing the way'; ON víðir, 'a willow'; ON villu-maðr, 'a heretic': Willymath Bridge, Wiley Bridge, Wiley Cat Beck, Maddy House.

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Editor's note: The first elements of Willymath and Wiley Bridge are possibly derived from either ON villu-maðr, 'a heretic' or ON víðir, 'a willow' with the suffix bryggja, 'a bridge' giving 'heretic's, or willow bridge'. Willymath Bridge crosses Burniston Beck in Burniston, a short distance south of Prickybeck Island [TA 01448 93134] and Prickybeck Bridge [TA 01428 92994] - for the possible ON derivation of which two place-names see [8].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 706, entry 18

VILLA, u, f. a going astray, losing the way: metaphorical, error, falsehood … ecclesiastical, false doctrine, heresy … villu-kenning, a false doctrine; villu-átrúnaðr, false belief, unbelief … villu-draumr, a false dream … villu-nótt, a night of error … villu-biskup, villu-páfi, a false bishop, a false pope … villu-prestr, a false priest, villu-spámaðr, a false prophet … Compounds:

• villu-lauss, adj. free from error, orthodox
• villu-maðr, m., ecclesiastical, a heretic
• villu-ráfandi, part. roving astray
• villu-samligr, adj. false
• villu-samr, adj. erroneous, false
• villu-stigr, m. a false path
• villu-trú, f. unbelief
• villu-vegr, m. a way of error
• villu-víg, n. an intended murder

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 82, entry 41

BRÚ, [Anglo Saxon brycg and bricg; Scottish brigg] a bridge. In early times bridges, as well as ferries, roads, and hospitals, were works of charity, erected for the soul's health; hence the names sælu-hús (hospital), sælu-brú (soul-bridge). In the Swedish-Runic stones such bridges are often mentioned, built by pious kinsmen for the souls of the dead … The Icelandic Libri Datici of the 12th century speak of sheltering the poor and the traveller, making roads, ferries, churches, and bridges, as a charge upon donations (sálu-gjafir) …

brúa, að, to bridge over

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 26

BRYGGJA, u, f. [vide brú, Scottish brigg] a pier, landing-stage, gangway … The piers were movable, and were carried about in trading ships; hence such phrases as, skjóta bryggjum (skut-bryggja), to shoot out the gangway, for embarking or loading the ship. 2. seldom = bridge. In English local names, Stanfurðu-bryggja, Lundúna-bryggja, Stamford-bridge, London-bridge … combinations:

• bryggju-búð, f. a pier-shop
• bryggju-fótr, m. the head (end) of a pier
• bryggju-ker, n. a tub at the pier
• bryggju-lægi, n. a lying with the gangway shot out
• bryggju-mangari, a, m. a 'bridge-monger', shopkeeper at a landing-pier
• bryggju-sporðr, m. the end, head of a pier

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 714, entry 28

VÍÐIR, m. [Anglo Saxon wiðig; English 'withy'], a willow … in Iceland especially willow-scrub, dwarf-willow, salix repens, fjalla-grávíðir = salix alpina glauca; loð-víðir or kotuns-víðir, the cotton-willow; haga-grávíðir, salix repens; used for thatching … but especially as fodder; many local names are derived from this plant: Víði-dalr, -nes, -hjalli, -ker (see kjarr), -skógr … Compounds: víði-hæll, m. a peg of willow; … víði-rif, n. the picking willow-twigs for fodder.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 157

Kirkleatham

WILEY BRIDGE (6")

• the Wyles 1296 YI (p)
• le Wylig(g)es 1300 YI; 1301 LS
• Willey 1577 FF

'The Willows' vide welig.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 714, entry 29

víðir, m., poetic, the wide sea, the main, frequent also in modern ballads

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 703, entry 69

VIÐR, m., genitive viða, dative viði, plural viðir, viðu: [Danish ved; Swedish väd; Anglo Saxon wudu; English 'wood'] a tree; … 2. a wood, forest; til varna viðar, 'to the wood-shelter', i. e. till sunset … 3. felled trees, wood … 4; viðar kaup, purchase of timber … viðar-rif, the right of picking fagots; viðar-föng, wood-stores …

• viðar-val, picked wood
• viðar-taka, wood-pilfering
• viðar-tálga, wood-cutting
• viðar-verk, wood-work
• viðar-köstr, a pile of wood
• viðar-flaki, a hurdle of wood
• viðar-lauf, wood-leaves
• viðar-holt, a wooded holt, copsewood, piece of brushwood
• viðar-heiti, names of trees
• viðar-rætr, the roots of a tree
• viðar-teigr, a strip of wood
• viðar-vöxtr, a young plantation, brushwood
• viðar-runnr, a grove
• viðar-teinungr, a wand
• viðar-taug or -tág, a withy twig
• viðar-öx, -ex, a wood-axe

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 407, entry 7

MAÐR, m., quasi mann-r … genitive manns, dative manni, accusative mann, plural menn, quasi menn-r; with the article, menninir, so always in old writers … the plural meðr … B. A man … also people; … mennskr maðr, a manlike man, a human being, opposite to giants or beings of superhuman strength …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 415, entry 11

MÁ, present mái; preterite, máði; participle, máðr; [the word seems to be identical with Anglo Saxon mawan, English 'mow', Scottish maw … but if so, that sense has been lost] to blot out, wear out, by rubbing or the like; … of writing. 2. to wear, make blunt from use, of tools; … II. metaphorical to blot out, destroy …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page

Guisborough

MADDY HOUSE

• Mady House 1539 (Dugdale's Monasticon) vi. 275

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly either (1) ON maðr, 'man, master' or (2) ON máði, máðr, 'destroyed or worn out' and the suffix ON hús, 'house' giving 'master's or derelict house'.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 36, 73 and 74

ár-bru, f . bridge over a river.

brú (-ar, plural -ar, -r, brýr), f. bridge.

bryggja, f. (1) gangboard, gangway; skjóta bryggjum, to shoot out the gangway, (2) landing-stage, pier, quay; (3) rarely, bridge = brú.

bryggju-búð, f. storehouse on a pier; -lægi, n. landing-stage; -mangari, m. shopkeeper at a landing-pier; -sporðr, m. the head of a pier.

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[66] ON stöð, 'a shore, bank, berth, harbour, landing place'.

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"A Compendius Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary (1848) Joseph Bosworth at page 208"

Stæð … A shore, bank; a landing place is called stade at Hithe in Kent.

Stade Street Slipway, Stade Street, CT21 6DT (51.065839, 1.08514).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 602, entry 20

STÖÐ, f., genitive stöðvar, plural stöðvar; [Anglo Saxon stæð; English 'stead', in roadstead … a berth, harbour; … 2. metaph. place; … 3. stöðvar, dwelling-places … II. in local names; Stöð, the harbour in Skard in western Iceland.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 415

Stöð (genitive Stöðvar, plural Stöðvar) f. (1) landing place, berth, harbour; (2) place, position, context = staða; (3) dwelling place, abode …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 586, entry 16

STAÐR, m., genitive staðar, dative stað, and older staði, plural staðir: [Anglo Saxon stæð; English 'stead in home-stead'; Danish stæd] 'stead', place, abode; … 3. adverbially, í stað, on the spot, at once, presently; rétt í stað, just now; í marga staði, in many respects; í engan stað, noways; í alla staði, in every respect; í staðinn, instead; í annan stað, on the other hand, secondly; as adverb, alls staðar, everywhere; annars s., elsewhere; einhvers-staðar, nökkurs-s., somewhere; marg-staðar, fás staðar, in many places, in few places; né eins staðar, nowhere; sums-staðar, somewhere; 4. metaph. a goal, aim; hvern stað; II. spec. usages, a stop, pause, hesitation; þeim varð; … 2. elasticity, of steel or the like; ok dregr ór allan staðinn ór honum, it (the bow) lost all its elasticity …

• í einn stað, in one place
• í annan stað, in another place
• fimmtán í hvárum stað, fifteen in each place
• í einhverjum stað, in some place, somewhere
• í öllum stöðum, in all places, altogether
• skipta í tvá, fjóra, sextán … staði, to divide into two, four, sixteen parts
• fara af stað, to go away, leave
• hafa sik af stað, to absent oneself
• bíða einhvers ór stað, to wait in one's place, wait till one is attacked
• ráða einhverju til staðar, to settle
• gefa staðar, to stop, halt
• nema stað or staðar, to stop

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 139

Hinderwell

STAITHES

• Setonstathes 1415 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Stathes 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire), 1665 (Heraldic Visitations of Yorkshire)
• Stease 1686 Marske

vide stæþ. Staithes is a little fishing village built in a creek on the sea-coast.

[67] ON lundr, 'a grove, copse': Lund Forest, Sutherland, Loundale, Lounsdale Beck, Laund Bridge, Laund House, Lawns Gate.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page

LUNDR, m., genitive, lundar, dative lundi, lund, [Danish and Swedish lund] a grove … II. very frequent in Danish and Swedish local names, Lundr, the archbishop's seat in Denmark (Sweden): in Iceland, Lundr, Lundar, Lunda-reykir, Lundareykja-dalr, whence Lundar-menn, Lundar-manna-goðorð … these places were connected with the worship of groves … Lund also occurs in local names in Northern England (the ancient Denelagu), as Gilsland, and is a mark of Norse or Danish colonisation.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 70, entry 40

blót-lundr, m. a sacred grove

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 76

Kirby Misperton

LUND FOREST

• Lund(e) 1176-9 YCh 406 et passim
• Lond' 1184 P
• Loundhouse Saxton

vide lundr. There is now no wood at Lund, but in 1335 Richard de Breaus had enclosed his wood at Lund (Pleas of the Forest) 251 d.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

SUTHERLAND and SUTHERLAND BECK

• Suterlund 1334 ForP 304
• Soter-, Souterlund, Suterlundbek 1335 ForP 218 d, 219 d

'Sutari's wood' vide lundr. The first element is the ON by-name Sútari from Latin sutor 'shoe-maker'; the word was borrowed in ME from ON (vide Stratmann-Bradley sub verbo sūtare). The change of intervocalic t to th is seen in other place-names, e.g. Catterick 242 infra, and Souther Scales (Yorkshire West Riding), Suterscales 1214 (Placitorum Abbreviatio), which contains the same element.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 96

Ebberston

STOCKLAND

• Sto(c)k(e)lund 1335 ForP 219 d, 257 d

'Wood from which trees have been cut (leaving only the stocks)' vide stocc, lundr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 165

Great Ayton

LONSDALE (6")

• Lonesdale 1263 Guis
• Lonsdayll, Lounesdaill 1285 (16th) KI
• Lounesdale 1539 Dugdale vi 275

vide dæl. The first element of this place-name is probably a personal name and is possibly identical with the first element of Londesbrough(ERY), Lodenesburg DB, Lones-, Lonnes-, Lounesburgh KF, Vill, from the ODan personal name Lothæn (Nielsen 1883), which appears in OE as Lothan (on the dial-stone of Edstone Church, vide Collingwood, Anglian and Anglo-Danish Sculpture in the North Riding, 329) and as Lothen, the name of a Danish commander (ASC, MS E, s.a. 1046).

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Editor's note: The OS 1888-1913 six inch map series has Loundale and Lounsdale - not Lonsdale - which gives, as its first element, ON Lund, 'a grove' , which likely derivation (1) more closely accords with the heavily-wooded place-name sources cited by A. H. Smith and (2) is a mark of Norse (not Danish) colonisation in an area of exclusively Norse settlement. Given the ON derivation of the first element, the second element is more likely to be ON dalr, 'a dale, valley' the whole giving 'grove valley'.

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Lawns Gate [NZ 74968 06353].

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Editor's note: lawn is a cognate of llan which is derived from the Common Brittonic word landa (OFr launde) that originally means heath, barren land, or clearing: "turf, stretch of grass," 1540s, laune "glade, open space in a forest or between woods", from ME launde (circa 1300), from OFr lande "heath, moor, barren land; clearing" (12th century), from Gaulish (compare Breton lann "heath"), or from a cognate Germanic word, from Proto-Germanic landam-, source of English 'land' (noun). The -d perhaps was mistaken for an affix and dropped. Sense of "grassy ground kept mowed" first recorded 1733.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 131

Danby

DANBY LAWNS

• Laundis in foresta de Daneby 1242 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide OFr launde and compare Lawn of Postgate 133 infra. Lawns is within the bounds of the old Forest of Danby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 133

Danby

LAWN OF POSTGATE

• la launde de Postgate circa 1200 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide Danby Lawns 131 supra and Postgate 134 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 19

Sutton on the Forest

LAUND HOUSE

• le Londe 1404 YI

vide land, 'land cultivated land' later influenced by OFr launde.

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• Laund Bridge [SE 56660 61239]
• Laund House [SE 56741 61358]
• Laund House [SE 55733 60724]
• Laund House [NZ 88944 06455]
• Lawns Gate [NZ 74968 06353]

[68] ON mót, 'meeting': Aymot.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 436, entry 6

MÓT, n. [Anglo Saxon gemot; Old English mote or moot, in ward-mote, the Moot-ball at Newcastle; Danish möde; Swedish mot and möte] a meeting; mæla mót með sér, to fix a meeting … manna-mót, a meeting; vinamót, a meeting of friends. 2. as a Norse law term; in Norway a mót was a town meeting, and is opposite to þing, a county meeting … móts-minni, a toast or grace, when a meeting was opened … móts-fjalir, a meeting-shed … II. a joint, juncture; mót á hring, compare mótlauss; ár-mót, a meeting of waters, also a local name …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 443, entry 13

MÆTA (mœta), t, [mót; Anglo Saxon mêtan; English 'meet'; Danish möde; Swedish möta] to meet, with dative, to meet a person … I. reciprocal, to meet one another … 2. to join; þar er mætisk Sogn ok Hörðaland, where the two counties Sogn and Hörðaland meet … mætir, m. one who meets, Lex. Poëticum …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 80

Middleton

AYMOT (lost)

• Amoth 1210 Dugd iv. 317

'River-meet' vide á, mót. Compare Beckermonds (WRY), Beckermotes 1241 (Percy), and the ONorw Bekkiarmote at "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 6, note 2. The streams referred to are the River Seven and Northdale Beck.

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Aymot 'river meet' [SE 72449 95789]: where Northdale Beck meets the River Seven.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 96

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE (ge)mot / ON mót 'meeting'

Indistinguishable as OE initial ge- would not be expected to survive (see OE/ON (ge)feall/fall above). The sense 'meeting-place' (for people) is more common in English than Scandinavian place-names, but there is one Danish example of this usage, which is known lexically in ON (Cleasby-Vigfusson sub verbo mót).

[69] OE Hramsa, 'wild garlic'; ON hramn, hrafn, 'a raven'; ON dalr 'a valley, dale': Ramsdale - see also [210].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 281, entry 42

HRAFN, often spelt hramn, m. [Anglo Saxon hræfn; English, 'raven'; German rabe; Danish, ravn, etc.; compare Latin corvus;] a raven … bíða hunds ok hrafns … in the sayings, sjaldsénir hvítir hrafnar, white ravens are not seen every day, of a strange appearance; þá er hart þegar einn hrafninn kroppar augun úr öðrum, it is too bad when one raven picks another's eyes out; Guð borgar fyrir hrafninn, God pays for the raven, perhaps referring to 1 Kings xvii. and Job xxxviii. 41. The raven was a favourite with the Scandinavians, as a bird of augury and of sagacity, víða flýgr hrafn yfir grund, the raven is a far traveller; compare the wise ravens Huginn and Muninn, the messengers of Odin, … whence Odin is called hrafn-blætr, m. raven worshipper (Hallfred), and hrafn-áss … hrafna-dróttinn or hrafna-goð, hrafn-stýrandi, a, m. lord or god of ravens; hrafn-freistaðr, m. raven friend, Húsd., … compare also the interesting story of the ravens of Flóki … A raven was the traditional war standard of the Danish and Norse vikings and chiefs … as also the Anglo Saxon Chroniclers, e.g. the Saxon Chronicle, Asser, A.D. 878, etc. The croaking of ravens was an omen, … when heard in front of a house it betokens death … the ravens are said to hold a parliament, hrafna-þing; and metaphorically, a disorderly assembly was called by that name … A black horse is called Hrafn … In popular lore the raven is called krummi, quod vide. Botanical, hrafna-blaka and hrafna-klukka, u, f. Cardamine pratensis, the ladies' smock or cuckoo-flower … Proper names of men, Hrafn, Hrafn-kell; of women, Hrefna, Hrafn-hildr: local names, Hrafna-björg, Hrafna-gjá, Hrafna-gil (whence Hrafn-gilingr, a man from H.), Hrafn-hólar, Hrafn-ista (whence Hrafnistu-menn, an old family), etc., … in poetry a warrior is styled hrafn-fæðir, -gæðir, -gælir, -greddir, -þarfr, = feeder of ravens, etc.: the blood is hrafn-vín, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860): a coward is hrafna-sveltir, m. raven-starver.

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ON hramsa and rammr ('bitter').

ON hrafn (a raven) (hrafns, genitive singular) traced back to, and often spelt, hramn (hramns) according to the morphological rule after which 'n' becomes 'r' after 'm', giving hramns dalr ('ravens valley'). Cognate with OE hræfn, hræfen, hrefen) 'a raven' and OSax hravan.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 482, entry 20

RAMR, adjective, röm, ramt; rammr is a less correct form … modern usage distinguishes between ramr, strong, and rammr, bitter, whence remma, bitterness: [Northern English ram] strong, stark, mighty, of bodily strength … II. bitter, biting, opposite to sweet …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 373

ramr, rammr adjective, powerful, mighty … 'however mighty I find the ruler (to be)' … strong, firm

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"A Modern English - Old English Dictionary" (1927) Mary Lynch Johnson, based on "A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary for the use of Student" (1916) John R. Clark Hall:

• hramsa m (-n/-n) onion, garlic, and
• hramse, f (-an/-an) onion, garlic

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Alternatively, the surname Ramsdale derives directly from the Norse place-name Raumsdalr (the valley of the river Rauma in the counties of Oppland and Møre og Romsdal in Norway - modern: Romsdal) an eponym after "Raum the Old" (Old Norse: Raumr inn gamli), son of King Nór, legendary founder of Norway who may have been descendants of the ancient Gothic "Raumii" tribe. Raums Dale is the modern district of Romsdal in the county of Møre og Romsdal. Raum was said to have been ugly, as was his daughter, Bryngerd, who was married to King Álf. Indeed, in Old Norse, raumr means a big and ugly person. See "An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson:

• Raumar, m. plural the name of a people in Norway: Rauma-ríki, n. a county in Norway: Raums-dalr, m. the present Romsdalen: Raum-dælir, m. plural the men from Raums-dalr: Raum-elfr, f. the river Raum in Norway, Fornmanna Sögur: Raumskr, adjective from Romsdalen, Fornmanna Sögur. ii. 252.
• raumr, m. a giant, Titan, Edda (Gl.) 2. a big, huge, clownish person, Fas. ii. 384, 546, Skíða R. 51.
• galdra-raumr, m. a great sorcerer, Fornaldar Sögur ii. 375.
• ELFR, f., … a proper name of the three rivers called Elbe … Raum-Elfr, the Elb of the Raums (a people in Norway) …

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON Raumr (m. 1).

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The Book of the Settlement of Iceland (1898) translated from the original Icelandic of Ari the Learned by Rev. T Ellwood

Place Names, being the Register of all the place names, farm names, and tribe names contained in the Book of the Settlement at page 238

• Raumsdalr, Raum's (giant) dale , Part iii, Chapter II.
• Raumsdalefolk, Part v, Chapter II: "Ofeig was the name of a renowned man in Raumsdalefolk, he had for wife Asgerd, the daughter of Ask the Speechless."
• Raumsdælafylki, District of Raumsdale, Part v, Chapter II.

Part iii, Chapter I at page 111. Eysteinn 'Meinfret', son of Alf from Osta, settled the eastern Ramfirth Strand next to Balki and dwelt there some winters before he married Thorhild, the daughter of Thorstein the Red; then he betook himself from the north to the dales and settled there. Their sons were Alf, in the dales, Thord and Thorolf Fox, and Hrapp. There was a man named Thorodd, who settled land in Ramsfirth, and dwelt at Thoroddstead …

Part iii, Chapter II at page 113. Ketillraumr was the name of a renowned 'Hersir' in Raumsdale in Norway; he was the son of Orm Skeljamola (Shellmeal), the son of Horsebjorn, the son of Raum, the son of Giant-Bjorn from the north in Norway … They came to that firth where they found two rams, and they called Hrutafirth or Ramsfirth, thence they went north over the countrysides and gave proper names to places wideabout there …

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Snorri Sturluson, Edda, Skáldskaparmál, Glossary and Index of Names (1998) edited by Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 500

Raumar m. plural, inhabitants, people of Romerike or Romsdal in Norway v376/1 (Hkr II, III, Fagrskinna)

Raumelfr f. the Glomma (river in Norway) v482/2 (Hkr I, II, Fagrskinna)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 357, entry 12

krummi, a, m. a pet name of a raven, perhaps Crook-beak … frequent in popular songs … Krumma-kvæði, n. Raven song.

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Ramesdale 1210 - Dugdale's Monasticon, 1817-1830, Volume iv. 319

Cartae ad Rossedalense Coenobium in agro Eboracensi spectantes (Charter relating to Rosedale Nunnery in Yorkshire) 2 Edward III m25 n82 (1329 ?)

… Donationem insuper, concessionem, et confirmationem quas Matill quae fuit uxor Americi de Scardeburgh per cartam suam fecit praedictis monialibus de sex lagenis olei annuatim infra xv dies post festum Nativitatis sancti Johannis Baptistae, de quodam tofto in Burtondale jacente inter toftum beati Nicholai et toftum Siwardi Pistoris, et de quodam alio tofto super Ramesdale, infra murum quod fuit Willielmi filii Gamelli imperpetuum percipiendis.

… The grant in addition, grant, and confirmation by the charter of which he made all Matill Scarborough who was the wife of the aforesaid Americi six decanters of oil annually during the fifteen days after the feast of the nuns of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, of St. Nicholas and of a certain toft in Burtondale toft Siwards Pistoris lying between the toft, and of one another on the Ramesdale toft, within the receiving of the wall, which was for ever of William the sons of Gamell.

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood Saga Book Vol. XXIII at page 350

"4. Not only the meaning, but also the grammar of the Old Norse is preserved in these place-names. For example … Rampside (Rammes-heved) correctly represents Hramns höfdi …

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"Saga Book Vol. III" at page 15

"Raven's-ton-dale is clearly the dale of the tún of Hrafn, and is parallel to Rampside in Furness, Hramns-sœtr or something of the sort …" 'Ruins at Ravenstonedale'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 37

dalr m. valley; hollow

Dalsfjörðr m. fjord in western Norway

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Editor's note: see also Ramsden Head [SE 78900 95646]

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hræfn / ON hrafn 'raven'

Indistinguishable following the late-OE merger of /æ/ and /a/ (Hogg 1992:§§5.215-16).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

RAVENSWYKE

• Revenwich 1201 ChR

'Raven's nook in the hills from ON personal name Hrafn and vik. The name refers to the steep-sided valley of the river Dove.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

RAMSDALE

• Ramesdale 1210 (Dugdale's Monasticon) iv. 319, 1240 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Rammesdale 1240 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

The early forms suggest that we have here OE hramse, ramese 'garlic, ramson', as in Ramsey (Huntingdonshire); vide Place-Names Worcestershire xli. Alternatively we may have OE ramm, hence either 'garlic valley' or 'ram's valley'.

[70] Fyling, Fylingdales

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Transcript of the entry for the Post Office, Professions and Trades in "Bulmer's Directory" of 1890 (annotated with dates):

Fylingdales is called, in Domesday Book (1086), "Figeling". After the conquest (1066) a part of it came into the possession of Tancred the Fleming who had followed the fortunes of William the Conqueror, and he, after an ownership of about 30 years (1096), sold it to William de Percy, abbot of Whitby.

[71] ON bekkr, 'a rivulet, brook, beck': Ramsdale Beck, Stoupe Beck, Cloughton Beck, Eller Beck, Keasbeck, Hamley Beck.

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See also [83] ON brunnr, 'burn, well-spring, font, spring, stream' and [101] ON lœkr, lækr 'brook, rivulet, stream'.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page LIX

… ME names of streams and brooks which terminate in -beck without doubt embody OWScand bekkr and not the native beck (compare this word in Björkman, Loanwords page 144), more particularly when the preceding member is a Scandinavian word, as in Stainbec YKS page 89, Ormesbeck LIN 1238 Li. rec. (OWScand Ormr, personal name), Skaytebec YKS page 135, Uluebec LAN 12th century Cockers. Ch. (in Forton; from OWScand ulfr, 'wolf'), Skirebec LIN 1202 Li. rec. (see in Part II under Scandinavian sk). There is no reason for doubting the Scandinavian origin of such a name as a whole.

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"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at pages 144 and 145.

ME beck, NE beck 'a stream' is the northern form of ME bach, bœch, batch etc., see Morsbach, Me. Gramm. p. 143; no uses of beck are known for which the assumption of Scandinavian is necessary (compare OWScand bekkr, OSwed bœkker.

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at page 351

Place Names

The Lakeland word for "brook" is always "beck", never "burn", as in Anglian districts; rarely "leck" for the "lœkr" of tenth century Icelandic place-names. This seems to show that our settlers belonged to an earlier generation than those who fixed the names of Iceland, for they used the old word bekkr, which dropped out of currency after the ninth century. In other words, they were men whose fathers had left Norway with Thorgisl and Olaf the White, not Norwegians of Hakon the Good's time or later, in touch with the general progress and development of the North.

The Vikings in Lakeland
Their Place-Names, Remains, History
by William Gershom Collingwood (1939)
Saga Book XXIII at page 351

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 47

-bach, -beach, -beck - ON bekk-r, OSwed bäck, 'a brook, a stream'. Not in Northumberland, where Wansbeck is a recent corruption of Wannys pike; but we have a 'Bolebec' in 1157 Pipe Roll, Northumberland. It is found still, however, in Durham, in some tributaries of the Wear, where we even have a Beechburn Beck ! It is common in Cumbria and Yorks - Holme Beck, Troutbeck, etc., - but perhaps not farther south than Lincs. One of the most southerly is PINCHBECK, Spalding; but as that is already found in an 810 charter Pyncebek, the -beck here is probably the OE bece or bœc, found in this same charter in Holebech or Holbeach, in the same district, with the same meaning. Bach, also bache, and -batch, is a regular dialect name for 'brook', common especially in Cheshire - Bache, COMBERBATCH, Sandbach, etc.; whilst in DB 1086 we have here a Bachelie. The ON genitive of beck - viz., bekkjar - is found in the two BECKERMETS, 'mouth of the brook'; whilst, as we noted above, BURBAGE is, in 961, Burhbece.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 57, entry 2

BEKKR, s, and jar, m. [Northern English 'beck'; German bach; Danish bæk; Swedish bäck], a rivulet, brook. In Icelandic the word is only poëtic and very rare; the common word even in local names of the 10th century is lækr (Lækjar-bugr, -óss, etc.) … is a mythical and pre-Icelandic name; in prose bekkr may occur as a Norse idiom … or in Norse laws … At present it is hardly understood in Iceland and looked upon as a Danism … Compounds: bekkjar-kvern, f. a water-mill … (Norse) … bekkjar-rás, f. the bed of a beck …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 56, entry 45

BEKKR, jar, m. plural ir, genitive plural ja, dative jum, [Anglo Saxon benc; English 'bench, bank'; German bank; Danish bænk]: a bench, especially of the long benches in an old hall used instead of chairs; the north side of a hall (that looking towards the sun) was called æðri bekkr, the upper bench; the southern side úæðri bekkr, the lower (inferior) bench …

• á báða bekki, on both sides of the hall
• bekkjar-bót, f. the pride of a bench, a bride
• bekkjar-gjöf, f. 'bench-gift', an old custom to offer a gift to the bride whilst she sat on the bride's bench at the wedding festival
• bekkju-nautr, m. a bench-fellow
• bekk-klæði, n. the covering of a bench
• bekk-skrautuðr, m. the pride of the bench
• bekk-sögn, f., poetic, the people seated in a hall
• bekk-þili, n. the wainscoted walls of a hall

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"An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language" (1898) Walter William Skeat at page 56

BECK (2), a stream. (Scandinavian) ME bek. Prompt. Parv. page 29; Holy Rood page 82. [Not properly an A.S. word, but Scandinavian.] Icelandic bekkr, a stream, brook. + Swedish bäck, a brook. + Danish bæck. + Dutch beek. + German bach. (Root unknown.)

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" (1972) Gillian Fellows Jensen at page 153

Beckwith

… The form from 972 shows that this was originally an OE place name *bēce-wudu 'beech wood'. The name was adapted by the Scandinavians by the substitution of [k] for palatal c or perhaps rather of the Scand appellative bekkr m. 'beck' for bēce, and of cognate Scand viðr m. for OE wudu …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 78

Middleton

BECKHOUSE

• (le) Bekhus early 13th century Malton 98, 1260 ib. 3

Self-explanatory.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

KEASBECK

• Kesebec, -bek 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary), 1231 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls), 1395 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Kesbek 1175-98 (Whitby Cartulary)

The first element is ON kjóss 'a small creek, valley, recess', which enters into a number of Norwegian place-names compare Rygh, (Norske Gaardnavne Indledning 60); vide bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 171

Stainton

SANDBECK (6")

• Sandbec 1222 FF

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Editor's note: the name 'Boosbeck' is ON in origin and means 'the stream near a cow shed'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 80

Middleton

HAMLEY, HAMLEY BECK

• Hamclife 1201 (Rotuli Chartarum)
• Hamcliuebek 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 211 d

Possibly 'scarred cliff' vide hamel, clif, bekkr. For the change from clif to -ley compare Crunkly 133 infra, Cronkley, Aycliffe (Place-Names Northumberland Durham sub nomine), Hockliffe (Place-Names Bedfordshire Huntingdonshire 126).

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"An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898 and 1921) Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller at page 505, entry 7

hamel (?); adjective, broken, rugged … MHG hamel, a rugged height, crag vide hamelian, to mutilate …

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[72] ON djúpr, 'deep': Deep Dale, Deepdale, Deep Gill, Dibble Bridge.

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Editor's note: Deep Dale possibly from ON djúp and dalr - 'deep dale/valley'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 38

djúpr adjective, deep; á djúpum sæ on the open sea

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 100, entry 30

djúp, n. the deep; í djúpum vatna, in the depths of the waters … djúp árinnar, the channel in a river …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 100, entry 37

DJÚPR, adjective, comparative, djúpari, superlative, djúpastr; djúpust; djúpari (fem.) … Anglo Saxon dióp, deóp; English 'deep'; German tief; Swedish djup; Danish dyb] deep, of water; djúpr vatn … of other things, a dale, pit, etc., djúpr dalr … djúpar grafir (pits) … djúpt sár, a deep sore, i.e. wound … djúpr höttr, a deep hat, coming down over the eyes … d. hver, a deep kettle …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 79

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE dēop, adjective / ON djúpr, adjective 'deep'.

See 'Stress-Shifted Diphthongs' above at page 46.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 96

Ebberston

DEEP DALE

• Depedale 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 215 d

Self-explanatory.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 103

Cayton

DEEPDALE

• Depedale (-am) 1086 DB et passim to 1572 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Dipedall' 1242 (Pipe Rolls)
• Deepdale 1555 (Index to the Charters and Rolls in the British Museum

'Deep valley' vide deop, dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 148

Guisborough

DIBBLE BRIDGE

• Depehil 1119 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Dephil 1129, about 1199, 1239 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1170-90 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 659
• Depilbrigge 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Dybell Brigge 1539 (Dugdale's Monasticon) vi. 275

'Bridge near the deep pool' vide deop, hylr, brycg.

[73] ON heimr, 'home, -ham': Figham, Oakham Wood, Newholm (Neuham 1160), Wykeham.

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at pages 348 & 349

Place Names

In drawing the ethnographical map, it has been usually assumed that names in ham are Saxon, in ton Anglian, and in by Danish. This is true when we find considerable groups, but it does not hold for isolated instances. There are many names ending with ham in Anglian districts; some in ancient Norway are practically parallel, for Thrándheimr, Unarheimr, Stafheimr, and Sœheimr would become Thrandham, etc., in English; and Medalheimr in Iceland, is simply Middleham. Consequently an occasional Dearham or Brigham, Spunham or Waitham, do not prove the presence of Saxons in Cumberland and the Lake districts.

Ton, again, though not common as a place-name ending in Scandinavia, is found in Tunsberg and Sig-túnir: and ton in old Norse means just what it means in Lake district names: not 'town', but the ground on which a group of farm buildings stands. Where we get i>-ington we may assume an Anglian family settlement; and where (as in Low Furness) there is a group of -tons near -ington or -ingham, we have the tokens of Anglian population. But a casual -ton in a Norse context - like Kettleton in Galloway, Colton and Ulverston in Furness, etc. - may be regarded as a Norse settlement.

By is also common enough in Norway and Iceland (in the form of bœr) to be no proof of exclusively Danish settlement. Where we find a distinct group of bys, there we may assume Danish origin, but an odd Sowerby or Kirkby does not imply a Danish colony.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 251, entry 5

HEIMR, m. [Anglo Saxon hâm; compare Engish 'home', and in local names -ham; Old High German haim; German heim; Danish hjem; Swedish hem] properly, an abode, village, and hence land, region, world: I. abode, land, 1. partly in a mythological sense, each heimr being peopled with one kind of beings, gods, fairies, men, giants, etc.; níu man ek heima, I remember nine abodes, … refer to the mythological conception of nine heavens, nine kinds of beings, and nine abodes, compare Goð-heimr, God-land; Mann-heimar, Man-land, the abode of men; Jötun-heimar, Giant-land; Álf-heimr, Elf-land, Fairy-land; Nifl-heimr, Mist-land, the world below; Undir-heimar, the nether world; Upp-heimr, the 'Up-land'; compare also Sól-heimar, 'Sun-ham,' Sunniside, frequent as a local name … vind-h., 'wind-ham,' the heaven; 2. the region of the earth or sky; Austr-heimr, the East; Norðr-h., the North; Suðr-h., the South; Vestr-h., the West; … poetically, dvalar-heimr, a dwelling-place … alda-h., the abode of men, 41; heimar goða, the abode of gods, munar-h., a place of bliss, ljóð-h., the abode of men; myrk-h., the mirky abode; sólar-h., the sun's abode, heaven, 3. a village, in local names, English -ham, German -heim; but in modern Danish, Norse, and Swedish local names contracted to -om or -um, so that in many instances it is doubtful whether it is from heim or a dative plural in um, thus Veom, Viom may be Véheimr or Véum; … Sæ-heimr = modern Norse Sæm; Há-heimr = Hæm; Fors-heimr = Forsum, Munch, Norge's Beskr. Pref.: in Icelandic, not very frequent, Sól-heimar, Man-heimar; Vind-h.: the mythical Glaðs-h., 'Bright-ham,' … II. this world, opposite to Hel or other worlds; … koma í heiminn, to be born; þessa heims, in this world, opposite to annars heims, in the other world; … kringla heimsins, the globe, orbis terrarum; … al-heimr, the universe; minni-h., microcosmos; 2. phrases, liggja (vera) milli heims ok Heljar, to lie between life and death, in extreme illness … 3. ecclesiastical, the world, mundus; … stíga yfir heiminn, to overcome the world, … heims börn, the children of the world, Pass.; heims dýrð, the glory of the world, Post.; heims skraut, the pomp of the world, Hom. 83; hold ok heimr, the flesh and the world, N. T. 4. denoting people, only in the compound þing-heimr, an assembly … Compounds:

• heims-aldr, m. aetas mundi
• heims-álfa, u, f. a quarter of the world
• heims-brestr, m. crash of the world
• heims-bygð, f. the peopled world
• heims-endi, a, m. the world's end
• heims-kringla … the name of the work of Snorri, given it by Thormod Torfæus (died 1719), from the first words in one of the vellum MSS., 'Kringla heimsins,' etc., whence Heimskringla
• heims-skapan (-sköpun), f. creation
• heims-skaut, n. plural, the poles … the earth being conceived as a sheet stretched out
• Norðr-h., the North pole
• Suðr-h., the South pole
• heims-slit, n. plural, the end of the world
• heims-sól, f. the sun
• heims-staða, u, f. aetas mundi
• heims-stjórn, f. the ruling of the world
• heims-stýrir, m. the ruler of the world
• heims-vist, f. living, dwelling, dwelling in a place

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at pages 97 & 98

• heim adv. home; in (to the dwelling), to the buildings; to the house; back i.e. to the shieling (i.e. to the camp)
• koma heim get back home, visit, pay a call i.e. to Valhöll or Hel, to death
• heim á bœinn (at bœnum) up to the farm (i.e. to Gunnarr's farm), (i.e. to Njáll's farm)
• sœkja heim attack (someone) in their home
• heim see heimr
• heima adv. at home; in the house, in his house; when at home; in the precinct
• heimili n. home
• heimkynni n. home, household
• heimr m. world; plural, i.e. where someone dwells;
• norðr í heima into northern lands
• þessa heims ok annars in this world and the next

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 201

Even as late as in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries among the tenants of Cockersand Abbey, we meet with several ON names and surnames or nicknames.

The ON element was even strong enough to influence English place-names. Kirkham, in Amounderness, is in 1093 written Cercheham, but in 1196 it is written Kirkeheim and in 1276 Kyrkheym, Cockerham in Londsdale Hundred is in DB 1086 written Cockeham, but in 1207 it is written Kokerheim and Cokerheim; Heysham is in DB 1086 written Hessam, but in 1094 Heseym; Tatham is in 1202 written Tateham, but 1213-15 Tathaim, and about the same time Tathaym, but in 1241 again Tatham. Bisþham is in DB 1086 written Biscoþham, but about 1200 it is written Biscoþehaim, and about 1270 Bisbhaym, as if they were not compounds of OE ham, but of the corresponding ON heimr, 'home, house, abode, estate'.

[74] ON bú, bý, 'a house, farmstead, dwelling'; ON búa, 'to live, abide, dwell': Aislaby, Baldby, Borrowby Dale, Danby, Newby, Normanby.

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at pages 348 & 349

Place Names

In drawing the ethnographical map, it has been usually assumed that names in ham are Saxon, in ton Anglian, and in by Danish. This is true when we find considerable groups, but it does not hold for isolated instances. There are many names ending with ham in Anglian districts; some in ancient Norway are practically parallel, for Thrándheimr, Unarheimr, Stafheimr, and Sœheimr would become Thrandham, etc., in English; and Medalheimr in Iceland, is simply Middleham. Consequently an occasional Dearham or Brigham, Spunham or Waitham, do not prove the presence of Saxons in Cumberland and the Lake districts.

Ton, again, though not common as a place-name ending in Scandinavia, is found in Tunsberg and Sig-túnir: and ton in old Norse means just what it means in Lake district names: not 'town', but the ground on which a group of farm buildings stands. Where we get i>-ington we may assume an Anglian family settlement; and where (as in Low Furness) there is a group of -tons near -ington or -ingham, we have the tokens of Anglian population. But a casual -ton in a Norse context - like Kettleton in Galloway, Colton and Ulverston in Furness, etc. - may be regarded as a Norse settlement.

By is also common enough in Norway and Iceland (in the form of bœr) to be no proof of exclusively Danish settlement. Where we find a distinct group of bys, there we may assume Danish origin, but an odd Sowerby or Kirkby does not imply a Danish colony.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 48

-by, -bie - North. OE bý, probably adoption of ON bœ-r, OSwed bý-r,and ODan by, 'dwelling, village', from ON búa, 'to dwell', same root as in North. big, 'to build'. Mawer, Vikings, page 124, says it indicates ODan rather than Norse settlement; but this contradicts his own statement (page 11) that Northumbria was Norwegian; and Yorkshire is crammed with -bys. However, there are only four north of Tees - Butterby, Durham, being one of the northmost - and there are none in Northumberland. We get the bœ-r form in Canisbay and Duncansbay, Caithness, but not in England. The ending runs as far south as Badby and Kilsby, south of Rugby. There are none in Cambs or Herts, but there are several in Norfolk and Suffolk round the mouth of the Yare, and we have Kirby Cross and Kirby-le-Soken in N.E. Essex. There is also a Laghenbia, in DB 1086 Essex, ? where. There are at least eight in Cheshire, but perhaps none in the west to the south of Cheshire. The ending reappears in Jersey - Hougie Bie, 'dwelling on the mound'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at pages 33, 34 & 35

bú n. farmstead, dwelling, establishment

búa (pres. býr, past bjó, past plural, bjoggu/bjuggu, past participle búinn, búit/bút) … live, dwell … er fyrir bjuggu who dwelt there already; inhabit, live in; live together, keep house; býr is included

• búandi (plural, búendr) m. farmer, freeholder
• bústaðr m. dwelling-place; a site for a home
• bút, bý; see búa

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 109

BÚ, n. [… the root of this word will be traced more closely under the radical form búa; here it is sufficient to remark that 'bú' is an apocopate form (i.e. where a word's final sound is omitted) … the root remains unaltered in the branch to which Icelandic bygg, byggja, and other words belong] - a house; bú and bæ (býr) are twins from the same root (bua); bær is the house, bú the household; … In the Northern countries 'bú' implies the notion of living upon the produce of the earth; in Norway and especially in Iceland that of living on the 'milk' (málnyta) of kine, ewes, or she-goats … it is 'bú' if a man has a milking stock … the old Hm. says, a 'bú', however small it be, is better to have than not to have; and then explains, 'though thou hast but two she-goats and a cottage thatched with shingle, yet it is better than begging'; Icelandic saying, sveltr sauðlaust bú, i.e. a sheepless household starves: 'bú' also means the stores and stock of a household; göra, setja, reisa bú, to set up in life, have one's own hearth … bregða búi, to give up farming or household, taka við búi, to take to a farm, eiga bú við, to share a household with one, fara búi, to remove one's household, flit … bú er landstólpi, the 'bóndi' is the stay of the 'bú', the 'bú' is the stay of the land; … 2. estates; konungs-bú, royal demesnes; fara milli búa sinna, to go from one estate to another; eiga bú, to own an estate … Compounds:

• bús-afleifar, f. plural, remains of stores
• bús-búhlutir, m. plural, implements of husbandry
• bús-efni, n. plural, household goods
• bús-far, n. = búfar
• bús-forráð;, n. plural, management of household affairs
• bús-gagn = búgagn
• bús-hagr, m. the state, condition of a 'bú'
• bús-hlutir = búsbúhlutir
• bús-hægindi, n. plural, comfortable income derived from a 'bú'
• bús-kerfi, n. movables of a household

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 110

BÚA; Búa … Scottish and Northern English to 'big', i.e. to build; Búa, as a root word, is one of the most interesting words in the Scandinavian tongues; bú, bær, bygg, bygð, byggja, etc., all belong to this family: it survives in the Northern English word to 'big', … and possibly in the auxiliary verb 'to be' … A. NEUTER, to live, abide, dwell …

• of a temporary abode, hann bjó í tjöldum, he abode in tents
• a nautical term; þeir bjuggu þar um nóttina, they stayed, cast anchor during the night
• to live together as man and wife; henni hagar að búa við hann
• búa saman, of wedded life
• to have a household, cattle, sheep, and milk; hence búandi, bóndi, bær and bú; búa við málnytu (milk)
• búa búi sínu, to 'big ane's ain biggin', have one's own homestead

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 76

bú, n. (1) household, farming;

• þat er bú, er maðr hefir málnytan smala, it is 'bú', if a man has a milking stock;
• gøra, setja, reisa bú, to set up a home for oneself;
• bregða búi, to give up farming;
• eiga bú við einhvern, to share a household with one;
• fara búi, to remove one's household;
• vera fyrir búi, to manage a household;
• búa búi sinu, to have one's own household;

… (4) farm, estate; fara milli búa sinna, to go from one estate to another; eiga bú, to own an estate; (5) home, house (reið Hrútr heim til bús síns); vera at or á búi með einhverjum, to live at one's house.

búa (bú; bjó, bjoggum or bjuggum; búinn), verb, … (5) to live, dwell … þeir bjuggu þar um nóttina, they stayed there during the night; … (6) to have a household (cattle, sheep and milk); …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 81

býr (-jar, -ir), masculine = bœr.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 82

bœr (genitive bœjar, plural -ir, dative -jum), masculine (1) farmhouse, farmstead; reisa, gøra, setja bœ, efna til bœjar, to build a farmstead; (2) farm, landed estate (nú búa tveir menn á einem bœ eða fleiri); (3) town; í bœ ok í heraði = í kaupangri ok í heraði; borgir ok bœir , castles and towns.

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at pages 5, 6, 8 to 12, 17, 18 & 19

II. Place-names in bý

1. The element bý in Scandinavia and Yorkshire

at page 5

… Most Danish scholars agree, in fact, that the sense of bý in the majority of Danish place-names is "village" … In Norway, on the other hand, the term seems to have been generally used of an isolated farmhouse, perhaps also originally of cultivated land. At all events, however, the element would seem to have acquired the meaning "village" before the period of the Scandinavian settlements in England …

at page 6

It is generally accepted that the village names in -bý in England were given by the Danish settlers but, as Kr. Hald points out in KLNM II 386, the use of the element bý in the sense "village" would seem to have penetrated to the north and west from the areas of densest Danish settlement and there been adopted by the Norwegian settlers. Neither those places with names in bý in the areas of Yorkshire which are generally considered to have been settled by Norwegians nor those whose names contain a demonstrably WScand first element (e.g. an Irish or Norwegian personal name) can be shown to have been any smaller at the time of the compilation of DB than the villages in the demonstrably Danish areas. It is conceivable, however, that some of the names in the areas of predominantly Norwegian settlement and perhaps elsewhere, too, may originally have contained by in the sense "farmhouse". It is noticeable that several of the names indicate places that are now completely lost or whose site is marked by a solitary house or farm or in some cases merely by archaeological remains.

at page 8

The spelling by is only found once in the Yorkshire place-names in DB, namely in Asuluesby 305r, also written Asuluebi 380v. Elsewhere it is always spelt bi. The survival of Scandinavian y in DB is very unusual. Feilitzen suggests (§§ 19. 20) that this is because there was a marked phonetic difference between OE and OScand y on the one hand and AN y on the other, whereas OFr i and OE and OScand y were phonetically similar. The one surviving y spelling probably indicates that the scribe of DB was here copying from a written source.

at page 9

2. The first elements in the place-names in bý

(i) Personal names

Altogether the survey includes 210 býs. A study has been made of the first elements in these names and this reveals that 119 býs or approximately 57% have either certainly or most probably a personal name as their first element. Of these personal names 108 or approximately 90% are Scandinavian, 7 English, 3 Irish, and one probably Continental Germanic.

at page 10

a) Scandinavian personal names

… The possible reasons for the dominance of by-names in the Yorkshire place-names have been discussed in Scandinavian Personal Names in LIN and Yorkshire and the conclusion reached there is that by-names were chosen as the first element of place-names in preference to more common personal names either because the people in the immediate neighbourhood of the settlements in question wanted to avoid any possible doubt as to the identity of the tenant or owner or because these people were accustomed to call him by his by-name.

Altogether 81 different Scandinavian personal names are found in the Yorkshire býs and 23 of these do not appear in place-names of a younger type nor independently in Yorkshire. It is noticeable that 19 of these 23 names are by-names. It seems that by-names often died out with the men who bore them.

It is of interest to see how many of the personal names in Yorkshire place-names are also found in Danish place-names … In all, then, 24 out of 39 instances contain personal names that are also found in Danish place-names. Of the remaining 15 instances, 4 contain names which probably arose on English soil … 7 contain names which are much commoner in WScand sources than in EScand, namely Áslákr, Ásulfr, Eindriði (4), Róðmundr; the remaining 4 names, Bergulfr, Eymundr, Eysteinn, þormóðr, are found in both West and East Scandinavia.

The following by-names found in the Yorkshire place-names reappear in Danish place-names … In all, then, 29 out of 54 instances contain personal names that are also found in Danish place-names. Of the remaining 25 instances, 6 contain names that probably arose on English soil … 10 contain names that are typically WScand (i.e. not recorded in East Scandinavia or only seldom found there), Bak, Belgr, Boltr, Hákr, Halmi, Hjalp, Holti (2), Kausi, Mildi; the remaining 9 names are found both in West and East Scandinavia, Beli, Bol(l)i, Bragi, Farmann, Feitr, Hoggvandi, Káti, Moldr, Skorn(ir) or Skorri.

at pages 11 and 12

The following secondary formations are also found in Danish place-names … In all, then, 6 out of 12 instances contain personal names that are also found in Danish place-names … Altogether 62 or approximately 57% of the place-names in bý whose first element is a Scandinavian personal name contain personal names which also appear in Danish place-names, whereas only 17 or approximately 16% contain names which are typically WScand. The remaining 27% contain names that either are of Anglo-Scandinavian origin or can equally well be West or East Scandinavian. For further discussion of the place-names which seem to contain a WScand first element cf. below pp 190-93.

at pages 17 and 19

3. The material

… Aislaby. Aislaby township, Pickering Lythe Wapentake, N. Aslachesbi 300r, Aslachebi 380v. The first element is the Scandinavian personal name Áslákr …

… Aislaby. Aislaby township, Whitby Strand W, N. Asuluesby 305r, Asuluebi 380v. The first element is the Scandinavian personal name Asulfr …

Baldby. Baldby, lost village whose site is marked by Baldby Fields, Whitby, Whitby Strand W, N. Baldebi 305r, 380v. The first element is either the Scandinavian personal name Baldi or an OE personal name Balda …

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Aislaby (Hesselby, Assuluesbi, 'Asulf's bý' DB) [NZ 85802 08756]

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Carperby [SE 01011 89879]

The derivation of Carperby is uncertain, but Ekwall believes it to mean 'Cairpe's settlement' in ON (Cairpes bý). Ekwall, Eilert (1960) "The concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" (4 ed.) Oxford Clarendon Press at page 88. The name Cairpe is of OIr origin, implying Norse-Gaelic settlement in the area.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at pages 178, 185 and 186

The place-names point in the same direction. In many, perhaps in most cases, it is impossible to decide whether place-name is of Danish or Norwegian origin.

The Scandinavian names which we find in ancient English charters have mostly been misspelt and miswritten by scribes quite ignorant both of Danish and Norwegian, and sometimes even of English. Besides, many words and endings were in use in Denmark as well as in Norway, or had forms which were closely similar to each other. I can give one instance. A great part of the Scandinavian place-names in this country end in by (bi), e.g. Grimsby, Whitby, Derby. This ending comes from ON bý, býr, which was used in Denmark, Sweden and Eastern Norway, and means 'a manor, village, town'. The corresponding OWScand form is bœr, bø, which would give ME be. This form is actually found in DB 1086, e.g. Helesbe [now Helsby] in CHS (Domesday Book, II, 263c). Forms like Derbei [West Derby] and Fornebei [now Formby, West Derby Hundred] also pre-suppose an ON nominative ending in bœr, or rather a casus obliquus ending in bœiar. The other form, the ending by, is, however, the pre-dominant one, and must in many places have supplanted the OWScand form.

A great many place-names which have got this ending have, as first member, a personal name which is not Danish, but Norwegian or Hiberno-Norwegian. Thus several townships and villages in CUL, LAN, YKS, CHS and LIN are called Ireby or Irby - Irebi or Iribi in DB 1086 - -that is ON Irabýr, 'the township of the Irishman'. They must have been named after Norwegians who from Ireland emigrated to England.

In the DB 1086 survey of YKS we regularly find the ending bi that corresponds to ON bý or býr, e.g. Danebi, Ormesbi and Tormozbi. But in a supplement written a little later, and no doubt by another scribe, the same names are written Danebia, Ormesbia, and Tormozbia, which forms correspond to the genitive case of býr.

[75] ON Bákr (personal name); ON Bak, 'back': Backleys, Baxby Manor House, Baxby Mill, Baxton Howe Hill, High Baxtonhowe, Low Baxtonhowe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Bákr (Baxby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 98

Pickering Lythe Wapentake

Brompton

BACKLEYS (6")

• Baklaus 1335 ForP 252

The forms are too few for any satisfactory explanation.

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Editor's note: possibly derived from ON bak 'back' and laus 'less, without' giving 'backless, without a back'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 191

Husthwaite

Baxby

• Basche(s)bi, Bachesbi DB 1086
• Baxeby 1169-92 YCh 790; 13 BylE 8 d; 1230 CI; 1247 Ch; 1262 YD; 1292 For; 1310 Ch
• Baxseby 1227 FF; 1285 KI
• Baxby 1301 LS

'Bak's farm' vide by. The first element is probably the rare ON personal name Bak LindN.

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"Norsk-isländska dopnamn ock fingerade namn från medeltiden" (195) Erik Henrik Lind at page 108

Bakr ? M. N. Heskel Baksson DN V 426" (Sparbuen 1431). Möjligen av det ett par gånger förekommande binamnet bak.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 13

bak n. back … at baki with dat. behind someone; á bak on horseback; á bak þeim behind them; fell á bak aptr fell over backwards; af baki off one's horse; with suffixed def. art. á bakinu on its back

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 50, entry 8

BAK, n. [Anglo Saxon bäc] Latin tergum, back … in metaphorical phrases - bera sök á baki, to be guilty, hafa mörg ár á baki, to 'carry a weight of years':

• léttr á baki, of horseback
• fara á bak, to mount
• stíga af baki, to dismount
• hurðar-baki, behind the door
• at húsa-baki, at the back of the houses
• að fjalla-baki, behind the mountains
• handar-bak, the back of the hand

2. á bak or á baki used as a preposition or as an adverb;

• á bak (acc.) if denoting motion
• á baki (dative) if without motion

… locally behind, at the back of; á baki húsunum, at baki þeim, at their back … á bak aptr (= aptr á bak), backward …

• brjóta á bak, prop. to break one's back
• brjóta á bak Rómverja, to 'break the back' of the Romans, defeat them
• temporal with dative past, after; á bak Jólum, after Yule
• bak-byrðr, f. a burden to carry on the back
• bak-ferð, f. mounting on horseback
• bak-ferla, að, [ferill - a track, trace], properly, to step backwards;
• bak-hlutr, m. the hind part
• bak-hold, n. plural, the flesh on the back of cattle
• bak-hverfask, að, reflex, to turn one's back upon, abandon

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 375, entry 51

LAUSS, adj., comparative lausari, superlative lausastr; [Anglo Saxon leâs; English 'loose, release'; German los; Danish lös] loose, opposite to fast; … III. as the last part in compounds mostly suffixed to a root word, often in genitive, in a negative sense, in Iceland almost in endless instances, of which many remain in English, sak-lauss, sackless; auðnu-lauss, luckless; athuga-lauss, thoughtless; mein-lauss, guileless; vit-lauss, witless, insane, etc., from which is formed the neuter substantive termination -leysi.

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Husthwaite

In November AD 866 a Danish/Norse army, dominated by Norse warrior-kings, captured York (Jórvik) and shortly afterwards began to colonise the surrounding territory. The derivation of the place-name Husthwaite is ON hús, a house, or houses, and ON þveit, thwaite, a woodland clearing, indicating that the Scandinavians were responsible for establishing the village. At this time most of the township was well-wooded countryside. Shortly after the arrival of the Norse the manor of Husthwaite was created, and the land was organised into three 'open-fields' - Arteby Field, High Field, and a third field (name unknown). On the west side of the township the lord of Baxby Manor cultivated the West Field, a 'woodland' field-system. Each manor had an area of meadow to cut hay for winter livestock feed, and shared the grazing of the 600 acres of commonland in the south of the township, known as 'Husthwaite Woods and Commons'.

In the Domesday Book of 1086 Husthwaite appears in the entry referring to Bachesbi, and the township is described as having 8 carucates of cultivated land. This is calculated to be 640 statutory acres and was divided among the three fields mentioned above. The Church may have been established in the 10th century at the same time as the village and certainly existed in the 12th century, as an agreement exists dated 1180-1186 between the Dean of York and Newburgh Priory to place 'Bryan', probably a canon from the Priory, in the chapel at Husthwaite.

Baxby Manor House (Husthwaite) [SE 51308 75163] and Baxton Howe Hill (Airyholme with Howthorpe and Baxton Howe) [SE 68370 72496] are 13½ miles (4½ hours walk) apart.

In the 12th and 13th centuries England's population rose from 2 million people in 1086 to between 5 and 6 million by 1300 and this led to the clearing of woodland to increase the amount of cultivated land. Such land was called OE 'rydings' and is known today as The Ruddings at Acaster farm.

In the 14th and 15th centuries came famine and plague which was particularly bad in North Yorkshire. There is no reason to suppose Husthwaite did not also suffer from these disasters. A diminished population led to the abandonment of arable land and untenanted holdings became pasture, and the decline of the open-field system of farming began. By the beginning of the 17th century there were hardly any strips in the three Fields; most had become amalgamated and enclosed, the last of which strips were amalgamated in April 1780 in the Arteby Field.

[76] Dalby -Beck, -Forest, -Meadow, -Snout, -Warren, -Wood, High Dalby, Low Dalby.

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"The Vikings and their Victims: the Verdict of the Names" Gillian Fellows-Jensen (1994) at page 21

Changing of names in England would seem on the whole to have been a more gradual process. With the passage of time, the Danes began to detach specialised units from the old English estates and give them names in -bý whose specifics indicated their function or their topographical situation, for example … Dalby 'the settlement in the valley'.

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Editor's note: vide ON dalr, 'valley' and ON bú, 'a house, farmstead, dwelling'.

[77] ON Áskell (personal name): Aschilesmares, Aschelesmere.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Áskell (Marishes)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Áskell (Askeldic, 13th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Áskell (m. <5) and Áskr (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 84

Pickering Lythe Wapentake

Pickering

3. MARISHES 22 G 14

Marishes parish includes a great part of the very low-lying land in the south of the wapentake and takes its name from the extensive marshes which it embraced till the land was drained. vide mersc.

These probably included Aschilesmares, Aschelesmere 1086 DB (from ON Áskell), Chiluesmares, Chiluesmarsc 1086 DB, Kilverdesmersh 1152-6 (Rievaulx Cartulary), Culverthesmersch 1160 (Riev) (compare Killerby 103 infra), Maxudesmares, Maxudesmersc 1086 DB (first elements possibly being, as suggested by Dr Lindkvist, the ON personal name Mákr (LindN) and wudu), Odulfesmare, Ouduluesmersc (from ON Auðulfr) and Theokemarais 1189 Riev, 1252 Ch, -mar 1201 ChR, in which the first element is perhaps an unrecorded ON by-name þjokka (genitive þjokku) 'thick'; vide (LindBN 1920) sub nomine þjokkubeinn 'thick leg'. The suffix in some of these forms has been influenced by OFr marais.

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Victoria County History (1923)

A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2

Pickering Parishes (pages 461-476)

MARISHES is composed of the low-lying land north of the Derwent known in 1086 as Odulfesmare, Chiluesmares, Aschilesmares, Maxudesmares and Chigogemers. Some of these places formed part of what was known in the 12th century as 'the Waste by Pickering.' Henry II gave the Waste with common of fishery in the Derwent, Costa and Rye and all the demesne waters of the forest to Rievaulx Abbey in exchange for Stainton); Richard I and John confirmed the grant. During the reign of Henry II Stephen Mangevilein, Roger de Clere, William de Mandevill Earl of Essex and William de Forz Earl of Albemarle quitclaimed to the abbey their right in the Waste. Henry II also gave Rievaulx 2 carucates of land called Kilverdmersh (Chiluesmares). Robert de Roos, possibly before this, quitclaimed his right in Theockemarais and Loftmarais to the abbey.

By 1334 the Waste, with half a carucate of land formerly belonging to Eustace son of John, had been formed into the manors of Kekmarish, Loftmarish, Lund and Newstead, the first two part of the present Marishes, the third in Kirkby Misperton, the last in Thornton Dale parish.

The abbot's grange at KEKMARISH (? Theokemarais, Kekmarreys, Kekmaresse, Keckmarris) was mentioned in 1206, and contained in 1275-6 300 acres of arable land and 300 acres of pasture. It belonged to Rievaulx at the Dissolution, was sold to Sir Roger Cholmley of Roxby in 1544, and in 1611 was held at farm by John Cholmley. At the Dissolution LOFTMARISH (Loftmarais, Loftmarreys, Loftmaresse) belonged to the abbey, and the grange, with Deerholme (Dereham) Grange, was granted in February 1542-3 to the Archbishop of York and his successors. The last mention found of Loftmarish is in 1649.

The old manor of LUND was in Kirkby Misperton parish, where part of Ryton township is still called Lund Forest, but it seems to have been the original of the present manor of Marishes. As 'the manor in the Marish called Lund', formerly belonging to Rievaulx Abbey, it was granted in fee in 1544 to Sir Roger Cholmley with Kekmarish, 'Yowe Cott' and 'Newhouse' in Pickering parish. Henry and Richard Cholmley conveyed it to Sir William Belasyse and Henry his son in 1600, and it was still in the hands of this family in 1717 when the estates of Thomas Viscount Fauconberg, a Papist, were registered. The present owners are the trustees of the late Mr. James Lund of Malsis Hall, Crosshills, Leeds.

There seems to be no further history for the Aschilesmares and Maxudesmares of 1086, but Odulfesmare may, perhaps, be the later Edusmarsh ('the meadow of Eduiemersc', xii century; 'Edusmarsh or Howe Ing or Castle Ings', xvii century), a demesne meadow lying at the junction of the Rivers Rye and Derwent.

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" (1972) Gillian Fellows Jensen at page 152

Aschilesmares

Aschilesmares, part of Marishes township, Pickering Lythe Wapentake, NRY. Aschilesmares 299r, Aschelesmersc 380v.

The first element is the Scand personal name Ásketill (PNYN 84). The second element is the OE appellative mersc 'marsh', showing the influence of OFre marais 'marsh'.

[78] ON Bleikr (personal name); ON bleikr, 'pale': Bleakthwaite, Blakey Howe, Blakey Ridge, Blakey Swang.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Bleikr (Blaikeswath, 12th)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 27

bleikr adj. pale; grey (of a wolf); með bleikum with pale or grey patches (a word may be missing, or perhaps the word is here a noun, = bleikja f. white colouring)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 68, entry 20

BLEIKR, adjective, [Anglo Saxon blâc or blæc; English 'bleached' and 'bleak'; Swedish blek; German bleich and blass] pale, wan, of the colour of gold … of bad silver … of fruits … of ripe barley fields … of animals, a fawn-coloured horse is in Iceland called Bleikr, m., a mare Bleik … of hair, auburn … bleikt hár, the fair locks of a baby, Rm. 31, where 'bleak and bright' are alliterative; … 2. = Latin pallidus, the colour of ashes, pale from fright, loss of blood, or emotion … fiskbleikr, pale as a fish …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 67, entry 3

BLAKKR, adjective, [Anglo Saxon blac; English 'black'; Old High German plak: in Iceland svartr, as in Anglo Saxon and other kindred tongues swart, etc. … in prose it is very rare … II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr, (perhaps corrupt for bleikr …

[79] ON búð, 'booth, shelter'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 34

búð f. booth, a shelter for use during the summer assembly; shelter, temporary dwelling (on an expedition)

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Búð, 'a booth, shop'

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 88, entry 6

BÚÐ, f. I. [English 'booth'; German bude; Danish bod: not from búa] a booth, shop; farmanna búðir, merchants' booths, specially used of the temporary abodes in the Icelandic parliament, where, as the meeting only lasted two weeks a year, the booths remained empty the rest of the year. But every goði (priest) and every family had their own 'booth', which also took their names from a single man or ruling family … As búð is opposed to bú, as a temporary abode to a permanent fixed one, so búðsetumaðr (búð-seta), a cottager, is opposed to búndi; fara búðum is to change one's abode … 'búð' is a different word, being simply formed from the verb búa, and of late formation, probably merely a rendering of Latin habitatio; whilst búð, a booth, is not related to búa … II. esp. in compounds, í-búð, living in; sam-búð, living together; vás-búð, a cold berth, i.e. wet and cold; hafa harða, kalda búð, to have a hard, cold abode. Compounds:

• búðar-dvöl, f. dwelling in a booth
• búðar-dyr, n. plural, door of a booth
• búðar-gögn, n. plural, implements of a booth
• búðar-hamarr, m. a pier or rock for embarking
• búðar-ketill, m. a booth-kettle
• búðar-kviðr, m. a law term, a sort of verdict given by the inmates of a booth at the parliament, a kind of búakviðr where it is laid down that the inmates of the booths of shopkeepers, jugglers, and beggars cannot be summoned to serve on a jury, nor the dwellers in a booth which has not at least five inmates (five being a minimum in a jury)
• búðar-lið, n. the inmates of a booth
• búðar-maðr, m. an inmate of a booth
• búðar-nagli, a, m. a booth-peg
• búðar-rúm, n. lodging in a booth
• búðar-setumaðr, m. = búðsetumaðr
• búðar-staðr, m. a booth-stand
• búðar-sund, n. a passage, lane between two booths
• búðar-tópt, f. the walls of a (deserted) booth, without thatch
• búðar-veggr, m. the wall of a booth
• búðar-virki, n. a fortification round a booth
• Virkisbúð, búðar-vist, f. a lodging in a booth
• búðar-vörðr or búðar-verðr, m. [verðr = cibus], the cooking and stewardship in a vessel, work which the crew was bound to do in turn day by day; cooking and dairy work was thought unworthy to be the sole business of a man, and therefore the sailors were obliged to take it turn about
• búða, að, to pitch a booth
• búð-fastr, adj. living in a booth
• bú-drift, f. a drove of cattle
• búð-seta, u, f. living in a cottage
• búðsetu-maðr, m. a cottager, answering to 'husmand' in Norway, or búandi bóndi in Iceland

[80] ON brim, 'surf'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 31

brim n. surf

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 80, entry 14

BRIM, n. [Anglo Saxon brim = aestus] surf … poetic, the sea.

• brim-dúfa, u, f. anas torquala multicolor.
• brim-gangr, m. the dashing of surf.
• brim-hljóð, n. the roar of surf.
• brim-lauss, adj. (-leysa, u, f.), surfless, calm.
• brim-orri, a, m. anas nigra, a duck (Black scoter).
• brim-rót, n. furious surf.
• brim-rúnar, f. pl. wave-runes, charms.
• brim-saltr, adj. salt as the sea.
• brim-sorfinn, part. (rocks) surf-worn.
• brim-steinn, m. brimstone (?), a nickname.
• brim-stormr, m. a gale raising surf.
• brim-tog, n. a rope used to tug a boat through the surf.
• brim-önd, f. a kind of duck, a 'surf-duck'.

[81] ON brot, 'a broken piece, a fragment': Salton Broats, Broates.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at pages 31 & 32

brjóta (pres. brýtr, past braut, past plural, brutu, past participle brotinn) sub voce break (transitive); go against, force (stifle), crush; brýtr ðú should you wreck; pres. subj. ðótt ðú brjótir though you should wreck; past subj. bryti were to break, violate; impers. with acc. be wrecked (past subj.); skipit braut í spán the ship was broken to pieces er brotit hafði which she had broken; brjóta upp break into brotit see brjóta

brotna (past brotnaði, past participle brotnat) weak verb intransitive break, be broken …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page at page 80, entry 65

BRJÓTA, … to break; á bak, to break the back; á háls, the neck; í hjóli (hveli), to break on the wheel, of capital punishment; 2. denoting to destroy, demolish … skip, to shipwreck (skip-brot) … 3. adding prepositions; niðr, sundr, af, upp, to break down, asunder, off, or the like …

• brjótr, m. one that breaks, a destroyer
• bauga-brot, n. plural, cut off pieces of baugr, bad money
• bálkar-brot, n. the breaking a fence
• bein-brot, n. the fracture of bone
• bréfa-brot, n. breach of ordinances

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page at page 81, entry 19

BROT, n. [brjóta], generally a broken piece, fragment: 1. … brota-silfr, old silver broken to be recast … in the compounds um-brot, fjör-brot, a hard struggle, convulsions, agony; land-brot, desolation of land by sea or rivers. … 2. metaphorically only in plural, violation; lagabrot, breach of law; mis-brot, af-brot, transgression … fractions; tuga-brot, decimals, etc. 3. sing. breaking, bein-brot … sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail … a fragment; sögu-brot, the fragment of a tale, story; bókar-brot, the fragment of a MS. and the like … a shallow place in a river, a firth, where the stream breaks and widens …

• broti, a, m. trees felled in a wood and left lying
• brotna, að, [brotinn], to be broken
• brotning, f. breaking

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page at page 76, entry 25

BRATTR, adj. [Anglo Saxon brant, bront; Swedish brant; Northern England brant and brent], steep, of hills, etc.; brött brekka, a 'brent' hill …

[82] ON bakki, 'bank': Ruswarp Bank, Sneck Yate Bank, Stoupe Brow Bank.

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at page 351

Place Names

Our dialect, though not our place-names, gives also "brant" for brattr; on the other hand old place-names have "breck" and "brick" for brekka (not "brink"), and "back" seems to stand for bakka, instead of "bank", e.g. Sunbrick and Backbarrow. Whether it is possible that Thorgisl's companions said brantr, or whether our word regained its n under English influence - which certainly modified the settlers' Norse into the Dalesmen's dialect - this must be left for the judgment of scholars.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 19

• árbakki m. bank of the river VII B:83 (with suffixed definite article)
• bakki m. bank …
• Bakki m. farm in northern Iceland

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 50, entry 23

bakki, a, m. [English and German bank] a bank of a river, water, chasm, etc. árbakki 'a river bank', sjávarbakki 'a sea bank', marbakki 'a bank where the deep and shallow water meet', flæðarbakki 'a flood bank', síkisbakki 'a ditch, trench bank', gjárbakki 'a rift brink'; … Tempsar bakki, banks of the Thames … 2. an eminence, ridge, bank …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 41

bakki, masculine, (1) bank (of a river, lake, chasm, &c.); (2) ridge, bank (hann settist undir bakka í hrísrunni); (3) a mound on which the target is set up; setja spán í bakka, to set up a target; (4) bank of clouds above the horizon; (5) back of a knife or other cutting instrument, opposite to 'egg'.

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"An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language" (1898) Walter William Skeat at page 55

BEACH, the ground rising from the sea. (Scandinavian) Not found in early authors. Rich, quotes from Hackluyt, Voyages, i. 355. - Swedish backe, an ascent, + Danish bakke, rising ground, + Icelandic bakki, a ridge; also, a bank of a river. The kk in Icelandic stands for nk; and the word is really another form of bank. See Bank. Derivative beach, verb; beach-y. Very doubtful; etymology unknown.

[83] ON brunnr, 'burn, well-spring, font, spring, stream': Burn Howe Dale, Hayburn Beck, Saltburn.

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See also [71] ON bekkr, 'beck'; [101] ON lœkr, ON lækr, 'brook, rivulet, stream'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 213

skírnarbrunnr m. baptismal well, font

Brunnr, 'a spring, well'

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 47

-borne, -bourne, -burn - This last is now only northern, but all three are forms of OE burna, burne, burn, ON brunn-r, originally 'a spring, a fountain', then 'a brook, a rivulet'. In Northumberland -burn is common, as in Scotland, Hartburn, Otterburn, Warkburn, etc.; in Cumberland it is rarer - Greensburn, near the Border, etc. Tributaries of the Wear vary between -burn and -beck; south thereof -burn ceases, and -borne or -bourne becomes common nearly everywhere. In old spellings in Berks, Cambs, etc., we have -burn or -burne, but not now. In Mary-le-bone, London, the r of bourne has vanished.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 82, entry 36

BRUNNR (old form bruðr), m. [Anglo Saxon bœrne; Scottish and Northern English 'burn' … all of them weak forms, differing from the Scandinavian-Icelandic brunnr] a spring, well; the well was common to all, high and low, hence the proverbs, (allir) eiga sama til brunns að bera, i.e. (all) have the same needs, wants, wishes, or the like; allt ber að sama brunni, all turn to the same well, all bear the same way; seint að byrgja brunninn er barnið er í dottið, it is too late to shut the well when the bairn has fallen in; compare the English proverb 'It is useless to lock the stable door when the steed is stolen'. In mythology, the brunnr of Mímer is the well of wisdom, for a draught of which Odin pawned his eye; probably symbolical of the sun sinking into the sea; … the word may also be used of running water, though this is not usual in Icelandic, where distinction is made between brunnr and lækr, vide brunn-lækr. 2. metaphorically a spring, fountain …

• brunn-lækr, m. a brooklet coming from a spring, = bæjarlækr
• brunn-migi, a, m. 'mingens in puteum', a kind of hobgoblin who polluted the wells … name of the fox; compare the proverb, skömm hundum, skitu refar í brunn karls, shame on the hounds, the foxes defiled the carl's burn
• brunn-vaka, u, f. a third horn in the forehead of an ox with which he opened the ice during winter to get at the water
• brunn-vatn, n. spring-water
• brunn-vígsla, u, f. consecration of wells
• biskups-brunnr, m. a well consecrated by bishop Gudmund, else called Gvendarbrunnar

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 700, entry 1

vesla, u, f. a well that never freezes; see vermsl.

vermsl, n. [vesl, Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850)], a spring that never freezes … kalda-vesla, quasi kalda-vermsl, 'cold-warm', of wells that do not freeze all the winter, although icy-cold.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 73

• brunn-lœkr, m. brooklet coming from a well; -migi, m. defiler of wells, fox.
• brunnr, m. (i) spring; (2) well.
• brunns-munni, m. the mouth or opening of a well.
• brunn-vaka, f. an instrument to get at water under ice or snow; -vatn, n. spring-water; -vígsla, f . consecration of a well.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 111

4. Staintondale 23 A 5

HAYBURN

• Hai-, Hayburn(ia) 1135-54 (YCh) 362 et passim

The name referred originally to Hayburn Beck, vide burna. As Hayburn was within the bounds of the forest of Scalby (a royal hunting ground, compare CI and P passim) the first element is probably ME hay 'part of a forest fenced off for hunting'; hence 'brook by the hunting enclosure' (compare Scalby Hay 109 supra). vide (ge)haeg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Brotton

2. SALTBURN 16 C 5

• Salteburnam 1180-90 YCh 767; 1293 QW

'Salt stream' vide s(e)alt and burna. The reference is probably to the alum which is found in this district.

[84] ON ey, 'island': West Ayton, East Ayton, Thirsley, Anglesey, 'Angles island'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 53

ey f. island; accusative singular with suffixed definite article eyna; dative singular eyju; dative singular with suffixed definite article eyjunni, eynni; plural, eyjar; dative plural, with suffixed definite article í eyjunum i.e. on Vestmannaeyjar.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 46

-ay, -ea, -ey, -y - These all represent, though -y only sometimes, the OE íg, 'island'; íg is Wessex, the Anglian and Mercian is ég, in ME -ei, -ey, from OE éa, 'stream, river, brook'; so that the root idea is 'watery place', not only an island, but a peninsula - as often, Selsea, Bawdsey (Hollesley Bay), etc. - or any place surrounded with brooks or streams, or even a marshy place. Most places now with this ending can never have been true islands. BRK, e.g., has nine examples; and we not only have the Isle of ANGLESEA (OE ASC ege), but also an Anglesea Priory, CAM. Places like Pevensea, Swansea, etc., are also cases in point. In the north -ey may be the ON ey, ODan oe, with the same meaning but few English names in -ey are certainly Norse. The ending -y certainly sometimes represents 'island', as in Lundy Island; and *Skeat gives Coveny and Wendy in CAM, but he refused ELY, Bede's Elge, or 'district' not 'island of eels'; ge being rare OE = German gau, what Bede calls 'regio'. In Marrick, DB 1086 Marige, NRY, -ige has seemingly hardened into -ick; this is rare.

* Walter William Skeat (1835-1912) first holder (in 1878) of the Elrington and Bosworth chair in Anglo-Saxon and head of the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 134, entry 19

EY, genitive, eyjar; dative eyju and ey, with the article eyinni and eyjunni; accusative ey; plural, eyjar, genitive, eyja, dative eyjum; in Norway spelt and pronounced öy; [… English 'eyot, leas-ow', Anglo Saxon êg-land, English 'is-land'; in English local names -ea or -ey, e. g. Chels-ea, Batters-ea, Cherts-ey, Thorn-ey, Osn-ey, Aldern-ey, Orkn-ey, etc.] an island eyjar nef, the 'neb' or projection of an island, in various compounds; varp-ey, an island where wild birds lay eggs; eyði-ey, a deserted island; heima-ey, a home island; bæjar-ey, an inhabited island; út-eyjar, islands far out at sea; land-eyjar, an island in an inlet, a small island close to a larger one is called a calf (eyjar-kálfr), the larger island being regarded as the cow, (so the southernmost part of the Isle of Man is called the Calf of Man): it is curious that 'islanders' are usually not called eyja-menn (islandmen), but eyjar-skeggjar, m. plural, 'island-beards'; this was doubtless originally meant as a nickname to denote the strange habits of islanders … also Götu-skeggjar, the men of Gata, a family, eyja-sund, n. a sound or narrow strait between two islands … in local names: from the shape, Lang-ey, Flat-ey, Há-ey, Drang-ey: from cattle, birds, beasts, Fær-eyjar, Lamb-ey, Sauð-ey, Hrút-ey, Yxn-ey, Hafr-ey, Svín-ey, Kið-ey, Fugl-ey, Arn-ey, Æð-ey, Má-ey, Þern-ey, Úlf-ey, Bjarn-ey: from vegetation, Eng-ey, Akr-ey, Við-ey, Brok-ey, Mos-ey: from the quarters of heaven, Austr-ey, Norðr-ey, Vestr-ey, Suðr-ey (England Sudor): an island at ebb time connected with the main land is called Örfiris-ey, mod. Öffurs-ey (compare Orfir in the Orkneys): from other things, Fagr-ey, Sand-ey, Straum-ey, Vé-ey (Temple Isle), Eyin Helga, the Holy Isle (compare Enhallow in the Orkneys). Eyjar is often used of the Western Isles, Orkneys, Shetland, and Sudor, hence Eyja-jarl, earl of the Isles (i.e. Orkneys), Orkney (frequently); in southern Iceland it is sometimes used of the Vestmanna eyjar … in old poets ey is a favourite word in circumlocutions of women … and in poetical diction ey is personified as a goddess, the sea being her girdle, the glaciers her head-gear; hence the Icelandic poetical compound ey-kona … in female proper names, Þór-ey, Bjarg-ey, but if prefixed - as in Eyj-úlfr, Ey-steinn, Ey-mundr, Ey-vindr, Ey-dís, Ey-fríðr, Ey-vör, Ey-þjófr, etc. -ey belongs to a different root. Compound; eyja-klasi, a, m. a cluster of islands. ey-, a prefix, ever-, vide ei-. ey-búi, a, m. an islander.

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Flateyjarbók likely derives from a local place name based on the low lying topography of the island(s) as 'flat island(s)' i.e. ON ey giving 'flat islands' 'flatey' ON eyjar, genitive singular and plural, or 'flat islands book' using eyjar (genitive singular and plural forms) giving 'book of the flat island(s)'.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 92

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE (West Saxon) ieg, ig, (Anglian) ēg / ON ey 'island'

The OE dialectal forms Anglian/Kentish ēg and West Saxon īeg, īg represent differing results of i-mutation of OE /æa(:)/; it is significant only in so far as (Anglian) /e:/ would be expected where the Scandinavian cognate might occur. The phonology of the Scandinavian form might similarly have varied in different Scandinavian dialects. ON (OIcel) ey is the i-mutated reflex of PrGerm */au/, whose Norw and OEScand cognate was øy. However, as Scandinavian-derived rounded vowels appear to have been unrounded in Scandinavian linguistic material from England, both /øy/ and /ey/ would be expected to occur in OE and ME as /ei/. As ON ey in Scandinavian loanwords in ME merged with the reflex of OE /eʒ/ and OE /e:ʒ/ in syllable- and word-final positions (i.e. /ei/, later /ai/), reflexes of the English- and Scandinavian-derived forms are formally indistinguishable in ME.

[85] ON á, 'river, stream': Aymot, Great Ayton, Ayresome.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 6

á f. river, stream; yfir ár across the rivers; with suffixed definite article, við ána niðri down by the river, eptir ánni, með ánni along the river

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 38, entry 5

Á, f. [Anglo Saxon eâ; English 'Ax-, Ex-', etc., in names of places; Swedish-Danish. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word] a river … proverbs, hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea … the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, 'all waters run into the sea'. Rivers with glacier water are in Icelandic called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opposed to Kaldá … others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (frequent); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: … ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames … vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers. Compounds:

• ár-áll, m. the bed of a river
• ár-bakkí, a, m. the bank of a river
• ár-brot, n. inundation of a river
• ar-djúp, n. a pool in a river
• ár-farvegr, m. a water-course
• ár-fors, m. a waterfall or force
• ár-gljúfr, n. a chasm of a river
• ár-hlutr, m. one's portion of a river, as regards fishing rights
• ár-megin and ár-megn, n. the main stream of a river
• ár-minni, n. the mouth of a river
• ár-mót and á-mót, n. a 'waters-meet'
• ár-óss, m. the 'oyce' or mouth of a river, whence the corrupt local name of the Danish town Aarhuus
• ár-reki, a, m. drift, the jetsam and flotsam (of fish, timber, etc.) in a river
• ár-straumr, m. the current in a river
• ár-strönd, f. the strand of a river
• ár-vað, n. a ford of a river
• ár-vegr = árfarvegr
• ár-vöxtr, m. the swelling of a river
• ár-, v. the compounds of á, a river
• á-stemma, u, f. damming a river
• á-veiðr, f. river fishery
• brú á á, a bridge on a river

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 80

Middleton

AYMOT (lost)

• Amoth 1210 Dugd iv. 317

'River-meet' vide á, mót. Compare Beckermonds (WRY), Beckermotes 1241 (Percy), and the ONorw Bekkiarmote at "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 6, note 2. The streams referred to are the River Seven and Northdale Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 100

Hutton Buscel

1. WEST AYTON 23 E 5

• Atun(e) DB
• Aton(e, -a) 1200-10 Whitby et passim to 1385 YD
• Vestheton 1393 Test
• Ayton 1555 BM; 1562 FF

'River-farm' vide á, tún, and compare Norw Aaby (Rygh NG ii. 158). West Ayton, like East Ayton 101, infra, is on the river Derwent: Aton' ex parte occident. aque (1408 For).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 101

Seamer

1. EAST AYTON 23 E 5

• Atun(e) DB

Forms as for West Ayton 100 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 161

Middlesbrough

AYRESOME (6")

• Arus(h)um 1129 Guis; 1218-34 Whitby; 1160-70 YCh 1851
• Aresum 1119, about 1199, 1222-40 Guis
• Arsum 1222-40 Guis; 1285 KI; 1303 KF; 1336 Ch; 1412 YI
• Arsham Saxton

'At the houses near the river', vide a, hús. The original form of the name is ON í ár-húsum (ír = genitive singular of á, and húsum = dative plural of hús), which is the origin of the Norwegian place-name Aarhus (Rygh NG ii. 23, etc).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 165

Great Ayton

1. GREAT AYTON 15 L 9

• Atun(a) 1086 DB; circa 1175 Guis; 12 Whitby
• Aton(a-m) 12 Guis; Whitby; 1129-35 YCh 866 et passim to 1508 Test; (Magna) 1300 Baildon; (in Cleveland) 1279 Cal. Inq.
• Etonam circa 1160 Guis
• Haiton 1202 FF
• Atton' 1226 FF; 1235 CI; 1252 Ass

'Farm by the river' vide á, tún, and compare Ayton (Pickering Lythe Wapentake) 100 supra. For [jætn] vide Introduction xxxi. The popular appellation "Canny" probably refers to its pleasant situation, as suggested to us by Sir Alfred Pease.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 165

Great Ayton

AYTON SCARTH (6")

• Etunescarth circa 1160 Guis
• Etonescarth 13 Guis

'Hill-pass near Ayton' vide skarð.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 166

Great Ayton

Little Ayton

• Atun DB
• Parva Hatona 1155-65 Whitby

vide Great Ayton 165 supra.

[86] ON garðr, 'courtyard, farmyard, enclosure': Calf Garth Wood, Calfgarth Wood, Chapel Garth, Coneygarth Hill.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 76 & 224

garðr m. courtyard; with suffixed definite article; in Iceland, farmyard or hayfield enclosure; plural, with suffixed definite article buildings or enclosures; farmyard, farm enclosure, farmyard wall; hér at garði beside this enclosure; ór garði off the premises; (in Norway and other continental countries) premises, house (in a town); plural, courts, dwelling, abode; genitive of place miðra garða in the middle of the courts … stakkgarðr m. haystack enclosure.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 191, entry 39

GARÐR, m. [Anglo Saxon geard; English 'yard, garth, garden'; Old High German gart; German garten; Danish-Swedish gård; Latin hortus] 1. a yard (an enclosed space), especially in compounds, as kirkju-garð, a church-yard; vín-garð, a vineyard; stakk-garð, a stack-yard; hey-garð, a hay-yard; kál-garð, a kale-yard; urta-garð, a kitchen-garden; aldin-garð and gras-garð, a garden; dýra-garð, a 'deer-yard', a park: garðr, alone, is a hay-yard (round the hay-ricks); hence garðs-seti or garð-seti, 'yard-sitter' the end of a hay-rick 2. a court-yard, court and premises; þeir ganga út í garðinn ok berjask … a fishyard, especially in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, a house or building in a town or village … konungs-garð, the king's yard …

• garð-rúm, n. a court-yard
• garð-saurr, m. sewage
• garð-seti, a, m. a 'yard-sitter' the end of a hay-rick
• garð-skipti, n. partition by a fence
• garð-smugall, adj. creeping through a fence
• garð-staðr, m., modern garð-stæði, n. the place of a fence or hay-yard
• garð-staurr, n. a stake for fencing … the phrase, enginn skal öðrum at garðstauri standa, no one is bound to stand up as a rail stake for another, i. e. an inroad into an unfenced field is no trespass, the owner must fence it himself
• garð-sveinn, m. a 'yard-boy', valet, hence French garçon
• garð-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf, a sod
• garð-virki, n. fencing materials
• garð-vörðr, m. a 'court-warder', overseer
• garð-önn, f. the season of fence-work

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Ed: the first element of place-name Waif Garth is possibly derived from ON veif, 'flapping, waving':

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 690, entry 17

veif, f., plural veifar, anything flapping or waving; sels veifar, a seal's fins

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 690, entry 18

VEIFA, ð, (modern að), participle veifat … [Anglo Saxon wâfjan; English 'wave'] to wave, vibrate …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 690, entry 19

veifan, f. waving; in the compound veifanar-orð, n. a 'wafting word', rumour.

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Midgard

In Germanic cosmology, Midgard (an anglicised form of ON Miðgarðr; OE Middangeard) … is the name for Earth inhabited by, and known to, humans in early Germanic cosmology. The ON form plays a notable role in Norse cosmology.In Norse mythology the Earth of traditional Germanic cosmology is conceived as a middle realm (Middle-Earth) between heaven (Asgard) and hell (Helheim).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 690, entry 20

veifi-skati, a, m. a spendthrift; but only in the phrase, engi veifi, no spender, rather close-handed.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 143 and 144

Chapter 4

Names containing Old West Scandinavian ou, au

Hauchesgard; see p. 143: Houkesgarth, Houkesgard, Hauchesgard YKS 12th century Whitby; Houkasgart, Houkesgart, Okesgard, Haukesgard ibid.; Hokesgard 1166-67, Haukesgard 1175-76, Hokesgarth 1179-80 P; Haukasgarth 12th century Guis [140]; Hokesgarthe 1212 ChR; Houkesgarth 1213 Whitby; Haukesgarth 1298 YI, LS, 1299, 1308 f. Whitby; Haugesgargh Vill for Yorkshire 9th Edward II; etc.; now Hawsker, near Whitby.

1st member is genitive of the OWScand man's name Haukr Old Swedish Høker, ODan Høk), which appears as early as La. (Landnámabók 1900) and was in frequent use in Norway and Iceland; see LindN. The name is identical with the appellative haukr, etc. 'hawk' - There are in ME records not a few place-names that have Hauk- or Haukes- as 1st member. In almost every county in Scandinavian England, and outside it, we come across compounds such as Haukwell, Haukeswell, Haucherst (Kent), Haukedon, Haukhull etc. By far the largest percentage of these are without doubt of native origin and contain ME hauk < OE havoc, N.E. hawk. An OE man's name of the same form seems not to be known according to Björkmann (Personennamen p. 66). But it is most likely that such a name once did exist, although it may have early fallen into disuse, and, like several other OE personal names, has survived only in place-names. There can hardly be any doubt, that a name like OE Hauekestune Cambr. CD. 907 (Eadweard), Havochestun DB, Haukestone 1316 F.A., now Hauxton, is composed with a personal name Havoc. The same applies to Havochesberie GLS DB, Hauekesbiri 1252 ChR, 1272 C. Inq., Haukesbery 1303 F.A., now Hawkesbury, and some other cases into which I cannot enter here. Kemble's index to CD. gives from the south of England some OE place-names beginning with Havoces-, of which at least two or three seem to contain the personal name. And in Stanmer, Sussex, there was in OE times a field-name hafocunga leahge CS. 197, the former member of which looks like a patronymic derived from the personal name just mentioned. Further it is to be noted that the genitive case of the OE appellative hafoc is not seldom found in place-names, as may be seen from the indexes of CD. and F.A. All this being so, it is clear that we can in no case assign Scandinavian origin to ME place-names beginning with Hauk(es), unless spellings with the diphthong written ou, o can be adduced in support. Forms of that kind reflect a very common development of the Scandinavian diphthong in England (compare on this above page 136 f.), which is well evidenced from Scandinavian loan-words in ME, and such forms may be regarded as doubtless of Scandinavian origin. Apart from Hawsker, this holds good of the following names: …

2nd member is OWScand garðr (OSwed garþer, ODan garth) in the sense of 'a farm' compare above p.132, under Aistangarthes … 2nd member is ME garth (OWScand garðr, OSwed garþer, ODan garth) 'a small piece of enclosed ground, usually beside a house or other building, used as a yard, garden, or paddock; a fence or hedge' NED.

Not far from Hawsker is a place called Hogarth (Hill), which name may be of the same origin (as Hawsker). It is stated to be identical with Haukesgarth 1299, 1344 Calendar of the Patent Rolls.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 131

Estanesbi YKS DB; Aistenby 1198 Fount; Aystanby 1258 C. Inq.; Ayscenby Kirkby; Eynstenby QW; Aystenby LS, 1319 C. Inq., 1346 Ripon, 1380, 1408 f. Pat; Aystanhy, Estanhy 1314 C. Inq.; Escanby Vill; Aystynby 1334-35, Astenby, Astynby 1405, Aysynby 1408 Pat; now Asenby.

First member is OWScand Øysteinn, an exceedingly common personal name in Norway, recorded as early as the 8th century. OEScand Østen. Of the same origin is the ONorw place-name Øysteinsbø E.J.. The spelling Aysten- above may go back to an anglicized form Aystan- with the a shortened to e in the unstressed syllable, provided the shortening did not take place according to the OWScand sound-law given by NOREEN, Altisl. Gr. § 145, 1. The same name enters, besides, into Aistangarthes YKS 12th century Whitby; in Ingleby, near Stokesley. Second member is ME garth (< OWScand garðr, OSwed garþer, ODan garth), 'a small piece of enclosed ground, usually beside a house or other building, used as a yard, garden, or paddock; a fence or hedge'(NED).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 69

Helmsley

GARFIT

• Garthwayt 13 Kirkham 51
• Garthpheit 13 Kirkham 52
• Garthwat 1335 Kirkham 53

'Clearing with a garth on it', vide garðr, þveit.

[87] ON eik, 'oak': Oak Dale, Aiskew, Aikber, Aysgarth.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 45

eik f. oak (with suffixed definite article)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 119, entry 31

EIK, genitive, eikar, plural, eikr, [Anglo Saxon âc; English 'oak'; Northern English aik] an oak … used in Iceland (where there are no trees) in the general sense of tree … but in the oldest proverbs the sense is probably that of oak, e. g. þá verðr eik at fága sem undir skal búa … this proverb seems to refer to an old custom of building houses under an old oak as a holy tree.

• eiki, n. oak timber
• eiki-áss, m. an oaken beam
• eiki-kylfa, f. an oaken club
• eiki-köstr, m. a pile of oak-wood
• eikinn, adj. savage (of a bull) … oaken
• eiki-skógr, m. an oak-shaw (a thicket; a small wood or grove), oak-wood
• eiki-stobbi, a, m. the stump of an oak
• eiki-stokkr, m. an oak-stock
• eiki-súla, u, f. an oaken column
• eiki-tindaðr, part. with oaken pegs
• eiki-viðr, m. an oak-wood
• eiki-vöndr, m. a twig of an oak-tree

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 44

Malton

ACOMB

• Acum 1222 FF

'(At the) oaks' vide ac.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 214

Osmotherly

OAK DALE

• Aikedale 1208 FF
• Hayckedale 1234 Riev
• Eykedale 1339 Pat

'Oak Dale' vide eik, dalr. The modern spelling shows substitution of the modern English oak for ON eik, just as the local pronunciation shows dialectal for OE āc.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 236

Bedale

1. AISKEW 21 D 10

• Echescol DB
• Ai-, Aykescough 12 RichReg 79 d; 1318 ibid 107; -scouk 1279-81 QW; -scoch 1283 Rich 26; -schogh 1352 FF
• Ayscough, Aiscough 1285 KI; 1400 YI
• Askew(e) 1516 FF; 1665 Visit
• Ascugh 1576 FF

'Oak wood' vide eiki, skogr; compare Aiskew 294 infra. The DB form -col is due to confusion of -og- and -ol- by French scribes at the time when OFr -l- was vocalised (and still written -l-) and ON -g- was vocalised in ME after back vowels, producing a diphthong similar to the OFr diphthong. Compare Swinesale 110 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 247

Finghall

1. AIKBER 21 C 7

• Akeberga 1160 YCh 1119
• Aykebergh 1279-81 QW; 1289 ChR
• Aykbergh 1342 IpmR
• Aykebargh 1539 Dugd v. 578

'Oak hill' vide eiki, berg. Compare Norwegian E(i)keberg (Rygh NG i. 6, ii. 52, 114 etc). The earliest spelling suggests OE āca-beorg, with later Scandinaviaisation.

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Akebar (Aikber)

"The name of Akebar is Danish in origin (Ed: Norse more likely by reason of the preponderance of local Norse place-names) and is one of Yorkshire's lost villages: [SE 19911 91098]. It was a village settlement even before the Viking invasion when James the Deacon, a disciple of St. Paulinus, established an early church at Akebar in the 7th century AD. The present church of St. Andrew [SE 19057 90163], on the edge of the park, was built in the 11th century on the position of the first church. The township of Akebar was mentioned in the records of Jervaulx Abbey in 1290. It remained a grange farm for Jervaulx, a daughter monastery of the Cistercian Order at Fountains Abbey, until the dissolution of the monasteries around 1530. The Abbot and Monks of Jervaulx were well known for their excellent cheese, named Wensleydale, and famous for the breeding of horses of exceptional quality and bravery. It is recorded that a large number of their brood mares were kept at the grange farms at Akebar."

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 262

Aysgarth

4. AYSGARTH 21 D 1

• Echescard DB
• Aykescart(h), Ai-, Aykeskarth 12 Easby 249 et passim to 1420 YI
• Ayksc(h)arth 1317, 1330 Ch
• Aykesgarth 1374 Archd 9 d, 1388 IpmR
• Ayskarth(e) 1400 Pat et passim to 1574 FF
• Asegarth 1687 Grinton

'Open space marked by oaks' vide eik, skarð. Aysgarth was in the centre of the Forest of Wensleydale and it is noticeable that a large number of place-names in this wapentake indicate the wooded nature of the country.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 294

Marrick

AISKEW (6")

• Aichescou 1154-66 Marrick 221

With the same run of forms and meaning as Aiskew 236 supra.

[88] ON epli, apaldr, 'apple': Appleton le Street, Appleton le Moors, Appleton Wiske, Applegarth, Apple tree Spring.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 50

epli n. apple

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 22, entry 25

apaldr, rs, m. plural, rar … Danish abild; Swedish apel, doubtless a southern word, the inflective syllable dr being a mutilation of 'tré', arbor, a word now almost extinct in Germany, (for a homely, common word such as 'tré' could not have been corrupted in the native tongue); -apaldr thus, etymologically as well as properly, means an apple-tree; fruits and fruit-trees were doubtless imported into Scandinavia from abroad; the word appears only in the later heroic poems … epli á apaldri; tveir apaldar (with the radical r dropped); apaldrs flúr: as the etymological sense in the transmuted word soon got lost, a fresh pleonastic compound was made, viz. apaldrs-tré. Compounds: apaldrs-garðr, m. [Danish abild-gaard], orchard of apple-trees, þiðr., D. N. apaldrs-klubba, u, f. club made of an a. apaldrs-tré, n. apple-tree, þiðr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 130, entry 29

EPLI, n. [Anglo Saxon æppel; English 'apple'; Swedish äple; Danish æble; Old High German aphol; modern German apfel] an apple … it occurs even in old poems, Skírnis-mál. 19, 20; compare Edda 17, the apples of Idunna, of which the gods ate and became young again … compounds:

• epla-át, n. eating of an apple
• epla-garðr, m. an 'apple-yard', orchard
• epla-kyn, n. 'apple-kind'
• epla-stöng, f. an apple-stalk, a cognomen
• epli-berandi, participle, apple-bearing

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 46

Appleton le Street

2. APPLETON LE STREET 22 H 11

• Apletun, Apeltun DB
• Apel(l)ton(e) 13 Malton 47 et passim; (in Holdelithe) 1349 NRS; (in Rydale) 1369 FF

vide æppel, tun. The termination le Street is of late appearance, as in the case of Barton le Street 47 infra. It refers to a supposed Roman road (6" OS sheet 123 NE 4), on which Appleton and Barton stand. vide stræt. On the element le vide Barton le Willows 38 supra. For Holdelithe vide 42 supra.

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Editor's note: see [108] ON stræti, 'a street'.

"A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary" (1901) Joseph Bosworth at page 24: OE æppel-tūn, 'an apple garden, orchard'.

Appleton le Street and "supposed" Roman Road

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 59

Lastingham

1. APPLETON LE MOORS 22 D 11

• Apeltun DB
• Duueld' Apelton' LS

vide æppel, tun and compare Appleton le Street 46 supra. The element 'Duueld' is difficult but it is possibly from the OIr personal name Dubhgall (compare Revue Celtique, XLIV. 46), found as the first element of Duggleby (ERY) and independently as Duuegald (12 YCh), a man of York. The name was borrowed through a Scandinavian source (vide Introduction xxvi); LindN adduces Scandinavian forms Dugal, Duggal, from the same OIr name. The affix le Moors indicates the proximity of Appleton to the moors (compare Barton le Willows 38 supra).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 174

Appleton Wiske

1. APPLETON WISKE 15 N 4

• Ap(p)elton(a), Apletune DB

vide æppel, tun. Appleton is on the river Wiske.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 241

Catterick

1. WEST APPLETON 21 B 8

• Westapelton 1142-53 RegAlb ii. 72
• Mikelapleton 14 VCH i. 304 etc

vide æppeltun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 242

Catterick

EAST APPLETON

• Apleton, Apelton DB, (Est) 1142-53 RegAlb ii. 72, (Parva) 1205 FF

vide æppeltun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 267

Aysgarth

APPERSETT

• Appeltresate 1280, 1285 YI; 1283 Rich 33
• Aperside 1577 Saxton; 1610 Speed; -set 1661 Grinton

'Shieling near the apple tree' vide sætr. The first element is OE æppeltrēow.

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Editor's note: since the suffix is ON sætr 'mountain pastures', the first element is possibly ON epli, apaldr, 'apple, apple tree'. Alternatively, -sate could be derived either from OE sæta 'a settler, colonist, inhabitant, farmer' or sætan which, as a termination, denotes 'settlers, dwellers, inhabitants' giving 'settlers near the apple tree'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 293

Marske

APPLEGARTH

• Apalgard 1154-63 Riev
• Ap(p)elgarth(e) 1154-63 Riev; 1205 OBlR et passim

'Field with an apple tree', vide æppel, garðr. Compare OSwed apalda-gardher (Hellquist, ON på -by 5).

[89] ON eyrr, 'sand or gravel bank': Nelly Ayre Foss (Force).

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See also [265].

"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 53

eyrr f. sand- or gravel-bank

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See also [265]

Nelly is a spelling variant of Nellie, a diminutive of the female given names Eleanor and Helen; thus translates as Eleanor's (Helen's) gravel bank and waterfall.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 135, entry 36

EYRR, feminine, genitive, eyrar, dative and accusative, eyri, plural, eyrar … a gravelly bank, either of the banks of a river (ár-eyrar, dals-eyrar) or of small tongues of land running into the sea … eyrar-tangi, a, m. the point or tongue of an eyrr … A great meeting used to be held at Haleyr, now Copenhagen … hence Eyrar-floti, a, m. the fleet at Eyrar … Another meeting was held in Drondheim (Niðarós) on the gravel banks of the river Nid, hence Eyrar-þing … duels usually took place on a gravel bank or on an island, hence the phrase, ganga út á eyri, to go to fight …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 36, 120 and 121

ár-eyrr, feminine, bar, sand-bank at the mouth of a river; -farvegr, masculine, course of a river.

eyrar-tangi, m. point of a gravelbank (eyrr).

eyrr (genitive, eyrar, dative, and accusative, eyri; plural eyrar), feminine, sand- or gravelbank, either of the banks of rivers (ár-eyrar dals-eyrar) or of a small point of land running into the sea, a spit.

eyr-skár (accusative, -skáan), a. galloping over the gravel-banks.

[90] ON ær, 'ewe': Ewe Cote, Ewe Cote Farm, Ewe Cote Hall.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 289

ær f. ewe; plural, ær (subject of sœki)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 759, entry 10

ÆR, f., genitive, ær, dative and accusative á; plural, ær, genitive, á, dative, ám; with the article, ærin, ánni, ána, ærnar, ánna, ánum: older forms with changed vowel occur in ancient vellums … [Anglo Saxon eowe; English 'ewe'] a ewe; … ær ok lamb …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 771, entry 61

á-bristir, f. plural, corrupt for ábistir … English 'beestings'; the á- is a genitive, plural, from ær, a ewe: the word therefore properly meant sheep's beestings, but came to be used as a general term.

• á-gildi, n. value of a ewe (ær)
• á-gildr, adj. of a ewe's value
• á-högg, f. slaughter of a ewe
• á-nyt, f. ewe's milk, = ærnyt
• á-sauðr, ar, m. a ewe
• ær alls geldar, ewes quite barren
• ali-sauðr, m. a pet sheep
• slag-á, f. (slaga-sauð), a ewe or sheep to be slaughtered
• fyrir hrút to prevent the ram from covering the ewes
• þó mun eigi of skipat til ánna, there will not be too many rams for the ewes

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 32, 33, 37, 60, 88, 176, 258, 302, 386 and 524

á-gildi, n. value of a ewe (ær).

á-gildr, a. of a ewe's value.

dilk-ser, feminine, a ewe with a lamb.

blóð-ær, feminine, a ewe fit for slaughter.

á-sauðr, m. ewe; coll. ewes.

á-hogg, n. slaughter of a ewe (ær).

gymbr (genitive, -rar), feminine, ewe-lamb.

lambaðr, pp. with lamb, = lembdr.

lamb-burðr, m. lambing; -hagi, m. pasture for lambs; -hus, n. plural, lamb sheds; -lauss, a. without a lamb; -skinn, n. lamb's skin; -ær, feminine, ewe with lamb.

mó-hella, feminine (slab of) tufa; -kolla, feminine, a ewe with a dusky head; -kollóttr, a. with a dusky head (of sheep).

slag-á, feminine, a ewe to be slaughtered.

ær (genitive ær, dative and accusative, á; plural ær, genitive á, dative ám), feminine, ewe (kýr ok ær).

[91] ON Bergúlfr (personal name); ON berg, 'elevated rocky ground': Barugh Hill, Berguluesbi (lost), Bergolbi (Langbaurgh West Wapentake, now lost)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bergúlfr (Berguluesbi, lost)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Bergr (m. <5).

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 63

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE beorg, 'rounded hill, tumulus' / ON berg, 'rock, precipice', ON bjarg, 'hill, mountain, rock, cliff'

OE berg, the (smoothed) Anglian counterpart of West Saxon beorg is phonologically indistinguishable from ON berg. ON /ja/ in bjarg results from the fracture of /e/ to /ea/, later /ja/ but as discussed above, usually appears as /e/ medially in Scandinavian linguistic material from England. Consequently, ON bjarg would also be indistinguishable from OE/ON berg.

The OE term seems to have been used to refer to rounded hills and to tumuli in charter boundaries … In Scandinavia, berg/bjarg had a diverse range of meanings and forms. In Danish place-names it is recorded to be of a general meaning 'hill(ock), elevation', and Gelling and Cole suggest that the element had the same meaning as OE beorg where used in place-names in England. In Norway, Rygh NG noted the meanings 'mountain' and 'rocky ground' and, in a side-form bjorg, 'steep, rather high and sticking out mountain' and (regionally) 'a row of low rocks, a ridge'. In the light of this variation in what was signified by berg/bjarg/bjǫrg in Denmark and Norway, distinguishing between ON berg and bjarg semantically in England is unlikely.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 22

berg n. cliff

bergrisi m. mountain giant

Berg, 'a rock, elevated rocky ground'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 60, entry 11

BERG, n. [Anglo Saxon biorh; German berg; Danish bjærg; Swedish berg; compare bjarg and borg, in Swedish and Danish berg means 'a mountain' = Icelandic fjall; in Icelandic berg is a special name] a rock, elevated rocky ground, as in lögberg; vaðberg, a rock on the shore where the angler stands; móberg, a clay soil … þursaberg is a sort of whetstone and heinberg, hone-stone; silfrberg, silver-ore; á bergi, on a rock or rocky platform; a rock, boulder … a precipice = björg …

• berg-búi, a, m. a berg-dweller, i.e. a giant
• berg-danir, m. plural, the Danes, (inhabitants) of rocks, giants
• berg-hamarr, m. a rocky projection
• berg-hlíð, f. the side or slope of a berg = Icelandic fjallshlíð
• berg-högg, n. a quarry
• berg-mál, n. an echo, also called dvergmál
• berg-mála, að, to echo
• berg-rifa, u, f. a fissure in a rock
• berg-risi, a, m. [berga-troll in the Norse tales], a hill-giant
• berg-skor, f. plural, ar, [compare Scottish scaur], a chasm in a rocky hill
• berg-snös, f. [from snös = a projection, not nös, nasus], a rocky projection
• berg-tollr, m. a rock-toll, paid for catching fowl thereon
• berg-vörðr, m. a watch, look-out for rocks and cliffs

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A.H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 172 (Addenda xlv)

Seamer 15 L 8

Berguluesbi

Addenda xlv

Addenda Volume 5

Page 172, sub nomine SEAMER. Add the lost DB manor of Berguluesbi or Bergolbi containing the ON personal name Bergúlfr LindN.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 76

Kirby Misperton

1. GREAT BARUGH, LITTLE BARUGH 22 G II

• Berg(a) 1086 DB, 1170 (Pipe Rolls), 1285 (Kirkby's Inquest)
• Berch 1086 DB, (magna, parua) circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings)
• Bergh(e) 1219 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls) et passim to 1409 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• (Great) Bargh(e) 1526 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

'The hill' vide OE beorg.

Editor's note: more likely derived from ON berg.

[92] ON býr, bœr, 'town, farm (stall, shed, hut'): Sheep (Bield, Beeld) (numerous).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 35

býr (genitive, býjar) m. = bœr, town

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 91, entry 46

BÆR, bœr, or býr, genitive, bæjar or býjar; genitive, biar also occurs, especially in Norse manuscripts of the 14th century, but is rare and unclassical; plural, -ir, genitive, -ja, dative -jum. In Iceland people say bær; in Norway bö, in Swedish and Danish (always with y) by; the root word being búa, bú: this word is very frequent in local names of towns and villages throughout the whole of Scandinavia; and wherever the Scandinavian tribes settled the name by or bö went along with them. In the map of Northern England the use of this word marks out the limits and extent of the Norse immigration, e. g. the name Kirkby or Kirby; about twenty or thirty such are found in English maps of the Northern and Midland Counties, denoting churches built by the Norse or Danish settlers, as Whitby, Grimsby, etc. … In Denmark and Sweden local names ending in -by are almost numberless.

1. a town, village, this is the Norse, Swedish, and Danish notion; …

• baejar-biskup, a town-bishop
• bæjar-prestr, a town-priest
• bæjar-lögmaðr, a town-justice
• bæjar-lýðr, bæjar-lið, bæjar-menn, town's-people
• baejar-brenna, the burning of a town
• bæjar-bygð, a town-district
• bæjar-gjald, a town-rate
• bæjar-sýsla, a town-office
• bæjar-seta, dwelling in town

2. a farm, landed estate, this is the Icelandic notion, as that country has no towns; bær in Icelandic answers to the German 'hof', Norwegian 'ból', Danish 'gaard', denoting a farm, or farmyard and buildings, or both together; … the phrase, 'bær heitir …' a farm is called so and so … and 'bær' has almost become synonymous with 'house and home'; and as it specially means 'the farm-buildings', Icelandic also say innan-bæjar, in-doors; utan-bæjar, out-of-doors. Things belonging to a bær:

• bæjar-dyr, the doors of the houses, the chief entrance
• bæjar-hurð house door (Ed: janua - see 'The Golden Bough' at page 384, possibly an adjectival form of Janus whose image or symbol was set up at the principal door of the house to place the house under his protection)
• bæjar-veggr, the wall of the houses
• bæjar-bust, the gable of the houses
• bæjar-lækr, the home-spring, well
• bæjar-hlað, the premises
• bæjar-stétt, the pavement in the front of the houses
• bæjar-leið, a furlong, a short distance as between two 'bæir'
• bæjar-sund, passage between the houses
• bæjar-hús, the home-stead, opp. to fjár-hús, etc., where cattle are kept, or barns and the like
• fram-bær, the front part of the houses
• torf-bær, timbr-bær, a 'bær' built of turf or timber

Phrases denoting the 'bær' as hearth and home, hér sú Guð í bæ, God be in this house, a form of greeting … bæjar-bragr, the customs or life in a house ….

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'Beeld, bield' means a shelter or refuge but the Ordnance Survey uses it exclusively for the three-walled sheep shelters built out from a centre, in a similar shape to the three running legs of the Manx flag. These provide sheep with protection from foul weather coming from any direction and chime well with the sheep's nervous disposition as it literally cannot be 'cornered', each of the segments of the bield being of 120 degrees. vide NED bield, 'to protect, shelter'; Scottish and Northern dialect, 'to cover, cover over'.

Three-walled sheep beeld at [NZ 83317 02697]

[93] ON minni; (1) 'mouth (of a river), estuary', (2) 'lesser, smaller, and least', (3) 'memory' - (see also [85])

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at pages 4 & 171

ár-óss m. river-mouth, mouth of a river

mynni n. mouth (of a river), estuary

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 429, entry 5

minni, n., but also mynni, (munnr; Danish minde, in Kjerte-minde and other local names) mouth in English local names …

ár-minni, n. the mouth of a river

ár-óss, m. the 'oyce' or mouth of a river … whence the corrupt local name of the Danish town Aarhuus

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 429, entry 4

MINNI, comparative and superlative minnstr, answering to lítill [German minder, minderste; Danish-Swedish mindre, mindst;] lesser, smaller, and superlative least, smallest, of stature, quantity, following the same rule as lítill and opposite to meiri; … II. metaphorical, … hvera minni maðr, of a person who has done a dishonourable deed, dishonoured eigi at minna, nevertheless, 216. minni-háttar and minnst-háttar, adverb of lesser, least degree, the least …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 429, entry 6

MINNI, n. [Anglo Saxon mynd; English 'mind'] memory; … leggja í minni, to keep in memory … 2. memorials, especially in plural; … 3. memory, of past time; þeirra er vóru fyrir várt minni, who lived before our memory, þat er ór manna m., beyond the memory of man, … ú-minni, lethargy. 4. mind, consent (Danish minde, 'give sit minde til noget;' English 'give one's mind to it'); … II. a memorial cup or toast, at old sacrifices and banquets: these memorial toasts were in the heathen age consecrated (signuð) to the gods Thor, Odin, Bragi, Frey, Njord, who, on the introduction of Christianity, were replaced by Christ, the Saints, the Archangel Michael, the Virgin Mary, and St. Olaf; the toasts to the Queen, Army, etc. in English banquets are probably a relic of this ancient Teutonic ceremony; … mæla fyrir minnum, to speak to a toast, propose, give a toast … At a funeral banquet the minni of the deceased was proposed by the heir, who at the same time made a vow (strengja heit); this rite performed, he took his father's scat in the hall, and was henceforth the lawful heir … a minni to a living person is nowhere mentioned … Compounds:

• minnis-drykkja, u, f. a banquet where there are minni
• minnis-góðr, adj. having a good memory
• minnis-horn, n. a memorial horn, cup
• minnis-lauss, adj. having a bad memory
• minnis-leysi, n. loss of memory
• minnis-stæðr, adj. memorable
• minnis-veig, n. a 'toast-cup,' of a charmed cup
• minnis-verðr, adj. memorable
• minnis-öl, n. = minnisveig, where it has some notion of a charmed drink

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"Drinking With Óðinn: alcohol and religion in heathen Scandinavia" (2014) Joshua Rood

Hákonar saga Góða describes a midwinter feast where bowls of alcohol (full) are ritually drunk, first to Óðinn for victory, second to Njorð and Frey for ár ok friðar, 'a bountiful year and frith' and lastly in memory of dead kinsmen. This round is specifically named minni, 'to remember'.

Óðinn æ lifir, 'Odin ever lives'.

[94] ON myrkr, 'dark, obscure': Murk Head, Murk Beck Slack, Murk Esk, Murk Hole, Murk Mire Moor.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 171

myrkr adjective, dark, obscure; acc. m. sg. myrkvan

• as predicative adj. or adv. myrkt ('so as to be obscure'), dark
• myrkt er it is dark
• myrkr n. darkness
• myrkviðr m. dark forest
• Myrkr, 'mirk, murky, dark'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 22

MYRKR, adjective, myrk, myrkt, or myrt, [Anglo Saxon myrc; Old English and Scottish mirk; English 'murky'] mirk, murky, dark … II. metaphorically dark, obscure, hard to read; myrkvar kenningar … myrk orð, dark sayings, riddles … III. local names, myrkr, n. [Scottish mirk], darkness:

• inn myrkvan við, through the mirk-wood
• myrkt er úti, 'tis dark outside
• of the evening, allan dag til myrks
• fram í myrkr, of fog
• myrkra fullr, full of darkness
• myrkra höfðingi, the prince of darkness
• myrkra staðr, the place of darkness, i.e. hell
• myrk-blár, adj. dark blue
• myrk-fara, u, f., poetic, the 'mirk-farer', i.e. the night
• myrk-fælinn, adj. afraid in the dark
• myrk-fælni, f. the being afraid in the dark
• myrk-heimr, m. the world of darkness
• myrk-hræddr, adj. afraid in the dark
• myrk-hræðinn, adj. = myrkfælinn
• myrk-leikr, m. darkness
• myrkna, að, to grow murky or dusk
• myrk-nætti, n. (Old English mirke nich)
• mirk-night, the dead of night
• myrk-riða, u, f. the 'mirk-rider', an ogress, witch, for witches were supposed to ride on wolves by night
• myrkva, ð, to grow mirk, darken
• myrkva-stofa, u, f. a 'mirk-closet', dungeon
• myrkvi, a, m., older form mjorkvi or mjörkvi - mirk, darkness, a dense, thick fog
• Myrk-viðr, m. Mirk-wood, as a mythical local name of a forest
• myrk-viðri, n. a dense fog = myrkvi

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

MURK HEAD

• Myrke Hede 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Dark hill' vide myrkr, heafod.

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Editor's note: vide ON myrkr, 'murky, dark' and ON höfuð, 'head, projecting peak' giving 'dark projecting peak'.

[95] ON drengr, 'valiant man': Derrings, Derrings Lane, Derrings Beck, Helperby Derrings, Tholthorpe Derrings.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 39

drengiliga adverb, manfully

drengiligr adjective, valiant

drengr/dreingr m. (valiant) man, manly man; (i.e. the poet, Björn); (i.e. Þorfinnr Þvarason); góðr drengr a fine fellow; þeir drengir … at such valiant men that; in plural, warriors, nom. plural, dre(i)ngir (subject of slitu), acc. plural, dre(i)ngi (acc. with hét á); genitive, plural, drengja (genitive, with vanr)

drengskapr m. nobility

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 105, entry 13

DRENGR, masculine, plural, irregular, genitive drengs, plural drengir, on Runic stones drengjar; this is a most curious word, and exclusively Scandinavian; it occurs in the Anglo Saxon poem Byrnoth, but is there undoubtedly borrowed from the Danes, as this poem is not very old. 1. the earliest form was probably drangr, quod vide, a rock or pillar, which sense still remains in Edda (Gl.) and in the compounds ás-drengr, stýris-drengr; it also remains in the verb drengja. 2. it then metaphorically came to denote a young unmarried man, a bachelor … 3. hence came the usual sense, a bold, valiant, worthy man, and in this sense it is most frequent in all periods of the language … góðr drengr, drengr harða góðr, denoting a good, brave, gallant man, a bold and gentle heart:

• ungr drengr, a youth
• drengr, a youth
• far-drengr, a sailor
• hraustr drengr, a gallant dreng
• drengr fullr, a bluff, out-spoken man
• drengs dáð, a 'derring do', the deed of a drengr
• lítill drengr, a small dreng, or drengr at verri, denoting a disgraced man
• drengir en eigi dáðleysingjar, 'drengs' and no lubbers
• drengr and níðingr are opposed
• góðr drengr, my dear fellow (in addressing)
• drengja-móðir, f. a mother of heroes
• drengja-val, n. chosen, gallant men
• drengs-bragð, n. brave deed
• dreng-skapr, m., gen. ar, courage, high-mindedness
• falla með drengskap, to fall sword in hand
• með litlum drengskap, cowardly

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Translation from Icelandic to English

DRENGR a bold, valiant, chivalrous man; drengr góðr, a goodhearted, nobleminded man … masculine, plural ir, genitive drengs, plural drengir, on Runic stones drengjar; this is a most curious word, and exclusively Scandinavian; it occurs in the Anglo Saxon poem Byrnoth, but is there undoubtedly borrowed from the Danes, as this poem is not very old. The earliest form was probably drangr, quod vide, 'a rock or pillar', which sense still remains … It then metaphorically came to denote a young unmarried man, a bachelor, Anglo Saxon hagestald, … ungr drengr, a youth, drengr, a youth, … far-drengr, a sailor … drengs dáð, a 'derring do', the deed of a drengr …

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"A compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary", Joseph Bosworth (1848) at pages 70 and 131

Dreng, es masculine, a young man, a follower, soldier, guard, servant.

Dreng, a drink, verb drinc.

Hæg steald, heah-steald. 1. A bachelor, virgin, novice. 2. A youth, soldier, prince. -hád, The state of a bachelor.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 456, entry 4

níðingr m. [Anglo Saxon or Early English nidering = slander], a nithing, villain, legally the strongest term of abuse for a traitor, a truce-breaker, one who commits a deed of wanton cruelty, a coward, and the like … an apostate (trú-níðingr, Guð-níðingr), Julianus níðingr = Julian the Apostate … a truce-breaker: a niggard, miser, mann-níðingr, mat-níðingr:

• níðings-herr, m. a band of traitors
• níðings-nafn, n. the name (title) of a nithing
• níðings-ráð, n. a villanous plot
• níðings-sunr, m. nithing's son, a term of abuse
• níðings-sök, f. a charge of villainy
• níðings-verk, n. a dastard's work, villainy
• níðings-víg, n. a 'foul murder'
• níð-samligr, adj. mean, villanous
• níð-skár, adj. libellous, of a poet
• níð-virki, n. villainy
• níð-vísa, u, f. a lampoon

[96] (1) ON Jarpr (personal name); (2) ON austr, 'east': East Ayton, Easthorpe - see also [279] eystri.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Jarpr (Easthorpe)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 324, entry 9

JARPR, adjective, feminine, jörp, brown, of the hair; … hvít-jarpr, white-brown, blond, of a woman; of horses, jarpr hestr, chestnut horse … in modern usage, of horses only, Jarpr of a stallion, Jörp of a mare.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 18

austr n. the east; ór austri from the east; as adverb eastwards; i.e. to Norway; in the east (of Iceland), (of Greenland); i.e. in Norway

• austan adv. from the east, westwards; i.e. to Iceland
• fyr austan east of
• Austfirðir m. plural, the Eastern Fjords (of Iceland)
• Austmaðr m. easterner, Norwegian
• Austrvegr m. 'the eastern route', the countries east of the Baltic
• austrœnn adj. from the east, i.e. Norwegian

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 34, entry 53

AUSTR, rs, m. [Anglo Saxon and English 'east'; German ost, osten], the east; sól í austri … 2. as adverb, towards east, eastward

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 34, entry 54

austr, rs and rar, m. [ausa], the act of drawing water in buckets, pumping; … standa í austri, to toil hard at the pump, … the water pumped or to be pumped, bilge water, … skipið fullt af austri, full of bilge water … austrs-ker, austker, a scoop, pump-bucket (compare ausker), …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 34, entry 39

austan, adverb [Anglo Saxon eastan], from the east, … of the direction of the wind (compare vestan, sunnan, norðan), used with a preceding preposition, á, á vestan, austan, blowing from west, east … fyrir a. used as a preposition with accusative, east of; fyrir a. mitt haf … with genitive in phrases like austan lands … compare norðan, sunnan, vestan, Compounds:

• austan-ferð, f. a journey from the east
• austan-fjarðar, genitive loci, used as adverb, in the east of the firth
• austan-gola, u, f. a light breeze from the east
• austan-kváma, u, f. arrival from the east
• austan-maðr, m. a man from the east, Old English easterling
• austan-sjór, m. the east sea, nickname of a man
• austan-veðr, rs, m. an easterly gale
• austan-verðr, adj. eastern (compare norðan-, sunnan-, vestan-verðr)
• austan-vindr, m. an east wind … compare norðan-, vestan- sunnan-vindr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 36, entry 5

aust-rœnn, adj. [Anglo Saxon easterne; compare norrænn, suðrænn], eastern, of the wind; a. gola, eastern breeze … viðr, timber from Norway or Scandinavia … the Eistland tymmer of the old Scotch inventories … Austrænir menn, Norsemen in Iceland, … as a nickname … The name denotes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian continent as opposed to the British Islands and Iceland.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 46

Appleton le Street

EASTHORPE

• Estorp DB, 1227, 1241 Ebor
• Esttorp 1182 P
• Easthorpe 1231 FF
• Estthorp 1280 Ass, 1377 Test
• Esthorpe 1288 YI

This seems to be the original form of the name but there is also another series of a different type. There can be no doubt of the identification, for the types are found indifferently in parallel documents (e.g. 1275 and 1288 YI). Examples of this type are as follows:

• Jarpesthorp 1201 ChR
• Iarpestorp 13 Malton 71, 71d, 73d
• Yarpestorp', Yarpestrop 1243 Fees, 1259 Ass
• Yarpesthorp 1275 YI, 1279 Malton 74, LS, 1304 Ch, 1369 FF
• Yaresthorp 1285 (16th Century) KI
• Yaistropp 1621 NR

The Estorp forms are the earlier and denote 'east village', vide east, þorp. It is not phonetically possible to derive the obviously later Yarpesthorp forms from this. This must be 'Yarp's village'. Compare the lost Iarpestune in the NFK DB. The personal name Yarp is from ON personal name Iarpr (LindN), from ON jarpr, 'brown of hair'; compare OE Earp (Redin 65, sub nomine Eoppa.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 186

Early Lincolnshire charters point in the same direction. Thus when we find in a charter of the time of Henry II mention of three acres of land lying 'oust in wra', this is not English, but ON austr í vrá ('east in the corner'). The north-eastern part of YKS was, perhaps, even more Norse. Whitby has been called the most Scandinavian part of England. Several inhabitants of Whitby have, at the end of the twelfth century, got the surname or byname Danus, no doubt because their ancestors were Danes (e.g. Thomas Danus, Petrus Danus).

[97] ON endi, 'end': Ings End, Langdale End, Lingrow End, Nab End, Noddle End Windypit, Randy Bell End.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 18

Endi, m. end

Endi, 'the end, conclusion'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 129, entry 3

ENDI, a, m., and endir, s, m. [Anglo Saxon ende; English 'end'] the end, conclusion …

• allt er gott ef endirinn er góðr, all's well that ends well
• binda enda á, to fulfil, finish
• göra enda á, to bring to an end
• vera á enda, to be at an end
• allt með endum, adv. from end to end
• til enda, to the end of life
• enda-dagr, m. (enda-dægr, n.), the last day, day of death
• enda-fjöl, f. a gable end
• enda-knútr, m. the 'end-knot', final issue
• enda-lauss, adj. endless
• enda-lok, n. plural, and enda-lykt, f. the end, conclusion
• enda-mark, n. the end, limit
• endi-land, n. borders, confines
• endi-langr, adj. 'end-long', from one end to another
• með endilöngum bekkjum, along the benches
• endi-lauss, adj. endless
• endi-leysa, u, f. nonsense, 'without end or aim'
• endi-liga, adv. finally
• endi-ligr, adj. final
• endi-lok, n. plural, the end, conclusion
• endi-mark, n. especially plural, a boundary, confine
• endi-merki, n. (and endi-mörk, f.) = endimark

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 265

endi m. end; (loddu) við stangar enda; við elgvers enda i.e. to the shore (of enda þess þengils sessa, because of this earl's death; or, if enda is taken as adverb or conjunction 'and so, moreover', sessa is accusative with of;enda adverb, moreover; see under endi and sessi

endilágr a. low from end to end, over its whole low surface

endilangr a. lengthwise; eptir endilangri hóllinni, along the (whole) length of the hall, all the way along the hall

endiseiðr m. 'boundary-coalfish' (or 'boundary rope' see seiðr), in kenning for the Midgard serpent, allra landa e. the fish that bounds (surrounds) all lands

endr adverb, once, once upon a time (with gein); again, further

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Endriði (m. 2) and Erlendr (m. 2).

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 80

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE ende / ON endi 'end'

Following the merger of /e/ and /i/ in unstressed syllables by circa 800, these elements would be indistinguishable.

[98] ON land, 'land': Goathland, Lamplands, Sour Lands, Newlands Dale, Longlands.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page

land (plural, lönd) n. land; his land; estate; country; with suffixed definite article, the country, the land; coast; shore; á land ashore; upp á land in from the sea; á landi ashore, on dry land; er á var landinu which was in the country; á landi hér in this country (Iceland); þar … á landi in that country (Greenland); á landinu on the landward side?; af landi from off the land; af landi ofan from inland to the shore; af hvárutveggja landinu from the land on both sides; kominn frá landi put out from the shore; fyrir landi off the coast; fyrir land (fram) along the coast; í landi in the country (with allar fljóðár), i.e. from in the country; með landi along the coast; með endilöngu landi along the whole length of the coast; millim landanna between the (two) countries; ór landi abroad, out of the country, so as to make him leave the country; til lands to the shore; til síns lands to their own country; higat til lands into this country; plural, lönd estates

• landauðn f. depopulation
• landaurar m. plural, 'land-ounces', land dues
• landhallt adv. keeping close to the shore
• landherðr f. 'land-shoulder', mountain; genitive, with lýða
• landi m. countryman
• landnámamaðr/landnámsmaðr m. settler
• landnorðr adv. north-east
• landnorðr frá to the north-east of
• landskostir m. plural, qualities of the land, resources
• landskostir góðir good land
• landsmenn m. plural, people (inhabitants) of the country (Iceland); the people of those countries (Norway and Denmark)
• landsnytjar f. plural, produce of the land
• landsréttr m. the law of the land
• landsuðr n. south-east
• ílandsuðr to the south-east
• landtaka f. reaching land, making the shore

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE land / ON land 'land'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 81

Pickering

1. GOATHLAND 16 J 9

• Godeland(ia) 1108-14 Whitby; 1109-14 YCh 396, 1201, 1205 Rot. Ch.; 1240 Lib
• Golanda circa 1170-88 YCh 393
• Gotheland(e) circa 1180 Add 4715 f 98 et freq to 1408 For
• Gothe-, Goþelaund' 1297 YI; LS
• Goodland 1497 NRS
• Gotland 1576 FF
• Goteland 1577 NRS; 1612 NR
• Goutland 1613 NR

'Goda's land' vide land. The OE personal name Gōda here appears to have undergone a Scandinavian sound-change from d to ð vide "Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names" 65. For the form Golanda vide "Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names" 110.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 162

Middlesbrough

• LONGLANDS (6")
• 12, 13 Whitby

vide lang, land. An old field name.

[99] ON lamb, 'lamb': Lamplands.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Lambi (m. 2).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 140

lamb n. lamb

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 370, entry 36

LAMB, n. [common to all Teutonic languages] a lamb … lambið mitt! lambið gott! my dear lamb! lambkin! an address. Compounds:

• lamba-flokkr, m. a flock of lambs
• lamba-hús, n. pl. lamb sheds
• lamba-rekstr, m. the driving lambs into the mountain pastures
• lamba-sótt, f., medical, atrophy
• lamba-súra, u, f., botanical, the dock, rumex
• lambs-eldi, n. lamb-keeping, an ecclesiastical term, referring to the rule that every householder in the parish has to keep a lamb for the priest through the winter
• lambs-gæra, u, f. a sheep-skin
• lambaðr, participle, with lamb
• lamb-burðr, m. the bearing lambs, lambing
• lamb-gymbr, f. a gimmer, a ewe that has not lambed
• lamb-hagi, a, m. pasture for lambs
• lamb-hús, n. plural, lamb sheds
• lamb-lauss, adj. without a lamb
• lamb-skinn, n. a lamb's skin
• lamb-skota, u, f. a ewe which has lost her lamb
• lamb-ær, f. a ewe with lamb

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE lamb / ON lamb 'a lamb'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

[100] (1) ON hlið, 'side, gate'; (2) ON hlíð, 'slope': Upleatham, Hulleys, Moorgate Lees, White Leys, Hagger Lythe, Lythe, Lythe Bank, Lythe Beck, Bainley Bank.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 105

hlið f. side; with suffixed def. art. á hliðina onto his side; á hlið at his side

hlíð f. slope, hillside

Hlíðarendi m. 'end of the slope', Gunnarr's home in southern Iceland

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 1

HLIÐ, f., plural, hliðar (hliðu dat. obsolete) a side, Latin latus:

• standa á hlið einhverjum, to stand beside one
• á hlið hvára, on each side
• á aðra hlið, at one's other side
• á báðar hliðar, á tvær hliðar, on both sides
• á vinstri hlið, on the left hand
• á hægri hlið, on the right hand
• snúask á hlið, to turn oneself (in sleep)
• á allar hliðar, on all sides
• veltask á ymsar hliðar, to toss to and fro
• leggja eitthvat fyrir hlið, to lay beside

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 2

HLIÐ, n. [Anglo Saxon hlið; Old High German hlit; Danish led] a gate, gateway; … 2. a wide gap … in law a gap in a fence not above sixty feet long was hlið, if more it was a breach (bálka-brot) II. metaphorically a space, interval (= bil) …

• hliða, að, to give way, go aside, recede
• hlið-lauss, adj. 'gateless', without a gate
• hlið-mæltr, part. a kind of metre
• hliðr, m., poetical an ox
• hlið-rúm, n. open space, free passage
• hlið-sjón, f. a side glance; hafa h. af einhverju, to take a look at
• Hlið-skjálf, f., old dat. hliðskjálfu [probably rather to be derived from hlið, gate, than hlið, side;] a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds …
• hlið-skjár, m. a side window, originally a window or opening from which to keep a look out
• hlið-veggr, m. a side wall
• hlið-vörðr, m. a porter

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 13

HLÍÐ, f., in modern usage plural, hlíðar, but hlíðir in old writers … [Anglo Saxon hlíð; Norse li; lost in Danish; compare Latin clivus] a slope, mountain side … II. local names; Fljóts-hlíð and Hlíð, Hlíðar-sól, f. sun of the Hlíð, nickname of a fair lady … Hlíðar-menn or Hlíð-menn, m. plural, the men from Hlíð … III. frequent in poetical circumlocutions, of a woman; hringa-hlíð, falda-h., bauga-h., and then in dat. and acc. hlíði, e. g. falda hlíði, vella hlíði …

• fjalls-hlið, a fell-side
• hlíðar-brún, f. the edge of a h.
• hlíðar-fótr, m. the foot of a h.
• hlíðar-garðr, m. a fence on a fell-side dividing the pastures of two farms

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 112

Hackness

FLOCK LEYS (6")

• Flok Leiz 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Sheep flock clearings' from OE flocc or ON flokkr and leah.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 120

Whitby

LYTHE BECK (6")

• Lithebec(h) 1109-1114 YCh 865 et passim to 1314 NRS
• Lythebeck(e) 1335 ForP 212 d

vide hlíð 'slope' and bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 133

Danby

BAINLEY BANK

• Bainwith(e)lith circa 1200, 1223 Guis

'Holly bank' from ON bein-viðr 'the common holly' and hlíð. Compare Lindkvist 1912 at page 24, note 1).

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 24

Bainwitlith YKS 12th or early 13th century, Bainwithlithe 1223 Guis; now Beanley Bank (near Danby). First member is OWScand bein-viðr the Common Holly, Ilex Aquifolium. The former part of this word is OWScand bein "bone'. NorwDial beinvid; compare OSwed benwidh … SweDial benved, used of several species of bushes … Second member OWScand hlíð 'slope, mountain-side'. To the Rev. G. Bird, of Danby Grosmont, I am indebted in no small degree for some valuable information about the natural features of the place in question, of which he writes inter alia: "The holly is very common in this locality. There is a wood composed almost entirely of hollies. There is a farm called Holly Lodge and another Hollin Top. Consequently I should say you are correct in your supposition".

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 137

Lythe

5. LYTHE 16 E 9

• Lid DB, 1201 Cur; 1210 Abbr
• Liz 1181 P
• Li-, Lyth(e) 1201 Abbr et passim to 1508 Test
• Leth 1401 YI
• Lieth 1623 NR

'The slope' vide hlið. The reference is to a slope which borders on the sea-coast north-west of Whitby. For the form Leth compare Upleatham 153 infra. The common form [laið] is from ON hlið (which had a long vowel).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 153

Upleatham

1. UPLEATHAM 16 C 3

• Upelider DB 1086
• Uplyum, Uplium, Uplihum 1119, 1129, 1230-50 Guis et passim to 1310 Ch
• Uplithum 1140-54 Whitby; 13^th Easby 247 d; Percy, 1280; Ch; 1308 Whitby
• Ouerlidun 1181 P
• Uppelithum 1222-40, 1239 Guis
• Lyum 1231 Ass (unpublished), 1257, 1292 Ch
• Oppelidun 1314 NRS
• Uplethum 1285 (16) KI; 1407 YI
• Upleythome 1581 FF
• Upledam 1613 NR Series)
• Up-Leatham 1665 Visit

'The upper slopes' vide upp(e), hlið. The DB form represents the ON nominative plural hliðir, whilst the remaining forms are from the dative plural hliðum. For the Pipe Rolls form Ouer- vide ufera.

The modern form of the name has arisen as follows: ME î in the open syllable was lengthened to í and lowered to e (written e, ey) in the 15^th century: this was raised to [i:] in modern times, as also in Cleveland 128 supra, Kirkleatham, Healam, Skeeby, Smeaton 155, 220, 288, 211.

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Editor's note: traces of specific ON inflections (i.e. word endings giving information about grammatical case and number) survive, which show that the elements being used are ON rather than OE. One example of such a place-name is Upleatham, which was recorded in Domesday Book as Upelider. In this case, the characteristically ON nominative/accusative plural ending ir demonstrates that the second element is ON hlíð, 'a slope, a hillside' rather than the OE word hlið with the same meaning. The preservation of an ON inflection in this place-name is also direct evidence that ON was spoken in NRY.

See Elements for a thorough assessment of toponymic elements which are classified as indistinguishable in OE-derived and ON-derived forms. In all cases, the OE and ON elements would be phonologically indistinguishable in ME dialects in northern and eastern England, and most elements are also recorded in place-names from Norway and areas of England where there is no substantial ON influence on early-recorded toponyms:

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 89

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

… OE hlið / ON hlíð 'a slope, hill-side'.

Although distinct in vowel length and so perhaps sometimes distinguishable in later forms, such distinctions are not reliably indicated orthographically in ME, and can be disrupted by various processes of lengthening and shortening depending on position, compounding and inflexional endings. Consequently, the elements are considered indistinguishable here. The element is (unsurprisingly) very common in Norway and appears far less common in Denmark.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Kirkleatham

1. KIRKLEATHAM 16 C 2

• Westlidun, -lid(e), Weslide, Westlidum, Westude DB 1086
• Livum 1221 Guis
• Lisum 1268 Ebor
• Kyrkelidun 1181 P
• Kirkledom 1491 Sanct

Other forms follow those of Upleatham 153 supra.

It is called Westlidun from its position in relation to Upleathum and Kyrkelidun from its church (of early foundation). For the forms Lisum and Livum compare "Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names" (1923) 108 ff. Compare further Upleatham 153 infra.

[101] ON lœkr, ON lækr, 'brook, rivulet, stream': Leake. See also [71] bekkr, 'beck', [83] brunnr, 'burn, well-spring, font, spring, stream' and [328] Ljóti: Leckby.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 155

lœkr m. stream

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 403, entry 29

LÆKR, m. (i. e. lœkr, -lœkr, œgr) … genitive lækjar … plural, lækir, genitive lækja, dative lækjum: a brook, rivulet … and in many local names, Brjáns-lækr, Lækjar-bugr, Lækjar-skógr, etc. Compounds:

• lækjar-duðra, u, f. a bird; see doðka (doðka, u, f. the bird Tringa fusca (Brown sandpiper), lækjar-duðra)
• lækjar-fall, n. a running brook
• lækjar-far, n. or -farvegr, m. the bed of a brook
• lækjar-gil, n. a ghyll with a brook
• lækjar-óss, m. the mouth of a brook
• lækjar-rás, f. a running brook
• lækjar-spræna, u, f. a little brook
• lækr, indeclinable, the umbilical cord, navel string, a midwife's term

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 181

Cundall

LECKBY

• Ledebi, -by DB
• Letteby, Lecceby LS
• Lecby 1399 YI
• Letby 1586 FF

'Let's farm' from ON Ljótr LindN and by. The appearance of medial -c- is bound up with two problems: one is the problem arising from the difficulty in distinguishing c and t in the handwriting of the 14th and 15th centuries; the second arises from the fact that c in medieval orthography was used to represent ON z (= ts), as in some early spellings of Roxby 139 supra. Where t is found it seems probable that ON genitive -s had been lost; where c is found it nay be a mistake for t or represent ON genitive Ljótz. The modern form seems to have arisen from the interchange of k and t in difficult consonant combinations in the dialect. vide Addenda xlv.

Addenda Volume 5

Page 181, sub nomine LECKBY. Professor Ekwall suggests that a weak Ljóti or feminine Ljóta LindN would better explain the early forms.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 207

Leake

6. LEAKE 22 C 2

• Lece DB 1086
• Leche DB 1086; 1088 LVED 51
• Leic, Leyk 12 RegAlb i. 67 d; 1239, 1272 Ebor; circa 1291 Tax
• Lecc circa 1150 Godr; 1154-81 Riev; 1160-80 YCh 954
• Lek(e) 1200 FF et passim to 1562 NCyWills
• Leek' 1291 Ebor; 1328 Banco; 1508 Test
• Leake 1665 Visit et passim

'Brook' vide lœkr.

[102] ON vátr, 'wet'; ON viðr, 'tree or wood': Waithwith, Westworth, Wydale, Widdale and Widdale Beck.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 264

viða (past viðaði) cut wood

viðr m. tree; tree or wood; forest; timber; wood; piece of wood, rod; viðr hauðrmens 'timber of the sea' is a kenning for ship; dative viði with trees; accusative plural, viðu trees.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at pages 44 and 62

The ending -with (ON við-r, ODan ved, 'a wood') is common in YKS, as in Askwith, of course the same name as that of our present Prime Minister and of our peerless arbitrator; also in Beckwith and Skipwith (which occurs again in S.E. CUL); …

-with - ON vith-r, ODan ved, 'a wood', is common in YKS. J. H. Turner cites eleven cases - ASKWITH, Beckwith, Bubwith, etc., where DB 1086 spells vid, wid, uid, and vi, always avoiding th. It is doubtful if -with ever really interchanged with -wick. We do have SKIPWITH twice in DB 1086 as Schipewic, and again in 1200 Scippewic, also Butterwick, YKS, in DB 1086 both Butruic and Butruid; but as a rule in such cases c will be the common scribe's error for t. Occasionally -with is found changing into -worth; whilst Langwith, DBY and NTT, and Langworth, LIN, all ended with -wath, 'ford', in thirteenth-century charters.

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" (1972) Gillian Fellows Jensen at page 153

Beckwith

… The form from 972 shows that this was originally an OE place name *bēce-wudu 'beech wood'. The name was adapted by the Scandinavians by the substitution of [k] for palatal c or perhaps rather of the Scand appellative bekkr m. 'beck' for bēce, and of cognate Scand viðr m. for OE wudu …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 98

Brompton

WYDALE

• Wyddale circa 1242 Malton 141

'Wood Valley' vide viðr, dalr, and compare Widdale 267 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 267

Aysgarth

WIDDALE and WIDDALE BECK

• Withdale 1227 FF
• Wyddale 1307 Ch
• -bec 1218 FF
• Wy-, Widal(l) 1404 Pat, 1423 Baildon

'Wood Valley' vide viðr, dalr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 152

Guisborough

WESTWORTH

• Westwith 12th Guis; circa 1170 Riev; 1170-80 YCh 662 et passim

'West wood' vide west, viðr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 244

Catterick

WAITHWITH

• Watewith 1204 Ass; -wyth 1290 Baildon
• Watwith 1206 Easby 154 d, 155
• Wathwith 1262 Easby 155
• Waitwith 1562 FF; 1577 Saxton

Professor Ekwall suggests that the first element is ON vátr, 'wet' and the second viðr, hence 'wet wood'. Compare Weetwood (Place-Names NBL, DUR 210). The change from t to th is probably due to common confusion with the suffix thwaite.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 206

Leake

BRAWITH

• Brai-, Braythwath 1231 Ass; 1301 LS

'Broad ford' vide breiðr, vað

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 686, entry 26

VÁTR, vát, vátt, modern votr; [Anglo Saxon wæt; English 'wet'; Danish vaad] wet; … Poetical; sumar vátt, a wet summer, Rímbegla 572; vátt veðr … hafa innan-vátt, 'in-wet', shipping of seas, a nautical term, Hávarðar Saga 42 … vát-samr, adj. wet … vát-viðri, n. wet weather … vátviðra-samr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 703, entry 69

VIÐR, m., genitive viða, dative viði, plural viðir, viðu (modern viði): [Danish ved; Swedish väd; Anglo Saxon wudu; English 'wood'] a tree; … 2. a wood, forest; … 3. felled trees, wood; … II. compounds:

• til varna viðar, 'to the wood-shelter', i. e. till sunset
• máttar-viðir: timber
• viðar kaup, purchase of timber
• viðar-bulungr, a pile, armful of wood
• viðar-mark, a mark on trees
• viðar-rif, the right of picking fagots
• viðar-föng, wood-stores
• viðar-högg or -högst, wood-cutting, right of wood-cutting (Dan. skov-hugst)
• viðar-val, picked wood
• viðar-taka, wood-pilfering
• viðar-tálga, wood-cutting
• viðar-verk, wood-work
• viðar-köstr, a pile of wood
• viðar-flaki, a hurdle of wood
• viðar-lauf, wood-leaves
• viðar-holt, a wooded holt, copsewood, piece of brushwood
• viðar-heiti, names of trees
• viðar-rætr, the roots of a tree
• viðar-teigr, a strip of wood
• viðar-vöxtr, a young plantation, brushwood
• viðar-runnr, a grove
• viðar-teinungr, a wand
• viðar-taug or -tág, a withy twig
• viðar-öx, -ex, a wood-axe

[103] ON vestr, 'west': Bilsdale West Moor, Rosedale West, West Barnby, West Beck.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 262

vestr n. the west; í vestr to the west; as adv. (in the) west; west(wards); in a westerly direction; to the west (of Europe; actually in an easterly direction); to the west (i.e. to Dalir, in the west of Iceland, where Þorsteinn Kuggason lived; actually north of Hítardalr); vestr frá to the west of; vestr fyrir west past; vestr fyrir land west along the coast; vestr til Saurbœjar to Saurbœr in the west; útan vestr þar í fjörðum abroad (to Norway) from those fjords in the west (i.e. from the Western Fjords); vestr um landit west round the country

• Vestribyggð f. Western Settlement (the more northerly settlement on the western coast of Greenland)
• vestrvíking f. raiding in the British Isles

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 700, entry 21

VESTR, n., genitive, vestrs, [Anglo Saxon, English, and German 'west'; Danish, vester] the west; … í vestr, towards west. II. as adverb to the westward; ríða vestr eða vestan … vestr, in the west, … 2. westwards, towards the British Isles, a standing phrase … sigla vestr um haf, to sail westwards over the sea, … sækja vestr til Eyja, west to the Orkneys (Shetland), … vestr fór ek of ver, I journeyed westward over the sea …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 81

Middleton

WEST GILL (6")

• Westgill 1335 ForP 205 d

vide west, gil.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 101

Hutton Buscel

WEST CROFT (6")

• Westcroft 1135-55 YCh 373

Self-explanatory.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 130

Egton

WESTONBY HOUSE

• Westingebi 1254 Pat
• Westingby 1279 YI, 1301 LS
• Westynby 1413 YI

'Farm of the western men' vide west, by. The hamlet lies in the west of the township. The use of ing in compounds of this type to indicate relative position is discussed by Zachrisson (English Place-Names containing PrGerm *vis, vask, 8ff), where a number of parallels are cited.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 134

Westerdale

1. WESTERDALE 16 G 4

• Westerdale, -dala 1154-81 (Rievaulx Cartulary) et passim
• Westerdaill 1285 (16^th) (Kirkby's Inquest), 1582 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

'More westerly valley' vide west, dæl. Westerdale is one of the western valleys of Eskdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 152

Guisborough

WESTWORTH

• Westwith 12th Guis; circa 1170 Riev; 1170-80 YCh 662 et passim

'West wood' vide west, viðr.

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Editor's note: By reason of the preponderance of ON place-names, ON prefix vestr and suffixes gil, tún, viðr, dalr and by are preferred for West Gill, Westonby House, Westerdale and Westworth place-names. There is no OE 'gil'; and pronunciation of Westerdala suggests ON dalr over OE dæl.

[104] ON veggr, 'wall': Park Wall, Gaskel Well, Crag Well.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 255, 257 and 270

• veggr m. wall
• á vegginum (on the roof) above the top of the wall (of the house)
• af vegginum from (the roof) above the top of the wall

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 689, entry 10

VEGGR, m., genitive, veggjar, plural, veggir, [… Anglo Saxon wæcg; English 'wedge'; Danish væg] a wall … 2. a wedge; tann-veggr, bein-veggr, a wedge of bone, walrus-tusk … Compounds:

• torf-veggr, veggja-hlözla, wall-building
• innan veggjar, within walls, indoors
• vegg-berg, n. a 'wedge-rock', boulder
• vegg-hamarr, m. a wedge-hammer, beetle, mallet, a nickname
• vegg-lagr, m. wall-layer, a nickname
• veggja-lús, f. [Danish væggelus], a bog
• vegg-sleginn, participle, wedge-formed
• vegg-þili, n. 'wall-deals', wainscoting
• veggjaðr, participle, walled

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 292

Kirby Ravensworth

PARK WALL (6")

The wall of the dike of the old park of Ravensworth still remains and is referred to as le Parkedyke in 1406 Marrick 224, vide OE pearroc, dic.

[105] ON veiðr, 'hunting': Wedland Slack.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 256

• veiða (past veiddi, past participle veiddr) weak verb hunt, catch (subjunctive, that I may catch)
• veiðiför f. hunting expedition
• veiðimaðr m. huntsman, hunter
• veiðr f. hunting; plural, fishing catches, hunting catches, game (with suffixed definite article); nökkut af veiðum something to catch or hunt

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 690, entry 16

VEIÐR, f. (modern veiði), dative and accusative veiði, plural veiðar; a genitive veiði, veiði … but especially in compounds, see below: [Anglo Saxon wâde; Old High German waida; German weide = a pasture] a catch, hunting, fishing … Compounds:

• fara á veiðar, to go a hunting
• veiði-bjalla, u, f. a 'fish-bell', a popular name in southern Iceland for the sea-gull, for by its cries it marks the shoals of fish for the fishermen
• veiði-bráðr, adj. eager, too eager, and so losing the game
• veiði-brella, u, f. a trap, hunting device
• veiði, búð, f. a hunting shed
• veiði-dýr, n. deer, game
• veiðar-efni, n. a chance of a good catch
• veiði-fang, n. a catch
• veiði-far, n. hunting or fishing
• veiði-ferð and veiði-för, f. a fishing or hunting expedition
• veiði-gögn, n. pl. fishing gear
• veiði-hjörtr, m. a hart or stag for hunting
• veiði-hundr, m. a hound
• veiði-kona, u, f. a huntress
• veiði-konungr, m. hunting king, a nickname of king Gudröd the Hunter
• veiði-maðr, m. a sportsman (of a hunter, fowler, fisher)
• veiði-matr, m. meat from game or fishing
• veiði-mörk, f. a hunting forest
• veiði-skapr, m. a catch in hunting or fishing
• róa at veiðiskap, fishing
• iskap at kaupa, to buy fish
• veiði-spell, n. a spoiling the catch
• veiði-staðr, m. a fishing-place
• veiði-vatn, n. a fishing lake
• veiði-ván, f. the expectation of a catch
• veiði-vélar, f. plural hunting-gear, traps, or the like

[106] ON Vaði (personal name); ON vað, 'ford, wading-place': Blawath, Blawath Beck, Bluewath Beck, Briggswath ('plank bridge ford'); (2) ON hella, 'a flat stone, slate': Helwath, Helwath Beck, Helwath Bridge, Helwath Grains, Helwath Grain Side; - see also [388].

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Vaði (m. 1).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 250

vaða (present veðr, past óð/vóð, past plural, óðu, past participle vaðinn) sub voce wade, rush; past participle vaðinn at destitute of.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 673, entry 2

VAÐ, n., plural, vóð [Anglo Saxon wœd] a wading-place, ford, across a river or creek

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 673, entry 3

VAÐA, pres. veð … [Anglo Saxon wadan; English 'wade'] to wade, go through shallow water

• vaðall, m. = vaðill, a wading; eptir vaðal í frosti, after wading in frost
• vaði, a, m. a wader
• vaðill and vöðull, … a shallow water, esp. places where fiords or straits can be passed on horseback …
• vaðil-sund, n. a shallow sound

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 21

Alne

3. FLAWATH 27 B 3

• Flathwayth circa 1180-94 YCh 796
• Flathewath(e) 1207 Easby 256 z; 1251 Ass; 1252 Ass; 1259 Ass; 1282 YI; 1301 LS
• Flaþewath 1289 For
• Flathewat 1295 For
• Flatwath 1316 Vill
• Flawythe, Flawith 1316 (Eliz) KF; 1582 FF

The second element is ON vað, 'ford'. Professor Ekwall suggests that the first element is the same word as Norw flade, SwedDial flada, 'flat meadow'. The whole name would then mean 'ford by the flat meadow-land'. Dr Lindkvist notes evidence for Norw *flað- with the same meaning as flat-, in Flaðkar Rygh NG xiv, 323.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 82

Pickering

BLAWATH BECK (6")

• Blawath 1334 (Pleas of the Forest) 304
• Blawoth 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

'Dark or black ford' vide blar, vað, bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 129

Egton

BLUEWATH BECK

• Blawyth a. 1133 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Blawath 13 (Guisborough Cartulary) (3 X), 1252 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

'Dark, (possibly) cheerless, exposed ford' vide blar, vað and compare Blawath 82 supra. The modern form arose from the dialect change of ON á to [ia] and then from the development of a glide-vowel [u] before the following w.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

HELWATH BECK

• Helewath 1231 Ass
• Helwath 1369 Whitby

'Ford made with flat stones' from ON hella 'flat stone' (compare Rygh, Indl. sub verbo) and vað. Compare a lost Hellawath in Glaisdale 1119, 1129 Guis (15th century).

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Editor's note: the first element Hel is possibly the Norse goddess of death; also the axe of King Magnus. ON Hel, place of death, Hell, 'Hell's ford'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 123

Whitby

4. HELREDALE (6") 32 SE II

This is now the name of a township formed out of Hawsker. The name had fallen into disuse but has now been revived. The small valley originally called Helredale is now called Spital Vale (compare Whitby Cartulary ii. 428).

• Hellerdale 1145-8 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Helredale 1155-65 ibidem, 72 (Registrum Cartarum Hospit. St Leonardi Ebor, 15^th century) 66d
• Ellerdale 1351 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide dæl. The first element is possibly ON hella, genitive hellur, 'flat stone, tableland of rocks', common in Norwegian place-names, compare Helwath Beck 117 supra.

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Editor's note: see Helredale (Spital Vale) [NZ 90650 10190] and Helredale (Det.) [NZ 89350 09750].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Skelton

SLAPE WATH (6")

• Slaipwath 1200-22 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Slaypewath 1222 (Guisborough Cartulary)

'Slippery ford' from ON sleipr and vað.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 175

Rudby

BRAWORTH

• Breydewad 1240-50 Bodl a. i. 88
• Brathwaith 1285 KI
• Brathewheyt 1327 Ipm
• Braythwayth 1299 KI
• Braithewath 1300 YI
• Braythwat 1350 CI

'Broad ford' vide breiðr, vað. Braworth lies near a ford across the Leven. The various forms waith, wheyt are due to confusion with þveit as in Flawith 21 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 206

Leake

BRAWITH

• Brai-, Braythwath 1231 Ass; 1301 LS

'Broad ford' vide breiðr, vað

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

HELL GILL BECK

• Helebec 1201 OblR, 1252 Ch
• Helbec, -bek 1307 Ch et passim

vide bekkr. The first element of this name is probably ON hella, 'flat stone', as in the place names Helwith, Helwath (passim); this is reasonable on topographical grounds, for the bed of the stream is made up of great flat boulders.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

HELL GILL

• Helgil 13 RichReg 126 d

vide Hell Gill Beck supra and gil.

---

"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 178

Chapter 5

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'a'

Blawad, Blawat YKS 12th century, Blawathgile 1200-01 Riev, now Bloworth? See ib. p.32 n. 2.

Blawath YKS early 13th century, (passim) Guis [140]; according to Cary's map now Blowith Beck in the south of Glaisdale (cf, Guis I p.103).

2nd member is OWScand vað = OE wœd 'a ford, shallow water' Bosworth Toller. Compare further p.27 n. 1. … 2nd member OWScand vað, OSwed vaþ, ODan vath 'a ford' … Compare NE dialect wath with the same meaning; the word occurs only in the Scandinavian counties of Northern England (see EDD) and is apparently Scandinavian loan.

---

"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 27

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ei' (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

Braythwath … 2nd member OWScand vað, OSwed vaþ, ODan vað 'a ford'. The place is situated on the Cod Beck, a tributary of the Swale. Compare NE dialect wath with the same meaning; the word occurs only in the Scandinavian counties of Northern England (see EDD) and is apparently Scandinavian loan.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 10

HELLA, u, f., genitive hellna, Biskupa Sögur. i. 204, [hallr, m.; Swedish häll] a flat stone, slate …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 11

HELLA, t, [halla], to pour out water or the like, with dative; hella vatni, etc. … hella út, to pour out, spill, … hella einhverju niðr, to spill,… út tárum, to shed tears, … hella út blóði, to shed blood, … hella í sik, to gulp, guzzle (vulgar), … 2. reflexive, hellask fram, to be poured forth, to rush forth, … helling, f. pouring, shedding; blóðs út-helling, bloodshed.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 32

Hel-vegr, m. 'Hel-way', the way to Hel (Hades), Edda, Fornaldar Sögur i. 333: mythological, Sæm. 156 (Helr, prose).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 14

HELLIR, m., genitive hellis, plural hellar … [akin to hallr] a cave (in rocks) … Compounds:

• hellis-berg (hellis-bjarg), n. a cavernous rock.
• hellis-búi, a, m. a 'cave-dweller', a giant.
• hellis-dyrr, f. plural, the doors of a cave.
• hellis-gluggi, a, m. the window of a cave.
• hellis-gólf, n. the floor of a cave.
• hellis-menn, m. plural, cave-men, outlaws.
• Hellismanna-saga, u, f. the story of the cave-men.
• hellis-munni, a, m. the mouth of a cave.
• hellis-skúti, a, m. a jutting cave.

II. in local names, Hellis-dalr, m., Hellis-fitjar, f. plural, Hellis-hraun, n., Hellis-ey, f., Hellis-fjörðr.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Helgi (m. 50)

[107] ON varpa, verpa, 'to throw, cast': Ruswarp (Risewarp 1160), Ruswarp Carr.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 262

verpa (past varp, past plural, urpu, past participle orpinn) sv. throw; cast up, raise (at for); verpa frá sér with dat. throw down; impers. pass. with dat. höndum þínum orpit your arms thrown

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 681, entry 9

varp, n. a casting, throwing … II. in a specific sense, a cast, of a net; … 2. a 'casting' or laying of eggs; egg-varp = egg-ver, frequent in Iceland, especially of eider-ducks; … æðar-varp, eider-ducks' eggs; … 3. the warping of a thing; skó-varp, n. the 'shoe-warp', binding of a shoe …

VARPA, að, [English warp; see verpa], to throw, cast

• varpa, u, f. a cast, net
• varpaðr, m. a thrower
• -varpi, a, m. an edge, outskirt; in hlað-varpi
• varp-net, n. a casting-net

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 125

Whitby

6. RUSWARP 16 F 11

• Risewarp(e), Ryse- 1145-8 YCh 872 et passim to 1351 Whitby
• Riswarp Vill
• Ruswarpe 1665 Visit

Ruswarp is on the north bank of the river Esk, and this fact must be taken into consideration in deciding the etymology of the second element. A dialect word warp the sediment deposited by a river, an accumulation of mud checking the flow of a river' is found in the North Riding (English Dialect Dictionary), and a compound warp-land 'land formed by the silt of a river' is adduced from the East Riding (English Dialect Dictionary); this is the meaning required by the geographical situation of Ruswarp. These two words and the second element of the place-name are identical in form with ON varp (neuter), varpa (feminine), found in the Norwegian place-name Varpet (Rygh Elvenavne & Rygh Personnavne i. 218, etc.), and the root idea of the whole series is 'something cast up' from varpa 'to throw, cast'. The meaning of Ruswarp is therefore 'silt-land overgrown with brushwood'; vide hris. The change of Rise- to Rus- is probably due to the influence of w especially in the neighbourhood of r; compare Ruddings 85 supra and Ruswick and Runswick 241, 139 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 125

Whitby

RUSWARP CARR

• (bosco qui vocat') Le Ker 1282 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Ruswarp Carr 7623 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 1^st series)

'Ruswarp marsh'; vide kjarr.

[108] ON stræti, 'town street': Appleton le Street, Church Street, The Street, Street Head.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 599, entry 25

STRÆTI, n. [from the Latin strāta; Anglo Saxon stræt; English 'street'; Old High German straza; German strasse; Danish stræde] a street in a town (braut, quod vide, is a road). The word is no doubt borrowed from the Latin, for as the old Northmen and Teutons had no towns, they had no streets; it is therefore strange to find such a word in an old poem like Hamðis-mál, 13, (the passage is probably corrupt); so also, einn dag var þat er Kormakr gékk um stræti, Kormaks Saga 228, referring to the middle of the 10th century; but as the Saga is of the 12th, the words may perhaps here too be taken as an anachronism; Ólafr konungr gékk einn dag úti á stræti, Forn-sögur 115, referring to Níðarós of the year 996; since in the 11th, and especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, the word becomes frequent in Sagas referring to Norway, but never to Iceland, Fornmanna Sögur vi. 363, vii. 39, Blasius Saga 40. In the old Norse market-towns of the 11th, 12th, and following centuries, the 'street' ran along the shore (bryggjur), with 'scores' or cross lanes (veitur or almenningar) leading up to the houses (garðar), Norges Gamle Love ii. 240, 243; strætis-búð, a street-booth, opposite to garðs-búð, iii. 112; strætis-görð, ii. 244; strætis-kaup, i. 324; strætis-lopt, -stofa, Diplomatarium Norvagicum (French) 2. a kind of gangway on board of a ship, [compare French pont]; … II. Streiti or Stræti, a local name, Landnámabók …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 46

Appleton le Street

2. APPLETON LE STREET 22 H 11

• Apletun, Apeltun DB
• Apel(l)ton(e) 13 Malton 47 et passim; (in Holdelithe) 1349 NRS; (in Rydale) 1369 FF

vide æppel, tun. The termination le Street is of late appearance, as in the case of Barton le Street 47 infra. It refers to a supposed Roman road (6" OS sheet 123 NE 4), on which Appleton and Barton stand. vide stræt. On the element le vide Barton le Willows 38 supra. For Holdelithe vide 42 supra.

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Appleton le Street and "supposed" Roman Road

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 227

• stræti n. street, paved road

[109] ON ösp, 'aspen (tree)': Asp House.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 292

ösp f. aspen (tree)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 768, entry 55

ÖSP, f., genitive, aspar, plural, aspir, [Anglo Saxon æsp; Danish asp] an aspen-tree … strange to say that the word is never used in poetical circumlocutions. II. in local names, Espi-hóll.

[110] ON völlr, 'a field' - see also [7] ON þingvölir, the 'thing-fields': Thingwall, Tingwal, Thingwala.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 255, 257 and 270

velli see völlr

völlr (dative velli, plural, vellir) m. field; ground; with suffixed definite article; dative singular at velli to the ground; á víðum velli in the open; accusative plural, völlu space, battlefield ?

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 721, entry 26

vallar-, see völlr.

VÖLLR, m., genitive, vallar, dative velli; plural, vellir, genitive, valla, accusative völlu, modern velli; [Icelandic völlr and German wald = wood seem to be the same word; the change in the sense from wood to field being much the same as in mörk] a field … vallar-garðr, m. a paddock-fence … víg-völlr, a battle-field; þing-völlr (Tingwall) … 2. a close or paddock; at úsánum ok úbreiddum völlum, unsown and unmanured fields … tún-völlr … II. frequent in local names, Völlr and Vellir, Rangár-vellir. Compounds: vallar-garðr, m. a paddock-fence …

víg-völlr, m. a battle-field, Breta Sögur 54, Egils Saga 491, Njála 212, Ld. 224, Heimskringla i. 159, Fornmanna Sögur xi. 372.

[111] ON hringr, 'ring, circle'; ON kringla, 'a disk, circle, orb': Studforth Ring, Cringle Carr, Cringle End, Cringle Moor.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 73

Helmsley

CRINGLE CARR (6")

• Krynglecarre 1538 Riev

'Circular marsh' vide kringla, kjarr, compare Cryngelflath 13 Easby 214, Krinkelker 1212 FF.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 110

• hringja (past hringði, past participle hringt) weak verb (cause to) ring
• hringja til tíða ring (a bell) for divine services
• hringr m. ring, circle (i.e. iris ?)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 285, entry 16

HRINGR, m., plural hringar, in modern usage sometimes hringir: [Anglo Saxon … English, German, Danish, and Swedish 'ring, ringlet']: I. a ring, circle; … h. jarðar, the earth's circumference, … slá hring um einhvern, to make a ring around one, … 2. í hring, adverb, in a ring or circle; … standa umhverfis í hring, to stand round in a ring … (mann-hringr, a ring of men); … 3. as an adverb. phrase, með (at) hringum, all around, altogether, … II. a ring, Latin, annulus: 1. a ring at the end of a chest, … kistu-h.; in a door, … ii: the ring at the end of the hilt to which the friðbönd (q.v.) were fastened … hringa-brynja, u, f. a coat of ring-mail … hring-kofl, m., hring-skyrta, u, f., hring-serkr, m. a shirt of rings, coat of ring-mail, … a coat of mail is called hring-ofin, adj. woven with rings. but especially a ring on the arm, finger (gull-h., silfr-h., járn-h.), … rauðir hringar, the red rings, … A lordly man is in poetry called hring-berandi … III. a ship is called Hringr (also in present use), Eg. (in a verse); hringr Ullar, the ship of Ull, i.e. his shield … Hring-horni, the mythological ship of the Edda: Hringr is the proper name of a man …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 355, entry 28

kringla, u, f. a disk, circle, orb; … kringla heims, kringla jarðar, the disk of the earth … með hvelum ok kringlum, … the name of a MS., from its initial word, given to it by Torfæus, whence the modern Heimskringla, the Globe, = the Book of the Kings of Norway, commonly ascribed to Snorri; the name first occurs in the Ed. of Peringsköld (A.D. 1697), and was unknown before that time: skoppara-kringla, a top. Compounds: kringlu-auga, n. a nickname, … kringlu-leitr, adj. round-faced. kringlu-skurðr, m. a shaving the crown; … kringlu-sótt, f. (modern höfuðsótt), the turning sickness in sheep …

[112] ON konungr, 'king': Coneysthorpe, Coneysthorpe Banks Wood, Coney Hill(s), Coney Street (York).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 48

Barton Le Street

3. CONEYSTHORPE 22 J 10

• Coningstorp, Coungestorp DB
• Cuninghestorp 1125 YD
• Cuningestorp 1167 P; 1204 Ass
• Cunningestorp 1200 Cur
• Coninges-, Conyngesthorp 1251 Ass; 1252 Ass; 1316 Vill; 1327 Baildon; 1436 NCyWills
• Cuningthorp 1254 Pat 1216-1485
• Conis-, Conysthorp KI; Saxton
• Conistropp 1615 NR

'The king's village' vide þorp. The first element is ODan kunung (= ONorw konungr). The Danish form is also found in Coneythorpe near Knaresborough (WRY), Cunningesthorp 1293 QW, Conyngesthorp 1316 Vill; and in several other Yorkshire place-names, e.g. Conisborough (WRY), Cunugesburh KCD 1298, Cuningesburg DB, Coney Street (York), Cunyngesstrete 1150-61 YCh 232, and Cold Coniston (WRY), Cuningestone DB. vide Introduction xxiv.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 238, 278, 308, 337, 390, 399, 410 and 434

• aurkonungr m. 'mud-king' ? (or ǫr-, swift or liberal ? arrow ? possibly an error for ár- harvest, prosperity ?)
• herkonungr m. war-king (i.e. dux rather than rex)fornkonungr m. ancient king, king of ancient times
• konungdómr m. kingdom, kingship; konungr m. king (of: among), … (indefinite, fár konungr = no king), … konungr Róms (i.e. Christ) … alls konungr (i.e. Christ); konungs spjalli i.e. earl (Hákon); konungr Hǫrða i.e. king of Norway, (Haraldr har›rá›i); outstanding one among, konungr jarla …
• skattkonungr m. tributary king
• sólkonungr m. king of the sun = Christ
• sækonungr m. sea-king (i.e. a king whose territory is the sea), leader of a band of Vikings
• þjóðkonungr m. national king, king of a nation, high king, sovereign; can also be intensive, 'mighty', as in þjóðá, þjóðskati …

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 135 and 136

• kóngr m. = konungr
• konungaævi n. plural, lives of kings
• konungr m. king, the king (subject of vill bjóða); dat. sg. konungi to the king
• konungsdóttir f. king's daughter, princess
• konungsgarðr m. king's premises, residence, palace
• konungsmenn m. plural, the king's men

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 350, entry 33

KONUNGR, m.; since the 14th century in a contracted form kóngr, and so in the poems and ballads of that time … [Anglo Saxon cynig; English 'king'; Old High German chuninc; German könig; Swedish kung and konung; Danish konge;] the word is properly a patronymic derivative from konr = a man of noble extraction … sæ-konungr, a sea king; her-konungr, a king of hosts, both used of the kings of old, whose sole kingdom was their camp or fleet, and who went out to conquer and pillage … Konungr konunga, King of kings, the Lord: also of an emperor, Nero k., king Nero, 26; Girkja-konungr, the king of the Greeks = the Emperor of Constantinople … Compounds:

• Konunga-bók, f. the Book of Kings, the history of the kings of Norway, also called Konunga-æfi, originally a work of Ari, and since applied to later recensions of the same work
• konunga-fundr, m. a meeting of kings
• Konunga-hella, u, f. name of a place
• konunga-hús, n. a king's house, palace
• konunga-kyn, n. royal kin, royalty
• konunga-móðir, f. mother of kings, a nickname
• konunga-skipti, n. change of kings, succession
• konunga-stefna, u, f. a congress of kings
• konunga-sætt, f. peace among kings
• Konunga-æfi, f. the Lives of Kings, the name of a historical work
• konungs-atsetr, n. a king's residence
• konungs-borg, f. a king's castle
• konungs-bréf, n. a king's writ, warrant
• konungs-bryggja, u, f. a king's bridge
• konungs-bú, n. a royal estate
• konungs-bær, m. a king's residence
• konungs-efni, n. a future king
• konungs-eiðr, m. a king's oath, coronation oath
• konungs-eign, f. a king's property
• konunga-eigur, f. plural, royal property
• konungs-eyrendi, n. a royal errand
• konungs-fundr, m. audience given by a king
• konungs-garðr, m. a king's palace, the king's treasury
• konungs-gata, u, f. the king's highway
• konungs-gipta, u, f. the king's good luck
• konungs-gjöf, f. a king's gift
• konungs-görsemi, f. a king's jewel, see görsemi
• konungs-heiti, n. a king's name
• konungs-herbergi, n. a king's cabinet
• konungs-hirð, f. a king's hirð (quod vide)
• konungs-hús, n. a king's house
• konungs-höfn, f. a king's haven
• konungs-höll, f. a king's hall, palace
• konungs-jörð, f. a king's estate
• konungs-kveðja, u, f. an address to a king
• konungs-lauss, adj. kingless
• konungs-leyfi, n. a king's leave
• konungs-lið, n. the king's troops
• konungs-lúðr, m. the king's trumpet
• konungs-lykill, m. a Norse law term, the king's key = an axe, which opens all doors and chests
• konungs-lægi, n. the king's berth
• konungs-maðr, m. a king's man
• konungs-mörk, f. a royal forest
• konungs-nafn, n. a king's title
• konungs-nautr, m. a king's gift
• konungs-níðingr, m. a traitor to the king
• konungs-orð, n. the king's command, order
• konungs-reiði, f. the king's anger
• konungs-réttr, m. the king's right
• konungs-ríki, n., modern kóngs-ríki, German königsreich, a kingdom
• konungs-setr, n. a royal residence
• konungs-skip, n. a king's ship
• konungs-skrúði, a, m. king's apparel
• konungs-smiðr, m. the king's smith
• konungs-sómi, a, m. royal dignity
• konungs-steði, a, m. the king's stithy i.e. the mint
• konungs-sveit, f. the king's retinue
• konungs-sverð, n. the king's sword i.e. the secular power
• konungs-sýsla, u, f. a royal office, district
• konungs-sæti, n. the king's seat, residence
• konungs-tekja, u, f. election of a king
• konungs-tign, f. royal dignity
• konungs-umboð, n. royal commission
• konungsumboðs-maðr, m. the king's commissary
• konungs-vald, n. royal authority
• konungs-vinr, m. a king's friend
• konungs-vígsla, u, f. a coronation
• konungs-þing, n. the king's assembly, = húsþing (quod vide)
• konungs-þræll, m. the king's thrall, a term of abuse
• konungs-æfi, f. a king's life or reign
• konung-ríki, n. a kingdom
• konung-sæll, adj. lucky as to kings, blessed with good kings
• konunga, að, to address as a king
• konung-borinn, participle, king-born
• konung-borligr, adj. of royal birth
• konung-djarfr, adj. speaking boldly to kings
• konung-dómr, m. a kingdom
• konung-lauss, adj. kingless, without a king
• konung-liga, adv. kingly, beseeming a king
• konung-ligr, adj. kingly, royal
• konung-maðr, m. a royal person, a king
• konung-menni, n. a kingly person

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at (page LX)

Conyngstrete 1413-22 Leon, now Coney Street; from OWScand konungr 'king'.

[113] ON Karl (personal name); ON karl, 'churl': Carless Cottages, Carlin Bank Wood.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Karl (Karleslund 13th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Karl (m. <5) and Karli (m. 3).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 113 and 128

• húskarl m. farmhand; servant, workman; in Norway, member of a king's or jarl's bodyguard or following
• karl m. (old) fellow, churl; man, male
• Karli m. slave
• karlkona f. masculine woman
• karlmaðr m. man; male
• karlmannligr adj. manly; karlmannligt mark a sign of manliness
• Karlsefni n. = Þorfinnr (m.) karlsefni Þórðarson; af Karlsefni of Karlsefni's troop. The name, originally a nickname, means 'the makings of a man', a promising lad
• Karlshafuð n. (Eiríksson), one of Óláfr Tryggvason's followers

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 331, entry 40

KARL, m. [a word common to all Teutonic languages, although not recorded in Úlfars-rímur; Anglo Saxon carl, ceorl; English 'carle, churl'; German kerl, etc.] a man, opposite to a woman … often in alliterative phrases, karla ok konur, konur ok karlar, etc

• karla-föt, n. plural, men's attire
• karla-siðr, m. habits of men
• karla-skáli, a, m. a room for men
• karla-vegr, m. the male side, side where the men sit, the right hand in a church, i.e. opposite to kvenna vegr
• karls-efni, n. a nickname, one who promises to be a doughty man
• karls-ungi, a, m. a nickname, Sturlunga Saga

[114] ON Kálfr (personal name); ON kálfr, 'calf': Calf Garth (Calfgarth) Wood, Calf Peak, Calfthwaite.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Kálfr (m. <5).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 127

kálfr m. calf; as nickname; Kálfr Brandsson m.; Kálfr illviti (the ill-willed) m. enemy of Björn Hítdœlakappi

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 334, entry 62

KÁLFR, m. [Anglo Saxon cealf; English calf] - a calf … II. metaphorically, of a small island near a large one, Manar-kálfr, the Calf of Man, at its southern extremity; kálfa-kjöt, n. 'calf-flesh', veal; kálfs-belgr, m. a calf's skin … III. metaphorically a calf, i. e. a silly person, dunce; þú ert mesti kálfr!

• kálf-bær, f. adj. a cow that will bear calves
• kálf-full, adj. with calf, of a cow
• kálf-skinn, n. a calf-skin

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 74

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE cealf / ON kalfr 'calf'

OE cealf, Anglian calf (compare the developments listed under OE/ON ceald/kaldr above) and Scandinavian kalfr are self-evidently indistinguishable. In both English and Scandinavian place-names, the term may be used metaphorically of the smaller of two features … and it is possible that this usage could be borrowed from Scandinavian.

However, it is difficult to ascertain the antiquity of this usage in English place-names as the early examples are from Lancashire and North Yorkshire and could be Scandinavian or Scandinavian-influenced usages. OED (sub verbo calf, n.1) derives this usage from ON kálfr noting the expression to be only known in English in the 'Calf of Man' … There are, however, modern examples from the South West including 'the Calf', the smaller of two offshore rocks and 'Calf Ridge' (and 'Cow Ridge'), smaller and larger ridges in Shropshire. As this specialised usage could plausibly have arisen independently in both English and Scandinavian, it is not considered grounds for ascribing a Scandinavian origin to such usages.

[115] ON kaldr, 'cold': Cawthorn, Coldgill Spring, Caltwayt.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 73

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE (West Saxon) ceald, (Anglian) cald / ON kaldr 'cold, exposed'

The Anglian and Scandinavian forms are self-evidently indistinguishable; the elements are thus indistinguishable in areas of Scandinavian settlement.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 329, entry 25

KALDR, adjective … comparative kaldari; superlative kaldastr; … Anglo Saxon ceald; English 'cold'; Dutch kolt; German kalt; Swedish kall; Danish kold; common to all Teutonic languages; compare Latin gelu, gelidus]: cold … 2. impersonal, einhverjum er kalt, one is cold … II. metaphorically cold, chilling, baneful, fatal, Latin dirus, infestus … so in the saying, köld eru opt kvenna-ráð, women's counsels are oft-times fatal … Compounds:

• köld rödd, an evil voice
• kalda-hlátr, m. sardonic laughter
• kalda-kol, n. pl. a law phrase, 'cold-ashes'
• göra kaldakol á jörðu, to make the hearth cold, to desert a farm, punishable on the part of a tenant
• kalda-ljós, n. cold light, ignis fatuus (?), a nickname
• kalt jarn, cold iron
• kalt veðr, cold weather
• kaldr nár, cold corpse
• köld kol, cold coals, ashes
• brenna at köldum kolum, to be burnt to cold ashes, utterly destroyed
• konungi görði kalt, the king began to get cold
• blása kaldan, to blow cold
• ís-kaldr, ice-cold
• hel-kaldr, death cold
• svið-kaldr, burning cold
• ú-kaldr, not cold
• hálf-kaldr, half cold
• sár-kaldr, sorely cold

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 127

kaldr adjective, cold; f. köld; n. kalt var it was cold; svá var honum kalt orðit he had become so cold

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 113 and 183

Chapter 2

Old West Scandinavian þveit in Middle English place-names

Caltwayt YKS 1227 Bracton. Not identifiable.

From OWScand kaldr 'cold'; compare the ONorw place-name Kaldaþveit, postulated by Rygh NG VI, for the present Kaltvet. Kaldr may here have had the same application as kalinn in precdeing name; noteworthy is, moreover, that ME cald, 'cold' was employed of soil in the sense of 'slow to absorb heat, from its impervious clayey nature and retentiveness of moisture' NED. - or perhaps from OWScand kál 'cabbage'; ME cale, compare Björkman (1902) page 106, and below Chapter 5.

Chapter 5

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'a'

Kalegarth [cultura] YKS QW; in Appletreewick. From OWScand kál-garðr 'a cabbage-garden', OSwed kalgarðer, ODan kalgarth; to this word goes back New English dialect, kalegarth, quoted by EDD from YKS and the northernmost comities. There are strong reasons in favour of the assumption that the ME northern cal, cale, kale 'cabbage', and its modern representative New English dialect kale, kail, depend on OScand kal; so may the isolated OE cal in Æfric's Gloss inasmuch as the current OE form was cawel, cawl (from Latin caulis; as for the further development see NED, and Björkman (1902). In the same direction points the evidence afforded by the distribution of N.E. kale in the English dialects, where, with one exception, it is not found outside Scandinavian England. - ME kale resp. OScand kal may further enter into … Caltwayt YKS, see above page 113.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 78

Middleton

2. CAWTHORN 22 D 12

• Caltorn(e), -torna DB, circa 1200 For
• Calthorn(e) 1175 P (p), circa 1190 Guis et passim to 1572 FF
• Kaldthorn 1202 FF
• Cawlthorne 1561 FF
• Cawthorne 1571 FF

'Cold thorn' vide cald, þorn. OE cald is coupled with a tree-name in Chold Ash (Devonshire). Cawthorne (Yorkshire West Riding), for which Moorman suggests OE calu, is probably identical with this name. OE calu 'bare' would however give ME Caluethorn from the dative calwe.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 329, entry 25

KALDR, adj., köld, kalt; compare kaldari; superlative kaldastr; [from kala … Gothic kalds; Anglo Saxon ceald; English 'cold'; Dutch kolt; German kalt; Swedish kall; Danish kold; common to all Teutonic languages; compare Latin gelu, gelidus] cold; kalt jarn, cold iron … brenna at köldum kolum, to be burnt to cold ashes, utterly destroyed … 2. impersonal, einhverjum er kalt, one is cold … konungi görði kalt, the king began to get cold … 3. acc., kaldan as adv.; blása kaldan, to blow cold … ís-kaldr, ice-cold; hel-kaldr, death cold; svið-kaldr, burning cold; ú-kaldr, not cold; hálf-kaldr, half cold; sár-kaldr, sorely cold.

II. metaphorical, cold, chilling, baneful, fatal, Latin dirus, infestus … köld öfund, envy … köld rödd, an evil voice … sometimes in translations in the metaphorical sense of cold; kalt hjarta … Compounds:

• kalda-hlátr, m. sardonic laughter … see hlátr
• kalda-kol, n. plural, a law phrase, 'cold-ashes'
• göra kaldakol á jörðu, to make the hearth cold, to desert a farm, punishable on the part of a tenant
• kalda-ljós, n. cold light, ignis fatuus (?), a nickname
• kalda, að, to become cold
• kalda, u, f. a fever with cold fits, an ague: also köldu-sótt
• kald-brjóstaðr, part. malignant, cunning
• kald-hamra, að, to hammer (iron) cold
• kaldi, a, m. a cold, chilly breeze
• kald-liga, adv. coldly
• kald-ligr, adj. cold
• kald-munnr, m. cold-mouth, a nickname
• kald-nefr, m. 'cold-neb', poetical, an anchor fluke
• kald-ráðr, adj. cunning
• kald-rifjaðr, part. 'cold-ribbed', scheming, cunning
• kald-skúfaðr, part. 'cold-curled', covered with icicles
• kald-yrði, n. 'cold-words', sarcasm

[116] ON borg, 'town (properly an enclosure) and castle, fortress': Low and High Burrows, Borrowby, Thornbrough, Yorburgh.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 28 and 29

• borg f. fortification, fortress, castle … borgarveggr m. wall of fortification; city wall
• Borg, 'a small dome-shaped hill, a town'

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 63, 180, 342, 426, 427, 441 and 468

borg, (-ar, ir), feminine (1) a small dome-shaped hill; (2) stronghold, fortification, castle; (3) fortified town, city.

borgari, male, inhabitant of a borg, burgher.

hafn-borg, feminine, sea borough, sea port.

Róma-borg, feminine, the city of Rome; Róma-ríki, noun, the Roman empire; Róma-vegr, masculine, the road leading to Rome.

sæ-borg, feminine, sea-side town.

sævar-borg, feminine, a castle on the sea.

tré-borg feminine, wooden fort.

vald-borg, feminine, stronghold.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 73, entry 14

BORG, ar, f., plural, ir, [Anglo Saxon burg, burh, byrig; English 'borough and burgh'] … the radical sense appears in byrgja, to enclose; compare also berg, a hill, and bjarga, to save, defend. Borg thus partly answers to town (properly an enclosure); and also includes the notion of a castle. Old towns were usually built around a hill, which was specially a burg; the name is very frequent in old Teutonic names of towns. I. a small dome-shaped hill, hence the Icelandic names of farms built near to such hills … Borgar-holt, -hraun, -dalr, -höfn, -fjörðr, -lækr, -sandr; Arnarbælis-borg, Eld-borg (above) in the west of Iceland. It may be questioned, whether those names are derived simply from the hill on which they stand (berg, bjarg), or whether such hills took their name from old fortifications built upon them: the latter is more likely, but no information is on record, and at present 'borg' only conveys the notion of a 'hill'; … II. a wall, fortification, castle; … III. a city, especially a great one, as London, York, Dublin, Constantinople … This sense of the word, however, is borrowed from the South-Teutonic or English. In Scandinavian unfortified towns have -bæ or -by as a suffix; and the termination -by marks towns founded by the Danes in Northern England. Compounds:

• borgar-armr, m. the arm, wing of a fort
• borgar-greifi, a, m. a borough-reeve, bur-grave (English)
• borgar-görð, f. the building of a fort
• borgar-hlið, n. the gate of a fort
• borgar-hreysi, n. the ruins of a fort
• borgar-klettr, m. a rock on which a fort is built
• borgar-kona, u, f. a townswoman
• borgar-lið, n. a garrison
• borgar-lím, n. lime for building a fort
• borgar-lýðr, m. townsfolk
• borgar-maðr, m. a townsman, citizen
• borgar-múgr, m. the mob of a city
• borgar-múrr, m. a city-wall
• borgar-siðr, m. city-manners, urbanity
• borgar-smíð, f. the building of a town (fort)
• borgar-staðr, m. the site of a town
• borgar-veggr, m. the wall of a fort (town)
• Borgar-þing, n. the fourth political subdivision (þing) of Norway, founded by St. Olave
• borga-skipan, f. a (geographical) list of cities
• borgari, a, m. a citizen
• borgara-réttr, m. civic rights
• borg-firzkr, adj. one from the district Borgarfjörðr
• borg-hlið, f. = borgarhlið
• borgin-móði, a, m., poetical name of the raven, bold of mood

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 136

Lythe

2. BORROWBY 16 D 7

• Bergebi, Bergesbi DB
• Berg(h)by 1279 YI, 1327 Banco
• Berygby LS
• Barube 1483 Sanct
• Boruby, Borabye 1415 YI, 1513 FF

'Hill farm' from berg, by. Borrowby is on a hill. Compare Borrowby (Allert) 205 infra and Norwegian Berby (ONorw i Bær-ghabø, Rygh NG i. 97), and Swedish Bergby (OSwed Bærghby, Hellquist, Svenska ON på -by, 5).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 200

South Kilvington

2. THORNBROUGH 22 E 2

• Thorn(e)bergh, -berge 1185-95 ADD 19922

'Thorn Hill' vide þorn, berg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 205

Leake

1. BORROWBY 22 D 1

• Ber(g)(h)ebi, -by DB et freq to 1333 Riev

With the same run of forms and interpretation as Borrowby (Langbaurgh East) 136 supra.

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Roman Camp at [NZ 81450 04150] between Low and High Burrows	Yorburgh [SD 88693 88111]. A 'shake hole' (sink hole) is a depression in the limestone landscape, some of which have a 6-10 feet covering of boulder clay.
Bracchium Roman Camp at [SD 93734 90149] Brough Hill

[117] ON Brattr (personal name); brattr, 'brant', 'steep, of hills': Bradly Hill, Bradly Wood.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Brattr (m. 1).

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at page 351

Place Names

Our dialect, though not our place-names, gives also "brant" for brattr; on the other hand old place-names have "breck" and "brick" for brekka (not "brink"), and "back" seems to stand for bakka, instead of "bank", e.g. Sunbrick and Backbarrow. Whether it is possible that Thorgisl's companions said brantr, or whether our word regained its n under English influence. which certainly modified the settlers' Norse into the Dalesmen's dialect - this must be left for the judgment of scholars.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 29

brattr (f. brött) adj. steep …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 76, entry 25

BRATTR, adj. [Anglo Saxon brant, bront; Northern English 'brant' and 'brent'] steep, of hills, etc.; brött brekka, a 'brent' hill; bárur, high waves; metaphorical, bera bratt halann, metaphor from cattle, to carry the tail high (in mod. usage vera brattr), opposite to lægja halann, to droop the tail …

bratt-steinn, m. a stone column

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Editor's note: Brent Hill [SX 70122 61583] is the site of an Iron Age hill fort situated close to South Brent in Devon, England. The fort occupies the top of Brent Hill at approx 311 metres above sea level.

[118] ON Breiðr (personal name); ON breiðr, 'broad': Hillbraith (lost), Breaday Gill, Breaday Heights, Broad Ings, Brawith.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Breiðr (Hillbraith)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Breiðr (m. 1).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 30

breiðr (n. breitt) adj. broad (see also breiða); with genitive, of the amount of breadth; wide; comparative breiðara broader; comparative noun as adverb breiðara with larger bites

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 78, entry 15

BREIÐR, adjective, neuter breitt, [Anglo Saxon brâd; English 'broad'] broad … á breiðan, adverb, in breadth … neuter, as adverb, standa breitt, to spread over a wide space …

• breidd, f. breadth
• breið-dælskr, adj. from Broaddale in Iceland
• Breið-firðingr, m. a man from Broadfirth in Iceland
• breið-firzkr, adj. belonging to, a native of Broadfirth
• breiðka, að, to grow broad
• breið-leiki (-leikr), a, m. breadth
• breið-leitr, adj. broad of face
• breið-vaxinn, part. broad-framed, stout
• breið-öx, f. [Anglo Saxon brâd æx], a broad axe

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 158

Ormesby

HILLBRAITH (lost)

• Hillebrait 12 Guis
• Hille-, Illebrayth 13 Guis

This name seems to be one of the 'inversion compounds' dealt with in the Introduction (xxvii - see below). Hillbraith is 'Breith's hill or pool' from the ON personal name Breiðr (LindN) and either OE, ON hyll 'hill' or ON hylr 'pool'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 175

Rudby

BRAWORTH

• Breydewad 1240-50 Bodl a. i. 88
• Brathwaith 1285 KI
• Brathewheyt 1327 Ipm
• Braythwayth 1299 KI
• Braithewath 1300 YI
• Braythwat 1350 CI

'Broad ford' vide breiðr, vað. Braworth lies near a ford across the Leven. The various forms waith, wheyt are due to confusion with þveit as in Flawith 21 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 206

Leake

BRAWITH

• Brai-, Braythwath 1231 Ass; 1301 LS

'Broad ford' vide breiðr, vað

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Introduction at page xxvii

In Langbaurgh East and Langbaurgh West, where Danish influence was not extensive, there are indications of a thorough settlement by Norwegians, especially round Guisborough and the district to the west. Norwegian influence is evident in such names as Scalebec in Liverton, Burnolfscales in Guisborough, Raufscales in Kildale, Scalestedes in Tocketts, Stainschale in Upleatham, Scale Foot and Scaling (all containing skáli), Endebrec in Guisborough, Bakestanbrec in Tocketts and Likkebreke in Coatham (containing brekka); Coldman Hargos (erg) and Commondale contain the Irish personal name Colmán. Patricius (Old Irish Patric) and Magbanet are the names of early tenants, and crosses at Easington and Skelton exhibit Irish forms of decoration. A little to the west occur Normanby, Airy Holme, Lackenby, and Hillbraith, whilst Dunlangabrotes in Great Broughton contains the Old Irish personal name Dunlang, and Colman is the name of an early tenant. The series is continued further west in the northern parts of Allertonshire and Birdforth, by Fowgill, Blow Gill, Irby and Irton. Sawcock is an Irish-Norwegian inversion compound (v. supra xxii, n. 1), and Birkby probably refers to a village of Britons or Brito-Scandinavians who had joined the Norwegians as they were passing through Cumberland. Melmidoc, Gilemicel, Dughel, and Malgrin are Irish names borne by local landholders in 1066. Irish forms of carving are found on crosses at Birkby, Northallerton, Brompton, and Osmotherley all in the north of Allertonshire, and at Crathorne and Kirk Leavington in the adjacent part of Langbaurgh West.

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Editor's note: for place-name 'Breaday Gill' the first element is ON personal name Breiðr which, together with ON suffix gil 'ravine', gives 'Breith's ravine'. For place-name 'Broad Ings' the first element would be ON breiðr, 'broad', which, together with the ON suffix ings, 'water meadow, pasture' gives 'broad pasture' - see also [46].

[119] ON botn, 'head, upper end': Hawsker Bottoms, Thirlsey Bottoms, Gunnerside Bottoms, Bottoms Head, Barthorpe Bottoms.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 29

botn m. head, upper end (of a fjord)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 249 and 298

botn m. bottom, base; élkers botn the earth; end (of a bay), við hafs botni, on the inside of a bay; in kenning for shield, randar botn

haf n. sea; við hafs botni, in or round a bay

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 73, entry 24

BOTN, m. [Anglo Saxon botm; English 'bottom'; German boden; Swedish batten; Danish bund] the bottom; of a vessel, tunnu-botn, … marar-botn, the bottom of the sea. … the head of a bay, firth, lake, dale, or the like; fjarðar-botn, vatns-botn, vágs-botn, dals-botn: … Hafs-botnar, Trolla-botnar, the Polar Sea between Greenland and Norway; the ancients fancied that these bays were the abode of the giants.

botn-hola, u, f. a pit; in the phrase, at vera kominn í botnholu, to have got into a hole, i. e. into a scrape, metaphor from fox-hunting …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

HAWSKER BOTTOMS

• Bothem circa 1230-40 Whitby
• Bothome 1396 ibidem

vide OE botm, ON botn.

[120] ON bein, 'leg, bone'; ON beinn, 'straight': Bainley Bank, Bainley Gate, Bownhill Wood.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 241

bein n. bone, lower leg, shank

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 21 and 146

bein n. 1. leg; 2. bone; beinahrúga f. pile of bones

hvar beina okkarra er at leita, where our bones are to be sought (for burial)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 55, entry 21

BEIN, n. [… Anglo Saxon ban; English 'bone'; German bein; Swedish-Danish ben (been). … a bone. I. specially the leg from the knee to the foot; frequent in Swedish and Danish, but very rare and nearly obsolete in Iceland, where leggr is the common word; … stór bein í andliti, with a strongly-marked, high-boned face … viðbeina, a collar-bone; … metaphorically in phrases, lata ganga með beini, to deal blows to the very marrow, deal severely … hafa bein í hendi (the Danes say, have been i nœsen), to have a boned hand, i. e. strength and power, … 2. plural, relics, remains (ashes); the phrase, bera bein, to repose, rest, be buried; … Compounds:

• beina-vatn, n. water in which relics have been washed
• beina-griud, f. a skeleton
• bein-áta, u, f. necrosis
• bein-brot, fractura ossium
• bein-kröm, f. rachitis
• bein-kveisa, u, f. osteocopus

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 56, entry 7

BEINN, adjective, comparative beinni, superlative beinstr or beinastr … opposite to wry or curved, in a straight line; beinn rás, a straight course; beinstr vegr, the straightest, shortest way; svá beint, straight on; mi beint, just now … 2. metaphorical, hospitable; … also as epithet of the inn or house, þar er svá beint (such hospitality) … in compdounds, berbeinn, bare-legged, … harðbeinn, hard-legged; mjóbeinn, tape-legged, a nickname; Kolbeinn, proper name, black-legged; hvítbeinn, white-legged, proper name, etc.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 235, entry 12

HALLR, m. a slope, hill; … II. a big stone, boulder … frequent in proper names, of men, Hallr, Hall-björn, Hall-dórr (quasi Hall-þórr), Hall-freðr, Hall-gils, Hall-geirr, Hall-grímr, Hall-kell, Hall-mundr, Hall-ormr, Hall-steinn, Hall-varðr, Hall-aðr; of women, Halla, Hall-dóra, Hall-dís, Hall-fríðr, Hall-gerðr, Hall-gríma, Hall-katla, Hall-veig, Hall-vör: suffixed in Þór-hallr and Þór-halla; in local names, Hall-land, a county in Sweden; Hall-lendingar, Hallanders, … III. metaphorically, a stain, colour, metonomically from steinn …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 261, entry 22

Hillar, feminine plural, a Norse local name, akin to hilla and hjalli.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 265, entry 21

HJALLI, a, masculine [akin to hilla, English 'shelf'; compare also English 'hill'] a shelf or ledge in a mountain's side … very frequent: as also in local names, Deildar-hjalli; Víðir-hjalli, þver-hjalli, Litli-hjalli, Langi-hjalli. II. a local name …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 280, entry 39

HÓLL, m. contracted for hváll (quod vide), and the usual form in old MSS.: a hill, hillock … (see dalr) … : the phrases, dal og hól, dale and hill; hólar og hæðir; álf-hóll, an elf-hill, fairy mount; orrostu-hóll, víg-hóll, a battle-hill; sjávar-hólar, sand-hills (dunes or denes) on the shore; grjót-hóll, a stone heap, passim: frequently in local names, Hóll and Hólar; Hóla-biskup, Hóla-staðr, etc., the bishop, see of Holar; Reykja-hólar, Staðar-hóll … The older form remains in a few instances, see that word.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Beinir (m. 2), Hallr (m. 17), Hallgerðr (m. 6) and Kolbeinn (m. 9).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 133

Danby

BAINLEY BANK

• Bainwith(e)lith circa 1200, 1223 Guis

'Holly bank' from ON bein-viðr 'the common holly' and hlíð. Compare Lindkvist 1912 at page 24, note 1).

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Editor's note: the following are 'Holly bank' forms derived from ON bein-viðr and hlíð:

• Bainley Bank [NZ 73812 04455]
• Bainley Bank Farm [NZ 73404 04802]
• Bainley Cottage [NZ 73885 04263]
• Bainley Farm [NZ 73632 05045]
• Bainley Gate [NZ 73979 04535]

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 24

Bainwitlith YKS 12th or early 13th century, Bainwithlithe 1223 Guis; now Beanley Bank (near Danby). First member is OWScand bein-viðr the Common Holly, Ilex Aquifolium. The former part of this word is OWScand bein "bone'. NorwDial beinvid; compare OSwed benwidh … SweDial benved, used of several species of bushes … Second member OWScand hlíð 'slope, mountain-side'. To the Rev. G. Bird, of Danby Grosmont, I am indebted in no small degree for some valuable information about the natural features of the place in question, of which he writes inter alia: "The holly is very common in this locality. There is a wood composed almost entirely of hollies. There is a farm called Holly Lodge and another Hollin Top. Consequently I should say you are correct in your supposition".

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 116

Fylingdales

BOWNHILL

• Bownehalle 1236 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Bownelle 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Buna's hall' from the OE personal name Buna and h(e)all.

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Editor's note: the derivation of this place-name is more likely to be one of the following:

1. ON personal name Bown and ON höll / hall giving 'Bown's Hall', surrounded as it is by a preponderance of ON place-names including the parish and wapentake in which it is located;
2. Bownhill Wood (Fylingdales). From the shape of the wood, the derivation of the first element of this place-name is likely to be ON beinn, 'in a straight line or course' with the second element possibly derived from ON hóll, 'hill' or ON hallr 'a slope, hill'. The surname 'Bown' is related to ON beinn and is believed to have come from 'De Bohun' from the La Manche region of Normandy, brought to England in 1066 by William the Bastard, the great-great-great-grandson of Rollo, a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy. A Humphrey De Bohun was recorded as owning land in the Norfolk section of the Domesday Book. Over the years De Bohun became Boun, and then Bown or Boon.

[121] ON hús, 'house': Southwaite House, Summer Field House, Toft House, White House, Whitfield House.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 10

H&S, n. [… in all other Teutonic languages, old and new, hús is the general word; Anglo Saxon, Old High German, Danish, and Swedish, hús; English 'house'; German haus; Dutch huys] a house; … af hverju húsi, from every house, … bæn-hús, a prayer-house, chapel; söng-hús, a choir; … 2. a house, family, rare in old writers; sonr húss, the son of the house, … frequent in ecclesiastical writers, … 4: a religious house, monastic order; af Prédikara húsi, from the house of the Preaching Friars, the Dominican order, … 3. a case = húsi (q.v.), … II. in plural = bær, the group of buildings of which a house consists, built in a row, the front (hús-bust) facing the sea, or a river if in a dale, or looking south; the back (húsa-bak) turned to the mountain; the pavement along the front is in Icelandic called stétt, the open place in front hlað, q.v.; the buildings are parted by a lane (sund, bæjar-sund); the whole surrounded by a wall, called húsa-garðr; a lane, called geilar or tröð, leads up to the houses and house-yard, … distinction is made between bæjar-hús or heima-hús, the 'home-houses,' homesteads, or úti-hús, the out-houses, and fjár-hús, sheep-houses, which are at a distance from the homesteads; geymslu-hús, store-houses. That this was the same in olden times is borne out by the frequent use of the plural, even when referring to a single house … taka hús (plural) á einhverjum, to take a person by surprise in his houses … II. in local names, Húsa-fell, Húsa-garðr, Húsa-vaðill, Húsa-vík, Hús-víkingr, Hús-fellingr, m. a man from H. … Compounds:

• húsa-bak, n. the back of the houses
• húsa-bær, m. buildings, farms
• húsa-garðr, m. = húsabær, the yard-wall
• húsa-gras, n. herbs growing on a house roof, such as house-leek
• húsa-hagi, a, m. home pasture
• húsa-kostr, m. lodgings, a means of dwelling
• húsa-kot, n. a cottage
• húsa-kynni, n. a dwelling
• húsa-leiga, u, f. house rent
• húsa-mót, n. plural the joining of buildings
• húsa-skildagi, a, m. a contract for the tenure of a house
• húsa-skipan, f. the order, arrangement of buildings
• húsa-skipti, n. a sharing of houses
• húsa-skjól, n. house shelter
• húsa-skygni, n. a 'house-shed', shelter
• húsa-smiðr, m. a house-wright
• húsa-smíð, f. house-building
• húsa-snotra, u, f. a 'house-neat', house-cleaner; the exact meaning of this word is dubious; Finn Magnusson suggested a broom
• húsa-staðr, m. a house-stead, the site of a building
• húsa-timbr, n. house timber
• húsa-torf, n. house turf for walls and roof
• húsa-tópt, f. house walls, without the roof
• húsa-umbót, f. house repairs
• húsa-viðr, m. house timber
• húsa-vist, f. abiding, an abode

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 92

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hūs / ON hús 'house'

Self-evidently indistinguishable. NB: It has been suggested that the simplex dative plural form húsum is typically Scandinavian due to its frequent occurrence in Scandinavia (Ekwall 1960: sub verbo hūs; Fellows-Jensen 1978:149; cf. PNL ii:76); however, none of the occurrences in the corpora considered here is in a simplex name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 78

Middleton

BECKHOUSE

• (le) Bekhus early 13th century Malton 98, 1260 ib. 3

Self-explanatory.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Skelton

2. GREAT (LITTLE) MOORSHOLM 16 E 5

• Morehusum 1086 DB
• Mores(h)um 12^th (Guisborough Cartulary), 1328 (De Banco Rolls)
• (Magna, parva) Morsum 13^th, 1222-40 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1257, 1292 (Calendar of Charter Rolls), 1273 (Yorkshire Inquisitions), (petit) 1404 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• (Parva, Little, Great) Morsom 1285 (Kirkby's Inquest), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy), 1348 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines), 1404 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Muressom 1412 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Moresham 1610 (Speed's Map of Yorkshire)

'(At) the houses on the mor'. vide hus.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 112 and 113

hús n. building; house, home, farmstead

• húsbak n. back of the building
• húsfreyja f. mistress of the house, housekeeper
• húsganga f. (people going on a) visit
• húskarl m. farmhand; servant, workman; in Norway, member of a king's or jarl's bodyguard or following

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 286, 323, 408 and 481

• geitahús n. goat-house, goat-shed
• hús n. house; building; plural, buildings, premises, dwelling
• húskarl m. housecarl, member of the king's (or earl's) bodyguard or following
• sveykr a. insecure, tottering (with hús)
• Húsdrápa f. a poem by Úlfr Uggason composed circa 985

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 112

Hustwait YKS 1166-67 P, 1336 Rot. Orig.; Hustwayth 1231 Gray's Reg. (compare ibid. p. 78 n.); Husweit 1285, Hustthweyt 1287 CI; Hustwayt 1254 YI, 1280 Wickwane's Reg., 1399 Pat; Husththayt 1283 Wickwane's Reg., Tax, 1393 f. Cal. Inq.; Huscthwayt Vill; Husthweyt 1327 PatR; now Husthwaite. … OScand, OE hūs 'house'; compare Norw Hustveit (Rygh NG V), properly, 'a þveit with houses built on it.'

[122] ON hóll, hváll, 'hill': Partridge Hill, Susanna Hill, Thorndale Hill, Upgarth Hill, Sand Hill (Commondale) - See also [307]

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 107 and 108

hóll m. hill, Hóll m. farm in Saurbœr, western Iceland, Hólsmenn m. plural, the people of Hóll

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 316 and 323

hóll m. a small hill, knoll

hvaacute;ll m. small hill, knoll

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 280, entry 39

HÓLL, m. contracted for hváll (quod vide), and the usual form in old manuscripts: a hill, hillock … (see dalr) … the phrases, dal og hól, dale and hill; hólar og hæðir; álf-hóll, an elf-hill, fairy mount; orrostu-hóll, víg-hóll, a battle-hill; sjávar-hólar, sand-hills (dunes or denes) on the shore; grjót-hóll, a stone heap, passim: frequent in local names, Hóll and Hólar; Hóla-biskup, Hóla-staðr, etc., the bishop, see of Holar … The older form remains in a few instances, see that word (below).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 298, entry 7

HVÁLL, m., modern hvoll, [akin to … hvel, hválf, properly denoting what is convex …] a hill; not much used, hóll (quod vide) being the common word; but it is still used of a 'dome-shaped' hill; and in local names of farms lying under such hills, as Hváll in Saurbær in the west, Berg-þórs-hváll and Stórólfs-hváll in the south, Beigaðar-hváll in the north … Kálfs-hváll in the east … Hváls-maðr, m. a man from Hváll …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, xx Wapentake at page 82

Pickering

HAWTHORN HILL

• Howghton Hill 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

vide hyll. Hawthorn is a corruption of the common Hutton or Hoton 'farm on the hoh or hill'.

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Sand Hill round cairn, 90m south of Coldman Hargos boundary stone.

• Heritage Category: Scheduled Monument
• List Entry Number: 1020038
• County: North Yorkshire
• District: Scarborough (District Authority)
• Parish: Commondale
• National Park: North York Moors
• National Grid Reference: NZ 66854 10754

[NZ 66852 10756]

The monument includes the buried and earthwork remains of a prehistoric burial mound, located on the line of the old Commondale-Danby parish boundary, 600m north east of the centre of Commondale. Sand Hill round cairn survives as a 16m diameter stone and sandy earth mound up to 0.7m high. On its western flank there are two exposed kerb stones, and there is evidence for further concealed kerb stones around the rest of the circuit. At the centre of the cairn there is a 0.3m by 0.2m standing stone rising 0.8m above the top of the mound. This was formerly used as a parish boundary stone. The monument is sited on a level area of ground some 200m to the north and west of the top of the scarp above the River Esk. Excavations of other barrows has shown that even where no encircling depression is discernible on the modern ground surface, ditches immediately around the outside of cairns frequently survive as infilled features, containing additional archaeological deposits.

[123] ON holr 'hollow, cupped'; ON hol 'a hollow, hole, cavity' and ON hola 'a hole': Biggersdale Hole, Boggle Hole, Crag Hole, Howl Beck, Howl Knoll.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 107

holr adjective, hollow, cupped

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hol / ON hol 'a hole'

Self-evidently indistinguishable; as a specific, hard to distinguish from OE/ON hol/holr.

OE hol / ON holr 'hollow'.

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 315 and 316

hol n. cavity, hole

holr a. hollow; of a ring (i.e. with a hole in the centre rather than made of a hollow tube)

hollr a. well-disposed, kind, devoted (einhverjum to someone); loyal (einhverjum to someone) (complement of viðr, 'makes his men loyal to him'; vera einhverjum hollr, stand by someone

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 278, entry 9

HOL, n. [Anglo Saxon hol; English 'hole, hollow'; Danish hule; Swedish håla;] a hollow, cavity … but especially a cavity of the body … á hol, (piercing) to the inwards … a hole, = hola …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 278, entry 10

hola, u, f. a hole, botn-hola, quod vide; jarð-hola, an earth-hole … hola, að, to make hollow …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 278, entry 43

HOLR, adjective [Anglo Saxon hol; Old High German holi; English 'hollow'; Danish huul; Swedish hol;] hollow … holr innan, hollow within … klappa eigi holan baug um eitthvat, not to hammer a hollow ring, i.e. to be quite in earnest …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 50

Hovingham

HOWTHORPE

• Holtorp DB, 1167 P; 13 YD; 1244 Ass
• Holetorp' 1166, 1167 P (p)
• Holthorp(e) 13 RegAlb ii 47 d et passim to 1399 YI

'Village in the hollow' vide hol, þorp. Howthorpe is in a slight depression on rather high ground.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 56

Ampleforth

HOLBECK, HOLE BECK, a stream

• Holebec(k) 1154-63, circa 1170 Riev
• Holbek 1418 YI

'Stream in the hollow' vide hol, bekkr. Compare also the name of a lost road in Gilling near this stream called Holegate circa 1170 Riev

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 69

Helmsley

HOWL BECK (6")

• Holbek 14 Kirkham 53

vide hol, bekkr and Holbeck 56 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 85

Pickering

HOWLGATE (6")

• Holgate 1335 ForP 235

'Road through the hollow' vide hol, gata.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 113

Hackness

HOLL GATE (6")

• Holgate 1268 Whitby

vide hol, gata and compare Howlgate 85 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 151

Guisborough

HOWL BECK

• Holebec 1119, 1129 Guis et passim
• Hollebek 1239 Guis

vide Howl Beck 69 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 220

Kirklington

HOWGRAVE 21 G 11

• Hograve DB, 1088 LVD 50 d
• Hogram, Hogrem DB
• Holgrave 1128-35 YCh 944; 1170-5 Dods cxiii, 184, 1198 Fount
• Hougrave 1184 RichReg 84 d; 1208-10 Fees; KI; 1332, 1362 FF
• Howegrave 1403 YI; 1536 YChant

'Grove in the hollow'vide hol, graf

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 238

Bedale

HOL BECK (6")

• Hol(e)bec circa 1150 Dugd v 572

Compare Howl Beck 69 supra

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 265

Aysgarth

HOWGILL

• Hol(e)gil 1218 FF; 1338 Pat
• Howgill 1607 NR

'Hollow ravine' vide hol, gil

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 291

Kirby Ravensworth

HALLGATE (6"0 and HOLLGATE

• Hallegate 1280 YI
• Holgate 1283 Rich 32

'Road to the hall' and 'in the hollow' vide heall, holl, gata

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 307

Romaldkirk

HOLWICK 13 A 12

• Holewik, -wyk 1251 Ch, 1279-81 QW
• Holwick Saxton

'Ravine in the hollow' vide hol, vik

[124] ON hólmr, 'islet': Ash Holm, Brigholme, Darnholme, Fylingholm.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 107

• hólmi m. islet, small island
• hólmr m. = hólmi; acc. sg. with suffixed def. art. hólmenn
• Hólmr m. Björn Hítdœlakappi's farm in Hítardalr, western Iceland

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

KELDHOLME

• Keld(e)holm 1170-86 Dodsworth vii 157; 1201 ChR et passim

'Water-meadow near the spring' vide kelda, holmr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 151

Guisborough

HOLMES BRIDGE (6")

• Holmes circa 1175 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide holmr, brycg.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 316

• hólmfjǫturr m. 'island-fetter', that which surrounds islands, sea (subj. of skýtr); the Midgard serpent, in kenning for gold … hólmfjǫtursleiðar bǫr = tree of sea's path, seafarer
• hólmganga f. duel
• hólmr m. island (í hólmi i.e. on Háey; (site for a) duel; h. inn gráni = Holmengrå, an island off Norway (in Oslofjord) … á randar hólmi on the shield-island (the shield on which Hrungnir stood) v69/4 (randar h. could be a kenning for shield, but it is still more likely to refer to Hrungnir's shield than to the shield on which the story was depicted)
• hólmrǫnd f. island-circle, -rim, that which encircles islands, the sea (subj. of skotar
• hólmstefna f. appointment for a duel, meeting for a duel

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 280, entry 41

HÓLMR, properly holmr, also hólmi, a, m. [Anglo Saxon holm; Northern English holm and houm] a holm, islet, especially in a bay, creek, lake, or river; even meadows on the shore with ditches behind them are in Iceland called holms, Haustl … II. frequently in local names, Borgundar-hólmr, Hólmr, Hólmar, Hólm-garðr, the county of Russia bordering on the lakes Ladoga, etc.: Hólm-rygir, m. plural a people in western Norway: proper names of men, Hólm-kell, Hólm-fastr, Hólm-steinn; of women, Hólm-fríðr, etc., … In poetry the sea is called hólm-fjöturr, m. 'holm-fetter', and the rocks hólm-leggr, m. the leg of the holm, i. e. rocks … the sea is hólm-negldr, participle, studded with holms. Compounds:

• Hólm-búar, m. plural the men from Bornholm
• Hólm-dælir, m. plural the men from Holm
• hólm-færr, adj. able to fight in a duel
• hólm-ganga, quod vide hólm-hringr, m. the circle marked for a duel
• hólm-lausn, f. releasing oneself by paying the ransom after a duel
• hólm-staðr, m. = hólmgöngustaðr
• hólm-stefna, u, f. a meeting (duel) on a holm
• falla á hólmi, to fall in a duel
• skora einhverjum á hólm, to challenge one
• ganga á hólm, to fight a wager of battle
• leysa sik af hólmi, to release oneself off the holm, viz. the vanquished party had to pay the ransom stipulated in the hólmgöngu-lög

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Moorsholm

The village lies 5 miles from Saltburn-by-the-Sea between the North York Moors and the North Sea. Because of its proximity to the North Sea coast the area was vulnerable, historically, to attack by invaders from Scandinavia. The name of Moorsholm is of Viking origin with the suffix holm, which meant a settlement, being affixed to the location of the village by the moors: so meaning 'settlement by the moors'. The village used to be called Great Moorsholm to distinguish it from a farm called Little Moorsholm [NZ 68564 16169] which is the other side of the Hagg Beck Valley [NZ 69853 16525] to the north. 'Little Moorsholm' is a title now more commonly applied to a more modern housing estate between that farm and Lingdale. The settlement was mentioned in the Domesday book as Morehusum, belonging to the Earl of Morton and later Clan Bruce, ancestor to the kings of Scotland, and from them descended to the Thwengs, Lumleys, and others. It was a planned mediaeval village built along a main street with crofts and their associated tofts on each side. The church of St Mary, Moorsholm, was built in 1892 and is of stone in 12th century style. It consists of chancel, nave and west tower.

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Editor's note: the meaning of both ON holmr and OE holm is 'islet', which topographical element does not properly describe Moorsholm, the preferred derivation of which is 'at the houses on the moor' vide hús and mór (see A. H. Smith at page 144 and [121]).

[125] ON Gunnarr, Gunnvǫr (personal names): Gunnergate, Gunnerside.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gunnarr, Gunnvǫr (Gunnergate Lane, Gunnerside)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Gunnarr (m. 11).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 88

• Gunnarr m. 10th-century Icelander
• Gunnarr m. brother of Grímhildr; son of Gjúki
• Gunarr Hámundarson m. at Hlíðarendi
• Gunnarr Lambason m.
• Gunnarr Úlþjótsson m. 10th-century Icelander
• Gunnarr enn spaki (þorgrímsson) m. lawspeaker 1063-65 and 1075
• gunnr f. battle; accusative gunni, dative gunni
• Gunnr f. a name for a valkyrie; in kennings for woman (= Steingerðr;)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 164

Newton

GUNNERGATE

• Gunregate 1135 Whitby

'Gunnar's road' vide gata. The usual genitive of the ON personal name Gunnarr is Gunnars, but a form Gunnar is also found LindN. Dr Lindkvist suggests ON Gunnvǫr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 271

Grinton

GUNNERSIDE

• Gunnersete LS
• Gonersete R 2 RichReg 89 d
• Gonnerside 1665 Grinton

'Gunnar's pasture' vide sætr. The first element is ON Gunnarr.

[126] ON hof, 'temple'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 107

hof n. (heathen) temple

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 277, entry 56

HOF, n. [in Anglo Saxon and Old High German hof means 'a hall' … (whence modern German hof = a farm, answering to Icelandic bær or Norse ból,) and specially the court or king's household, (in the old Scandinavian languages this sense is unknown); … in Danish local names -vé prevails, but in Norse and Icelandic hof still survives in many local names, Hof, Hof-garðr, Hof-staðir, Hofs-fell, Hofs-teigr, Hofs-vágr, Landnámabók, Munch's Beskrivelse Norge; and as the temple formed the nucleus of the old political life (see goði and goðorð), all these names throw light on the old political geography; compare Hofland near Appleby in England] a temple; distinction is made between hof, a temple (a sanctuary with a roof), and hörgr, an altar, holy circle, or any roofless place of worship: passages referring to hof and worship are very numerous … poetical, orð-hof, the word's sanctuary = the mouth 2. a hall (as in German and Saxon), compounds:

• hofs-dyrr, n. pl. temple-doors
• hofs-eiðr, m. a temple-oath
• hofs-hurð, f. a temple-door
• hofs-höfðingi, a, m. a temple-lord
• hofs-mold, f. temple-earth, holy mould
• hofs-teigr, m. a strip of temple-land, glebe
• hof-garðr, m. a temple-yard, a local name
• hof-goði, a, m. a temple-priest
• hof-grið, n. plural asylum in a sanctuary
• hof-gyðja, u, f. a priestess
• hof-helgi, f. a temple-holiday, feast
• hof-prestr, m. a temple-priest
• hof-staðr, m. a 'temple-stead', sanctuary
• hof-tollr, m. a temple-toll, rate

[127] ON höfði, 'headland'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 118

• hǫfði (1) m. headland
• hǫfði (2) see hǫfuð
• hǫfðaskip n. ship with figurehead(s) at prow and/or stern; dragonship
• hǫfðingi… hǫfðingja m. chief, leader (fyrir, over) … hǫfðingjar, rulers, leaders, chieftains, leading men þeir hǫfðingjarnir the chieftains
• hǫfðu see hafa; hǫfðum see hǫfuð
• hǫfuð (dative singular, hǫfði) n. head …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 306, entry 27

höfði, a, m. a headland … II. local name of a farm, whence Höfða-menn, m. plural, the men from Höfði … III. a carved head, ship's beak; amb-höfði, a nickname of uncertain signification. Egilsson supposes that of biceps; most probably amb- denotes some animal - compare hjart-höfði, hart-head, and Orkn-höfði, seal-head, Sturlunga Saga i. 35 (in a verse); hjart-höfði (hart's head), arn-höfði, hest-höfði (horse-head, a nickname), karl-höfði (a carved man's head, figure-head), orkn-höfði (seal-head), svín-höfði (hog head, a nickname); whence höfða-skip, n. a ship with beaks.

[128] ON hestr, 'horse': Hesketh.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 101

hestr m. horse, af hesti, from horseback

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 197, 220, 233, 236, 241

hestr (-s, -ar), m. (1) stallion (hestar þrir ok merhross eitt); (2) horse.

hest-skeitð, n. race-course; -skór, m. horse-shoe; -tönn, f. horse's tooth; -vertð, n. horse's worth; -víg, n. = hesta-víg; -vörðr, m. mounted guard (halda hestvörð).

hvíldar-dagr, m. day of rest, the Sabbath; -hestr, m. relay horse.

jarpr, a. chestnut, reddish-brown (jarpr á hár); jarpr hestr, chestnut-horse.

járna (að), verb (i) to mount with iron (járnaðir vagnar); (2) to shoe a horse (hestr járnaðr öllum fótum).

kapal-hestr, m., -hross, n.= kapall. kapall (-s, plural kaplar), m. packhorse, hack (naut ok kaplar).

klaka-hestr, m., -hross, n. a horse that is left unhoused in winter.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 260, entry 17

HESTR, m. a horse, [this word is a contracted form of hengist, quasi hengstr; Anglo Saxon hengest; Old High German hengist; German hengst, whence Swedish-Danish hingst; again, contracted Swedish häst, Danish hest: in old writers hestr mostly means a stallion, whereas hross (English 'horse') denotes a gelding or any horse] a stallion, opposite to merr, a mare…

[129] ON höfuð, 'head': Murk Head, Thorn Hill Head, Thwaite Head, Widdy Head, Wreahead Rigg, Ness Head.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 223 and 224

höfuð (dative höfði; genitive plural höfða) noun (1) head … (2) head, chief … (3) ornamental prow of a ship … ornamental head on a bridle … höfuð-á chief river …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 306, entry 27

höfði, a, m. a headland … II. local name of a farm, whence Höfða-menn, m. plural the men from Höfði … III. a carved head, ship's beak … whence höfða-skip, n. a ship with beaks.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 307, entries 8 and 9 and page 308, entry 1

HÖFUÐ, n., dative höfði; genitive plural höfða, dative höfðum; … compare Gothic haubiþ; Anglo Saxon heâfod; English 'head'; … Danish hôved; Swedish hufvud; … A. a head … II. phrases and sayings:

• láta höfði skemra, to make one a head shorter, behead;
• strjúka aldrei frjálst höfuð, to stroke never a free head, be never free, never at ease;
• eg má aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, I never have any time to spare;
• sitja aldrei á sárs höfði, to be always quarrelling;
• skera einhverjum höfuð, to make a wry face at one;
• heita í höfuðit einhverjum, to be called after a person;
• halda höfði, to hold one's head up;
• bera hátt höfuð, to bear one's head high;
• hefja höfuðs, to lift one's head;
• drepa niðr höfði, to droop one's head;
• þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted;
• búa hvárr í annars höfði, to be at loggerheads;
• fara huldu höfði, to go with a hidden head, in disguise, to hide oneself;
• færa einhverjum höfuð sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy;
• stíga yfir höfuð einhverjum, to pass over one's head, overcome one;
• hlaða hellum at höfði einhverjum, to leave one dead on the spot;
• ganga milli bols ok höfuðs, 'to gang between bole and head', i.e. to kill outright;
• hætta höfði, to risk one's head;
• leggjask eitthvat undir höfuð, to lay under one's pillow, to put aside;
• vera höfði hærri, to be a head taller;
• setja höfuð á höfuð ofan, to set head upon head (viz. to consecrate a second bishop to a see, which was against the ecclesiastical law);

…

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 306, entry 28

HÖFÐINGI, a, m. a head, chief … 2. a captain, commander; … 3. a ruler, used of all governors from a king downwards; especially in plural, the gentry, opposite to almúgi, the common people … Compounds:

• höfðingja-ást, f. love for one's chief
• höfðingja-bragð, n., -bragr, m. the manners of a head
• höfðingja-djarfr, adj. frank and bold in one's intercourse with the great
• höfðingja-dómr, m., -dæmi, n. dominion, power
• höfðingja-fundr, m. a meeting of chiefs
• höfðingja-hlutr, m. a chief's lot or share
• höfðingja-kyn, n. noble kin
• höfðingja-kærr, adj. in favour with the great
• höfðingja-lauss, adj. chiefless
• höfðingja-merki, n. a chief's standard
• höfðingja-nafn, n. a chief's title
• höfðingja-skipti, n. change of chief or king
• höfðingja-son, m. the son of a head, Hrafn
• höfðingja-styrkr, m. the support of great folk
• höfðingja-val, n. chosen people
• höfðingja-veldi, n. power, empire, rule
• höfðingja-ætt, f. noble extraction, high birth

II. with genitive singular: höfðings-maðr, -kona, -fólk, etc., a man, woman, people of noble extraction, as also generous, magnificent people. höfðings-gjöf, f. a princely gift, and many similar compounds.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 91 and 118

• hafuð see höfuð
• höfði see höfuð
• höfðu see hafa; höfðum see höfuð
• höfðingi (acc. sg., genitive, sg., acc. plural, genitive, plural, höfðingja) m. chief, leader (fyrir over); ruler, prince
• höfðingjar rulers, leaders, chieftains, leading men; þeir höfðingjarnir the chieftains
• höfuð (dat. sg. höfði) n. head (henni poss. dat.), haufuð his (Jörmunrekkr's) head
• acc. plural, höfuð, hafuð figureheads
• á höfði on his head
• á höfuð/höfði sér on his/her head
• at höfði Helga on (round/over) Helgi's head
• í höfuð in my head
• í höfuð honum at his head
• í höfuð hundinum on/into the dog's head
• um höfuð sér round their heads
• yfir hafuð sér above his head
• yfir höfuð þeim over their heads
• til höfuðs þér to kill you
• dat. plural, höfðum figureheads, with suffixed def. art. höfðunum with their heads (i.e. they were lying head to head)
• höfuðdúkr m. head-cloth (-scarf) or hood
• höfuðsmátt f. opening for the head, neck (of a garment)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 93

Levisham

NESS HEAD (6")

• Undernesheued 1335 ForP 223d

'Under the promontory head' vide næs, heafod

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Editor's note: alternatively, vide ON ness, 'a ness projecting into the sea or a lake', and ON höfuð, 'head'. See also [127] ON höfði, 'headland'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

MURK HEAD

• Myrke Hede 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Dark hill' vide myrkr, heafod.

Editor's note: vide ON myrkr, 'murky, dark' and ON höfuð, 'head, projecting peak' giving 'dark projecting peak'.

[130] ON Háls (personal name); háls, 'neck, ridge'; ON eið 'isthmus'

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Háls (m. 1).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 43 and 93

háls m. 1. neck; á hálsinn Helga on Helgi's neck; ok hendr um háls and (laid) his arms round her neck. 2. ridge

Eið n. isthmus, neck of land in Vestmannaeyjar

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 117, entry 26

EIÐ, n. an isthmus, neck of land; … hence the names of places, Satíris-eið, the Mull of Cantire, Skalp-eið, Scalpa (in Orkney), Eiðar (a farm), Eiða-skógr (in Sweden), Eiða-fjörðr, Eiðs-berg, Eiðs-vágr, Eiðs-völlr (in Norway), Eið = Aith (in Shetland).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 243, entry 9

HÁLS, m., properly, hals, [Anglo Saxon, hals; Northern English hause;] the neck; … falla um háls einhverjum, to fall on one's neck, embrace one … beygja háls fyrir einhverjum, to bend the neck to one, liggja einhverjum á hálsi, to hang upon one's neck, i.e. to reprove one … standa á hálsi einhverjum, to put the foot on one's neck, … tapa hálsi, to forfeit one's neck … Compounds:

• háls-beina, n. the neck-bone
• háls-björg, f. a gorget
• háls-bólga, u, f. bronchitis
• háls-brotna, að, to break one's neck
• háls-digr, adj. thick-necked
• háls-faðma, að, to embrace
• háls-faðman, f. an embrace
• háls-fang, n. embracing
• háls-fengja, ð, to embrace
• háls-gjörð, f. a necklace
• háls-högg, n. a cut or stroke on the neck
• háls-höggva, hjó, to behead
• háls-járn, n. a neck-iron, iron collar
• háls-klútr, m. a neck cloth
• háls-langr, adj. long-necked
• háls-lausn, f. 'neck-loosing', i.e. giving a bondman freedom, (compare frjáls, frihals,)
• háls-liðr, m. a neck vertebra
• hálsliða-mjúkr, adj. smooth-necked
• háls-men, n. a necklace
• háls-sár, n. a neck wound
• háls-slag, n. = hálshögg
• háls-spenna, t, to clasp the neck of another
• háls-stefni, n. the throat
• háls-stig, n. treading on one's neck
• háls-stuttr, adj. short-necked

[131] ON hamn-, hafn, from höfn, 'harbour': Wine Haven, Rock Haven.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 307, entry 5

HÖFN, f., also spelt hömn, genitive hafnar; [hafa]: … B. [English and Dutch 'haven'; German hafen; Danish havn; Swedish hamn] a haven, harbour … sometimes spelt hafn … as also in local names, Höfn, Landnámabók: Hafnar-menn … Kaupmanna-höfn, Copenhagen; Hraun-höfn … Compounds:

• hafnar-austr, m. pumping in harbour
• hafnar-búi, a, m. a law term, a harbour-neighbour, i.e. the member of a kind of naval court composed of persons summoned from a harbour
• hafnar-dyrr, n. pl. doors, entrance of a haven
• hafnar-kross, m. a cross-shaped hafnarmark, quod vide hafnar-lykill, m. 'haven-key,' a nickname
• hafnar-mark (and -merki), n. a harbour mark, a kind of beacon, being a pyramid of stone or timber, or often a carved figure in the shape of a man … or in the shape of a cross
• hafnar-rán, n. a law term, thronging or annoying one in harbour
• hafnar-tollr, m. a harbour toll
• hafnar-vágr, m. a creek

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 236, entry 11

hamn-, vide hafn, from höfn, a haven.

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"User-group identity in Scandinavian place-names" Arne Kruse, The University of Edinburgh, 5 August 2008 at page 145

Before Cox, Magne Oftedal (1962: 48-49) showed that place-names can contain the evidence to pinpoint where the settlers came from in Norway. He points to the names containing ON hafn, and containing ON hamn (both 'harbour') on opposite sides of Lewis. The difference reflects a dialectal difference in Norway, where the consonant group fn was assimilated to mn in the northern part of Western Norway but not in the southern part. Although the assimilated mn is younger than fn, Oftedal does not claim this to be as evidence for any early or late 'freezing' of the names into Gaelic.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 118

höfn f. 1. harbour. 2. grazing, feed

[132] ON hamarr, 'hammer, crag, precipice': Hamer Bank, Hamer Beck, Hamer Bridge, Hamer Moor, Hamer Slack.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 93

• hamarr m. hammer; dative singular hamri, instrumental; crag: genitive, plural, hamra; hammer ? back of an axe ? crag, precipice?
• hamarsgnípa f. peak of a crag

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 49, 78, 142 and 183

berg-búi, m. rock-dweller, giant; -danir, m. pl. = -búar; -hamarr, m. rocky precipice …

búðar-dvöl, f. dwelling in a booth … -hamarr, m. a rock upon which a booth is erected …

fluga-bjarg, n., -hamarr, m. beetling crag, precipice …

hamar-gnipa, f. peak of a crag; -klettr, m. crag, rock.

hamarr (genitive -s, dative, hamri, plural, hamrar),m. (1) hammer; … (3) crag, precipice … þrítugur hamarr, a crag thirty fathoms high.

hamar-rifa, f. rift in a crag; -skalli, m. head of a hammer; … -skuti, m. jutting or overhanging crag.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 235, entry 26

HAMARR, m., dative hamri, plural hamrar, [Anglo-Saxon hamor; English 'hammer' …] a hammer … II. metaphorically a hammer-shaped crag, a crag standing out like an anvil; … þrítugr, fertugr hamarr, a crag thirty, forty fathoms high … Compounds:

• hamar-tröll, n. a crag-ogre
• hamar-dalr, m. a ravine
• hamar-gnípa, u, f. the peak of a crag
• hamar-klettr, m. a crag (isolated)
• hamar-klif, n. a craggy cliff
• hamar-rifa, u, f. a rift in a crag
• hamar-skarð and hamra-skarð, n. a scaur, cleft or ravine
• hamar-skúti, a, m. a jutting crag
• Smá-hamrar, Ein-hamarr, a single crag

FLUG … III. neut. a sheer precipice … hence fluga-björg, n. pl. and fluga-hamarr (modern, flug-hamarr), m. precipices …

[133] ON Há- (personal name); hár, 'high, upper': Hardale, Harton, Harwood, Huby.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 90 and 94

• há see hár
• hár (feminine há, n. hátt, plural, hávir) adjective, high (with viðr); tall; long; accusative, singular, feminine háva; neuter, as adverb hátt high, high up, loud(ly) noisily, in a loud voice; hátt upp out loud

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 187

hár (há, hátt), a. (1) high; á háfum fjöllum, in high mountains; hæri en, higher than; (2) tall (hár maðr vexti); (3) superlative, at the highest pitch; meðan hæst væri vetrar, sumars, in the depth of winter, in the height of summer; (4) high, glorious; hæstu hátíðir, the highest feasts; (5) loud (hár brestr); mæla hátt, to speak loud; hón verðr há við, she becomes clamorous or excited.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 243, entry 17

HÁR, adjective, feminine há, neuter hátt … [Anglo-Saxon heah; English 'high'; Old High German hoh; German hoch; Swedish hög; Danish höj; all of them with a final guttural, which in modern Danish has been changed into j; the final labial f or v, which in olden times was so frequent before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in modern English; the g remains in the cognate word haugr] high; … 2. tall; hárr maðr vexti (tall of stature), manna hæstr, very tall …

• há-altari, n. a high altar
• há-bakki, a, m. a high bank: hábakka-flæðr, f. a 'high-bank tide', very high tide
• há-beinn and há-beinóttr, adj. high-legged, long-legged
• há-bjarg, n. a high rock
• há-bogaðr, adj. high-curved, as a saddle
• há-brók, f., poetical, name of a hawk
• há-brókan, f. prudery
• há-degi, n. high day, about twelve o'clock (vide dagr)
• hádegis sól, the midday sun
• hádegis-skeið, n. the midday time
• in many local names, hádegis-varða, -bunga, denoting the point in the horizon under the hádegi
• há-eyrr, f. high-bank, a local name
• há-fjall, n. a high fell
• há-flæðr, f. a high flood-tide
• há-hestr, n. a high, tall horse
• há-kirkja, u, f. a 'high-kirk', cathedral
• há-leikr (há-leiki), m. height
• há-leitliga, adv. highly, gloriously
• há-leitligr, adj. sublime
• há-leitr, adj. high-looking, looking upwards; metaphorical, sublime
• há-liga, adv. highly
• há-limar, f. pl. the high branches
• há-mælgi, f. loud talking
• há-nefjaðr, adj. high-nebbed
• há-nefr, m. high-neb, a nickname
• há-pallr, m. the daïs in a hall
• há-reysti, f. a din, noise
• há-reystr, adj. loud speaking
• há-salir, m. pl. the high halls
• há-segl, n. the 'high-sail', mainsail
• há-skeptr, part. high-handled, of an axe
• há-staðr, m. a high place
• há-steint, n. adj. (= staksteinott), with rough boulders
• há-sumar, n. 'high-summer' midsummer
• hásumar-tími, a, m. midsummer time
• há-sæti, n. a 'high-seat'
• hásætis-kista, u, f. a 'high-seat chest' a daïs or chest near the high-seat, in which weapons and treasures were kept
• hásætis-maðr, m. the man in the chair
• hásætis-stóll, m. a throne
• há-timbra, að, to build high
• hátíðar-dagr, m. a high day
• hátíðar-hald, n. the holding a feast
• há-vetr, n. 'high-winter' mid-winter

---

"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 223

Hobi YKS DB, 1166-67 f. P, 1201 Rot. Canc.; Hoby 1230 f ChR, 1250, 1399, 1433 Pat, Vill; Hoby, Haby Rot. H.; Huby 1398 Pat; now Huby.

First member is from OWScand hór 'high' < *houhR <hauhaz, Gothic hauhs, OE hēah. Second member as in Aismunderby, page 3: Second member is OWScand bœr, býr m, (OSwed byr, ODan, by) 'farm-buildings, a farm, abode, the farm-yard and buildings'. Compare Fritzner. See also Introduction Chapter V.

The long ō-vowel arose at a very early period from the OScand diphthong ou (< Teutonic au) before a subsequently dropped h; see on this Noreen, Altisl. Gram. § 94, 2. If the original au came to stand in an antevocalic position, it turned into aw (af), as e.g. in the oblique cases of the weak declension, masculine and neuter *hawa; after the analogy of such forms there developed another nominative type hár (OSwed ha- in place-names; … with oblique cases in accord. It is possible that a form of the latter kind enters into the above spelling Haby in the Hundred Rolls; compare also Hagayl page 56, Hathwait, page 111, Haburne etc pages 180-81, and Hawic, page 182 …

That the names now dealt with are to be explained from OWScand hór, seems beyond all question, considering the orthography of the spellings on record and the unmistakeably Scandinavian origin of their last members. But we are on less sure ground in the case of the places called Hotun in ME, of which a considerable number are to be found in, and out of, the Scandinavian counties. The forms of these names do not permit us to derive them unreservedly from the Scandinavian hór, since they may just as well contain OE hō (hōh) 'heel, a projecting ridge of land'; … It is presumable that some of them, at any rate, are of Scandinavian descent, as e. g. Hoton Colswayn (see page 68). Still the bulk of these names in general are most ambiguous. To give an exhaustive survey of them here would certainly not repay the trouble and, besides, could lead to no positive result. The reader who desires to enquire into these names will find not a few instances in Skaife's Index to his edition of Kirkby's Inquest for YKS, and in FA and ChR.

[134] ON grjót, 'rock, stones'

"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 14 and 86

• grjót n. rock, stones (collective)
• armgrjót n. 'arm-rock', stones of the arm, gold rings or jewels, wealth (genitive, with ógrœir)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 216, entry 7

grjót, n. [Anglo-Saxon greôt; English 'grit' …] stones, but chiefly with the notion of rough stones or rubble in a building, etc.; grjót, like English 'grit', is a collective word, and is consequently never used in plural; a single stone is called steinn, not grjót; …

• velta grjóti, to roll stones
• telgt grjót, cut stones
• verða at grjóti, to be turned into stones
• berja grjóti, to stone
• límsett grjót, lime-set stones in a wall
• grjót ok skot, stones and missiles
• ölna grjót, the stones of the wrist, = jewels (in poetry)
• skýja-grjót, 'cloud-stones', hail
• grjót orða, munns, the stones of words, of the mouth, i. e. the teeth
• giants are called grjót-niðaðr, grjót-móði, grjót-öld, the stone people, people of the Stone Age
• Grjót-unn, name of a giantess (compare Steinunn, a female name), whence Grjótunnar-garðar, a giant's castle
• in compounds, -grýti, blá-grýti, stór-grýti, rough stones
• hraun-grýti, lava
• grjót-berg, n. quarry
• grjót-björg, n. plural rocks
• grjót-burðr, m. throwing showers of stones (in a fight)
• grjót-fall, n. raining stones
• grjót-flutning, f. carrying stones
• grjót-garðr, m. a stone fence
• grjót-hagl, n. stone-hail
• grjót-haugr, m. a heap of stones, a cairn
• grjót-hlað, n. a stone pavement
• grjót-hlass, n. a load of stones
• grjót-hóll, m. a stone mound, stone heap
• grjót-hríð, f. a shower of stones (in battle)
• grjót-hörgr, m. a stone altar (heathen, vide hörgr): a stone heap = grjóthaugr
• grjót-kast, n. throwing stones
• grjót-klettr, m. a boulder
• grjót-ligr, adjective, stony, flinty
• grjót-meistari, a, m. a stone-mason
• grjót-möl, f. 'stone-grit', gravel, pebbles
• grjót-smiðr, m. a stone-mason
• grjót-smíð, f. stone masonry
• grjót-starf, n. stone work
• grjót-sveinn, m. a stone-mason's lad
• grjót-sýsla, u, f. = grjótstarf, D. N. grjótrugr, adjective, stony
• grjót-varði, a, m. a stone pile, obelisk

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 85

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE grēot 'gravel' / ON grjót 'stones'

See 'Stress-Shifted diphthongs' at page 46. Distinguishing the cognate elements semantically where localisable would be difficult, if not impossible, and the antiquity of the semantic distinction is in any case unclear. The elements are consequently treated as indistinguishable here.

[135] ON grund, 'ground, a green field, grassy plain': Ground Wyke Hole, Grundales, Grundstone Wath.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 86

grund f. ground

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 244, 287, 295, 398, 467 and 499

• bifgrund f. shaking, undulating ground; Rakna bifgrund = the sea
• gil n. gully, cleft, gorge; in kenning for mountains, gilja grund
• grund f. (grassy) ground; territory (personiþed ?); land, shore; the earth; = jǫrð, i.e. the goddess Jǫrð, mother of þórr (ofljóst); sea-bed or earth, in kenning for Midgard serpent, grundar fiskr; sólar grund, dags grund, … land, in kennings for rulers: grundar hljótr, ground-, land-getter, i.e. successful ruler (Hákon Sigurðarson)
• snægrund f. 'snow-ground', i.e. Iceland (accusative with lætr)
• Grund f. personification of the earth
• Rakni m. a sea-king; in kenning for sea, Rakna bifgrund

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 217, entry 21

GRUND, f. [probably to be derived from gróa, quasi gróandi, and different in etymology from grunn and English 'ground', etc.] a green field, grassy plain; poetically the earth, the green earth … the name of a farm, Grenfield …

• grund-valla, að, to found
• grund-vallan, f. a foundation, ground-work
• grund-völlr, m. … 1. properly ground marked out for a building … metaphorically ground-plan
• reisa hús af grundvelli, to raise a building from the ground
• grundvallar-maðr, m. a founder

GRUNN, n. [Anglo Saxon grund; English 'ground'; German grund, whence modern Swedish-Danish grund] a shallow, shoal; á grunn, aground; … standa grunn, to be aground … ganga á grunn, to come to an end (metaphorical) …

[136] ON grœnn, ON grænn, 'green': Green Dike, Grinkle, Green Howe, Green Gate, Thorpe Green, Whin Green.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 86

• grœnn/grænn adj. green
• Grœnland n. Greenland
• Grœnlenzkr adj. Greenlandic, of Greenland; Grœnlenzkir menn Greenlanders, people of Greenland
• Grœnlendingar m. plural, Greenlanders, Norse settlers in Greenland

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 218, entry 36

GRÆNN (i. e. grœnn), adj. [… Anglo Saxon grêne; English 'green'; … Swedish-Danish grön; derived from gróa, to grow] green, of verdure; grænn laukr, a green leech … grænt sumar, a green summer … grænir dalar, green dales … 2. fresh; grænt kjöt, fresh meat … grænn fiskr, fresh fish II. metaphorical green, hopeful, good; … III. in local names, Græna-land, n. the green land, Greenland, whence Græn-lendingar, m. plural, Greenlanders, i. e. the Norse or Icelandic settlers; but in modern usage the Esquimaux, who only came into Greenland about the 14th century: Græn-lenzkr, adj. of Greenland …

• græna, d, to paint green
• græn-fáinn, part. green-stained
• græn-gola, að, to be yellow-green, of deep water; grængolandi hylr
• grænka, að, to make green
• græn-leikr, m. greenness, verdure
• Græn-lendskr, adj. of or belonging to Greenland
• græn-ligr, adj. greenish
• grænska, u, f. verdure
• græn-tó, f. a green spot
• græn-tyrfa, ð, to cover with green turf

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 85

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE grēne / ON grœnn 'green, young, growing' (compare also OE grene noun 'a grassy spot, a village green')

In OE grēne, /e:/ derives from earlier */o:/ that has undergone i-umlaut to /ø:/ with subsequent unrounding to /e:/ (regular in West-Saxon and Kentish and more limited in Anglian); the usual ME reflex is /e:/ and ). Unrounding of /ø(:)/ to /e(:)/ from the twelfth century in northern and eastern England, would make any survival of /ø:/ in field-names recorded in the ME period unlikely. Similarly, ON /ø:/ (<œ>) is the i-umlauted reflex of Gmc */o:/, but such evidence as there is suggests that ON /ø:/ unrounded to /e:/ by the time it was recorded in place-names in England. The forms are therefore considered indistinguishable here.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at pages 140 and 141

Loftus

HANDALE, GRINDALE (lost)

In early times the priory is referred to under both these names; there is no doubt about the identification, for in Malton 67 Grendale is found and Ha is written in the same hand above the Gr. The name Grendale is possibly preserved in Grinkle, a little distance to the east of Handale in Easington parish.

• Handale circa 1180 (Percy Cartulary) et passim
• Litlehandailes circa 1200 (Rievaulx Cartulary)
• Handale-Abby 1666 (Heraldic Visitations of Yorkshire)

The first element is probably OE hān 'rock'. It can hardly be a personal name Hana for in the spellings there is no trace of a medial -e- representing the OE genitive singular -a(n). 'Rocky valley' vide dæl.

• Grendale 1254, 1280 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1268, 1296 (Registers of the Archbishops of York), (alias Handale) 1315-8 (Whitby Cartulary), 1329 (W.P. Baildon, Monastic Notes)
• Grendall 1319 (Placitorum Abbreviatio)
• Gryndale 1395 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Grindell Felde 1540 (Dugdale's Monasticon) iv. 76

'Green valley' vide OE grene, dæl. If Grendale is to be identified with Grinkle the modern form is due to the interchange of t or d and k before l. Compare Kirklington 220 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 168

Ingleby Greenhow

GREENHOW

• Grenehou circa 1175-89 YCh 799

'Green Mound' vide OE grene, haugr.

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Editor's note: vide ON grænn (grœnn), 'green', ON dalr, 'dale' and ON haugr, 'mound, cairn'. Grinkle Lane [NZ 74328 16997], Grinkle Park [NZ 74008 14427], Grinkle Park Farm [NZ 74302 15552] and Grinkle Wood [NZ 74308 14281] are located closely adjacent to Green Howe (Farm) [NZ 73652 13989], Greenhowe Beck [NZ 73930 13905], Greenhowe Lane [NZ 73542 13984], Greenhowe Plantation (Clump) [NZ 73636 14282], and Greenhowe Wood [NZ 73893 13801].

[137] ON grár, 'grey': Graystone Cottage, Graystone (Farm), Grey Stones, Greystone Wood.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 85

grár adjective, grey

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 294, 335 and 465

• Grár, 'grey'
• grár a. grey
• kinngrár a. grey-cheeked (i.e. pale-cheeked or grey-bearded ?)
• Grár m. a rider

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 212, entry 33

GRÁR, adjective, contracted accusative grán, dative, grám, etc. [Anglo Saxon grœg; English 'gray or grey'] grey;

• grár fyrir hærum, grey, hoary
• grár fyrir járnum, mailed in grey steel, of armour
• grá þoka, grey fog
• of silver, grátt silfr, grey, false silver, opposed to skírt (true) silver, whence the phrase, elda grátt silfr, to play bad tricks
• grá-dýri, of the wolf
• grátt, basely
• grá-peningr, m. a 'grey penny', a false coin
• grá-rendr, grey-striped
• grá-silfr, n. grey (bad) silver, brass; bera af sem gull af grásilfri - the modern phrase, sem gull af eiri - the old language has no special word for brass, eir being derived from Latin
• grá-síeth;a, u, f, name of a spear, grey steel
• grá-skinn, n. grey fur
• grá-skinnaðr, lined with grey fur
• grá-skýjaðr, covered with grey clouds
• grá-slappi or gró-slappi, u, f. a female stone grig
• grá-steinn, m. grey-stone

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 133

Danby

GREY STONE HOUSE

• Graystanes 12 Guis
• Graistan 13 BylE 19

'Grey Stone' vide græg, stan.

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Editor's note: pronunciation suggests ON grár, 'grey' and ON steinn, 'stone'.

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 202

Over Silton

GREYSTONE FARM

• Grastan circa 1217 YD

[138] ON grein, 'branch': Broad Grain Head, Cripple Grain Head, East Grain, Far Grain Slack.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 85

grein f. branch; type; með öllum greinum in every way; disagreement

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 294 and 351

• grein f. division (into categories); category, class; distinction (between homonyms); distinction of meaning; branch
• greina (d) weak verb, divide, distinguish; make a distinction: ef eigi er annan veg greint, if no other details are given
• málsgrein f. category of language, class of expression

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 213, entry 19

GREIN, f., plural, ar and ir; the modern plural, greinar means branches, in other senses greinir: [Danish green; Swedish gren; not found in German, Saxon, nor English] 1. properly a branch of a tree, 'lim' is the foliage; … vínviðar-greinir, vine branches … pálma-viðar-g., a palm branch … kvíslask með stórum greinum, spread with large branches … II. metaphorically a branch, arm: 1. hafs grein, an arm of the sea … lærdóms-grein, branch of doctrine … sundr-skiptingar grein, subdivision … tvífaldleg grein, double kind … 2. denoting distinction, discernment, division; … sjá grein handa, to discern one's hands … fyrir utan alla grein, without exception …

See also GREINA, to branch, divide into branches.

[139] ON geil, 'a narrow glen, any narrow passage'; ON gil, 'a deep narrow glen with a stream at bottom', gjá, 'a chasm, rift, in fells or crags': Oak Rigg Gill, Peak Scar Gill, Raven Gill.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 52

-gill - ON gil, geil, 'a deep glen'. Oxford Dictionary does not class this with 'fish gill' as is often done. In later English it comes to mean 'a narrow stream, a rivulet', but in names it usually signifies 'a narrow, slit-like glen or opening'. Rare in NBL, it is fairly common elsewhere in the north - Bullgill, Dallowgill, Ivegill, Lowgill, Ramsgill, etc. - and especially common around Grasmere. Gill is also used in the dialects of KEN and SSX, but there gives name only to obscure places like Heron's Ghyll, Lewes, Gills lop ('leap', ON hlaup), on the N.E. SSX border, etc. Sometimes -gill is curiously disguised, as in Aldwinkle, 1137 Aldwin gel, or 'Baldwin's gill'. This village, near Thrapston, NTH, is one of the most southerly instances. We get -gill less disguised in Winskill, the man 'Wine's ravine'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 199, entry 18

GIL, n., genitive, plural, gilja, dat. giljum, [Ghyll or Gill in Northern England and Scottish, local names] a deep narrow glen with a stream at bottom … brooks and tributary streams flowing through clefts in the fell side to the main river at the bottom of a vale are in Iceland called gil; very frequent in local names, Ísfirðinga-gil, Branda-gil, Hauka-gil, Hrafna-gil, Hellra-gil, Gilj-á, þver-gil … a chasm without water or with stagnant water is not gil, but gjá; also gljúfr, a deep chasm forming the bed of a river … Compounds:

• Gils-bakki, a, m., properly, Gill-bank, a local name whence Gils-bekkingar, m. plural, the name of a family
• gils-botn, m. a gill bottom
• gils-gjá, f. a chasm with a gill (rare)
• gils-þröm, f. the edge of a gill

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 195, entry 17

GEIL, f. [compare gil, a chasm] a narrow glen … II. any narrow passage, e.g. a shaft through a hay-rick or the narrow lane between hay-ricks or houses. Compounds:

• geila-garðr, m. a 'glen-formed' fence, a walk
• geilagarðs-hlið, n. a gate in a fence
• göra geilar, a law phrase, to let (a thief) run the gauntlet
• hafs-geil, the sea-lane, through which the host of Pharaoh passed

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 202, entry 10

GJÁ, f., genitive, gjár, accusative and dative gjá; plural, gjár, genitive, gjá, dative, gjám, modern gjáar; [a Scandinavian word, akin to gína; found in the north of Scotland in the form geo, geow] a chasm, rift, in fells or crags; … frequent in local names, Ahnanna-gjá, the famous rift in Thingvalla, Hrafna-gjá, Brímils-gjá, Kötlu-gjá; it often denotes a rift with a tarn or pool at bottom, whereas gil is a rift with running water. Compounds:

• gjár-bakki, a, m. a rift brink (that of the Almanna-gjá)
• gjár-barmr, m. the edge of a geow
• gjár-munni, a, m. the mouth of a geow
• gjár-skúti, a, m. a geow-nook

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 77, 81 and 133

• geil f. lane, sunken path between fields or enclosures
• gjá f. ravine
• Kolsgjá f. 'Kol's Rift', a ravine or small gorge, possibly at Þingvöllr (see Björn Þorsteinsson, Thingvellir. Iceland's National Shrine, tr. Peter Foote (1987)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 178

Ingleby Arncliffe

FOWGILL BECK

• Fulbroke circa 1150, circa 1160 Riev
• Fowgill 1616 NR

'Dirty stream' vide ful, broc, gil.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 180

Several other of the principal elements of many North-English place-names are likewise OWScand, and not found in Denmark or Sweden, e.g. gil, which still in Yorkshire (like the corresponding Icelandic gil) means 'a deep, narrow glen with a stream at the bottom'.

[140] ON Gígr (personal name): Guisborough.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gígr (Guisborough)

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly ON personal name Gígr which, together with ON suffix borg 'stronghold, fortified town' gives 'Gígr's fort'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 149

Guisborough

2. GUISBOROUGH 16 D 2

There is variation in the forms of Guisborough between -burn and -burgh; -burn forms predominate but do not seem to be the original ones:

• Ghiges- Gighes-, Chigesburg, -burc, -borc DB
• Gisburham 1104-8 SD
• Gisebur(g)h 1130-5 YCh 671 and 9 examples noted before 1410 Guis
• Giseburc(h) 1155-1210 YCh 654, 1189-1214 YCh 564
• Gi-, Gysburgh 1285 KI, and 7 examples noted before Saxton
• Gisseburgh circa 1291 Tax
• Gysborozv, -borough 1530 Visit

The following references are to -burn forms:

• Giseborne 1086 DB
• Gi-, Gyseburn(e) 1119 Guis, and 27 examples noted before 1430 Bodl a. i. 63
• Gisbourne circa 1180 Percy
• Gi-, Gysburn 1228 FF, and 7 examples noted before 1483 Test
• Guiseburna early 14^th Whitby
• Guysborn 1504 Test
• Guisburne 1531 NCyWills

This is a difficult name of which the interpretation is not made easier by Simeon of Durham's Gisburham. There is a rare ON by-name Gígr (LindBN 1920) which would account for the DB forms, of which a diminutive seems to occur in Giggleswick (Place-Names WRY 77). If this is correct the second g was early lost from the combination gsb and Simeon's form can only be explained as a case of suffixed ham; compare DB Breilesfordham for Brailesford (DBY). For the fluctuating final element vide Cheeseburn, Newburn and Sockburn (Place-Names NBL DUR sub nomine). Gainsborough (LIN) and Scarborough 105 supra are further examples of burh-names compounded with a Scandinavian by-name.

[141] ON gata, 'a way, path, road': Flowergate, Kirk Moor Gate, Eskdale Gate, Howlgate Nab, Saltergate, Lawns Gate, Sled Gates.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 76 and 280

• gata (plural, götur) f. path; accusative þá
• götu along that path
• þjóðgata f. high road

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 192, entry 32

GATA, u, f. [Old English and Scottish 'gate' = way] - properly a thoroughfare but generally a way, path, road …

• á götu, in one's way
• as adverb 'algates', always
• götur Guðs, the ways of God
• ryðja götu fyrir, to clear the road for one
• Færoes; Götu-skeggjar, m. plural, the name of a family in the Færoes
• reið-gata, a riding road
• skeið-gata, a race-course
• hlemmi-gata, a broad open road
• fjár-götur, a sheep path
• snið-gata, a zigzag path
• kross-götur, four cross roads
• gatna-mót, n. plural, junction of roads
• götu-breidd, f. the breadth of a road
• götu-garðr, m. a road fence
• götu-skarð, n. a slip in a road
• götu-stigr, m. a foot-path
• götu-þjófr, m. a law term, a thief who has to run the gauntlet through a defile

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Editor's note: Outgate Corner possibly derived from ON út, 'out' and gata street, way, path, road, thoroughfare, giving 'way out' or 'exit'

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages LIX to LXI

Chapter V

Some general remarks on the Scandinavian place-nomenclature in England in Old and Middle English times

Space does not permit of my entering into all the additional groups of similar nature and communication names that might be adduced here; specimens of such names are found almost everywhere in the material of the etymological part below. I will conclude this chapter by devoting some attention to two sets of names which occur, the one in the most Scandinavian town in England, the other in the most Scandinavian district of this country.

York, as having been for a long period practically a Scandinavian town, has been mentioned above on page XLV f. Of outstanding interest are several old street-names in the city which are of Scandinavian origin, and must be among the earliest Scandinavian names of this kind on record, whether in the Scandinavian mother countries or in their colonies. With two exceptions they all have OWScand, OSwed gata, ODan, gatæ 'road, street', as last member. Most of them are still in use, and will be easily located on any plan within the oldest part of the city … The following instances may be worthy of note:

• Bleikestrete, see page 25. Bleikestrete Yo about 1180, Blaicastret 12th century (Whitby Chartulary); Blakestret (Cathedral of St. Peter, York, 1275) (Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum document VI, 3); Blaykestrete early 15th century (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor) (Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum document VI, 2); now Blake Street (in the city of York … 1st member OWScand bleikr 'pale, white'. It is not quite clear to which distinguishing feature of the road or street this word referred; it may have been to the colour of the ground … The form of the adjective can also represent the masculine genitive singular of the weak declension, the word then being used here as a surname.
• Fiskeregate circa 1150 (Whitby Chartulary), Fiskergate circa 1146 (Papal confirm.) ib., Fischergate about 1180 ib., and now Fishergate; the earliest spelling contains OSwed fiskare, ODan fiskær 'a fisherman'. An OWScand fiskari does not seem to be recorded.
• Gotherumgat circa 1240 (The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops), Gotherumgate 1275 (Cathedral of St. Peter, York), Goodromgate 1397 (Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1216-1485), now Goodramgate; from a man's name Gotherum, modified from OWScand Goðormr, Guðormr, on which see Björkman, Personennamen page 49.
• Hertergate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor); possibly (?) from Hiartar, genitive of the OWScand man's name Hiǫrtr, for which see Lind.
• Haymangergate 1275 (Cathedral of St. Peter, York); from OWScand hey-mangari or ME hēi-mangere 'a hay-salesman'.
• Ketmangeregate 1194 (The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops) (Papal confirm.), Ketmangergate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor); from OWScand kjǫt-mangari, OSwed kiötmangare, ODan kødmangere 'a fleshmonger', = OE flæscmangere.
• Kergate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor); from ME ker OWScand hjarr 'copsewood, a marsh', NEDial car.
• Conyngstrete 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor), now Coney Street; from OWScand konungr 'king'.
• Coppergate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor), now Coppergate; from OWScand koppari, OSwed koppare 'a turner, joiner', recorded also in ONorw and OSwed place-names, on which see Fritzner, and Söderwall.
• Mikelgat 1230 (The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops), Mykylgate 1399 Pat. R., Mikelgate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor), now Micklegate; from OWScand mikill, OSwed mykil, ODan mykæl, or ME mikel 'great, large'.
• Plouswayngate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor); from OWScand pl&0acute;gsveinn, presumably = plókarl 'a ploughman'; here perhaps used as surname.
• Sceldergate, Skeldergata 12th century (Whitby Chartulary), Skyldergate 1399 (Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1216-1485), Skeldergate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor), now Skeldergate; from OWScand skjaldari 'a shield-maker'.
• Steingate, see p. 89.

Not a few additional names in -gate existed, according to the same records, and do still exist in the city, but as they all seem to contain a native ME word for the 1st member they are of minor interest in this connection, and I content myself with referring the curious reader to the records in question. It may be observed that street-names ending in -gate are to be found in several other towns in Scandinavian England, from Peterborough up to Carlisle; but the remaining ME instances I have met with have proved to be less worthy of note here than those quoted above …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 84

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE geat 'a hole, opening, gap' / ON gata 'way, path, road'

ME gate could reflect ON gata or oblique cases of OE geat in which the inflexional ending contained a back vowel (i.e. plural forms) in which the back vowel would have caused retraction of */æ/ (from Gmc */a/ by first fronting) to */a/, and */a/ would not then have caused palatalization of the initial velar consonant /g/. Thus whilst ME forms with an initial palatal derive from OE geat, those with an initial stop could derive from ON gata or plural forms of OE geat. Consequently, forms with initial /j-/ can be treated as OE-derived, but those with initial /g-/ could be OE- or Scandinavian-derived.

The difference in meaning means that it is possible to distinguish the elements where the referent is known. Thus, the generics of Walmgate, Bampton and Sowerby-Gate, Cliburn, both in the Westmorland corpus, were interpreted as ON gata as the names may refer to roads (although the evidence is perhaps less certain than PNWe's treatment implies). Where the referent is not known, the elements have been considered indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 127

Whitby

FLOWERGATE, a street (6")

• Florun 1086 (Domesday Book)
• Flore 1086 (Domesday Book), 1145-8 (Whitby Cartulary) (passim), 1280 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls)
• Floram 1133 Whitby, 1314 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)
• Floregate 1313 (Whitby Cartulary)

'(At) the cow stalls' from ON flórum (dative plural) or flóri (dative singular) of ON flórr; vide gata. Compare Skiplam 65 supra, which is a name of the same significance.

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Editor's note: see Flowergate [NZ 89850 11050].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 91

Lockton

SALTERGATE

• Saltergate 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 211, 214, 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

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vide gata. The road referred to is that over the moors from Pickering to (Whitby Cartulary). The first element is OE saltere 'a salter' which occurs in other place-names. Compare the full account of these names in Place-Names Worcestershire 4 ff. Note also Saltergate near Harrogate (Yorkshire West Riding) and Salterhebble near Halifax (compare "River Names of Yorkshire", 1925 sub nomine Hebble). Mr W. B. Crump suggests to me that many of the Salter- names in Yorkshire West Riding and Lancashire probably indicate roads along which salt was carried from the Cheshire mines. In the North Riding the name is possibly connected with the salt (or alum) mined in the Cleveland district (compare Saltburn, etc. 143 infra).

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Lawns Gate [NZ 74968 06353]

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Editor's note: lawn is a cognate of llan which is derived from the Common Brittonic word landa (OFr launde) that originally means heath, barren land, or clearing: "turf, stretch of grass," 1540s, laune "glade, open space in a forest or between woods", from ME launde (circa 1300), from OFr lande "heath, moor, barren land; clearing" (12th century), from Gaulish (compare Breton lann "heath"), or from a cognate Germanic word, from Proto-Germanic landam-, source of English 'land' (noun). The -d perhaps was mistaken for an affix and dropped. Sense of "grassy ground kept mowed" first recorded 1733.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 131

Danby

DANBY LAWNS

• Laundis in foresta de Daneby 1242 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide OFr launde and compare Lawn of Postgate 133 infra. Lawns is within the bounds of the old Forest of Danby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 133

Danby

LAWN OF POSTGATE

• la launde de Postgate circa 1200 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide Danby Lawns 131 supra and Postgate 134 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 19

Sutton on the Forest

LAUND HOUSE

• le Londe 1404 YI

vide land, 'land, cultivated land' later influenced by OFr launde.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 190

In all these towns the homesteads were called toft and the streets gate. This word is still in use in Northern England and Scotland in the meaning of 'way, road', and is derived from ON gata, which means the same. The common English gate, 'an opening' (OE geat), is a different word. In York there is, as you know, still a great number of ON street-names, e.g. Fishergate, Goodramgate, Sheldergate (from ON Skjaldari, 'a shieldmaker') and Micklegate. YKS and LIN must for centuries have remained an entirely Scandinavian country.

[142] ON bóndi, 'farmer, husbandman'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 28 and 36

• bóandaherr m. peasant army
• bóandi = bóndi; genitive, plural, with suffixed def. art.
• bóndalið n. band of peasants, farmers (with suffixed def. art.)
• bóndi (nom. plural, bœndr) m. farmer, peasant; as title, in address
• bœndr see bóndi

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 74, entry 38

BÓNDI, a, m.: … older form búandi, or even bóandi, plural, búendr or bóendr; genitive, búanda (genitive plural), … búöndum; bóandi; but the common Icelandic form is bóndi, plural, bændr; genitive dative plural in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present keeping the æ throughout all plural cases (bænda, (genitive) bændum): properly a participle active from búa (turned into a noun subst., … Anglo Saxon buan originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or bú) from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and especially the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of the house, Anglo Saxon bond and hûsbond, English 'husband'. 1. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a búandi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. … The Norse law … distinguishes between hersir or lendir menn (barons) and búandi … the Norse hauldr- or óðals-bóndi nearly answers to the English 'yeoman'. In the more despotic Norway and Denmark, as in continental Europe, 'bóndi' became a word of contempt, denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his 'men' (hirð), the royal officers, etc.; just as the English boor degenerated from Anglo Saxon gebur, German bauer, Dutch boer; and in modern Danish bönder means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bóndi … 2. a husband, Anglo Saxon hûsbond; … Compounds - (in modern use always bænda- if plural, bónda- if singular):

• bónda-bani, a, m. a slayer of a bóndi
• bónda-ból, n. (bónda-bær, m.), a farm
• bónda-dóttir, f. a bóndi's daughter
• bónda-eiðr, m. a bundi's oath
• bónda-far, n. a bóndi's ferry-boat
• bónda-fé, n. a provincial fund
• bónda-fólk, n. a class of bændr
• bónda-fylking (búanda-), f. a host of bændr
• bónda-herr, m. an army of bændr
• bónda-hlutr, m. = bóndatíund
• bónda-hus, n. a bóndi's house
• bónda-hvíla, u, f. a bóndi's bed
• bónda-kirkja (búanda-), u, f. the church belonging to the bóndi in Thingvalla, where the parliament was held; and búanda-kirkjugarðr, m. the churchyard to that church. This church was erected about the middle of the 11th century
• bónda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bóndi
• bónda-laus, adj. husband-less, widowed
• bónda-lega, u, f. the burial place of bændr
• bónda-lið, n. = bóndaherr
• bónda-ligr, adj. farmer-like
• bónda-múgr, m. a crowd, host of bændr
• bónda-nafn, n. the name, title of bóndi
• bónda-réttr (búanda-), m. the right of a bóndi
• bónda-safnaðr (-samnaðr) = bóndamúgr
• bónda-skapr, m. the state of the bændr
• bónda-son, m. the son of a bóndi
• bónda-tala, u, f., vera í b., to be told or counted among bændr
• bónda-tíund, f. tithe to be paid by bændr
• bónda-ungi, a, m. a young bóndi
• bónda-val, n. the elite of bændr
• bónda-ætt, f. a bóndi's extraction

[143] ON Bogi (personal name); ON bogi, 'a bow'; ON boginn, 'bent, bowed, curved': Boggle Beeld, Boggle Hole, Booze.

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"Portrait of The North York Moors" (1985) Nicholas Rhea, Chapter 6, 'Twixt heather and sea, at pages 112 and 124

… The odd name 'kettle' may come from the name of an Icelandic adventurer, but the area was known locally as the haunt of fairies known as 'bog(g)les'. They were said to wash their linen in Claymore Well at Kettleness, and it was said, "The noise of their bittles was heard two miles away." A bittle was a flat board with a handle, rather like a squat cricket bat, and it was used by those without a mangle to beat clothes and linen.

"… The villagers used to augment their income by smuggling, sometimes making use of Boggle Hole as a landing place …"

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Bogi (m. 1).

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 65

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE boga 'bow, arch, bend' / ON bogi 'bow, arch, vault'

VEPN (sub verbo boga) notes several instances of the element either referring to an arched bridge or to something bent (and perhaps denoting woods where wood for bows was grown). Similar usages are seen clearly in Denmark and less clearly in Norway.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 28

• bogastrengr m. bowstring
• bogi m. bow; with suffixed def. art. his/my bow
• Bogi, 'a bow'

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 234, 237, 248, 439 and 441

• álmbogi m. 'elm-bow' (compare álmr, bogi)
• alnbogi m. elbow
• áttbogi m. branch of family line; lineage; descendants, relatives; áttbogi ylgjar = wolves
• bogi m. bow; in kenning for arrows, bogna hagl, for battle, flat veðr boga
• bóglína (bog ?) f. 'bowline', a rope from the middle of the forward edge of the sail to the bow or prow of the ship to hold the edge of the sail steady when sailing across or into the wind (perhaps the 'bow' is the curved part of the sail rather than the bow of the ship)
• bognauð(r) f. 'bow-compeller', kenning for arm
• bognir m. shield-name ('bowed')
• bógr m. shoulder; pl. of a ship, bows
• ættbogi m. branch of family line, offshoot
• ǫl(n)bogi m. elbow

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 71, entry 55

BOGI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon boga; English 'bow'] a bow; 2. metaphorically, an arch, vault, rainbow … 3. a spurt as from a fountain or a vein; þá stóð bogi úr kaleikinum … compounds:

• bog-fimi, f. archery
• bera mál ór boga, to disentangle a case
• himin-bogi, the sky
• blóð-bogi, a gush of blood
• regn-bogi, a rainbow
• öln-bogi, an elbow
• boga-dreginn, adj. bow-shaped, curved
• boga-háls, m. the tip of a bow, where the string is fastened
• boga-list, f. archery, now used metaphorically
• boga-mynd, f. the form of a bow
• boga-skot, n. bow-shot, shooting with a bow
• boga-strengr, m. a bow-string
• boga-vápn, n. a bow
• boginn, adj. bent, bowed, curved
• bog-maðr, m. a bowman, archer
• bogmanns-merki, n. the zodiacal sign, Arcitenens
• bog-mannliga, adv. bowmanlike
• bogna, að, to become curved, bent
• bog-nauð, n. the 'bow-need', i.e. the hand
• bogra, að, to creep along bowed or stooping
• þá boru bograr, creeps
• bogra fyrir, to bow before one
• bog-sterkr, -styrkr, adj. stark or strong at the bow
• bog-sveigir, m. 'bow-swayer', a nickname

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 295

Arkengarthdale

BOOZE

• Bowehous 1473 VCH
• Bouze 1662 Grinton

'House by the bow or curve' possibly referring to the curving hill between Slei Gill [NZ 01792 02522] and Arkle Beck [NZ 01231 01939]. Compare such names as Bow Hill. From OE boga 'bow' and hus.

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Editor's note: the preponderance of local Viking names - Fagger Gill, Kitley Hill, Langthwaite Whaw, etc indicates ON settlement and, for that reason, the place-name Booze is more likely derived from ON Bogi/bogi and suffix ON hús.

[144] ON blár, 'blue-black': Blea Hill Beck, Blea Hill Howe, Blea Hill Rigg, Blea Wyke.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 246 and 427

• blásvartr a. blue-black (of a raven)
• víðbláinn m. 'wide-blue', a name for the sky (compare dwarf/giant name Bláinn

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 26

• blár adjective, dark, blue-black; accusative, masculine, singular, blán

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 246, 268, 317, 427, 449 and 517

• Bláinn m. a dwarf
• blájaxl m. 'dark-tooth' (jaxl: molar), name for a bear
• bláserkr m. 'dark shirt', coat of mail, in kenning for warriors, bláserkjar birki
• blástr (dative, blæstri) m. blowing
• blásvartr a. blue-black (of a raven)
• fagrbláinn m. 'fair-dark', shield-name
• hrafnblár a. raven-black (of hair)
• víðbláinn m. 'wide-blue', a name for the sky (compare dwarf/giant name Bláinn (Vǫluspá)
• Víðbláinn m. a heaven

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 68, entry 2

BLÁR, adj., fem. blá, neut. blátt, [Scottish bla, which has the Icelandic sense of dark blue, livid: compare Anglo Saxon bleó; English 'blue' also Anglo Saxon bleo = colour], properly Latin lividus; of the colour of lead … blár sem Hel, compare English 'black as death' … of the livid colour caused by a blow, in the alliterative phrase, blár ok blóðugr … blár is the colour of mourning, tjalda blám reflum …

• falda blá, to wrap the head in black
• blár logi, a pale 'lowe', of a witch's flame
• blá-rendr, adj. [rönd], blue-striped

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 57, 58, 102, 170 and 305

• blá-ber, n. blaeberry, bilberry
• blá-brunaðr, a. bluish brown; blá-djúp, n. the blue deep sea; blá-eygðr, blá-eygr, a. blue-eyed; -fáinn, -fár, a. with a bluish polish; blá-feldr, m. cloak of blue fur; blá-flekkóttr, a. speckled with blue; blá-hvitr, a. bluish white; blá-kápa, f. blue cloak; blá-kinn, f. blue cheek; blá-klæddr, pp. dressed in blue; blá-leitr, a. blue-faced, black-faced; blá-lendingr, m. Ethiopian; blá-lenzkr, a. Ethiopian, from Bláland, Ethiopia; blá-maðr, m. a black man, negro
• bláman, f. the livid colour of bruise
• blá-mengdr, -mengjaðr, a. bluemingled; blá-merktr, pp. marked with blue
• blámi, m. lividness = bláman
• blána (að), v. to become blue or livid (þrútna ok blána í andliti)
• blár, a. (1) blue, livid (blár ok blóðugr); (2) black (blár sem kol); falda blá, to wrap the head in black
• blá-rendr, a. blue-striped (blá-rendar brœkr)
• blá-stafaðr, a. blue-striped (segl blástafat)
• blá-svartr, a. raven-black; blá-tönn, f. blue-black tooth, a nickname
• døkk-blár, a. dark-blue
• gra-blár, a. grey-blue
• myrk-blár, a. dark blue

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 111

Scalby

BLEA WYKE

• Blauuich 1108-14 Whitby
• Blawic, -k, -wyc 1109-14 YCh 865 et passim to 1314 NRS
• Blawick 1619 NRS

'Exposed, cheerless sea-creek' vide blar, vik. Blowick near Southport (Place-Names Lancashire 126) is an exact parallel.

[145] ON bólstaðr, 'the place with the cultivated and settled land, farm' (see also bústaðr 'a dwelling-place; a site for a home'). See also [158] staðr.

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The place-name element bólstaðr in the North Atlantic area (2001) Peder Gammeltoft, Copenhagen University

General Introduction (at pages 15 and 16)

… There will also be an attempt to analyse localities with names in ON bólstaðr from a topographical point of view. Optimally, all the names in this work should have undergone a topographical survey, but owing to the large number of names and their widespread distribution (see fig. l.), this has not been possible. Therefore, the topographical survey will be in the form of a couple of case study surveys from representative areas in both Norway and Scotland. Bólstaðr-settlements from the counties of Sogn og Fjordane and Møre og Romsdal in western Norway will be included in this study in order to find out what the settlement situation was in the country of origin and how naming in ON bólstaðr took place there.

A similar survey has been undertaken in Shetland, to represent the colonial settlement situation. The survey data from these two areas make possible a comparative study of settlement structures in the homeland and in the colonies. Various parameters will be utilised in the attempt to determine what was the preferred settlement site for a bólstaðr-settlement. Hopefully, this will reveal what motives prompted the Viking-Age settlers to use this type of place-name and for which kind of localities. The term Viking Age covers, in accordance with the general scientific tradition, the period from circa AD 800-1100.

2.1 Origin (at pages 31 and 32)

ON bólstaðr, m., is a compound of ON ból, n., and ON staðr, m. It belongs to the class of masculine i-stems. The bólstaðr-paradigm needs a little explanation. As mentioned above, it belongs to the group of masculine so-called i-stems because they had an -i- in their stem-suffix in PN. Hence, the PN form of bólstaðr would have been *bōlstadiR. Under normal circumstances, the -i- would have promoted an i-umlaut, causing the preceding back vowel [-a-] to undergo fronting while the i-stem-suffix element itself would be syncopated. However, as is evident from the bólstaðr-paradigm, the stem-suffix element has been syncopated and the preceding back vowel has not been affected by i-umlaut, being situated in a short stem-syllable. The [ǫ] of the dative plural form is the result of u-umlaut.

The first element of the compound, ON ból, n., had a variety of meanings, such as:

1. 'land that is settled and cultivated, farm';
2. 'dwelling';
3. 'night quarters, sleeping place';
4. 'lair, den, sty'

Ból appears to be related to the verb, ON búa, which carries the meanings of 'to live at/in', 'to have a house', etc. This means that the original notion would presumably relate to the concept of an abode of greater or lesser permanency.

ON staðr, m., has an even greater span of meanings. It carries such diverse ones as:

1. 'the act of standing, stopping';
2. 'a strength, a resistance';
3. 'an end, outcome';
4. 'a place';
5. 'a place where something stands';
6. 'a place where one resides permanently';
7. 'a village, a town';
8. 'a lot, a part';
9. 'a holy place or site';

etc. It is related to the verb, ON standa, 'to stand, remain, resist', etc. With such a diversity of meanings, it is naturally hard to find out precisely which meaning staðr carried when it entered into the compound with ból The most obvious meanings in this respect would be those relating to 'a place'. Even so, the meanings relating to 'a place' are themselves rather diverse. The type of place to which staðr may refer is either 'where something stands' (no. 5) or 'where one resides permanently' (nos 6 & 7), 'a divided lot' (no. 8), 'a holy place' (no. 9) or simply 'a place' (no. 4). It is impossible to say which of these meanings is the original one, bar that this was apparently 'a place' of sorts. At least, nothing speaks against this.

The above paragraphs have shown that the original meaning of bólstaðr is not altogether straightforward. The two elements of which it is compounded are common and each one carries a range of meanings. The core meaning of ból seems to have been that of an abode, but ból also carried derived meanings that related to 'cultivated and settled land' whereas staðr carries the general notion of 'a place'. Since any of the connotations connected to ból is capable, theoretically, of having been active when compounded with staðr, it goes without saying that any attempt at deducing an original meaning of bólstaðr will have to be aproached with the utmost caution. Since bólstaðr has been used mostly of farms, I would tentatively suggest that ból may have carried the connotation of 'cultivated and settled land, farm'. Therefore, an original meaning along the lines of 'the place with the cultivated and settled land, farm' may be cautiously suggested. How 'place' should be conceived is unclear. It could refer to the farm building(s) on the cultivated land, to the cultivated and settled area, or it could indeed refer to a section of an entire cultivated and settled area - in which case bólstaðr would refer to a subdivision of a township or farm, etc.

Conclusion (at page 271)

… The question of the original meaning has been a core issue of this book. The typical dictionary definition of ON bólstaðr is that of 'a farm'. This vague and rather general definition was part of the reason for my taking an interest in this place-name element - it simply did not make sense. Not that the meaning 'a farm' is inherently wrong in any way, the known appellatival use on the whole conveys this general meaning. Onomastically, however, the usage was more specific. The topographical study (Ch.6.) has shown that bólstaðr was used about secondary farm settlements - settlements which were created as a result of the splitting up of a large settlement unit into smaller portions. The economic focus of these settlements seems first and foremost to have been on agriculture, although secondary means of subsistence, such as fishing, may have played a part as well. This specialised onomastic use was current in Norway, as well as in the Scottish colonies (and possibly in lceland, too). There is no sign of a difference in denotation of the place-name element bólstaðr between the areas chosen for the topographical study (Møre og Romsdal and Sogn og Fjordane in Western Norway, and Shetland). In Western Norway, the onomastic use manifests itself mainly in two types of secondary settlement, either as a unit detached from the focal settlement, or as a unit carved out of the focal settlement. These applications are mirrored in Shetland, although a third type of secondary settlement is also visible in the toponymy there. This study has, therefore, not found that bólstaðr was ever used with the general meaning of 'a farm' in the colonies, as some earlier researchers have argued. There has been no indication in topographical evidence that the denotation in the colonial environment was any different from that in the homeland.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 34

bústaðr 'a dwelling-place; a site for a home')

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 74, entry 26

BÓL, n. [Anglo Saxon botl and bolt, byld, = aedes, mansio; compare bytlian = aedificare; English 'to build'. In Scandinavian contracted in the same way as nál for nadal: böl and böll are very frequent in Danish local names, and even mark the line of Scandinavian settlements] 'built', i. e. reclaimed and cultivated land, a farm, abode, especially in Norway, where ból answers to Icelandic jörð, Danish gård; the value of the Norse farms is denoted by merkr-ból, eyris-ból, or the like; taka bóli, to take a farm … Otherwise, in Icelandic ból and bæli denote the lair or lying place of beasts or cattle; ból and kvía-ból, the place where sheep and cows are penned; bæla fé, to pen sheep during the night … a den … liggja í bólinn, to lie a-bed, of a lazy fellow …

• ból-festa, u, f. abode … in the phrase, taka sér ból, to abide
• ból-göltr, m. a pig kept in the homestead
• ból-skapr, m. household
• ból-staðr, m. a homestead; hon á þar bólstaði mikla, Edda, where Ed. A. D. 1848 has bústaði, which is a more household Icelandic word; hálfan ból-staðr, half the farm
• bólstaðar-görð, f. the building a homestead

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 74, entry 35

ból-staðr, m. a homestead; … A.D. 1848 has bústaði, which is a more household Icelandic word; hálfan ból-staðr, half the farm, … Compound: bólstaðar-görð, f. the building a homestead,

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 65

• bólstaðr, m. (1) abode, homestead; (2) farm.
• bólstaðar-gørð, f. the building of a homestead.

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The Vikings in Lewis (2014) David Etheridge et al, Department of Archæology and Anthropology, University of Bristol University at page 10

Place-Names: Naming the Landscape

Several place-names and place-name elements reflect Norse settlement on Lewis; staðr, 'stead' place-names are particularly common: Bosta >Bólstaðr 'farm'. Many staðr names have a second element which describes the farm. This canbe a personal name or feature, for example: Kirkibost > Kirkjubólstaðr 'church farm'. Habost 'the high farm' has already been mentioned and Lábost > Lágbólstaðr 'the low-lying farm' is another example.

[146] ON vágr, 'small bay'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 251

vágr m. (small)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 419

vágr m. bay; wave; v.; in kenning for the Midgard serpent, vágs œ gir, 'bay-menacer'. Kock takes vágs byrsendir as a kenning for Hymir ('sender of sea-storms') and leaves œgir as a term for the serpent on its own … vágflrýstr a. wave-pressed

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 684, entry 11

VÁGR, m. [Anglo Saxon wæg; English 'wave'; Danish vove; German wogen; the root word is vega, to stir] a wave, sea; but in this sense obsolete except in poetry … vágs hyrr, 'wave-flame' i.e. gold, … B. [This may be a different word, connected with varra, vörr, = a lip] a creek, bay … II. also in proper names, Vágr, Vágar, a fishing-place in northern Norway, whence Vága-floti, Vága-stefna, a fair at Vágar. … Compounds: vágs-botn, m. the bottom or bight of a bay, Vágs-brú, f. Bay-bridge, a local name … Compounds:

• vág-garðr, m. a dyke
• vág-marr, m. a wave-steed, ship
• vág-þeystr, participle wave-sprayed
• vág-þrýstr, participle 'wave-pinched', of the planks of a ship

[147] ON vatn, 'water': Waterslakgille, Water Ark Scar.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 254 and 255

• vatn n. water; lake (with suffixed def. art., i.e. Hítárvatn)
• vatnfátt n. (cf. fár adj.) shortage of water
• fá vatnfátt get short of water
• vatnsströnd f. lake-shore
• vátr adj. wet, moist

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page xxvii:

Introduction

In Whitby Strand, where there was little Danish settlement (supra xxv), place-names show many Norwegian features, such as Burstadgile (Norse gil) in Suffield and Waterslakgille (Norse slakki, gil) in Thirley Cotes, Breck, Normanby and Airy Hill. Many of the common Scandinavian names like Whitby and Gnipe How, should, therefore, probably be ascribed to the Norwegians.

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Editor's note: the place-name Waterslakgille is probably a combination of ON elements vatn 'water', slakki 'slack, a hollow or sinking in the ground' and gil 'a deep narrow glen with a stream at the bottom'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 681, entry 47

VATN, n., plural vötn; … the genitive singular is, agreeably with the pronunciation, in old vellums invariably spelt vatz or vaz, vazt … the modern sound is vass; in the Editions, however, the etymological form vatns has mostly been restored; all the South Teutonic languages use a form with an r. The form vatr only occurs in two instances, perhaps used only for the rhyme's sake, in hvatr vátri, a poem of the beginning of the 12th century; and hélt und vatr enn vitri, Sighvat; but vatn vitni in another verse cf the same poet: [Anglo Saxon wæter; English and Dutch 'water'; Old High German wazar; German wasser; … on the other hand, Icelandic vatn; Swedish vatten; Danish vand, quasi vadn.]

A. Water, fresh water; … 2. phrases; ausa vatni, to besprinkle infants with water, … ganga til vatns, to go to the water, to go to the 'trapiza', quod vide, of washing before meals … þá er sól gengr at vatni when the sun goes into the water, sets in the sea … sér ekki högg á vatni, a blow in the water is not seen, of a useless effort … á vatni, afloat … 3. of tears; halda ekki vatni, could not forbear weeping … III. streams, waters, esp. in plural of large streams; … IV. in local names, Vatn, Vatna-hverfi, Vatns-lausa, Vatns-á, Vatns-dalr, Vatns-endi, Vatns-fell, Vatns-fjörðr, Vatns-nes, Vatns-horn, Vatns-skarð, … Vatns-dælir, Vatns-firðingar, the men from Vatnsfjörðr, Vatnsdalr, … of lakes, Gríms-vötn, Fiski-vötn, Elliða-vatn, Mý-vatn, Ólvus-vatn, … more seldom of rivers, as Héraðsvötn in north of Iceland … B. Compounds, with genitive vatna-, vatns-, in vellums vatz-, vaz-:

• vatns-agi, a, m. dampness
• vatns-bakki, a, m. a bank, shore of a water or lake
• vatns-beri, a, m. the water-bearer, Aquarius in the zodiac
• vatns-blandaðr, part. mixed with water
• vatns-bolli, a, m. a water-jug
• vatns-borinn, participle, mixed with water
• vatns-botn, m. the foot of a lake
• vatns-ból, n. a watering-place, well, where drinking-water is drawn
• vatns-bóla, u, f. a water-bubble
• vatns-bragð, n. a taste of water
• vatns-burðr, m. carrying water
• vatns-dauði, a, m. water-death, death by drowning in fresh water
• vatna-djúp, n. a water-deep, abyss
• vatns-dropi, a, m. a drop of water
• vatns-drykkr, m. a drink of water
• vatns-dæld, f. a watery hollow
• vatns-endi, a, m. the end of a lake
• vatns-fall, n. a stream, river
• lítið vatnsfall, a small river
• vatns-farvegr, m. a 'water's fairway', the bed of a river
• vatns-fata, u, f. a water-pail
• vatna-flaumr, m. [Norse vand-flom], a water-flood, swell of water
• vatns-flóð, n. water-flood
• vatna-gangr, m. a flood
• a fall of rain, = vatnfall, veðrátta ok v
• vatns-heldr, adj. water-tight
• vatns-hestr, m. = nykr, but vatna-hestr, m. a good horse to cross rivers
• vatna-hlaup, n. floods, a rushing forth of waters
• vatns-horn, n. a water-horn, a vessel for holy water in church, the end or angle of a lake, and as a local name
• vatns-hríð, f. a storm
• vatns-íss, m. ice on a lake
• vatns-kanna, u, f. a water-can
• vatns-karl, m. a water-can shaped like a man
• vatns-ker, n. a water-jug
• vatns-ketill, m. a water-kettle
• vatns-kottr, m. a water-insect, in foul pools
• vatns-lauss, adj. waterless, without water
• vatns-leysi, n. lack of water
• vatns-litr, m. water-colour
• vatns-megin, n. fulness of water
• vatns-mikill, adj. swelling with water, of a river
• vatns-minni, n. the inlet of a lake
• vatns-munnlaug, f. a water hand-basin
• vatns-ósa, adj. soaked with water
• vatns-óss, m. the mouth of a lake connected with the sea
• vatns-rás, f. a trench, water-course
• vatns-sár, m. a font
• vatns-skál, f. a water-jug
• vatns-skírn, f. baptism in water
• vatns-skortr, m. lack of water
• vatns-sótt, f water-sickness, dropsy
• vatns-steinn, m. a font of stone
• vatns-strönd, f. the bank of a lake
• vatns-stökkull, m. a watering-pot, a vessel or brush for sprinkling water
• vatns-tjörn, f. a 'water-tarn', pool
• vatna-tunna, u, f. a water-tub
• vatns-uppspretta, u, f. a jet of water
• vatns-veita, u, f. a drain, trench, aqueduct
• vatns-veiting, f. a draining
• vatns-vetr, m. a winter of floods
• vatns-vígsla, u, f. consecration of water
• vatns-vík, f. a creek in a lake
• vatna-vöxtr, m. 'water-growth', a flood
• vatna-þytr, m. the thud, sound of falling waters
• vatns-æðr, f. a vein of water

Real compounds with the root word vatn- prefixed:

• vatn-bátr, m. a lake-boat
• vatn-dauðr, adj. drowned in fresh water
• vatn-dragari, a, m. a drawer of water
• vatn-dýr, n. water-animals
• vatn-fall, n. a waterfall, stream
• vatnföll deilir, a torrent, stream
• vatn-fátt, n. adj. short of water
• vatn-fiskr, m. a fresh-water fish
• vatn-gangr, m. a swelling of water
• vatn-horn, n. a water-horn, as church inventory
• vatn-kakki, a, m. = trapiza, quod vide
• vatn-kálfr, m. dropsy
• vatn-ker, vatn-kerald, vatn-ketill, n. a water-jug
• vatn-legill, m. a water-jug
• vatn-leysi, n. lack of water
• vatn-ormr, m. a water-serpent
• vatn-skjóla, u, f. a water-skeel, pail
• vatn-staðr, m. a water-place
• vatn-torf, n. soaked turf
• vatn-trumba, u, f. a water-pipe
• vatn-veita, u, f. = vatnsveita, a drain, water-trench
• vatn-vígsla, u, f. the consecrating streams and wells, of bishop Gudmund
• vatn-ærinn, adj. plentiful as water, abundant

[148] ON hagi, 'pasture, hedged field': Studdah, Hagg Wood, Hawthorns, Hogarth Hill, Haw Dale.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 232, entry 22

hag-þorn, m. [hagi], the hawthorn, 'hedge-thorn', Edda (Gl.), Stjórn 395.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 91

hagi m. pasture

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 231, entry 32

HAGI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon haga = a fence; Danish have = a garden; Swedish hage; Northern English hag; English 'hedge'; compare Old English hay, Hayes as local names; the word still remains as an appellative in haw-thorn = hedge-thorn; haw-haw = a sunk fence] a pasture, properly, a 'hedged field' … var hestum hagi fenginn, the horses were put out to grass … fjár-hagi, sauð-hagi, sheep pasture; fjall-hagar, fell pastures; heima-hagar, home pastures; út-hagi, out pasture (far from the farm); Icelandic distinguish between tún and engjar for haymaking, and hagar for grazing. Compounds:

• haga-beit pasturage
• haga-ganga grazing
• haga-garðr a field fence
• hagi is frequently the name of a farm … Haga-land, n. the estate of the farm Hagi
• haga-spakr adjective, = hagfastr
• hag-faldin, participle, hooded with hedges, poetical, of the earth
• hag-fastr, adj. of cattle, grazing constantly
• hag-fátt, n. adj. short of grazing
• hag-feldr, adj. fit, meet, suited for
• hag-fella, u, f. a field
• hagfellu-garðr, m. a field fence
• hag-fræði, f. agricultural statistics
• hag-genginn, part. grass-fed, fattened in the pastures, of cattle
• hag-jörð, f. pasture land
• hag-keypi, n. a good bargain
• hag-kvæmr (hag-kvæmiligr), adj. meet, useful

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 82

Pickering

HAWTHORN HILL

• Howghton Hill 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

vide hyll. Hawthorn is a corruption of the common Hutton or Hoton 'farm on the hoh or hill'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 92

Levisham

HAWDALE (6")

• Haghdale 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 223 d

'Enclosure-valley' vide haga, dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 247

Finghall

STUDDAH

• Stodhage, -hag(h) circa 1200 Easby 159, 1210 FF; 1219, 1231 Ass
• Stodehawe LS
• Studhowe 1561 FF
• Studhowe 1575 FF

'Stud enclosure' vide stod, haga and compare Stody NFK.

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Editor's note: ON hagi and stoð preferred to OE haga and stod by reason of the locale and preponderance of ON place-names.

[149] ON þræll, 'slave'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 285

• þræll m. slave; liegeman, vassal

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page

• ambátt f. female slave
• forverk n. labour (done for another), slave-labour; Fenju forverk = gold
• kefsir m. slave (male partner of a slave-girl)
• leiðiþírr m. 'leading-slave', thief, kidnapper
• man (2) n. slave-girl, maid, girl; at mani, as slave(s), in slavery; i.e. household (of servants)
• þírr m. male slave
• þræll m. slave
• flytr m. whistling, howling, roaring; whirring sound (of a mill, or the noise of the slave-girls' song ?)
• ǫnnungr m. labourer, slave
• Eldir m. slave of Ægir; in kenning for giant, Eldir ár steðja
• Fimafengr m. slave of Ægir

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 747, entry 57

þRÆLL, m. [Anglo Saxon þræl; English 'thrall'; Danish træl; Swedish träl] a thrall, serf, slave … þræla-fólk, thralls … þræls-gjöld, weregild for a thrall … II. metaphorical, the word became a term of abuse, þræll being used to denote a servile, mean fellow, and then a cruel, wicked wretch.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 198

The Norsemen, until the conquest of William Rufus, formed the ruling class of Cumberland. They mostly, it seems, lived in garrisons and strongholds, and possibly, as in other Scandinavian parts of England, were united into knight-guilds - there are, at any rate, in the place-names of LAN, several traces of guilds. The land was cultivated by serfs and freedmen who, as in Norway, were called þrœlar ('thralls') and leysingjar. The word þrœll is still preserved in Trelefelt (now Threlfall) in Goosnargh. Leysing was a common name in CUL and LAN. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, however, we also find ON names among the villains. In CUL leysing was as late as in 1259 used in the original meaning of 'a freedman'. The Norsemen in the Lake District had since the middle of the tenth century been cut off from their Norwegian compatriots. Nevertheless, in the latter part of the twelfth century, and probably even later, a sort of Norwegian vernacular must still have survived

[150] ON Svarthǫfði (personal name); ON svartr, 'black': Swarth Howe (tumulis), Swarthoe Cross.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Svarthǫfði (Swarthoe Cross)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Svartgeirr (Swargerflat, 1303)
• ON Svarthǫfði (Swarhovedwath, 12th, Swarthowflat, H3)
• ON Svartmundr (Swertmundeflat, 1407)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 125

Whitby

SWARTHOE CROSS (Tumulus) (6")

• Swarthouethcros 1108-14 Whitby
• Swarthovthescros 1204 Rot. Ch.
• Swarthouchescros (? = -houthes-) 1314 NRS

'Swarthead's cross'; vide cros. The first element is the common ON personal name Svarthǫfði, -a (LindN), found also in the name of a lost place in Tolsby, Swarhovedwath 12 Whitby.

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Editor's note: see Swarth Howe (Tumulus) [SE 96945 94082]. ON Svarthǫfði = ON svartr 'black' + ON höfði 'head, headland' = 'dark (black) headland (head)' or 'Svatr's headland'.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Svartr (m. <5) and Svarthofði (m. 3).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 11, 233 and 234

• alsvartr adjective, completely black, pure black
• svartr (f. singular and n. plural, svört) adjective, dark, swarthy; black; black-haired; weak form as nickname
• svört, svörtum see svartr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 306, entry 27

höfði, a, m. a headland … II. local name of a farm, whence Höfða-menn, m. plural, the men from Höfði … III. a carved head, ship's beak; amb-höfði, hjart-höfði, arn-höfði, hest-höfði, karl-höfði, orkn-höfði, svín-höfði; whence höfða-skip, n. a ship with beaks.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 307, entry 8

HÖFUÐ, n., dative höfði; genitive plural, höfða, dat. höfðum; in Norse MSS. often spelt hafuð, Anecdotal 4 (without umlaut); the root-vowel seems in very early times (8th century) to have been a diphthong; thus Bragi uses the rhymes, laufi-haufði, and rauf-haufuð … [compare Anglo Saxon heâfod; English 'head'; Danish hôved; Swedish hufvud … thus all old Teutonic languages except the Icelandic agree in the length of the vowel …]

[151] ON stígr, 'a path, footway': Normanby Stye Batts, Pursglove Stye Batts, Reasty Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 592, entry 21

STIGR (also sounded stígr, stíg and víg make rhyme in old poems), m., genitive, stigs, dat. stig; n. plural, stigar, stiga, which forms seem older and better than stigir, stigu, which also occur: [Anglo Saxon stíg; Early English stie; English stair; Danish sti; German steg; compare Northern English stye or stie, a steep ascent or pass, as in stye-head Pass]: a path, footway … taka úkunna stiga, to walk in unknown paths … kanna ókunna stigu, to visit unknown paths, i.e. foreign lands; … stemma stiga fyrir einhverjum, to bar one's way, cut one off … vega ok stiga, ways and paths … ryðja stiginn, to rid or clear the way … hjá-stigr, a by-path; leyni-stigr a hidden path; gagn-stígr, a 'gain-path,' short cut; … stiga-maðr, m. a highwayman …

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 148, 226, 254 and 266

• leynistígr m. secret path
• stígr m. path; way (of life)
• vástígr m. path of or to woe or disaster
• villustígr m. false path

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 108

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE stīg / ON stígr 'path'

Both /j/ and /ɣ/ may have been found in forms of OE stīg as palatalisation and assibilation did not take place medially before a back vowel (compare OE stīgas) …; consequently, some forms of OE stīg would be indistinguishable from ON stígr (final-r being inflexional). Analogy with palatalised forms may explain ME forms reflecting the palatalised form …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 108

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE stīg-weg / ON stígr-vegr see OE/ON stīg/stígr and weg/vegr.

[152] ON straumr, 'a stream, current, race, of the sea, the tide'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 227

• straumr m. current, torrent
• Straumsey f. 'torrent island'

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 276, 316 and 404

• flugastraumr m. rushing current
• hornstraumr m. 'horn-stream', mead, in kenning for poetry, hornstraumr Hrímnis
• straumr m. current
• straumtungl n. current-(sea-)moon or -sun, i.e. gold; in kenning for woman, veltistoð straumtungls

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 597, entry 18

STRAUMR, m. [a common Teutonic word; Anglo Saxon streâm; German strom; Danish ström] a stream, current, race, of the sea, the tide, a river, … in the phrase, brjóta straum fyrir einhverju, to break the stream for one, bear the brunt 2. of the tide; … stór-straumr, a spring-tide; smá-straumr, a neap-tide. II. in local names, Straumr, Straum-fjörðr, Straum-nes, strauma-skipti, n. plural, the change of spring-tides

[153] ON strönd, 'strand, shore': Whitby Strand.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 227 and 228

• strandar, strandir see strönd
• strandhögg n. a raid on the shore (for supplies)
• strönd (plural, strendr/strandir) f. coast, shore; beach; dative plural, with suffixed definite article ströndunum; in kenning for heart or mind or breast hyggju strendr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 599, entry 26

STRÖND, f., genitive, strandar, dative, ströndu and strönd, plural, strendr and strandir, the latter being the older form used in local names; [Anglo Saxon, English, and Danish-Swedish strand] a border, edge; … II. a strand, coast, shore (not of a river, though the London Strand is such); … III. frequent in local names, of a coast-land, Strönd, Strandir, and in compounds …: strandar-glópr, m. a strand-fool; in the phrase, verða s., of one who arrives after the ship has sailed, … stranda-menn, m. plural, men from the county Strand.

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"Yorkshire Lay Subsidy" R. 30 Edward I (1301) (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1897), 109.

From the footnotes to "The Subsidy: Liberty of Whitby" at pages 107-111:

"This document adds enormously to our knowledge of the names of the inhabitants of Whitby Strand at the commencement of the fourteenth century. Whitby is not even mentioned in Kirkby's Inquest; and in the Nomina Villarum, which is printed with Kirkby (p. 327), the information given is very scanty. The names of the inhabitants also not only add to our knowledge of their callings (as in other places), but give us the information that, even at this early date, the woollen manufactures were beginning to be a home business. The fuller, the weaver, and the dyer are mentioned - all three in immediate sequence to one another in one place - Johannes le Fulur, Henricus le Teler, and Thomas Tinctor - and besides that, the name Johannes Fleming reveals the fact that the immigration of Flemish wool-workers had already commenced. Perhaps, however, the most noteworthy circumstance connected with the list of names of fifteenth-paying inhabitants of Whitby is that scarcely one of the names of the persons designated betokens any dependence upon, or connection with, the, by that time, important and influential abbey of Whitby. And another observation of the same nature may be made. No fisherman, or boatman, or merchant-man, is specified. A century later the case was different."

[154] ON vara, 'warn, caution, be aware'; ON varða 'beacon': Warsett, Warsett Hill.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 253

• vara (past varaði, past participle varat) weak verb warn, caution
• vara flik take care, beware, be on your guard
• -sk form (refl.) varask/varaz beware (of), be one's guard (that), be careful (that)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 679, entry 19

varða, u, f. [German warte], a beacon; … 2. a pile of stones or wood to 'warn' a wayfarer; in Iceland varða is the popular name of stone cairns erected on high points on mountains and waste places, to 'warn' the wayfarer as to the course of the way; (in the Tyrolese Alps they are called 'daube' = Icelandic þúfa, q.v.); … dagmála-varða, of piles of stones by which the 'day-marks' are fixed: frequent in local names, Vörðu-fell, Holtavörðu-heiðr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 679, entry 6

VARA, að, [varr], to warn; vara sik, to be on one's guard, beware … v. einhvern við einhverju, to bid one beware of a thing … II. reflexive, to beware of, be on one's guard against, shun …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 679, entry 7

VARA, present, vari, preterite, varði, participle, varat; [English 'ware, a-ware'; compare varða] to be aware of, ween, expect, have a forboding of: …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 679, entry 7

VARA, u, f., plural, vörur, [Danish vare; English 'wares'], wares; in Norway chiefly of fur, in Iceland of wadmal … ljós vara, light ware, i.e. ermine, opposite to grá-vara, grey fur; skinna-vara, skins, fur; … vöru hundrað, a hundred (value) in wares, i.e. wadmal, Compounds: vöru-gildr, adj. being a legal tender, marketable; vöru-klæði (-lérept), n. a common cloth; vöru-sekkr, m. a pack of wadmal; vöru-smíði, n. work in wood or metals; … vöru-váð, f. marketable cloth, common wadmal; …

[155] ON stórr, 'big, large': Storr Lane, Storry Hills.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 10, 112, 210 and 227

• stórr adj. big, large; n. stórt (understand were); great
• allstórr adj. very large
• hugumstórr adj. great of heart, courageous
• skapstórr adj. proud-minded
• menn eru skapstórir there are proud-minded people
• stórauðigr adj. very wealthy, of great wealth
• stórbrögðóttr adj. as subst. very wily person, one who undertakes great deeds
• stórhátíð f. major festival
• stórmannligr adj. munificent, grand
• stórmerki n. plural, great wonders, miracles
• þau skip en stóru those great ships; n. as adv. severely, harshly
• stórtákn n. great miracle
• stórviðir m. plural, big beams, main timbers; with suffixed def. art. stórviðinir

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 596, entry 13

STÓRR, adj., [a word peculiar to the Northern languages, from which it has entered into the Finnish; Anglo Saxon stôr; English 'sturdy'; Northern English stordy] the original sense seems to be 'stirred', 'disturbed' but it is only used in the sense big, great, of size; … stór veðr, [compare Shetland 'stoor'], rough weather, great gales … stórr sær, a high sea … II. metaphorical great, potent; … 2. great, important; 3. … proud; … III. neut., … görði þá stórt á fireth;inum, the sea rose high … höggva stórt, to strike hard … IV. adverbial phrases, stórum, very greatly, much; … þat berr stórum, it amounts to much … stórum ríkr, very mighty … 2. stærrum, more, in a greater degree; … eigi stærum né smærum, neither more nor less … 4. stóru-gi, adverb, much, greatly

[156] ON stafr, 'staff'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 126 and 224

• stafr m. staff
• járnstafr m. iron pole, iron staff

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 586, entry 35

STAFR, m., genitive, stafs, old plural, stafar … a staff, post, especially in a building, as is still seen in Norway; bundinn við staf einn … compare Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850) sub voce stav-hus, stav-kyrkja, stave-naust … 2. a stave of a vat or cask … 3. a staff, stick, to walk with; ganga við staf … of a magical wand … written letters, staves, originally derived from the magic twigs and rods used for enquiring into fate, see the remarks sub voce rún: of magic staves … 3. letters … compounds:

• stafa-nöfn, n. plural, the names of letters, Skálda …
• staf-róf, n. (properly a row of twigs, Lat. sortes), [Anglo Saxon stæfrawa], a 'stave-row' the alphabet, frequent in old and modern usage
• stafrófs-kver, n. an ABC book
• staf-setning, f. spelling, orthography, (mod.)
• staf-slanga, u, f. a sling on a stick
• staf-sleggja, u, f. a 'pole-sledge'
• staf-sproti, a, m. a stick

[157] ON stöng, 'pole': Stanghow, Stang Howe.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 126 and 224

stöng (plural, stangir) f. pole

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 603, entry 6

STÖNG, f., genitive, stangar, dative, stöngu, plural, stangir and stengr: [Anglo Saxon steng; North. E. stang; German, stange; Danish, stang, plural, stænger] a pole; … berja einhvern stöngum, to beat with staves … 3: of a standard pole (merkis-stöng), … the phrase, ganga undir stöng, to go under a pole, in order to be counted up (see skora), … the phrase, bera fé til stangar, of cattle as booty, to bring to the pole, that it may be counted and valued … Compounds: Stangar-bolli, -foli, a, m. names of ships, Bs. stangar-fylja, u, f., -högg, n. a nickname …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 146

Danby

4. STANGHOW 16 D 4

• Stanehou 1273 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Stanghou, -houe 1280 (Calendar of Charter Rolls), 1293 (Placita de quo Warranto), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy), 1575 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Staynghou 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)

'Howe marked by a pole' vide stöng, haugr. Compare the lost Stangerhou in Ravensmeols (Place-Names Lancashire 250). The spellings Stane-, Stayng- are due to the influence of OE stan and ON steinn.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 15

Stanger CUL 1322 Cal. Inq.; 1323 CIR; Stangra, 1550 Cal. Plead.; now Stangrah.

As may be seen from the earliest spelling on record, this name represents a normal form stangir, accusative (nominative) plural of OWScand stǫng, feminine i-stem, 'a pole, stake'. OSwed stang; compare OE steng, for which see Middendorf. OWScand stǫng is frequently found in ONorw place-names, when uncompounded not seldom in plural, e.g. Stanger, 'a Stangum E.J., etc.

¹ The word stang occurs in some English compound place-names, all of which are apparently of Scandinavian origin; they are confined to the northern counties (chiefly WES, LAN, YKS). See further in Part II. ME stang in Gaw. 1614, considered by Björkman (Loan-words, p.255) to be 'probably native', was no doubt borrowed from the Scandinavians, since no corresponding OE word is recorded and the evidence of the place-names favours such a supposition. Compare EDD stang.

Stangrewath WES 1340 Pat; now Stangerthwaite(?). 1st member probably stangar, genitive singular of OWScand stǫng; see preceding name. The word occurs in the same case in the ONorw place-names Stangarholte E.J.; compare Stanganæs E.J. (Stangarnes, see Rygh NG Volume III page 222 and Stangaby E.J. Rygh NG Volume VI page 245.

2nd member originally OWScand vað, 'ford'. The place is situated on the river Lune, provided the identification above proposed is correct.

[158] ON staðr, 'place, stead': Northstead Lane, Northstead Parish, Northstead Stile. See also [145] bólstaðr.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 223 and 224

staðr m. place; establishment, ecclesiastical foundation

• þegar í stað on the spot
• í sinn stað into their respective position(s), to their station(s)
• í marga staði in many instances, in many respects (?) in many cases (?)
• adv. acc. (or dat.?) þriðja stað in a third position, station
• koma í stað come instead (of him), take his place
• with suffixed def. art. í staðenn in their place, to replace them
• í staðenn þess liðs to replace those men
• annars staðar elsewhere
• nema stað/staðar stop

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 586, entry 16

STAÐR, m., genitive, staðar, dative, stað, and older staði, plural, staðir: [from standa; … Anglo Saxon stæð; English 'stead in home-stead'; Danish stæd; German statt] a 'stead,' place, abode; … 3. adverbially, í stað, on the spot, at once, presently … III. a church-establishment (church, see, convent); … staðr í Viðey (a convent) … staðar-bú, a rectory; staðar-eign, church-possession; staðar-fé, church-property; staðar-forráð, administration of church-establishments; staðar-jörð, a glebe; staðar-prestr, a parish-priest; staðar-setning, an establishment … staða-mál, the church contest, the name given to the struggle between clergy and laity about the ownership and administration of the churches and glebes (staða-forráð), which took place in Iceland at the end of the 13th century, and was partly settled by the agreement of A.D. 1296,

• í einn stað, in one place
• í annan stað, in another place
• fimmtán í hvárum stað, fifteen in each place
• í einhverjum stað, in some place, somewhere
• í einum stað í England, somewhere in England
• í öllum stöðum, in all places, altogether
• skipta í tvá, fjóra, sextán … staði, to divide into two, four, sixteen … parts
• ara af stað (modern á stað), to go away, leave
• hafa sik af stað, to absent oneself
• bíða einhvers ór stað, to wait in one's place, wait till one is attacked
• ráða einhverju til staðar, to settle
• gefa einhverju stað, or gefa staðar, to stop, halt
• nema stað or staðar, to stop
• eita staðar, to seek a place (privy)

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The Vikings in Lewis (2014) David Etheridge et al, Department of Archæology and Anthropology, University of Bristol University at page 10

Place-Names: Naming the Landscape

Several place-names and place-name elements reflect Norse settlement on Lewis; staðr, 'stead' place-names are particularly common: Bosta >Bólstaðr 'farm'. Many staðr names have a second element which describes the farm. This can be a personal name or feature, for example: Kirkibost > Kirkjubólstaðr 'church farm'. Habost 'the high farm' has already been mentioned and Lábost > Lágbólstaðr 'the low-lying farm' is another example.

[159] ON spánn, 'wood-shaving'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 153 and 222

spánn (plural, spænir) m. bit, chip (left by an auger)

• with suffixed def. art.; í spán to pieces
• lokarspánn m. wood-shaving (from a plane); acc. plural, -spánu

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 581, entry 42

SPÁNN and spónn, m., genitive, spánar, dative, spæni, plural, spænir, acc. spánu, spónu … [Anglo Saxon span, spoon; German spann; Danish spaan; English 'spoon'] a chip, shaving, made by a plane, knife, axe; … in the phrase, brotna á spán, to be 'broken into matchwood' of a ship … II. metaphorical usages, a target; … of a sword's sheath … shingles for thatching … chips used for soothsaying … spóna-trog, a trough or tray in which the spoons were served at table.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 581, entry 43

Spánn, m. Spain, Spán-land (Spána-land): Spán-verjar, m. plural, Spaniards … Spán-verskr, adj. Spanish

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 581, entry 44

spán-nýr, adj. (spelt spánýr), [English 'span' in 'spick and span'], span-new, very frequent in modern usage; vín spánnýtt at drekka, fresh wine 2. metaphorical quite fresh, not exhausted

• spán-ósi, adj. span-new, of ships just launched
• spán-þak, n. a shingle-roof
• spán-þaktr, participle shingle-thatched

[160] ON Sútari (personal name); ON suðr and sunnr, 'south, the south': Suffield Ings, Sutherland Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Sútari (Ruddings (Birdf), Sutherland)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 130, 231 and 229

• Ketill sútari (cobbler) m. died in the fire at Flugumýrr
• sútari m. cobbler (Latin sutor, Old English sutere; in later Icelandic 'tanner'); as nickname
• suðr, sunnr adv. south(wards); i.e. on pilgrimage to Rome; in the south (actually south-west), in the south, to the south (i.e. in the more southerly Álptafjörðr); suðr hér here in the south; sunnr fyrir in the south off; suðr fyrir land southwards along the coast, south past
• suðrátt f. southerly direction; í suðrátt southwards
• suðrdyrr n. plural, southern doorway; genitive, plural, suðrdura; acc. as adv. (acc. of route) by the southern doorway Suðreyjar f. plural, the Hebrides
• suðreyskr adj. Hebridean, from the Hebrides
• suðrganga f. pilgrimage to Rome
• Suðrríki n. 'the southern realm', southern Europe (the Roman Empire)
• suðrœnn adj. southern, from the south

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 603, entry 16

SUÐR, n., genitive, suðrs; older form sunnr; … [Anglo Saxon suð; English 'south'; German süd; Danish syd] the south; af suðri (of the south) … suðri (in the south) … til suðrs (to the south) … land-suðr, south-east; út-suðr, south-west … fara suðr, to pass southwards, especially of pilgrims to Rome or Palestine … suðr frá, southwards … suðr (in the south, i. e. in southern Iceland) … II. compar. sunnar, more to the south … 2. superlative, sunnarst

• suðr-búr, n. a south bower, south room
• suðr-dyrr, n. plural, south doors
• suðr-ey, f. a local name, South Island, ii: plural, Suðr-eyjar, Sodor, the Hebrides
• suðr-ferð, -för, f. a journey to the south, especially a pilgrimage
• suðr-ganga, u, f. = suðrferð
• suðr-haf, n. the South-sea
• suðr-hallr, adj. south-slanting, of the sun
• suðr-hálfa, -álfa, u, f. the southern region … of Africa, Asia
• Suðri, a, m. a dwarf, compare Norðri
• suðr-jöklar, m. plural, the south glaciers
• suðr-land, n. a southern county, the south shore of a fjord … plur. suðrlönd, the south-lands, Saxony, Germany … a local name = Sutherland in Scotland
• suðr-maðr, m. a southerner, especially of a Saxon, German, as opposed to a Northman
• suðr-nes, n. plural, a local name
• suðr-reið, f. a journey to the south
• Suðr-ríki, n. = suðrhálfa, especially used of Central and Southern Europe
• suðr-strönd, f. the south shore
• suðr-stúka, u, f. the south wing of a building
• suðr-vegar, m. plural, the southern ways, opposed to norðrvegar … vera á suðrvegi, on a pilgrimage: southern countries, as opposed to norðrlönd
• suðr-veggr, m. the southern wall
• Suðr-virki, n. Southwark in London
• suðr-ænn, adj. southern
• suðr-ætt, f. the southern regions

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 109 and 110

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE suð 'south, southern' (adjective and adverb) / ON suðr (earlier sunnr) 'the south, south' (noun and adverb)

OE suð and ON sunnr, suðr both derive from Germanic /sunþiz/. OE suð reflects loss of the nasal before a fricative and compensatory lengthening long before the Viking Age. However, the development of ON suðr is more complicated. An early form ON sunnr reflects the development of */nþ/ to /nn/, dated to before circa 950 by Noreen, partially on the evidence of Scandinavian material from England. ON sunnr then developed to suðr in West Scandinavian, where ON /nnr/ (including -r from Gemanic /z/) developed to /ðr/.

As expected, then, reflexes of ON suðr are found in place-names from Norway but not Denmark. This later development was dated to the Viking Age at the earliest (Noreen notes poetic evidence for the development from circa 1000), which means that it may or may not have taken place by the time of Scandinavian settlement in England.

Unfortunately, the available linguistic evidence is not very enlightening. The development either did not take place across the entire lexicon or was sometimes removed by analogy with oblique and plural forms (compare ON munnr, Icelandic munnur 'mouth'); consequently, the existence of munnr in Scandinavian linguistic material from England does not necessarily mean that the development of /nnr/ to /ðr/ postdates Scandinavian contacts with England.

Only one place-name in England is thought to contain ON sunnr - South Otterington, North Yorkshire, where a 1088 form Sonotrinctune is thought to indicate ON sunnr - and none is thought to contain ON suðr. One might wonder from the absence of ON sunnr, suðr whether the element occurs more often but has been interpreted as OE suð (the development of /nnr/ to /ðr/ having taken place), but this is speculative. As the development /nnr/ > /ðr/ might have occurred in West Scandinavian by the time of Scandinavian contacts with OE, the elements have been considered indistinguishable. Were they to occur, forms reflecting ON sunnr would evidently be distinguishable from OE suð.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 208

North Otterington

2. SOUTH OTTERINGTON 21 D 13

• Ostrinctune DB 1086
• Sonotrinctune 1088 LVED 51
• Otheringeton 1208 ChR
• Ot(e)rington' 1208-10 Fees; 1219, 1231 Ass; 1254 Ebor; (North) 1292 ib.
• Oterinton 1227 Ebor

Son- in the second form is probably from OWScand sunnr, 'south', an assimilated form.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

SUTHERLAND and SUTHERLAND BECK

• Suterlund 1334 ForP 304
• Soter-, Souterlund, Suterlundbek 1335 ForP 218 d, 219 d

'Sutari's wood' vide lundr. The first element is the ON by-name Sútari from Latin sutor 'shoe-maker'; the word was borrowed in ME from ON (vide Stratmann-Bradley sub verbo sūtare). The change of intervocalic t to th is seen in other place-names, e.g. Catterick 242 infra, and Souther Scales (Yorkshire West Riding), Suterscales 1214 Abbr, which contains the same element.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 115

Whitby

5. SUFFIELD 23 C 5

• Sudfelt, Sudfeld 1086 (Domesday Book)
• Suffeld 1108-14 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Suthfeld 1155-65 ibidem

vide suð, feld. Compare Northfield infra.

[161] ON trog, 'a trough': Cross Keld Trough, Trough, Gurling Trough.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 641, entry 6

TROG, n. [Anglo Saxon trog; English 'trough and tray': Danish trug] a trough …

• rjóma-trog or mjolkr-trog, a milk-trough in which the milk is kept for cream
• renna úr trogunum, to pour out the milk so that the cream remains
• slátr-trog, a meat-trough.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 132

Danby

TROUGH HOUSE

• Troch circa 1200, 1223, 1234 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Trochsich 13 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide trog, sic. Trough is a small valley branching off Fryup.

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"An account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland" (1852) Jens Jakob Asmussen Worsaae, at pages 82 and 83

In the river are the trows, or troughs, (Jutland, trow; Old Scandinavian, þró), made use of to cross over to the opposite shore. These trows, or troughs, are two small boats, originally trunks of trees hollowed out, and held together by a cross-pole. He who wishes to pass over places a foot in each trough or boat, and rows himself forward with the help of an oar. It is said that Edmund Ironsides and Canute the Great rowed over to the isle of Olney (in the river Severn) in such boats at the time when they concluded an agreement to divide England between them. The original inhabitants of Europe undoubtedly passed the great rivers in the same simple manner.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 442

trog, n. trough (t. fyllt af slatri).

þró (plural þrœr, þróar), f. hollowed wood or stone, trough.

[162] ON slétta, 'a plain, level field'; ON sléttr, 'plain, flat, even, smooth, level'; ON sliht, 'level, smooth': Sleights, Sleightholme, Sled Gates.

---

"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 388

slétta, feminine, a plain, level field.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 218

• slétta (past slétti, past participle sléttr) weak verb slap (á on it)
• sléttr adjective, flat; smooth

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 567, entry 42

SLÉTTR, adj. [… a word common to all Teutonic languages, but in the Scandinavian the h is lost, as Danish slet; but in German schlicht and schlecht, in English 'slight' etc.] plain, flat, even, smooth, level; sléttr steinn … sléttr sjór, a smooth sea … ú-sléttr, uneven, rough: metaphorically, segja sínar (farar) eigi sléttar, to tell of one's journey not having been smooth, i. e. that it had all gone wrong … 2. neut. slétt, just, precisely … smoothly, well, eigi mundi ferðin takask slétt, the journey would not go smoothly … tala slétt, to talk smoothly … II. [German schlecht; Danish slet] slight, trivial, common; … Compounds

• slétt-fjallaðr, adjective, smooth-skinned
• slétt-lendi, noun, a flat land
• slétt-lendr, adjective, flat, of land
• slétt-máll (-máligr), adjective, smooth-spoken
• slétt-mæli, noun, smooth language
• slétt-orðr, adjective = sléttmáll
• slétt-smíðaðr, participle, smooth-worked
• slétt-smíði, noun, 'smooth work', goldsmith's work, and the like, smoothed with the hammer
• slétt-yrði, noun, smooth words

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 884, entry 20

sliht; adjective, level, smooth; … eorþ-slihtes, level with the ground … Icelandic, sléttr plain, level.

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"A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary" (1848) Joseph Bosworth at page 203 entry 5 and page 202 entry 58

Sled, a plain, vide slæd

Slæd, es; noun, a slade, plain, open tract of country, derived from sliðan.

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Sledgates (Sled Gates) Whitby, 1903 [NZ 93917 04779]
First element possibly derived from OE sled, slæd, 'a slade, plain, open tract of country' or ON slétta, 'a plain, level field' with the second element derived from ON gata, 'way, path, road'

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at pages 62-3

Kirkby Moorside

SLEIGHTHOLME DALE [Kirkby Moorside]

• Sletholme 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy) (p)
• Slehtholme 1386 (Rievaulx Cartulary) (p)
• Sl(e)ightholm(e)dale 1538 (Rievaulx Cartulary), 1621 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 1^st series)

'Flat ground near water'; vide sletta, holmr, and compare Barnby Sleights and Sleightholme 135, 305 infra. The first element is from early ON sleht- (which later became slétta), and the normal development of this in the dialect would be [sli:t] (vide Sleightholme 305 infra). The modern pronunciation [sleit] is irregular, and, as Cowling (§§ 149, 172, 226) suggests for some other word, it is a borrowing from received standard English.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 63

Kirkby Moorside

SLEIGHTS HOUSE

• Slectes 1154-63 (Rievaulx Cartulary)

ut supra and compare the Latin form in parvis slectis in a West Lincolnshire charter of circa 1160. The context suggests that it refers to marshland (Catalogue of Ancient Deeds) (AS 280).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 120

Whitby

SLEIGHTS

• Slechetes circa 1223 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Sleghtes circa 1223, circa 1300 (Whitby Cartulary), 1347 (Baildon, Monastic Notes), 1429 (Testamenta Eboracensia)

vide sletta and compare Sleightholme Dale and Sleights 62-3 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 135

Lythe

SLEIGHTHOLME (lost), identical with BARNBY SLEIGHTS [NZ 82705 11554] (6")

• Sletholm(e) 12^th (Guisborough Cartulary), circa 1175-98 (Whitby Cartulary), 1279 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

vide Sleightholme 62, 120 supra.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 305

Bowes

SLEIGHTHOLME

• Slethholm 1254 Pat

With forms and interpretation as for Sleighthome (Ryedale Wapentake) 62 supra.

[163] ON sker, 'skerry': Hundale Scar, Beck Hole Scar, East Scar, Flat Scars, Salt Scar.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 211

sker n. skerry, rock covered at high tide

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"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at page 124.

ME sker(re), skar(re) sb. 'projecting rock' … NEDial skerry, scar, skeer (Wall pages 117, 119): OWScand sker 'a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea', OSwed skœr, ODan skjœr. The NE form 'skerry' may be from the Scandinavian cases in i (genitive plural skerja, dative skerjum).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 544, entry 29

SKER, n., genitive, plural, skerja, dative skerjum; [English 'skerry'] a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; … as also in local names, Skerja-fjörðr: … eyði-sker, a desert skerry; blind-sker, a sunken skerry: also in the phrase, að flaska á því skerinu, to split on that rock. skerja-blesi, a nickname …

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"Words and Places" (1911) Isaac Taylor & J. M. Dent, page 130

Chapter VIII

The Northmen

… We may also detect the visits of the Northmen by the word scar, a face of rock or cliff - from skera, to shear, or cut asunder. Instances are to be found in the names of Scarborough, the Skerries, and Skerryvore …

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 221, footnote 10

Skertoftis WES circa 1234 Wetherhal Reg.; in Strickland … From OWScand sker 'a cliff, rock', on land or in the sea (OSwed skär, Dan skiœr 'a skerry, rock in the sea'). Hence ME sker(re), skar(re) 'a projecting rock', and NEDial skerry (Scotland), and scar (in several dialects, also WES) 'a precipice, cliff', etc. See EDD.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 156

Kirkleatham

SALT SCAR

• Salcker in Clyvelond 1281 (Calendar of Patent Rolls)

vide OE sealt, ON salt, ON kjarr. A wreck took place here in 1281.

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"Norway, Virile Ways of the Modern Vikings" (ca 1920) A. MacCallum Scott Volume V at pages 3834 and 3835

The coast of Norway is one vast sheltered harbour for thousands of miles. It is protected by a continuous belt of islands, large and small, the Skjaergaard, or fence of skerries, through the narrow straits between which ships wind their way as through a canal. Between these islands and the mainland there is a channel or belt of deep water, deeper than the outside ocean. The fjords are not river estuaries, but narrow, deep-sea channels, branching out in all directions until they almost meet, and penetrating sometimes one hundred miles into the interior of the country. Their towering cliffs run down precipitously into deep water.

[164] ON hrár, 'raw'; ON rauðr, 'red': Raw, Rawcliffe (Bulmer), Rawcliff (Pickering), Rawcliff Bank (Langbaurgh East).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 282, entry 38

HRÁR, hrá, hrátt, adjective [Anglo Saxon hreow = crudus, whence English 'rough and raw'; Danish raa] raw, only of meat or food … 2. raw, fresh, sappy … hrár viðr, a sapling, young plant.

• hrá-skinn, n. 'raw-skin' but used (it is hard to say why) in the sense of a shelter, refuge
• hrá-æti, n. raw food
• hrá-blautr, adj. raw, of hides or the like
• hrá-fiskr, m. a raw fish
• hrá-leikr, m. rawness

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 193 and 194

• Rjóðr, 'redden': for rauðr 'red'
• rjóða (pres. rýðr, past rauð, past plural, ruðu, past participle roðinn) sub voce redden (with blood; to redden the sword or spear or shield is to fight valiantly); past participle roðinn reddened (with blood, in valiant fight) (with sárlauk)
• rjóðandi m. (pres. part.) reddener; with randa bliks forms a kenning for warrior, who reddens swords with blood in battle
• rjóðr adj. red, ruddy
• roðna (past roðnaði, past participle roðnat) weak verb redden, go red

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 500, entry 19

RJÓÐA, present, rýð; preterite, rauð, rautt, and rauttú rautt, plural, ruðu; subj. ryði; participle, roðinn: [Anglo Saxon reódan] to redden, besmear with blood; … rjóða tönn, kló, fót, nef, to redden the tooth, claw, beak of a beast of prey, a standing phrase in the old war-songs … rjóðr, adj. ruddy, of the face or cheek …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 500, entry 21

RJÓÐR, n. [ryðja; ried, Schmeller], a 'clearing', open space in a forest … rjóðr-höggvinn, participle cut, cleared

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 15

Overton

RAWCLIFFE 27 E 6

• Roud(e)clife DB
• Rout(h)ecliua, Routhecliue 1170 P (p); 1208 FF; e. 13 RegAlb ii 47 d, 1294 Ch; -klif 1295 For; -clyff LVD; 1323 Pat
• Rauþeclif 1295 For
• Roucliff, -clyf(f) 1309 Dugd) iii 565; 1318 Pap; 1330 For; 1342 Test; 1364 FF
• Roclyff 1540 Dugd iii 570

'Red cliff', vide rauðr, klif. The name refers to the high reddish bank of the Ouse at this point.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

RAWCLIFF

• Rouclif, -clyff 1334 ForP 304; 1408 For
• Rocliffe 1619 NRS

This is probably the same as Rawcliffe (Bulmer Wapentake) 15 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 118

Fylingdales

ROW

• Fyling Rawe 16^th (Whitby Cartulary)

vide raw 'a row of houses, hamlet'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 146

Skelton

RAWCLIFF BANK

• Readecliff 1043-60 (12th) SD
• Roudeclif, Roudclive DB
• Routheclyve, -clive 1190, 1242 Guis
• Rouclif(flat) 1407 YI
• Rocliff 1582 FF

This name is of great interest as showing what must have repeatedly happened in Yorkshire place-names, viz. the replacement of an OE name by a Scandinavian cognate. The Symeon of Durham form Readecliff is from OE read 'red', whilst later forms show the substitution of ON rauðr. vide clif.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at Introduction, page xxxiii

… Finally, spellings show the frequent substitution of Scandinavian for English forms in Anglian names which survived the settlement. Such are … the very interesting case of Rawcliff Bank (infra 146), where ON raudðr is substituted for OE rēad.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 271

Grinton

RAWCROFT

• Ruck(c)roft 1274 YI; 1563 FF
• Rowcroft 1564 FF

'Rough pasture' vide ruh, croft

[165] ON Hrísi (personal name); ON hrís, 'brushwood': Galtres, Riseborough Hill, Thornton Riseborough, Risedale, Rice Gate Wood.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hris / ON hrís 'brushwood'.

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hrísi (Risedale)

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Editor's note: the first element of Risedale place-name is possibly ON personal name Hrísi (compare hrís 'shrubs, brushwood') which together with ON suffix dalr 'dale, valley' gives 'Hrísi's valley' (Risedale).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 286, entry 10

HRÍS, n. [Anglo Saxon hrîs; Old English ris or rys (Chaucer)] a collective noun, shrubs, brushwood … Compounds:

hrís-bítr, m. 'twig-biter', a nickname

hrís-brot, n. breaking wood for faggots

hrís-byrðr, f. a load of faggots

hrís-fleki, a, m. a hurdle of brush-wood

hrís-högg, n. = hrísbrot

hrís-kjörr, n. plural, brushwood

hrís-magi, a, m. a nickname

hrís-runnr, m. 'a bush'

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 193 and 110

hrís n. brushwood

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 319

hrísgrísnir m. wolf ('bush-grinner', 'bush-thinner' or 'bush-scraper', 'bush-terrifier'; Hrímgrímnir, a giant-name; hrísgrísnis serkr is the wolf-shape assumed by shape-changing warriors. … Kock suggests that -grísnir means 'grey one', but it is perhaps more likely to mean 'gnasher' see -grísnir and hrísgrísnir 'one who gnashes his teeth in the bushes'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 8

Bulmer Wapentake

GALTRES

Galtres is the name of the old royal forest which covered a great part of this wapentake. Its existence is still perpetuated with the additional le Forest etc in some of the place-names within its area.

• Galtrys, -ris 1155-89 Kirkham 5; 1171, 1179 P; 1222 CIR et passim to 1451 Test
• Galtres 1177 HCY; 1226-9 RegAlb ii. 39d et passim to 1577 NRS
• Galteriz 1212 Pat; 1223 CIR; -ris CI
• Gautric 1227, 1229, 1233 CI
• Gaut(e)ris 1227, 1230 CI, Ch, 1236 CI, 1250 Pat; 1296 YI
• Gautres 1270 YI, 1290, 1310 Ch, 1577 Saxton
• Gawtrees 1416 YD
• Gawtryce 1510 Sanct

This interesting name is a compound of ON gǫltr (PrN galtur), 'boar', and ON hrís, 'brushwood'. Turbeville tells how boars, when being hunted, make for the thickest brushwood they can find. "Bores lie most commonly in the strongest holdes of Thornes and thicke Bushes" (The Noble Art of Venerie or Hunting, Oxford edition, page 151).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 223, entry 30

GÖLTR, m., genitive, galtar, dative, gelti, [Swedish and Danish galt] a boar, hog … sónar-göltr, a sacrificial hog … an old dative gjalti only occurs in the old metaphorical phrase, verða at gjalti, to be turned into a hog, i.e. to turn mad with terror, especially in a fight … II. metaphorical, a hog's back or ridge between two dales; in local names, Galtar-dalr, Galtardals-tunga, n., of farms situated at the foot of such a ridge.

• gjaf-göltr, m. a fat hog
• gjalti, vide göltr
• göltra, að, to rove about in cold and blast, from göltr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 188, entry 6

galti, a, m. (vide göltr), a boar, bog … Galt-nes, n. 'Hog's-ness', a local name; Galt-nesingr, m. a man from Galt …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 77

Sinnington

RISEBOROUGH HILL

• Ri-, Ryseberg(h)' , -berch circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings), (in Aselakeby) 1260 (Calendar of Charter Rolls) et passim to 1318 (Calendar of Charter Rolls)
• Reysebergh 1293 (Placita de quo Warranto)

On the evidence of the (Placita de quo Warranto) spelling, Dr Harald Lindkvist, at page 134 derives the first element from ON hrøysi 'cairn'. It should, however, be noted that in the other cases of ON hrøysi cited by Lindkvist there is not a single instance of ON hrøysi appearing as ME rise. More probably the name should be connected with Risborough (Place-Names Buckinghamshire 170) and a lost place called Riseberga 1158 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 419 from OE hris 'brushwood' and beorg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 77

Sinnington

THORNTON RISEBOROUGH (6") 90 SE 12

• Tornitun, Tornentun 1086 DB
• Torinton' 1167 (Pipe Rolls)
• Torneton sub Riseberg circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings)
• Torenton (voc. Riseberge) 1310 (Calendar of Charter Rolls)
• Thornton under Isbergh 1406 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

vide þorn, tun and Riseborough infra. It is interesting to compare the form under Isbergh with the later forms of Roseberry and Newton under Roseberry 163-4 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 244

Catterick

RISEDALE and RISEDAL BECK

• Risedalebec circa 1200 Easby 52
• Ri-, Rysedale 1262 Easby 155 et passim
• Risdale Saxton

'Valley overgrown with brushwood' vide hris, dæl (dalr ?) bekkr, or else 'Risi's valley' from the ON personal name Hrísi (LindBN 1920).

[166] ON personal name Hǫggvandi(ll); ON högg, 'hewing down of trees'; ON höggva, 'to fell trees': Ash Haggs Gill, Hagger Lythe, Hagg End, Ness Hagg.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hǫggvandill (m. 1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 308, entry 4

HÖGG, n., old dative, höggvi; genitive, plural, höggva; [Shetland huggie; Scottish hag; Danish hug; Swedish hugg; compare the verb höggva] a stroke, blow, especially a stroke with an edged weapon, but also with a blunt one … 3. a hewing down of trees; skógar-högg;  … fjal-högg, a chopping-block. 5. a ravine or a cut-like gap in a mountain.

högg-eyx, f. a hewing axe, hatchet

högg-járn, n. a 'hewing iron', chopper, a chisel

högg-sax, n. a kind of hatchet

högg-skógr, m. [Danish skovhugst], felled trees; þat er h. er menn höggva upp

högg-sledda, u, f. = höggsax

högg-stokkr, m. a chopping-block; a block for execution

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 309, entry 11

HÖGGVA, also spelt heyggva, Sæm. (Kb.); … Anglo Saxon heawan; English hew, hack; … höggva denotes to strike with an edged tool, slá and drepa with a blunt one: … 3. to fell trees; höggva skög … II. with preposition; höggva af, to hew or cut off; af kampa ok skegg, to cut off the beard, af lim to kill, slaughter, h. af fé,… III. reflex. to be cut, hacked; … 2. reciprocal, to exchange blows, fight; … 3. metaphorical, höggvask í mitt mál, to begin abruptly, in the middle of a sentence …:

• höggva af sér, to parry off
• h. niðr, to cut down, to kill, butcher
• h. upp, to cut down a tree
• h. upp skip, to break a ship up
• h. upp hús, to break a house up
• h. ór, to cut out

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 309, entry 12

höggvandi, a, m., part. a hewer, as a nickname: a headsman

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

HAGG FARM

• Hagh 1414, 1421 YI; unius copicii sive le Hagge; 1538 Riev

vide Hǫgg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 72

Helmsley

HAGG END

• Hagh 1285 YI

vide Hǫgg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 73

Helmsley

ABBOT HAG

• Hagg 1180 Riev

vide hǫgg. The land here belonged to the abbot of Rievaulx.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 168

Ingleby Greenhow

HAGGSGATE (6")

• Haggesgata, -gate circa 1175-89 YCh 799

'Road of, or in, the clearing' vide hǫgg, gata. The district is still well-wooded.

[167] ON personal name Hafr; ON hafr, 'oats, haver': Havers.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hafr (m. 3).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 231, entry 15

Hafr, m., only in plural, hafrar, [German haber; Northern English 'haver'] oats; it seems not to occur in old writers.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 91

• hafr (plural, hafrar) m. (billy) goat
• Hafra-Fasti m. robber

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 469

Hafrsfjǫrðr m. a fiord in south-west Norway (Hafsfjord)

[168] ON hóp, 'haven, small landlocked bay': Collier Hope, Hope Cottage, Hope Moor - see also [503].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 281, entry 2

HÓP, n. [Anglo Saxon hop; Scottish hope = haven; perhaps connected with Anglo Saxon hôp, English hoop, with reference to a curved or circular form]: a small landlocked bay or inlet, connected with the sea so as to be salt at flood tide and fresh at ebb, þorf. Karla-magnús Saga 420, frequent in modern usage. II. a local name, Hóp, Hóps-ós, Vestr-hóp: in English local names as Stanhope, Easthope, Kemble's Dipl.; Elleshoop in Holstein (Grein); Kirkhope, St. Margaret's hope, etc., in Orkney.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 132

Danby

FRYUP

• Frehope 12 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Frihop(p) 1223, 1234 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide hop, here used of a small valley branching off from Eskdale. The first element offers some difficulty, but the modern pronunciation and spelling indicates ME -ī-. It is possibly an OE personal name Friga, a hypocoristic form of some OE personal name such as Frīgȳð.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 459

• Frigg f. wife of Óðinn
• Freyja f. a goddess (= 'lady')

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON feminine personal name Friðgerðr (f. <5).

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Editor's note: Frig, sometimes Anglicized as 'Frigga', is the highest-ranking of the Æsir goddesses, the wife of Óðinn and the mother of Baldur. Freya, also a goddess, belonged to both the Æsir and the Vanir tribes of deities. The Æsir are the gods of the principal pantheon in Norse religion. They include Odin, Frigg, Thor, Baldr and Týr. The second Norse pantheon is the Vanir. In Norse mythology, the two pantheons wage war against each other, resulting in a unified pantheon.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 303

Barningham

2. HOPE 14 G 2

• Hope 13 RichReg 121 et passim
• Hoppe 1285 KI
• Est, West Hop 15 VCH i. 41

vide hop. The meaning here is 'small secluded valley'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 108

Hóp n. 'lagoon'; place-name formed with preposition.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 316

hóp n. lagoon, a lake formed at the estuary of a river.

[169] ON íkorni, 'squirrel'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 317, entry 42

ÍKORNI, a, m. a squirrel … Anglo Saxon âcvern; early Dutch êncoren; Dutch eekhoren, eikhoren, inkhoren; Danish egern; Swedish ickorn, ekorre: in the Romance languages, old French, escuriere; French, ecureuil; Italian, schiriuolo; whence English 'squirrel'.

[170] ON kirkja, 'church': Kirby Ravensworth, Kirby Wiske, Kirkgate Wood, Kirkbridge, Kirkby Moorside.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 339, entry 13

KIRKJA, u, f., genitive, plural, kirkna; [Scottish kirk; Danish kirke; German kirche; but English 'church'] a kirk, church; timbr-kirkja, a timber church; stein-kirkja, a stone church; the earliest Scandininavian churches were all built of timber, the doors and pillars being ornamented with fine carved work, see Worsaae, Nos. 505-508; in the 12th and following centuries the old timber churches were one by one replaced by stone buildings. In Denmark the last timber church was demolished at the beginning of the 17th century, but in Norway some old churches (called stav-kyrkior) have remained up to the present time …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

4. KIRKBY MOORSIDE 22 D 10

• Chirchebi DB
• Ki-, Kyrkebi, -by (Moorsheved) circa 1170 Riev et passim to 1391 Test
• Kirkebymoreshede 1399 YI
• Kirkeby Moresyd 1489 Test

'Farm by the church' vide kirkja, by. The termination Moorside means 'head of the moor' vide mor, heafod.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 66

Kirkdale

KIRKDALE

• Kirkedale 1202 FF
• Kirkdale 1518 Test
• Kyrkdayle 1572 FF

'Church valley' vide kirkja, dæl. A church existed here before the conquest for "Orm Gamalsuna bought the church of St. Gregory when it was badly in disrepair and ruinous, and he had it rebuilt from the ground for Christ and St. Gregory in the days of King Edward and the earl Tosti". (Inscription translated from OE on the famous dial-stone at Kirkdale Church 1055-65). The same church is recorded in DB, where the place is called Chirchebi; vide kirkja, by. Like the name of the place, the origin of the man who built the church is of Scandinavian origin; Orm is from OWScand Ormr and Gamal from OWScand Gammall, whilst the patronymic Gamalsuna is of a Scandinavian type.

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Editor's note: unclear why all place-name elements are OWScand save for OE dæl, 'valley'. The valley element ought properly be ascribed to OWScand dalr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 75

Kirby Misperton

3. KIRBY MISPERTON (KIRBY OVERCARR) 22 G 12

In DB survey Kirby and Misperton are separate manors. In all later records they are joined together under the common name of Kirby Misperton.

• Chirchebi DB
• Ki-, Kyrkeby, -bi 1094-9 YCh 601 et passim to 1408 For
• Kirkabi 1308 Ch
• Kirkby 1414 Test
• Kirby 1665 Visit
• Mispeton DB
• Mi-, Mysperton(a) 1137-61 YCh 602 et passim

In the 16th and 17th centuries it is also called

• Kirkebye Overkare 1549 YChant
• Kyrkby Overcarr 1573 FF

'Farm by the church' vide kirkja, by.

The first element in Misperton is not clear but Dr O. K. Schram suggests that there may have been an OE word mispel or mispeler denoting the medlar-tree. LL mespila is found in LG and HG as mespel (OHG mespila) and there is a side-form mispel from MHG mispel(e). Both forms are found in the LG dialects, and Frisian mispel (beam) is well-evidenced.

LL mespilarius var. mispilarius appears in Dutch and Flemish as mespelare and is found in the Belgian place name Mespelaere in the form Mespilarios in 899. (Vincent, Les noms de lieux de la Belgique, § 181.)

Hoops (Waldbäume 606) suggests that there may have been an ME form of LG mespila. The word actually occurs in late ME as mespile, by the side of mespiler (New English Dictionary sub verbo) but these are probably late borrowings from Latin itself.

OE mespiler-tun might readily become misp(l)erton and if that is the history the name means 'farm with the medlar-tree'. Such might well grow in the low-lying ground, or carr, from which the place takes its alternative appellation. vide kjarr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

KIRKLESS

• Kirkelach 1108-14 Whitby; 1204 Rot. Ch.; 1308 Whitby
• Kirkelac, -lak 1109-14 YCh 865 et freq to 1314 NRS

'Church clearing'; vide kirkja, leah. On the form -lac(h); vide Helmsley 71 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 127

Whitby

CHURCH STREET (6")

• Kirkgate 1318 Whitby

vide kirkja, gata.

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Editor's note: see Church Street [NZ 90124 10905].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Kirkleatham

1. KIRKLEATHAM 16 C 2

• Westlidun, -lid(e), Weslide, Westlidum, Westude DB
• Livum 1221 Guis
• Lisum 1268 Ebor
• Kyrkelidun 1181 P
• Kirkledom 1491 Sanct

Other forms follow those of Upleatham 153 supra.

It is called Westlidun from its position in relation to Upleathum and Kyrkelidun from its church (of early foundation). For the forms Lisum and Livum compare "Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names" (1923) 108 ff. Compare further Upleatham 153 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 168

Kirby in Cleveland

2. KIRBY 15 M 9

• Cherchebi DB
• Kirchabi, Kirkabi 1140-54 Whitby; 1149-53 YCh 567
• Ki-, Kyrkeby (in Cliveland) 1149-53 YCh 878 et passim

'Church farm' vide kirkja, by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 173

Kirkleavington

CASTLE LEAVINGTON (6"), identical with Castle Hill 15 L 6

• Levetona, Lentun(e) DB
• Levinton, Levynton, 1230, 1246 CI
• Castel 1219 Ass; 1299 Fine; 1571 FF
• Levincthon circa 1275 Bodl a. i. 59 (p)
• Castellevington 1293 QW; 1299 YI; 1301 LS; 1378 YD

'Farm by the river Leven' (later distinguished by its castle).

vide Leven, R. 4 supra and tún

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 173

Kirkleavington

KIRK LEAVINGTON 15 L 6

• Levetona, Lentun(e) DB

With the same run of forms as for Castle Leavington and first called Kirkelevingtona in 1230-50 Guis. Kirk Leavington is distinguished by its church which stands prominently in the highest part of the village. vide ON kirkja.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 180

Kirby Hill

KIRBY HILL

• Chirchebi DB
• Ki-, Kyrkeby in Mora, super Moram 1224-30 Fees
• Kirby under hill 1665 Visit

vide kirkja, by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 200

Kirby Knowle

1. KIRBY KNOWLE 22 D 3

• Chirchebi DB, (under (sub) Knol) 13 RichReg 122 d

vide kirkja, by and Knowle Hill 201 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 201

Kirby Knowle

KNOWLE HILL (6")

• Cnol circa 1217 YD

vide cnoll. This hill is a high round-topped hill. Compare Norw Knoll (Rygh NG ii. 192 etc).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 211

Kirby Sigston

1. KIRBY SIGSTON 22 B 1

• Kirchebi 1088 LVD 50 d, 51
• Kirkeb', -by 1208-10 Fees; (Si, Sygeston) 1244 Test

vide kirkja, by and Sigston 212 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 212

Kirby Sigston

SIGSTON

• Sig(h)estun DB
• Siggestune, -ton 1088 LVD 50 d; 51 et passim to 1474 YD
• Si-, Sygeston(a) 12 RegAlb i. 67 d, circa 1291 Tax; 1414 YI
• Sicgeston 1204 Rot. Ch.
• Siggheston 1208-10 Fees

'Sigg's farm'vide tun. Sigg is probably from an ON name Siggr, corresponding to the weak form Siggi (LindN).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 237

Bedale

KIRKBRIDGE

• Kirkebrigge 13 Easby 142 d

'Bridge leading to the church' vide kirkja, by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 239

Kirby Fleetham

2. KIRKBY FLEETHAM 21 B 10

Originally there were two places here, but nothing remains of Kirkby but the name and a church at Kirkby Hall. A combination of the two names is now used of this parish as of Kirby Ravensworth 290-2 infra.

• Chirchebi, Cherchebi DB
• Fletham et Kirkeby 13 Leon 67 d
• Ki-, Kyrkeby (cum) Fletham 1289 Ebor

'Farm by the church' vide kirkja.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 245

Catterick

KIRKGATE WOOD

• Kirkegat(h)e 1198-1208 YD; circa 1200 Easby 97 d

'Church road' vide kirkja, gata.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 274

Kirby Wiske

1. KIRBY WISKE 21 E 13

• Chi(r)chebi, Cherchebi DB
• Kiekebi, -by DB
• Wisc 1176-82 YCh 673 et passim

vide kirkja, by. The village is on the Wiske river.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 290

Kirby Ravensworth

• Kirkeby Raveneswath(e) 1280 YI

This is the name of the parish in which Kirby Hill and Ravensworth (292 infra) are situated.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 290

Kirby Ravensworth

3. KIRBY HILL 14 G 5

• Kirkebi, -by 1154-66 Marrick 211; (super moram) 1379 Archd 13 d
• Kirkby on the Hill 1534 FF

'Church farm' vide kirkja, by.

[171] ON nagga, 'rub, maunder': Knaggy House Farm

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 445, entry 25

nagga, að, [akin to gnúa], to rub, to maunder

gnúa, modern, núa, present, gný; preterite, gneri, gnöri, or neri; participle, gnúit; [compare Danish gnide] to rub

[172] ON knappr, 'knob'; napr, 'cold, chilly'; knappi (nickname); knappr, 'scanty': Baxton Knab, Nappa, Nappa Hall, Nappa Scar (Farm), Nappa (Mill) House, Nappa Flats, Nappa Hippings, Knapton Ings, Knapton Wath House.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 345, entries 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 25

KNAPI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon cnapa; English 'knave'] 'a servant boy, the valet of a king or great man

knappa, að, to furnish with studs; knappaðr, studded, of a garment

knapp-höfði, a, m. a knob-head, ball-head

Knappi, a, m. a nickname, Landnámabók; whence Knappa-dalr, m. a local name "Þorgils knappi, leysingi Kolla Hróaldssonar, nam Knappadal"

KNAPPR, m., modern hnappr, [Anglo Saxon cnœp; English 'knop' (Chaucer), later knob; German knopf; Dutch knop] a knob … the knob or head of a pole or the like … ríða knapp á eitthvat, to furnish a thing with the knob, i.e. finish it, … a stud, button; … knappa-svipa, u, f. a kind of lash

knappr, adjective, [Danish knap], scanty.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 446, entry 1

NAPR, adjective, nöpr, naprt cold, chilly, of a piercing cold wind, whence nepja quod vide …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 493 entry 6

nepja, u, f, [napr], chilliness, bitter cold …

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Nappa Hall

The place-name Nappa, first mentioned in about 1251 as Nappay, is of uncertain origin, but possibly derives from OE hnæpp, 'bowl' and (ge)hæg, 'a fence, an enclosure' giving 'enclosure in a bowl-shaped hollow': [Watts, Victor, ed. (2010), "Nappa N Yorks SD 9690", "The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge University Press".

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Editor's note 1: unfortunately, the 'enclosure in a bowl-shaped hollow' topography of Nappa Hall does not apply to any of the other Nappa (Askrigg) local place-names - Nappa, Nappa Scar (Farm) and Nappa (Mill) House - none of which share this site-specific topography.

"Askrigg. A tiny quaint town in Wensleydale, 800 feet above the sea, the moors and fells about it rising 1000 feet higher."
"The King's England, Yorkshire North Riding, (1960) Arthur Mee at page 11

A more likely derivation would be either (1) the ON nickname knappi or (2) ON adjective napr, 'cold, chilly, of a piercing cold wind' which would far better describe the exposed location of all four 'Nappa' (Askrigg) place-names sited in the River Ure valley at an altitude of 850 feet above sea level and overlooked by Ellerkin Scar (1,700 feet) barely a mile to the north-east [SD 96130 92406].

Nappa (Akrigg), on the bank of the River Ure, is an upland peninsula surrounded by 'water places': to the south and west the River Ure (ford and stepping stones), Thwaite Holme, Askrigg Beck and Bottoms, Old Mill Race, Old Wier, Worton Bottoms (liable to floods), Craike Sike Gutter, Sister Ings Beck and to the north and east a waterfall, stepping stones, Harr Gill, shake holes, Birken Gill and Disher Force.

Nappay is first mentioned in 1251 and its 'ay' suffix could indicate a second element derived from either ON ey, 'island', or ON a, 'river, stream' - see (1) reference to "the stream which breaks through the scar" on page 47 of the English Heritage report below and (2) the aerial image below showing the close proximity (400 yards) of Nappa Hall to the River Ure and (3) Horra Bank [SD 95024 91928] and Horrabank House [SD 95227 91711].

Nappa Hall from the south showing the hall (top right) and the medieval field pattern descending to the River Ure

"Nappa Hall, Askrigg, North Yorkshire, an investigation and assessment of the late medieval hall in its immediate setting" (Research Report Series 44-2013) English Heritage

Nappa Hall Earthwork Survey

"The principal range of the manor house is oriented along the base of the steep slope which falls some 9 metres from the exposed foot of the limestone scar. It is quite likely that the slope was cut back somewhat to create an open terrace for the hall's construction … Stone for the construction of the hall appears to have been quarried from the scar immediately above, where a worked face and narrow platform (E) extends between the modern access track and the boundary of the eastern field. Access to this quarry may have been from the direction of the present track, slightly hindered by the stream which breaks through the scar."

1913 25-inch Ordnance Survey map

The reference, in John Leland's "Itinerary" (1538-43), to Nappa Hall as 'Knappey in Yorkshire …' could tend to support this analysis as would also a reference to 'Knappey Castle alias Knappey Halle' in a letter from an anonymous spy to Sir Francis Walsingham dated Sunday, 26th April 1587. Furthermore, the consonant 'k' is rarely used in OE - see "A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary" (1848) Joseph Bosworth at page 152, nor should it be ignored that Nappa is surrounded by a preponderance of ON derived place-names.

Furthermore, the following Nappa place-names are located close to the River Ribble (Hellifield) in Ribblesdale, NRY:

• Nappa (Acres 577.873) [SD 85937 52707]
• Nappa [SD 85688 53337]
• Nappa Flats [SD 85243 53540]
• Nappa Hippings [SD 85316 53401]
• (Nappa) Manor House [SD 85535 53317]

Nappa Hall (Askrigg) on the River Ure is 33 miles north of Nappa (Hellifield) on the River Ribble. Interestingly, the suggested derivation of Nappa Hall (Askrigg), on the bank of the River Ure, also appears in "Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" (1998) at page 250 as the OE place-name derivation of Nappa (near Hellifield), on the bank of the River Ribble.

So it would seem that Nappa (on the River Ure) and Nappa (on the River Ribble) share the same, very specific topographical OE place-name derivation:

"Nappa, North Yorkshire, near Hellifield. Napars sic (1086 Domesday Book), Nappai 1182. Possibly 'enclosure in a bowl-shaped hollow' OE hnæpp + hæg".

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Editor's note 2: Nappa Hippings [SD 85316 53401]: Hippings are stepping stones. Nappa, Flatts and Hippings are all topographical riparian (River Ribble) place-name elements.

"The 1847 map showing Nappa (Hellifield, River Ribble - Ed) has indistinct writing which could be 'hipping'. In living memory the ford and stepping stones were regularly used (see "Hipping-Stones alias Stepping Stones" Maureen Ellis (2012)). A ford is clearly marked with the footpath crossing the River Ribble on the modern maps, although the removal of the islands has meant that the banks are now unfordable".

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Nappa Manor Farm (2011) George and Myfanwy Bargh

"The early history of Nappa (Hellifield, River Ribble - Ed) goes back to the Domesday book of 1086, in which the farm is mentioned. William de Percy had two carucates of land to be taxed at 'Nappey' and there were 26 inhabitants. In 1226 there is a record of a dispute about two bovates of land at Nappey … The Ribble at Nappa has long been a ford to allow traffic between Gargrave and points east and villages north and west of the Ribble … The Romans made good use of the ford when two of their roads converged here on the farm side and divided again on the other side … the roads existed long before the Romans came. They still exist as footpaths or bridleways.

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"Through Airedale from Goole to Malham" (1891) Harry Speight at pages 259 and 270

"… Crossing here the Nappa Bridge [SD 93143 57103], we are soon in sight of a large and picturesque old mansion called Friar Head [SD 93283 57567], which since the death in 1886 of Mr. Dawes, a nephew of the Dean of Hereford, has been occupied by his widow and another family …"

"… Hanlith Hall [SD 90101 61167], picturesquely situated on the hill side above, is the ancient seat of the Serjeantson family, who have been local property owners for fully three centuries. The manor in the 16th century was held by the Metcalfes, of the historic family of Nappa, in Wensleydale, by whom it was sold to the Listers, of Midhope, and acquired, about 1615, by Josiah Lambert, of Calton Hall, father, by his third wife, of the celebrated Parliamentary General …"

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Editor's note 3: Hanlith dates back as a manor to the Domesday Book of 1086 when it was spelt Hangelif. The name is of ON origin, from the personal name Hagne and hlíð, meaning "slope", so means 'Hagne's slope', a reference to the steep hillside east of the River Aire. Hanlith Hall belonged to the Dehelington and Medcalfe families until about 1347, and then became tenanted to the Serjeantson family who remained there for 550 years.

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Nappa

Nappa is a very old settlement and probably owes its existence to geography. Nappa was one of the few places that the river Ribble could be forded providing east-west communications between Gargrave and points east with the villages to the north and west of the Ribble. It is believed that several Roman roads converge on the ford at Nappa. Later the Marsden (Nelson) to Settle Turnpike road built at the end of the 18th Century came through Nappa giving access to the ford. This new turnpike replaced the old road from Hellifield, via Hellifield Peel and Swinden to the crossing at Nappa and rejoining the line of the new Turnpike at Hayber. There was a Toll Bar at Nappa at the junction with the Gargrave and West Marton Road. With the Age of steam the Hellifield Lancashire Railway was built through Nappa in the 1880s.

The river crossing at Nappa once included three islands but these were removed about forty years ago by the River Board, considerably reducing the width of the ford and the number of stepping stones. Prior to this there were 68 stepping stones.

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Editor's note 4: possibly ON nickname knap(p)i + ON ey, 'island', one of three in the Ribble at this location … the river crossing at Nappa once included three islands but these were removed about forty years ago by the River Board, considerably reducing the width of the ford and the number of stepping stones. Prior to this there were 68 stepping stones."

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References in historical Documents

• A barn at Nappa has been lived in at one time and may be the oldest building in Nappa.
• DB 1086 William de Percy had 2 carucates of land to be taxed at Nappey (Nappa). Twenty six inhabitants are recorded
• In Yorkshire Fines were read that at Doncastre on the morrow of All Souls 11 Henry III (3rd November 1226) between Hugh of Pathenhale claimant; and Walerand, son of John tenant: as to 2 Bovates of land in Nappey, and 1 Bovate in Horton.
• During the 13th century the family of Greineorge (Grandages) held land in Nappa, but there is no evidence that they held the manorial rights.
• KI 1284-5 the Master of St. Leonard's Hospital at York held 2 carucates of land at Newsom (Newsholm) and Nappey, which had been held by them since the time of King John.
• In Nomina Villarum, 1316 Thomas del Grene, Master of the Hospital of St. Leonard at York, was Lord of the manor of Nappey. (St. Leonard's held the manor until the dissolution of 1537-8.)
• In 1544 the Hospitals possessions in Nappaye and other parts of Craven passed into the Hands of one Sir Arthur Darcy.
• In 1587 Henry Byllyngesly, obtained the manor from a Nicholas Darcy.
• In 1607 a Henry Billingsley sold the manor of Nappaye and 10 messuages to Christopher Williamson.

[173] ON gnúpr, gnípa 'a peak'; ON Gnúpr (personal name): Gnipe Howe, Knipe Scar.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Gnúpr (m. <5).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 207, entry 17

GNÚPR, m. a peak (= gnípa) … frequent in local names, Lóma-gnúpr, Rita-gnúpr; Gnúpar, plural,and Gnúpr, names of farms

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 206, entry 66

GNÍPA, u, f., not gnýpa … a peak.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

GNIPE HOWE

• Ghinipe DB
• Gnip(e) circa 1110, 1145-8, 1155-65 Whitby

From ON gnipa 'a steep rock or peak', probably referring to the high peak overlooking the sea-cliffs on which Gnipe Howe stands; vide haugr. There is a tumulus here.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 291, 373 and 387

gnípa f. mountain-top, peak; in kenning for waves, of hvals ranngnípur, over the peaks of the whale's house; in kenning for giants, hreinar gnípu Lista, reindeer of peak-Lister, of the mountains

rann n. house, hall; in kenning for the sea, hvals rann (rann to be taken as first half of the compound ranngnípur: the peaks of the whale's house are the waves

sjágnípa f. sea-crest, high wave; in kenning for ship, sjágnípu Sleipnir

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 93

hamarsgnípa f. peak of a crag

[174] ON hvel, 'a wheel'; ON hjól 'a wheel': Wheeldale (Beck, Bogs, Bridge, Gill, Howe, Lodge, Moor and Road)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 299, entry 9

HVEL, n., later form hjól, quod vide; the vowel was probably long, quasi hvél, as in the English … [Anglo Saxon hweowol; English 'wheel'] a wheel … III. the Gothic has a special sign for hv, viz w, which thus answers to wh in English … when followed by an o or u, the v in hv is dropped … as also in … hjól and hvel …

• á hverfanda hveli, on a turning wheel
• brjóta íhveli, to break on the wheel
• geislanda hvel, a beaming orb, the sun
• fagra-hvel, fair wheel, poetic, the sun
• himins hvel, heaven's orb, the sun
• hvela sólarinnar, the sun's disk
• hvel-görr, participle, circular
• hvel- vagn, m. a wheel wain
• hvel-vala, u, f., poetic, a pebble
• hleypi-hvel, n. a 'roll-wheel', war engine

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 114 and 282

• hvelfa (past hvelfði) weak verb, impers. with dative, overturn, capsize
• hvelpr m. whelp, puppy; as nickname
• Þorkell hvelpr m. brother of Auðr

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 268 and 324

• fagrahvél n. fair wheel, name for the sun
• hvelfa (lfð) weak verb, impers. with dative, overturn, capsize
• hvélsvelgr m. 'wheel-swallower', in kenning for troll-wife, hvélsvelgr himins, swallower of the sky-wheel, i.e. of the sun, = the wolf that swallows the sun
• hvélvala f. 'wheel knob', round stones in the bed of the river

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 267, entry 41

HJÓL, n., a contracted form from hvel, quod vide; hjól rhymes with stól … [Swedish and Danish hjul] a wheel

• brjóta í hjóli, to break on the wheel
• á hverfanda hjóli, on a rolling wheel
• leika á hjólum, to turn upon wheels, metaphorical, of a shifting or sanguine character
• hjól-börur, f. plural wheel-barrows
• hjól-nöf, f. the nave of a wheel
• hjól-vagn, m. a wheel-cart, cart on wheels
• hjól-vakr, adj. running softly as a wheel, of a pony
• hjól-viljugr, adj. easy as a wheel, of a pony

[175] ON Sunnólfr (personal name): Sunley (Hill, Wood)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Sunnólfr (Sunley Hill, Sunley Wood)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 66

Kirkdale

SUNLEY HILL

• Sunnolvehou 1192-9 Riev
• Suneley 1572 FF

'Sunnolf's mound' vide haugr. The first element is ON personal name Sunnólfr found indepedently as ME Sunnolf (LVED 14).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 192

Coxwold

SUNLEY WOOD

• Sonoluetre 1243 BylE d

vide treo. For the personal name element compare Sunley Hill 66 supra.

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"A compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary", Joseph Bosworth (1848) at pages 226 and 227

OE treo, treow, triow, triw, trin 'a tree'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 639, entry 36

TRÉ, n., genitive trés, dative, accusative tré; plural, tré, genitive trjá; spelt treo dative trjám; with the article tré-it, modern tréð; [Anglo Saxon treow; English 'tree'; Danish træ; Swedish trä, träd, the d representing the article; in German this word is lost, or only remains in compounds, see apaldr] a tree, Latin arbor; … Sayings, eigi fellr tré við it fyrsta högg, the tree falls not at the first stroke … II. wood (= Latin lignum) … in compounds:

• tré-bolli, a, m. a wooden bowl
• tré-borg, f. a 'tree-burgh', wood-fort
• tré-bót, f. as a nickname, Sturl.
• tré-brú, f. a wooden bridge
• tré-drumbr, m. a drum of wood, log
• tré-fótr, m. a wooden leg
• ganga á tréfótum, to go on wooden legs, of a thing in a tottering, bad state
• tré-guð, n. wooden idols
• tré-hafr, m. a wood-goat
• tré-hús, n. a wooden house
• tré-hválf, n. a wooden ceiling
• tré-höll, f. a wooden hall
• tré-kefli, n. a wooden stick
• tré-ker, n. a wooden vessel
• tré-kirkja, u, f. a wooden church
• tré-kross, m. a wooden cross
• tré-kumbr (tré-kubbr), m. a log
• tré-kylfa, u, f. a wooden club
• tré-kyllir, m. a 'wood-bag', name of a ship whence Trékyllis-vík, f. a local name
• tré-köttr, m. a 'wooden cat', a mouse-trap
• tré-lampr, m. a wooden lamp
• tré-laust, n. adj. treeless
• tre-lektari, a, m. a wooden reading-desk
• tré-ligr, adj. of wood
• tré-lurkr, m. a wood-cudgel
• tré-maðr, m. a 'wood-man'; carved poles in the shape of a man seem to have been erected as harbour-marks
• tré-reiði, a, m. wooden equipments, harness (of a ship, mast, oars, etc.)
• tré-ræfr, n. a wooden roof
• tré-saumr, m. wooden nails
• tré-serkr, m. a wooden coat; in tréserkja-bani, as a nickname
• tré-skapt, n. a wooden handle
• tré-skál, f. a wooden bowl
• tré-skjöldr, n. a wooden shield
• tré-skrín, n. a wooden shrine
• tré-smiðr, m. a craftsman in wood, carpenter
• tré-smíði, n. and tré-smíð, f. craft in wood, wood-carving
• tré-spánn, m. wood-chips
• tré-spjald, n. a wooden tablet, such as was used in binding books
• tre-stokkr, m. the 'stock of a tree', block of wood
• tré-stólpi, a, m. a wooden pillar
• tré-telgja, u, f. a wood-carver, a nickname
• tré-toppr, m. a tree-top
• tré-virki, n. a wooden engine
• tré-þak, n. a timber roof
• tré-ör, f. a wooden arrow, as a signal

[176] ON einn, 'one'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 122, entry 11

EINN, adj., plural, einir, accusative singular, einn, but also einan, especially in the sense al-einan etc. … Anglo Saxon ân, English 'one', in East England pronounced like stone, bone …

[177] ON Balkr (personal name); ON bálkr, 'balk, partition, wall': Balk, Balk Beck, Low Balk.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Bálki (m. 1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 54, entries 26 & 27

bálki, a, m., v. the following word.

BÁLKR, (or better balkr, bölkr) … [Anglo Saxon bälc] a balk, partition [compare naval bulk-heads]; bálkr um þveran hellinn, of a cross wall … sá studdi hóndunum á bálkinn, of a balk of wood across the door; a low wall in a stall or house … a proper name. Compounds: bálkar-brot, n. the breaking of a fence, crib, Gulaþings-lög 350, 391. bálkar-lag, n. a sort of metre (from a proper name Balkr), Edda (Hátta-tal) 142.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 189

Kirby Knowle

BALK 22 F 3

• Balc(h), Balk(e) 12 YD; 1192-9 Riev; 13 BylE 70 d; 1226 FF; 1575 FF
• Bawke 1622 NR

From OE balca, the meaning of which is 'ridge, bank'. Balk stands in the valley bottom on Balk Beck, but originally the name must have been applied to the ridge of land between Balk Beck and Hood Beck, now occupied by Balk Wood.

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Editor's note: derivation more likely to be either ON bálkr, 'a partition', or Balkr (personal name) surrounded, as it is, by place-names of an Old Norse derivation.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 189

Kirby Knowle

BALK BECK

• Balkesbec 13 BylE 84

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Editor's note: as for Balk infra, vide ON bálkr, 'a partition', or Balkr (personal name) and bekkr 'a beck'.

[178] ON hlaða, 'barn': Whitby Laithes, Haugh Lathes, Howgill Laithe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 123

Whitby

WHITBY LAITHES

• Whitebi-lathes 1351 Whitby

vide hlaða 'a barn' and Whitby 126 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 126

Whitby

7. WHITBY 16 F 11

• Witebi, -by, Wytebi, -by DB et passim to 1298 YI
• Wyttebeia, -beya 1138 Dugd iii. 545 passim

Aspirated forms appear in the 12th century and are practically the only forms found after the 13th century.

• Whitby 1138 Whitby et passim
• Whi-, Whyteby circa 1150-60 YCh 828 et passim to 1361 FF

Over-aspirated forms are of sporadic appearance:

• Quietby 1218 FF (p); 1267 Ebor
• Qwyteby 1423 Baildon

The name appears also in the Heimskringla as Hvitabyr. 'Hviti's farmstead' from the ON by-name Hviti (genitive Hvita) and by.

Whitby was by early tradition identified with the Streonæshalch of Bede (compare Simeon of Durham, Hist. Dunelm. Eccles., Rolls Series, i. 111). Variant forms of the name in Bede are Streanshalh, Streonæshalch, Streaneshalh, Streneshælc. The OE Bede has Streonshalh, Strineshalg, whilst the ASC (sub anno 680) has Streonsheal. For this name v. Strensall 13 supra. Bede translates the name as sinus fari, which offers difficulty. The best explanation seems to be to look upon Bede's fari as a mistake for fare or farae, from Medieval Latin fara 'strain, descent' which is, of course, the meaning of OE streon, here used as a personal name, while healh is rendered by sinus.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 268, entry 20

hlaða, u, f. [Old English 'lathe' in Chaucer, still used in Northern English; Danish lade] a store-house, barn (also, hey-hlaða, bygg-hlaða, korn-hlaða) …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 268, entry 23

Hlað-búð, n., see búð

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 269, entry 2

hlað-garðr, m. a wall surrounding the hlað

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 201

hlaða, feminine, store-house, barn.

hlað-búð, feminine, a booth with walls of turf or stones.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 91, 104 and 140

• Hákon Sigurðarson Hlaðajarl m. the Great (inn ríki), ruler in Norway circa 970-95
• hlað n. pavement (in front of the homestead)
• hlaða (present, hleðr, past hlóð, past plural, hlóðu, past participle, hlaðinn) strong verb, 1. load. 2. with dative, lay down; lower (sails); present plural laða, past plural, lóðu
• Hlaðguðr f. a valkyrie
• laða = hlaða

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 311

• hlaða (hlóð) strong verb, heap up; hlǫðum let us load (eitthvat einhverju, something with something)

[179] ON bygg, 'barley': Biggersdale Hole.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 89, entry 53

BYGG, n. [Scottish and Northern English 'bigg'; Swedish bjugg; Danish byg; Ivar Aasen bygg; derived from byggja] barley, a common word over all Scandinavia …

• bygg-brauð, n. barley-bread
• bygg-hjálmr, m. a barley-rick
• bygg-hlaða, u, f. a barley-barn
• bygg-hleifr, m. a barley-loaf
• bygg-hús, n. a barley-barn
• bygg-mjöl, n. barley-meal
• bygg-sáð, n. barley-seed

[180] ON bygging, 'habitation, colonisation, building': Newbiggin - see also [195].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 90, entry 8

bygging, f. habitation, colonisation … 2. tenancy, letting out land for rent … in compounds, byggingarbréf, b. skilmáli, an agreement between tenant and landlord … buildings or houses … scarcely occurs in old writers in this sense; compare Danish bygning, Scottish and Northern English biggin, = building.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 89, entry 51

BYGÐ, f. [búa, byggja]. I. generally habitation: 1. a settling one's abode, colonisation; Íslands b., colonisation of Iceland … 2. residence, abode; var þeirra bygð ekki vinsæl; the phrase, fara bygð, or bygðum, to remove one's house and home, change one's abode … II. inhabited land, opposed to úbygðir, deserts; but also opposed to mountains, wild woods, and the like, where there are no human dwellings: bygð thus denotes the dwellings and the whole cultivated neighbourhood … In Norway distinction is made between bygðir and sætr … Compounds: bygðar-fleygr, adj. rumoured through the bygð. bygðar-fólk, n. the people of a neighbourhood. bygðar-lag, n. a district, neighbourhood, county. bygðarlags-maðr, m. a neighbour. bygðar-land, n. and in possession or to be taken into possession. bygðar-leyfi, n. leave to settle … bygðar-lýðr the people of a land. bygðar-menn … bygðar-rómr, m. a rumour going about in the neighbourhood … bygðar-stefna, u, f. a meeting of the neighbourhood.

• byggi or byggvi, m. an inhabitant, obsolete, but in compounds as Eyr-byggjar, stafn-byggjar, fram-byggjar, aptr-byggjar, etc.
• byggi-ligr, adj. habitable
• bygging, f. habitation, colonisation. 2. tenancy, letting out land for rent: in compounds, byggingarbréf, b. skilmáli, an agreement between tenant and landlord … buildings or houses; scarcely occurs in old writers in this sense; compare Danish 'bygning', Scottish and Northern English 'biggin', = building.
• BYGGJA, older form byggva, [for the etymology vide búa], generally to inhabit, settle, people, always in a transitive sense - not neuter as búa - but often used absolutely or elliptically, land being understood … 2. to build a house, ship, or the like … 3. reflexive to be inhabited … [Anglo Saxon bycgean; English 'buy'] - to let out, especially land or cottage … 2. more properly, to lend money at interest … put all the money out at interest …

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 35

• byggð f. dwelling, abode; settlement; byggð hennar her staying, her to stay; sér til byggðar as its dwelling
• byggva/byggja (past byggði, past participle byggðr) weak verb settle (on or in); live in; live; past participle n. byggt settled, inhabited; -sk form byggjask be settled
• byggvendr m. plural, inhabitants

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page XLVII

Chapter IV

Passing on to Durham and Northumberland we find a place-nomenclature that exhibits comparatively few traces of the Scandinavians. Here the Scandinavian names do not occur in patches, as was often the case south of the Tees, but are scattered all over the two counties, and are, generally speaking, of little interest. As was to be expected they are most frequent in the southern half of Durham, near the Yorkshire border. Conspicuous are the many instances of the ME name Newebiggyng (N.E. Newbigging), from OWScand bygging 'building', which name is certainly found in most northern English counties but nowhere so frequently as here. Judging by the place-names, the Scandinavian settlement in the two counties seems to have been only sporadic in character. Much of it was probably swept away through the incessant ravages of the Scots that these parts had to endure in early ME times.

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"English Place-Names" (1977) Kenneth Cameron at page 86

Chapter Six

Scandinavian Place-Names

Finally, a group of names which belong to the period after the Norman Conquest contain Middle English bigging "building, house", a word derived from the verb big, itself from Old Norse byggja "build". This element is common in the East Midlands, but has been noted as far south as Surrey. It frequently survives as Biggin, and in the self-explanatory compound Newbegin (NRY) and the common Newbiggin. Indeed, many of the names which survive today in the simplex form are first recorded as Newbigging.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 104

Cayton

NEWBIGGIN

• Niwebigginge 1187, 1190 P etc.

'New building' vide niwe, bigging.

[181] ON bugða, bugr, 'bow, bight or bend of a river': Gravel Bight, Jump Down Bight, Long Bight

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 75

BUGR, m. plural, ir, a bowing, winding; so Icelandic call the bight or bend of a river, brook, creek, or the like; renna í bugum, to flow in bights, hence ár-bugr, lækjar-bugr: the bight (inside) of a ring, finger, bow-string, etc. … to grip the bight of the bow-string … the concave side of the sails …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 76

bugt, n. bowing, servile homage: bugta, að, to make many bows … a bight, bay …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 74

bugða, u, f. a bow or bent, of a serpent's coil.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 73

buga, að, to bow; in fishing for trout with nets people in Iceland say, buga fyrir, to draw the net round; but mostly used metaphorically and in compdounds, vfir-buga, to bow down, subdue; 3rd person preterite reflexive bugusk, from an obsolete strong verb bjúga, baug, occurs in Eyvind, bugusk álmar, bows were bent.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 772, entry 82

bug-stafr, m. a crooked staff

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 246 and 253

• bjúgask (bugusk) strong verb, md. bend, be bent
• bugusk see bjúgask

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 75

buga, að, verb, to bow, bend.

bugr, m. bend, curve; the bight (inside) of a ring (i bug hringinum); of the bent fingers (bugr fingranna); the concae side of the sails (sá af landi í bug allra seglana); a curve, disorder, of a line of men or ships (rétta þann bug, er á var orðinn flotanum); einhverjum á bug, aka bug á einhverjum, to make one give way, repel.

bug-stafr, m. crooked stick

[182] ON vrá, 'a cabin, corner, nook': Wrea Head, Wreahead Rigg.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 485, entry 7

RÁ, f. (nominative rá. Skálda Thorodd). originally vrá, [Danish vraa; Swedish vrå]: a corner, nook; rá (rá) er hyrning húss, Skálda 162; leyniligar róar (rár, v.l.) helvítis fylsna, Konungs Skugg-sjá 536; verja forskálann ok húsin, stóð þar fremstr við rána Jón toddi, Sturlunga Saga ii. 249; kleif í rá hverja. Atla-mál 58. 2. a cabin on board ship. Edda (GI.); as also in the saying, skammar eru skips rár, short, small are the ship's cabins, giving small accommodation, Hává-mál 73, (skipsins eru skammar rár, Málshátta-kvæði); compare rá-skinn, a 'cabin-skin', hammock.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 485, entry 6

RÁ, f. … [Danish raa; Swedish rå; Shetland rae] a sail-yard … 2. metaphorical, a pole on which fish are hung for drying: poetic, rá-fákr, m. a 'sail-yard nag,' i.e. a ship.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 683, entry 8

vá, f. = vrá, a cabin, nook

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 354, entry 38

krá, f. nook, corner

… 3. in still fewer instances the r has fallen out, the w or v remaining; these words are veita (to trench), veiting (a trench, drainage), for vreita, vreiting (akin to wríta); veina (II) = vreina; and lastly, vá for vrá (a cabin).

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 330

rá, f. (i) corner, nook (rá er hyrning húss); (2) berth in a ship (skammar 'ro skips rár).

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 192

Part II

Scalwra Yo 1314 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); now Scalebor, near Askwith? On 2nd member, OWScand [w]rá 'corner, nook', see further on in this chapter.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 186

Early Lincolnshire charters point in the same direction. Thus when we find in a charter of the time of Henry II mention of three acres of land lying 'oust in wra', this is not English, but ON austr í vrá ('east in the corner'). The north-eastern part of YKS was, perhaps, even more Norse. Whitby has been called the most Scandinavian part of England. Several inhabitants of Whitby have, at the end of the twelfth century, got the surname or byname Danus, no doubt because their ancestors were Danes (e.g. Thomas Danus, Petrus Danus).

[183] ON vé, 'a mansion, sanctuary, temple'; ON personal name Vé, third son of Böþorn the giant and brother to Odin and Vili: Vé-ey (Holy Isle).

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Vémundr (m. 10), Végestr (m. 3), Véþormr (m. 3), Véleifr (m. 2), Vébiorn (m. 1), Véføðr, Vékell (m. 1) and Véþorn (m. 1).

ON feminine personal names Védís (f. <2), Vélaug (f. <2) and Véný (f. <2).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 687, entry 8

VÉ … a mansion, house, Latin aedes, this is the original sense, then a sanctuary, temple, compare hof; II. a temple; öll vé banda, all the temples of the gods, and hapta vé … the lord of the vé, i.e. lord of the county, or = temple-lord(?), an epithet applied to the Earl Sigurd … 2. the law phrase, vega víg í véum, to slay a man in a sanctuary (a temple, an assembly, or the like) … 'um vés útan' = outside the court, absent from court, of a judge prevented through sickness from being in his place in court … in local names, Vé-björg = Vi-borg in Denmark … Vé-ey, an island in Romsdal in Norway, Edda ii. 492; … (never in Icelandic local names): frequent in modern Danish and Swedish local names, Vi-um, Vi-bæí, Vi-lund, Vis-by. … II. in names of persons, either from vé = aedes or from vé = Gothic weihs = holy, thus, e.g. Vé-laug may be = Heim-laug, which name also occurs: Vé-geirr … Vé-gestr, Vé-dís, Vé-mundr (all these names in the same family), … Vé-garðr, Vé-kell, Vé-brandr, Vé-freyðr, Vé-laug, Vé-leifr, Vé-ný, … or as in Véþ-ormr, Véþ-orn; compare Widu-ric, Widu-kind, Wodu-rid, and other similar old Teutonic proper names:

• til vés heilags, to the holy mansion
• alda vé, the home of men, i.e. the earth
• Út-vé, Üt-garðr, the outer-mansion, of the outskirt of the earth, where the giants live
• ginnunga vé, the mansion of the gods, the heavens
• byggja vé goða, to dwell in the homes of the gods
• hapta vé, the places of gods = holy places, Vellekla
• vé mána, the moon's mansion, i.e. the heavens
• valda véum, to rule house, dwell, reside

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 134, entry 19

EY, genitive, eyjar; dative, eyju and ey, with the article eyinni and eyjunni; accusative, ey; plural, eyjar, genitive, eyja, dative, eyjum; in Norway spelt and pronounced öy; [Danish öe; Swedish ö; Ivar Aasen öy; German aue; compare English 'eyot', 'leas-ow', Anglo Saxon êg-land, English 'is-land'; in English local names -ea or -ey, e.g. Chels-ea, Batters-ea, Cherts-ey, Thorn-ey, Osn-ey, Aldern-ey, Orkn-ey, etc.] an island … Vé-ey (Temple Isle);

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"On Scandinavian Place Names in the East Riding of Yorkshire" (1879) Edward Maule Cole, British Library at page 17

Vé-ey, an island in Romsdal in Norway = our Holy Isle

Veøya (Old Norse Veøy olim Vé-ey) is an island in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The name is a compound of vé which means "sanctuary" or "holy" and øy which means "island", thus a holy island. The name was historically spelled Veø and Vé-ey.

The island is located at a junction of the three main branches of the Romsdalsfjorden between the island of Sekken and the mainland near the village of Nesjestranda. The 2.3 square mile island was the municipal centre of the old Veøy municipality. The island was Norway's first legally protected land, and the buildings on the island, including the Old Veøy Church, are now part of the Romsdal Museum.

The island was a strategic location for the coastal routes during the Viking Age. The southern branch of Romsdalsfjorden leads to the Romsdal valley (and the present-day town of Åndalsnes), where important trade routes led up the valley to Lesja. From there it followed the pilgrim trail over Dovre to Trøndelag, or down the Gudbrandsdal valley to Eastern Norway. The eastern branch led through the Langfjorden where they hauled their ships over the 3.1 mile wide, low-lying isthmus at Eidsvåg, in order to avoid the dreaded waters of Hustadvika, and then back to the shipping routes northwards to Nidaros (modern day Trondheim). To the west, past the inlet of the fjord, were the southbound routes to Bergen.

At this junction, Veøy was established as a kaupang (Old Norse for a market town), and Romsdal's economic, administrative, and religious center. It had 300-500 permanent residents, and was an important commercial center, with a significant increase during the sailing season. The Old Veøy Church, dedicated to the Apostle Peter, is built in stone and it is the only survivor of three churches on Veøya in the Middle Ages. This church dates back to around the year 1200. It has a capacity of 400 people, and served the entire region, while the other churches served the local population.

Veøya is mentioned by Snorre Sturlason in connection with the battle of Sekken in 1162 where king Håkon Herdebrei was killed by Erling Skakke on 7 July 1162, during the Norwegian civil wars. Veøya, or nearby on the mainland, was probably the seat of Ragnvald Eysteinsson (Ragnvald Mørejarl), earl of Møre, whose son was Hrolf Ganger (Gange-Rolv).

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"Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of The Northmen of The British Isles" (Volume 2) Hakonar Saga and a fragment of Magnus Saga with Appendices edited by Gudbrand Vigfusson

Vé-ey, isle of Veö, off Raumsdale

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Editor's note: see Rygh NG vol xiii at page 247.

27. Veø (parish)

20. Veø Præstegaard. Se under Herredsnavnet - Wedøe 1669, Wedeø Præstegaard 1723. Om navnets Betydning se under Herredsnavnet ("For the meaning of the name see under the Lord's Name").

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"The Prose Edda" (1916), Snorri Sturluson, translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur, Ph.D. at pages 18 and 19

The Beguiling of Gylfi

VI. Then said Gangleri: "Where dwelt Ymir, or wherein did he find sustenance?" Hárr answered: "Straightway after the rime dripped, there sprang from it the cow called Audumla; four streams of milk ran from her udders, and she nourished Ymir." Then asked Gangleri: "Wherewithal was the cow nourished ?" And Hárr made answer: "She licked the ice-blocks, which were salty; and the first day that she licked the blocks, there came forth from the blocks in the evening a man's hair; the second day, a man's head; the third day the whole man was there. He is named Búri: he was fair of feature, great and mighty. He begat a son called Borr, who wedded the woman named Bestla, daughter of Bölthorn the giant; and they had three sons: one was Odin, the second Vili, the third Vé. And this is my belief, that he, Odin, with his brothers, must be ruler of heaven and earth; we hold that he must be so called; so is that man called whom we know to be mightiest and most worthy of honour, and ye do well to let him be so called."

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page page 687, entry 8

Vé-ey, an island in Romsdal in Norway, Edda ii. 492. Now called Veøya (olim Vé-ey, 'Holy Island') see Romsdal to Ramsdale.

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Viking Scandinavians at home and abroad in Europe (2018) Stefan Brink at pages 16 and 17

… Until the 10th century the viking Scandinavians had a 'religion' which they themselves called forn siðr (old custom) … Still today we have place names in the Scandinavian landscape recalling these pagan cult sites, with names including the ON elements, vi, vœ, vé, hof, hörg, harg, lund, etc., which all mean 'pagan cult site'.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 422

vé n. sanctuary, holy place; of the resting place of the sun at night, the sun's bed; ǫll ginnunga vé (plural,) = the whole sky (subject of knáttu brinna)

vébraut f. sacred road; = the sea ? (genitive with ræsinaðr, the rushing serpent of the sea, a kenning for a dragon-ship; or perhaps lagar tanna vébraut is a kenning for the sea. Kock takes vébraut to mean 'standard-path, warpath'

[184] ON vík, 'a small creek, inlet, bay': Runswick, Saltwick, Sandy Wyke, Slaithes Wyke, Sandsend Wyke - see also [64] and [380]

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 716, entry 2

VÍK, f., genitive, víkr, plural, víkr, [from víkja; Danish vig], properly a small creek, inlet, bay; … róa vik á einhvern, to row one round, get the better of another … The form -wick or -wich in British local names is partly of Norse, partly of Latin origin (vicus); all inland places of course belong to the latter class. Compounds: víkr-barmr, m. a little bay; … víkr-hvarf, n. a creek, Grett; spelt víkhvarf. Vík-marr, m. the bay at Bergen. II. frequent in local names, Vík, Víkr, Húsa-vík, Reykjar-vík, etc.: the name of Vík or Víkin was specially given to the present Skagerack and Christianiafjord with the adjacent coasts; … The form -wick or -wich in British local names is partly of Norse, partly of Latin origin (vicus); all inland places of course belong to the latter class. Compounds:

• inn-firðingr, m. a man from the inner part of a fjord (district), Sturlunga Saga i. 176, 178.
• víkr-barmr, m. a little bay
• víkr-hvarf, n. a creek
• Vík-marr, m. the bay at Bergen
• Vík-dælskr, adj. from the county
• víkingligr, adj. like a viking, martial …
• víkingr, m. a freebooter, rover, pirate, but in the Icelandic Sagas used specially of the bands of Scandinavian warriors, who during the 9th and 10th centuries harried the British Isles and Normandy: the word is peculiarly Norse, for although it occurs in Anglo Saxon in the poem Byrnoth (six or seven times), it is there evidently to be regarded as a Norse word; … The word 'víkingr' is thought to be derived from vík (a bay), from their haunting the bays, creeks, and fjords; -or it means 'the men from the fjords' …
• víkingskapr, m. piracy …
• vestr-víking, f. a freebooting expedition to the West, i. e. to the British Isles (Normandy, etc.) … see víking below.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 716, entry 4

víking, f. a freebooting voyage, piracy; see víkingr. In heathen days it was usual for young men of distinction, before settling down, to make a warlike expedition to foreign parts, this voyage was called 'víking', and was part of a man's education like the grand tour in modern times; hence the saying in the old Saga 'when I was young and on my voyage (víking), but now I am old and decrepit'; so a son begs his father to give him a 'langskip', that he may set out on a 'víking' … The custom was common among Teutonic tribes, and is mentioned by Cæsar in 'Bellum Gallicum', Liber vi. 23:

Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea iuventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant.

Robberies which are committed beyond the boundaries of each state bear no infamy, and they avow that these are committed for the purpose of disciplining their youth and of preventing sloth.

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"Harald, first of the Vikings" (1911) Captain Charles Young at page 204

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(Whitby) 'salt bay headland' from ON salt 'salt', ON vík or wic 'bay, cove, creek' and ON nes 'headland, cape, promontory'.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at pages 61 and 62

-wich, -wick - This is OE wic, 'dwelling, village', borrowed from Latin vicus, 'village', same root as Greek olkos 'house'; also borrowed in Cornish as Gweek, found in place-names there. One of the very earliest recorded instances of -wich is 'the port of Quentawic', in Bede iv. 1, i.e., St. Quentin, Picardy. In the South wic is usually softened into -wich - Greenwich, Harwich, Sandwich, etc. In the north it remains hard, as -wick - Alnwick, Berwick, Cheswick, Withernwick, etc. But the hard -wick is also found in the south. We have both Berwick St. James and St. John near Salisbury, as well as one near Shrewsbury, and we have Chiswick near London as well as one in the far North. In CHS and WOR -wich or -wych is popularly interpreted as indicating a brine or salt spring {cf. 716 charter 'In wico … Saltwich', WOR. But there is no OE authority for this, even though Nantwich is in W. Yr Heledd gwen, 'the white place for making salt'. Droitwich is in ASC simply Wic. We get the hard form in Salwick, Preston, which can hardly mean 'salt bay', ON vík, but rather, 'village where salt was made'. It is doubtful if any -wick in England means 'bay' (though cf. Sandwich), whilst such are common in the north of Scotland. Skeat thought the -wick in Saltwich, Droitwich, etc., was the ON vík, 'a small salt creek or bay'; and that the change to 'brine-pit' would be easy. But to some of us this seems very unlikely indeed, down inland at Droitwich, and so early as 716. In YKS wíc becomes Wike, DB 1086 Wic, and Heckmondwike, etc. The OE ending -awic sometimes becomes -age, quod vide.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

RAVENSWYKE

• Revenwich 1201 ChR

'Raven's nook in the hills from ON personal name Hrafn and ON vík. The name refers to the steep-sided valley of the river Dove.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

SALTWICK

• Saltewicke 1540 Whitby

From OE s(e)alt (vide Saltburn 143 infra) and ON vík 'creek.'

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Brotton

2. SALTBURN 16 C 5

• Salteburnam 1180-90 YCh 767; 1293 QW

'Salt stream' vide s(e)alt and burna. The reference is probably to the alum which is found in this district.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 204

The earliest settlements on the west coast of England seem to have been in Cheshire, where Vikings from Dublin came a little after 900, and where Lady Æthelfled of Mercia gave them land. Even the city of Chester itself, at the time of William the Conqueror, retained much of its Norse character, and had in the eleventh century already a church dedicated to St. Olav of Norway. But especially that curious peninsula between the estuaries of Dee and Mersay, called the Wirral, teems with ON names. We see from the DB 1086 that wich (ON vík) was used in the same meaning which the word still has in Norway, namely 'creek, inlet'. This shows that the Norse language at the end of the eleventh century was not yet quite extinct in Cheshire. If you sail from Chester around the coast of Wales, you will, besides Anglesey, which is a half English and half Scandinavian name (The Anglo Saxon name of the island is Angles ég come across a whole line of Norse names, of islands and promontories, reminiscences of a time when the Norsemen carried on traffic between England and Ireland.

The only Scandinavian settlements of any importance in Wales were, however, in Pembrokeshire, and in the peninsula of Gower. In Gower, Swansea - the Celtic Abertawe - (1188 written Sweyns ei, means 'the islands of Svein'), Uxwich (ON Uxavík, 'the creek of the oxen'). In Pembrokeshire is Milford (from ON fiörðr, 'a fjord, inlet'), besides several other names of villages, islands, etc., Freysthorp, Fishguard, Gateholm, Grassholm, Caldey, Gelliswick, etc. In the Middle Ages these names were still more numerous.

[185] ON Hvíti (personal name); ON hvítr; 'white': Whitby, Whitethorn.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hvíti (Whitby, Whyett Beck)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 302, entry 30

HVÍTR, adj. … [Anglo Saxon hwít; German weiss; Swedish hvit; Danish hvid; English 'white'] white …

• hvít skinn, white fur
• hvítt bló, white blossom
• hvítt hold, white flesh (skin)
• hvít hönd, a white band
• hvítr á har, white-haired
• hvít mörk, white money, of pure silver, opp. to grátt (grey) silver
• hvítr matr, white meat, i.e. milk, curds, and the like, opp. to flesh
• hvíta-björn, m. the white bear
• hvíta-gnípa, u, f. white peaks, the foaming waves
• hvíta-logn, n. a white calm, of the sea
• hvíta-valr, m. a white falcon
• hvít-armr, adj. white-armed
• hvít-bránn, adj. white-browed
• hvít-brúnn, adj. white-browed
• hvít-dreki, a, m. a white dragon
• hvít-faldaðr, part. white-hooded, of the waves
• hvít-fjaðraðr, part. white-feathered, of a swan
• hvít-flekkóttr, adj. white-decked, white-spotted
• hvít-fyrsa, t, to be white with foam, of a current
• hvít-fyssi, n. a white foaming stream
• hvít-haddaðr, part. white-haired
• hvít-hárr and lavít-hærðr, adj. white-haired
• hvít-jarpr, adj. white-brown, blond, of a woman
• hvít-klæddr, part. clad in white
• hvít-röndóttr, adj. white-striped
• hvít-skeggjaðr, part. white-bearded
• hvít-skinn, n. white fur
• hvíta, u, f. the white in an egg
• hvíti, f. whiteness, fair hue
• hvít-leiki, a, m. whiteness
• hvít-mata, að þaað hvítmatar í augun á honum, of milky white eyes
• hvítna, að, to become white

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 92

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hwit / ON hvítr 'white'

Self-evidently indistinguishable as ON <v> represents Viking-Age /w/ (see above).

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Whitby

Streanæshalc, Streneshalc, Streoneshalch, Streoneshalh, Streunes-Alae in Lindissi (7th and 8th centuries); Prestebi (11th century); Hwitebi, Witebi (12th century - Chartulary of Whitby); Whitebi (13th century); Qwiteby (14th century). According to the English Place-Name Society's "Key to English Place-Names" - ON hvítr, 'white' (ME, OE) hwit 'white' and ON by 'farmstead or village' giving 'White farm/settlement' or 'Hviti's farm/settlement'. Alternatively, the first member could be derived from Old West Scandinavian viti 'a beacon, kindled as a warning signal'.

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"The Chief Elements used in English Place-Names" (1924) Allen Mawer at page 49.

Prestebi from OE preost 'priest', (genitive plural, preosta).

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"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names" Eilert Ekwall (1960) at page 513

Whitby CHS [Witebia circa 1100, -beria circa 1150, -bi circa 1190 Chester], W~ YNR [Witebi DB, circa 1150 SD, Hwitebi 1104-8 SD, Quietby 1218 FF]. 'White village or town'. Whitby YNR is recorded in its OScand form in a verse of the 12th century (Heimskringla) as Hvitaby (dat).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Introduction at page xxv

"… In Whitby Strand it is known traditionally that the Danes Ingwar and Ubba destroyed the monastery of Streonæshalch (Whitby, 1), but the Danes do not seem to have settled there to any great extent … In Whitby Strand, therefore, the very high proportion of Scandinavian names must be due to Norwegian influence."

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 111

IV. WHITBY STRAND WAPENTAKE

• Wytebistrand 1200-22 Guis, 1294 Ebor
• Libertate de Whiteby 1231 Ass

'Whitby shore' vide Whitby 126 infra and strand. Whitby Strand was a liberty and at the time of the DB survey all its parishes were in the wapentake of Langbaurgh except Harkness which was in Pickering Lythe. As late as the end of the 13th century the lord of Aislaby manor (in Whitby parish) did suit at the wappentake court of Langbaurgh (compare Whitby 718). Whitby Strand (the older name of the district) was first called a wapentake in 1316 (Pat.R.).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 126

Whitby

7. WHITBY 16 F 11

• Witebi, -by, Wytebi, -by DB et passim to 1298 YI
• Wyttebeia, -beya 1138 Dugd iii. 545 passim

Aspirated forms appear in the 12th century and are practically the only forms found after the 13th century.

• Whitby 1138 Whitby et passim
• Whi-, Whyteby circa 1150-60 YCh 828 et passim to 1361 FF

Over-aspirated forms are of sporadic appearance:

• Quietby 1218 FF (p); 1267 Ebor
• Qwyteby 1423 Baildon

The name appears also in the Heimskringla as Hvitabyr. 'Hviti's farmstead' from the ON by-name Hviti (genitive Hvita) and by.

Whitby was by early tradition identified with the Streonæshalch of Bede (compare Simeon of Durham, Hist. Dunelm. Eccles., Rolls Series, i. 111). Variant forms of the name in Bede are Streanshalh, Streonæshalch, Streaneshalh, Streneshælc. The OE Bede has Streonshalh, Strineshalg, whilst the ASC (sub anno 680) has Streonsheal. For this name v. Strensall 13 supra. Bede translates the name as sinus fari, which offers difficulty. The best explanation seems to be to look upon Bede's fari as a mistake for fare or farae, from Medieval Latin fara 'strain, descent' which is, of course, the meaning of OE streon, here used as a personal name, while healh is rendered by sinus.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 135

Westerdale

WHYETT BECK (6")

• Whitethwayt 1539 Dugd v. 510

vide þveit. The first element is OE hwit or a personal name, ON Hvíti (compare (Whitby) 126 supra).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 116

• hvítr adj. white … form as nickname ('white-haired') …
• Hvítramannaland n. the land of the white men …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 324, 325 and 481

• hvítingr m. name for a sword, 'white(ned), shining', name for the sea or a wave; for drinking horns … in kenning for woman, hvítinga Hlǫkk v338/4 (also a personal name)
• hvítmýlingr m. arrow-name, 'white-pointed, shining-nosed'
• hvítr a. white (i.e. white-haired ? or bright ?), (with Ránar, white with foam); hin hvíta, of a shield of silver
• Hvítabýr m. Whitby (Ragnars saga, Hkr III 328)
• Hvíta-Kristr m. White-Christ, Jesus Christ … compare Kristr
• Hvítingr m. (1) a sword; Saxo Grammaticus 1979-80, (2) a sea-king. See also hvítingr (name for drinking horns); used of a horse in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa
• Hvítserkr hvati m. a berserk … compare hvatr

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at pages 187 and 190

There are, however, Norwegian traces even in Whitby. In Whitby and Cleveland a sort of Scandinavian tongue must, in the latter part of the twelfth century, still have been in use. The town of Whitby was divided into two parts - Overbi and Neðrebi ('the upper' and 'the lower' town). Overbi corresponds to the present High Whitby. Over, of course, is English, but it may have supplanted the ON Efra. Neðre ('lower') may as well be ON as English. The two names at any rate show that the original meaning of the word by (bi) was long known - Neðrebi was also called Steinsecher (ON Steinsekra, 'the cornfield of Stein' - an ON name), while Haukesgarth, (ON Hauksgarðr, 'the garth or yard of Hauk' - an ON name) was also called Gnipe ON gnípa, 'a peak'). These double names, both of them Scandinavian, would not have been used if the inhabitants of Whitby themselves had not spoken a more or less corrupt Danish dialect. Just outside Whitby there was a place called Thingewala (ON þingvellir), where the inhabitants held their 'thing' or court. Nearly all the manors and townships of the district had, about 1200, still got Scandinavian names.

The field-names of the Whitby district and of some parts of LIN are likewise Scandinavian, and faithfully render all the characteristic features of the Danish village system. In the township each man had his homestead which, as in Denmark, was called toft, and, besides, he had his share of land; 'toft and croft' is the usual expression.

In all these towns the homesteads were called toft and the streets gate. This word is still in use in Northern England and Scotland in the meaning of 'way, road', and is derived from ON gata, which means the same. The common English gate, 'an opening' (OE geat), is a different word. In York there is, as you know, still a great number of ON street-names, e.g. Fishergate, Goodramgate, Sheldergate (from ON Skjaldari, 'a shieldmaker') and Micklegate. YKS and LIN must for centuries have remained an entirely Scandinavian country.

[186] ON hvein, 'whin, whine, gorse, furze': Whin Bank, Whin Brow, Whin Green, Whin Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 302, entry 18

HVÍNA, preterite (past tense) hvein, hvinu, hvinit, [Anglo Saxon hwînan; English 'whine'; Danish hvine; Swedish hvina] to give a whizzing sound, as the pinions of a bird, an arrow, shaft, gust of wind, or the like; hein hvein í hjarna maeni, the bone whizzed into his skull …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 301, entry 35

HVINR, m. (hvimr in Eb. 182, but wrongly, as hvína is the root word), a cracking, whizzing, whistling, as of a whip or missile …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 220

hvína (hvín; hvein, hvinum; hvininn), verb to whiz, whistle ….

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Wiktionary

whin, (1) gorse, furze (Ulex spp.), (2) the plant woad-waxen (Genista tinctoria); from ME whynne, from ON hvein, gorse, furze, compare Norwegian kvein, bent gras), Swedish ven, bent grass, dialectal hven, swamp, apparently from hvein, swampy land, from Proto-Germanic hwaino, hwin-, swamp, moor …

[187] ON vangr, 'a garden, an in-field': Swang House, Gale Swang, Black Beck Swang.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 126

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE wang 'meadow-land, an open field' / ON vangr 'a garden, an in-field'

Despite the existence of OE wang, ME wang/wong has sometimes been considered to derive from ON vangr <v> (ON <v> representing Viking-Age /w/, as detailed above) due to the restriction of OE wang to poetry (it is absent also from OE charter bounds and early-recorded place-names) and its later restriction to Scandinavianised dialects (Sandred 1979:109-110; Fellows-Jensen 1974:49). OE wang seems to occur in the place-name Medilwong recorded in the Anonymous Life of St Cuthbert. Further, ME wang, wong occurs by the 13th or 14th century outside areas of Scandinavian influence and, although onomastic use of the element might have spread rapidly from areas northern and eastern England, these names are further reason to suspect that OE wang was used (perhaps only rarely) in OE place-names. As derivation from OE wang cannot be excluded in any given name, OE/ON wang/vangr are considered indistinguishable here.

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"A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary" (1848) Joseph Bosworth at pages 245 and 249

Wang, wong, es; m. A plain, field, wong, land, the world.

Wong A field. -staðol, es; m. A field station. -stede, es; m. A field place, a plain, an open field, v. wang.

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OE swang = swamp.

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Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1855) Volume 2 of 2, J-Z, James Orchard Halliwell at page 833

SWANG. (1) A fresh piece of green swarth, lying in a bottom, among arable or barren land; a dool. North. (2) A swamp, or bog. Yorkshire. (3) To swing with violence. East.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 678, entry 25

VANGR … [Anglo Saxon wang] a garden, green home-field … II. in prose this word is obsolete except in compounds, in which (as in vegr) the v is often dropped (-angr); ái-vangr, vet-vangr, kaup-angr, qq. v.: in a great number of local names, Þrúð-vangr, Aur-vangr, Ævangr: in names of fiords in Norway, Staf-angr, Harð-angr, Kaup-angr. In several modern Scandinavian local names 'vangr' remains in the inflexion -ing, -inge; it is often impossible to say whether the termination is from engi or vangr. In poetic compounds, himin-vangr, sól-vangr, hlæ-vangr, the heaven: the sea is called svan-vangr, 'the swan-field'; ál-vangr, fley-vangr, 'the ship-field', etc. = the sea; all-vangr, the 'all-men's field', a place of assembly (= almanna-vangr) … geð-vangr, 'mind's-field', the mind's abode, i.e. the breast; baug-vangr, fólk-vangr, hjör-vangr, geir-vangr, the shield-field, sword-field, i.e. the shield; orm-vangr, 'snake-field', i.e. gold … Poetical; þrúð-vangr, the abode of Thor.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 678, entry 26

vang-roð, n. a reddening of the field, a bloody fray, Kormaks Saga.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 693, entry 46

vengi, n. = vangr, [like Danish vænge and vang], the ground; ok vatt (á) vengi, and threw it on the ground, the sea; vengis blakkr, hjörtr, the steed, the hart of the sea = a ship

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 606, entry 21

SVANGR, adj. [svangi], slender, slim, thin (= German schlank), of a horse; svangir (hestar) sól draga … 3; this sense is obsolete, and the word is only used 2. metaphorical, hungry, … and so in modern usage. svang-rifja, adj. bare-ribbed, of a steed, … svang-vaxinn.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 418 and 470

• svangi, m. the groins
• svangr, a. (1) slim, slender, thin … (2) hungry. …
• svang-rifja, a. indeclinable, bare-ribbed.
• vangr, m. field (cf. himinvangr); frá mínum véum ok vöngum, from my hearth and home.

[188] ON upp-gangr, 'a pass or stile'; ON upp-ganga, 'ascent': Upgang, Upgang Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 126

Whitby

UPGANG

• le Upgange 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Road or path leading up (from the sea shore)' from OE up and OE gang (compare gang in English Dialect Dictionary).

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Editor's note: see Upgang [NZ 88250 11850], Upgang Beck [NZ 88098 11688] and Upgang Lane [NZ 88489 11645]. For the alternative ON derivation of 'Upgang' see Cleasby and Vigfusson:

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 655, entry 32

• upp-ganga, u, f. a going up, ascending, ascent
• upp-gangr, m. = uppganga, a pass or stile
• Upp-gangr, 'a pass or stile'
• Upp-ganga, 'ascent'
• upp-ganga sólar, sunrise

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 451

upp, adverb, (1) up; upp ok niðr, upp ok ofan, up and down; ikorni renn upp ok niðr eptir askinum, a squirrel springs up and down the tree

uppganga, f. (l) going up, ascent, uppganga solar, sunrise; (2) going up on land, going ashore (hann eggjar menn sína til uppgöngu); (3) boarding a ship (fengu þeir uppgöngu á skipit); (4) landing-place, pass ; uppgangr, m. (1) = uppganga (4) …

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 75, 76 and 249

• ganga upp, go ashore, go aboard; be used up; ganga upp á board, go aboard
• ganga f. going; visit
• gangr m. movement, activity; snarpra sverða gangr is a kenning for battle
• Gangr m. a giant
• upp adverb, up; uphill; upwards; ashore (with ganga); aboard; thoroughly; á upp, on it at the top; upp frá
• upphaf n. beginning; plural, origins
• upphald n. support; maintenance
• upphaldsmaðr m. support(er), upholder
• upphiminn m. the sky above; adverb, genitive, in the sky above
• uppi adverb, 1. up, i.e. ashore; 2. exhausted, gone; 3. evident, known about; mun langt uppi, will be remembered, spoken of, for ever
• uppréttr adjective, upright, straight up, erect

[189] ON út-ganga, 'exit, act of leaving': Outgang Villa, Outgang Road.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 670, entry 40

út-ganga, u, f. a going out (from a house), … a passage, … a quittance, clearing, payment, discharge; … útgöngu-sálmr, m., -vers, n. the dismissal hymn or verse.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 250

útganga f. exit, going out; to go out; genitive, in biðja útgǫngu with dative, ask that someone be allowed to go out

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 93

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE ingang / ON innganga 'entrance, act of entering'

Both OE ingang and ON innganga could formally underlie ME ingang, the second element of which is recorded with both palatalised and non-palatalised initial consonant in ME, the latter not only in texts from areas where Scandinavian influence is likely. Despite the OED suggestion (sub verso gang, n.) that the occurrence of gang rather than yong in northern place-names might suggest borrowing of gang from Scandinavian, the non-palatalised forms are regular in OE. The element is rare and late in English place-names (there are no occurrences in LangScape or in Smith 1956), and I have not been able to trace the element in Scandinavian place-names. Either the OE or ON substantive could underlie the form so the elements are classed as indistinguishable here.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 124

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE ūt / ON út 'outside, outer'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 125 and 126

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE ūtgang / ON útganga 'exit, act of leaving'

Both OE ūtgang and ON útganga (Bosworth-Toller: sub verbo ūt-gang; Cleasby-Vigfusson: sub verbo útganga) could formally underlie ME outgang, the second element of which is recorded with both palatalised and non-palatalised initial consonant (MED: sub verbo outgang, n.). Forms where the second element has initial /g/ could be native or Scandinavian-derived (compare OE/ON ingang/innganga above). The element seems only to be recorded from the ME period in English place-names, and perhaps later in Scandinavia (see Appendix; there are no occurrences in LangScape). The decision to class the elements as indistinguishable indicates that either the English or Scandinavian substantive could underlie the form.

[190] ON tyrfi, tyri, 'a resinous fir-tree used for making a fire'

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Tyrfingr (m. 3).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 646, entry 24

tyrfi and tyri, n. a resinous fir-tree used for making a fire … hence týru-tré;, … tyr-viðr, … tyrvi-tré, … compare tjör-viðr; all various forms of the same = tar-wood.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 637, entry 6

torf-viðr, m. = tyri-viðr, [Anglo Saxon tyrwe], a tarred tree

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 646, entry 25

Tyrfingr, m. the name of the enchanted sword, Hervar Saga; properly from its flaming like resinous-wood (tyrfi): a proper name, Landnámabók

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 646, entry 26

tyrfinn, adj. resinous; tyrfit tré = tyrvi-tré

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 446

tyri, noun, resinous fir-tree.

[191] ON barr, (1) 'the needles of the fir or pine', (2) 'barley': Barley Carr Dike, Barley Carr Rigg, Barley Carr Slack, Barley Carr Tongue, Barley Hill

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 53, entry 18

BARR, n. [Norse and Swedish barr means the needles of the fir or pine, opposite to 'lauf' or leaves of the ash, eon; compare barlind, taxus baccaia, and barskógr, 'needle-wood', i.e. fir-wood, Ivar Aasen]. I. the needles or spines of a fir-tree; the word is wrongly applied by Snorri, Edda II, who speaks of the 'barr' of an ash; - Icelandic has no trees. In Hm. 50 (Norse poem ?) it is correctly used of a pine. II. = barley, [Scottish and Northern English bear, Anglo Saxon bere, is four-rowed barley, a coarse kind; bigg in Northern English and Scottish is six-rowed barley, also a coarse kind: compare 'the Bigg-market', a street in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: barlog, sweet wort, made of barley, Ivar Aasen]; bygg heitir með mönnum, en barr með goðum, men call it 'bygg', but gods 'bear', which shews that barr sounded foreign, and that bygg was the common word …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 53, entry 21

barri, a, m. a grove

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 53, entry 20

barr-haddaðr, adj. barley-haired

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 53, entry 23

bar-skógr, m. needle-wood

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 44

barr-viðr, masculine, pine-forest; the wood of the fir.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 239 and 240

• bargrimmr a. 'barley-fierce' ?
• barr n. (1) foliage
• barr n. (2) barley; in kenning for gold, Kraka barr (dative with eyss); for carrion, ara (or blóðorra) (dative with fagna)
• barrhaddaðr past participle, foliage-haired, with hair made of pine needles (or barley); of Norway perceived as female (with biðkván)

[192] ON barð, (1) beard, (2) prow, (3) edge of a hill': Akebar.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson

BARÐ:, n. [identical in etymology but not in sense to Latin barba, English 'beard', German bart;] the Scandinavian dialects all call the beard skegg … in the sense of barba is quite alien from the Scandinavian idioms … the verge, edge of a hill (holtbarð, túnbarð, brekkubarð, hólbarð, etc.), frequently in local names of farms in Iceland … barða, u, f. a kind of axe (barbata).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 239 and 246

• barð n. (1) front stem of ship, prow … the part of the front stem extending above the water-line, the middle of three pieces comprising the stafn (stefni); fyrir bǫrðum before the prows (2) slope, rise, bank, edge (of a hill); in kenning for giants, Hǫrðar barða (3) beard barða f. 'bearded axe', axe with a long lower point on the blade
• barði m. a kind of ship, 'beaked' (compare barð; barði perhaps means one with strengthening or a projection on the stem for ramming, compare járnbarði; in kenning for shield(-wall), garðr barða (or barð n.); shield (perhaps a shield with a long lower point)
• barðristinn a. 'prow-cut', cut by the prow (with borðheim)
• barðsól see bliksól
• bliksól f. gleaming sun, in kenning for sword, bliksólar garmr (perhaps an error for barðsólar or borðsólar, sun of prow or gunwale, i.e. shield). Bliksól ('sun of shining metal') could perhaps also be a kenning for shield

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 42 and 519

• barð, noun, (1) beard (rare); (2) brim, of a hat or helmet
• þrömr genitive, þramar, dative, þremi, plural, þremir, accusative, þrömu, brim, edge, verge (kominn á heljar þröm)

[193] ON björk, 'a birch'; ON birki, 'birchwood': Birkdale, Birk Bank, Birk Head Beck, Briscoe.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 63, entry 9

BIRKI, n. collectively = björk, birch, in Compounds: birki-raptr, m. a rafter of birch-wood … birki-viðr, m. birch-wood …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 772, entry 23

birkinn, adj. [Ivar Aasen birkjen], dry like bark; brenna sem birkinn við

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 63, entry 10

birkja, t, to bark, strip; b. við … birkinn viðr (= birki viðr?) … hest, to flay a horse

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 772, entry 24

birkja, u, f. [Ivar Aasen byrkja], the sap of a young birch, sap, got by boring a hole in the bark and sucking

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 66, entry 23

BJÖRK, f., genitive, bjarkar, [Anglo Saxon beorc; English 'birch'; Latin betula; vide birki], a birch. In compounds bjarkar-.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbargh East Wapentake at page 135

Lythe

BRISCOE

• Bircschoke 1279 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

'Birch wood' vide birki, skogr.

[194] ON brá, 'eye-lid, brow'; ON brún, 'eye-brow, the brow of a fell, moor': Whin Brow, Silpho Brow.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Brúni (m. <5).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 8

BRÚN, f., old plural brýnn, modern brýr; … eye-brow (brá = eye-lid) … II. metaphorical, the brow of a fell, moor, etc. (fjalls-brún, heiðar-brún, veggjar-brún); is-brún, the edge of ice; á framanverðri brúninni, efstu brúninni, on the mountain edge … the first beam of day in the sky (dags-brún) … lands-brún, the 'lands-brow', i.e. the first sight of a mountain above the water … fjalls-brún, the brow, edge of a fell …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 77, entry 4

BRÁ, f. [Anglo Saxon bræv; English 'brow'; German brau] an eye-lid; brár (genitive singular); brár (nominative plural,), 6; brám (dative plural,); brá (genitive plural,) … in poetry the eyes are called brú-tungl, -máni, -sól, -geisli, moon-, sun-beam of the brow; tears are brá-regn, - drift, rain of the brow; the head brá-völlr, field of the brow, etc. …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 249 and 252

• brá f. eyelash; genitive plural brá in kennings for gold, Freyja's brá driptir, for eye(s), tungl brá for forehead, brá vǫllr (could be a compound but the metre requires bráa;) of an axe, the curved edge (?): við brá fjǫrnis Gríðar by the brow of the axe-head
• brún f. (eye-)brow

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 29, 32 and 132

• brágeisli m. 'eyelash-ray (of light)', kenning for eye
• bráhvítr adjective, with white eyelashes
• brún (plural, brýnn) f. eyebrow
• Kolbrún f. = Þorbjǫrg kolbrún Glúmsdóttir. She lived in the Western Fjords of Iceland. Her nickname kolbrún ('coal-brow') is from her black hair and eyebrows

[195] ON nýr, 'new': Newby, Newgate Foot, Newgrove; Newholm Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 459, entry 41

NÝR, adjective, [Anglo Saxon niwe; English 'new'] new; … nýtt tungl, a new moon, but in old usage, as it seems, the waxing, or even the full moon; … II. temp, new, fresh, recent; ný tíðendi, fresh news … IV. in local names, as, Nýja-land, Newland (in America), Ann. 1290. Compounds:

• nýja-brum, n.new-fangledness
• nýja-leik, anew, again
• Nýj-ár, n. New Year; Nýjárs-dagr, m. New Year's Day
• nýjung, f. newness, novelty, news, innovation, mostly in a bad sense
• nýliga, adv. newly, recently
• nýligr, adj. new, recent
• ný-lunda, u, f. a novelty, a new, strange thing
• ný-lýsi, n. 'new light', light of the new moon (ný)
• ný-mjólk, f. new milk
• ný-mæli, n. news, a novelty; … nýmæla-bré; f, n. a new ordinance, letter
• ný-næmi, n. [nema], a novelty
• ný-næmligr, adj. new, startling

ný-, denoting newly, recently, may be prefixed to almost every participle passive as also to adjectives with a participle passive sense; thus:

• ný-borinn, new-born
• ný-gotinn, newly dropped
• ný-gipt, ný-kvángaðr, newly married
• ný-skírðr, newly christened
• ný-grafinn, -jarðaðr, newly buried
• ný-vígðr, newly ordained or consecrated
• ný-smíði, n. 'new smith's work', the work of a beginner
• ný-snævi, n. fresh snow
• ný-stárligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), new, unusual

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 364 and 365

• ný n. new moon
• nýgervingar f. plural, extension of meaning, metaphor; extended metaphor, allegory
• nýkominn a. (past particple) newly arrived
• nýla adverb, recently

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 179

• nýgenginn past particple, newly gone, just gone
• nýhvattr past particple, freshly sharpened
• nýlunda f. strange thing
• nýmæli n. innovation, new pronouncement, new law and references
• nýr adjective new, fresh

[196] ON nabbi, 'knob': Saltwick Nab, Scalby Nab, Nab End, Eston Nab.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 445, entry 2

NABBI, a, m. [English 'knob'; Northern English and Scottish nab], a small protuberance on the skin or on greensward; nabba-þýfi … frequent in modern usage: the name of a dwarf.

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"Portrait of The North York Moors" (1985) Nicholas Rhea, Chapter 2, The people discover the moors, at page 33

The Angles were principally farmers who grew corn and bred cattle, and when they arrived in open rowing boats off our coast, they had to fight hard to occupy our land. But fight they did, and they rapidly occupied the North York Moors. The area between the River Humber and the Firth of Forth became the powerful Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. The North York Moors lay in the southern part of that kingdom, called Deira; the portion north of the Tees was called Bernicia. But the arrival of the Angles was not without conflict. This is reflected in the legend of King Arthur and his twelve Knights of the Round Table, who supposedly fought and defeated the Angles on Eston Nab. It is without doubt that they did have a vicious and cruel streak. They killed the early Christian priests and burned their churches. Occasionally they married local women and kept their husbands as slaves.

Eston Nab (Camp)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 756, entry 9

þýfi, n. [þúfa], a field covered with mounds or hillocks, uneven ground; … þýfi-teigr, m. a rough paddock …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 345, entry 35

knauss, m. a knoll, crag … a square clod of turf.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 775, entry 71

knjúkr, m. a crag, knoll; the modern form is hnjúkr. II. as a proper name spelt knykr

[197] ON nes, 'a ness projecting into the sea or a lake': Hackness, Kettleness, Scalby Ness, Ness Head, Craze Naze.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 453, entry 10

NES, n., genitive, plural, nesja, dative nesjum, [Anglo Saxon næs; English 'ness'] a ness projecting into the sea or a lake … in Scotland, Kata-nes, and Nes, = Caithness, Orkney passim; austr á Nesjum … even of a river (= oddi) … ann-nes or and-nes, quod vide: of a slip of land … II. frequent in local names, Nes, in plural and singular Nesjum, and in compounds, Álpta-nes, Laugar-nes, Langa-nes, Mjóva-nes, Suðr-nes, Norð-nes … and map of Iceland; in Norway, Nesjar, f. plural … whence Nesja-bardagi, -orusta, the battle of N., fought on Palm Sunday, A. D. 1014; Nesja-vísur, a song on the battle of N., … in Scotland, Kata-nes, and Nes = Caithness, Orkney passim; austr á Nesjum, … of the coast of Scotland as seen from the Isle of Man; as also in many English and Scottish local names: Compounds: Nes-hraun, Ness lava.

• Nes-menn, m. plural, the men from Nes … Nes-þjóðir, f. plural, the people of Caithness
• nes-höfði, a, m. a headland
• nes-konungr, m. a 'ness-king', a nickname of the old sea kings, who had no lands, but their ships, for a kingdom
• Nes-konungr, a proper name
• nes-nám, n.; nema nesnám, to make a 'ness-raid', a term used by the old Vikings when they landed on narrow headlands and took cattle and provisions by force
• nes-oddi or nes-tangi, a, m. a point of a ness

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"An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898 and 1921) Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller at page 171 entry 10

Næs; plural nasas; also næsse, es; plural næssas; masculine: also næsse, an; feminine ? A rock, support, headland, ness, cape, promontory … Næs-hleoð; A ness descent or cliff, promontory.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 199

The ON element was also very strong in Amounderness, the land between the Ribble and Morecambe Bay. Amounderness (A.D. 930 written Agemundernes) is itself an ON name, meaning 'the ness or promontory of Agmund (Högmundr)', a common Norwegian name. This Agmund was probably a prominent Viking chieftain in the beginning of the tenth century; possibly Agmund Hold who was killed in 911. It is remarkable that the western part of the ancient kingdom of Northumberland ends in Amounderness, and the eastern part in Holderness, i.e. 'the ness of the hold' (hold was, as you will remember, a Norwegian title). In the Chronicle of the Archbishops of York, a twelfth-century work, we are told that King Æthelstan (in 930) granted to the cathedral of York the whole of Amounderness, which he had bought from the heathens (totam Agmundernes, quam a paganis emerat). The possession does not, however, seem retained.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 96 and 97

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE næss (Anglian, West-Saxon) ness (Kentish, Mercian)/ ON nes 'headland, promontory'

The dialectal division given above implies that OE næss would be found in Northumbria and would be distinguishable from ON nes. However, it is unclear why OE ness should not also have been found in Anglian (and indeed West Saxon) areas and conversely why OE næss should not occur in Mercia (outside West Mercia) … ME nes(se) could derive from either OE ness (in any dialect) or ON nes and such forms have been considered indistinguishable.

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Editor's note: regarding Eleanor Rye's 'indistinguishable elements' see Craze Naze [NZ 95732 07000], 'crazed ness':

• first element 'craze' from ME crasen ('to crush, break, break to pieces, shatter, craze'), from ON *krasa ('to shatter'), ultimately imitative. Cognate with Dan krase ('to crack, crackle'), Swed krasa ('to crack, crackle'), Norw krasa ('to shatter, crush'), Icel krasa ('to crackle');
• second element 'naze', (1) 'a promontory or headland', (2) 'a cape at the southern tip of Norway' (also known as The Lindesnes in Sørlandet) from ON nes, cognate with Icel nes, OE næs, Swed näs, Dan næs.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 93

Levisham

NESS HEAD (6")

• Undernesheued 1335 ForP 223d

'Under the promontory head' vide næs, heafod

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Editor's note: alternatively, vide ON nes, 'a ness projecting into the sea or a lake', and ON höfuð, 'head'. See also [127] ON höfði, 'headland'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 112

Hackness

2. HACKNESS 23 C 4

• Hacanos 8 Bede at page 276 Chapter XXIII Of the life and death of the Abbess Hilda [614-680 AD]. "That same night it pleased Almighty God, by a manifest vision, to make known her death in another monastery, at a distance from hers, which she had built that same year, and which is called Hacanos." Hackness, thirteen miles from Whitby and three to the west of Scarborough. It was a cell belonging to Whitby. At the dissolution under Henry VIII, it contained only four monks, of the Benedictine order (Dugdale)
• Heaconos 10 BedeOE
• Hagenesse DB
• Haganes 1176 P
• Hakenesse circa 1081-5 LVD; 1921 48 d et freq to 1354 Whitby
• Hachanessa 1091-2 YCh 863; 1133 Whitby
• Hakanes 1108-14 Whitby
• Hakenes(s) 1114-40, 1145-8, 1149-53; circa 1180 Whitby; 1227 FF; 1234 CI
• Hachanes 1155-65 Whitby
• Hakanessham 1314 NRS
• Hakenasse 1385 Whitby
• Haknas 1472 Test

The forms of this name, apart from those in Bede, offer no great difficulty. They may be interpreted as the 'ness or headland of one Hac(c)a'. The form in Bede suggests that there was an earlier form of the second element, and Professor Ekwall suggests that there may have been an OE nos, cognate with Scandinavian nōs (compare Torp, Nynorsk Etym. Ordbog, sub verbo nôs) bearing the same sense as næss. Hackness lies at the foot of a very prominent ridge projecting between the Derwent and Lowdales Beck.

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"An account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland" (1852) Jens Jakob Asmussen Worsaae at page 13

The Danes in England

Section III

The Thames London

… "To the south of Canterbury, on the channel, lies "Dungeness"; and at the mouth of the Thames "Foulness" and "Sheerness". The termination ness, in these names, seems to be neither Saxon nor Celtic, but plainly the Danish and Norwegian Næs (a promontory, or lofty tongue of land, running out into the sea)."

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Hákon (m. <5) and Haki (m. 2).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 232, entries 24 to 28

hak, n. a little hook, such as the barb of a hook.

HAKA, u, f. [Swedish haka; Danish hage], the chin … undir-haka, a double chin. Compounds: höku-bein, n. the chin bone, höku-langr, adjective, having a long chin, höku-mikill, adjective having a large chin, höku-skarð, n. a cleft in the chin, höku-skegg, n. the beard on the chin.

haki, a, m. [Danish hage; Swedish hake; German haken; English 'hook'], a hook, (rare): a mythical proper name …

hakka, að, to devour, eat ravenously, as a beast, (cant word.)

hak-langr, adjective = hökulangr, a nickname

[198] ON hnúka, 'hook, bend, angle': Biller Howe Nook, Swindale Nook.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson

• hnúka,'to bend, crouch'
• hnúka, ð, to sit cowering
• hnúkr, m. = hnjúkr: a local name
• hnokki, a, m. the small metal hooks holding the thread in a distaff
• hnokkinn, part. [hnúka], bowed, curved
• hneiging, f. a bowing, bending
• HORN, n. a corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county; fara lands-horna á milli, to run from one corner of the land to the other: - a nook in a house or building: … mathematics, an angle … rétt horn, a right angle …
• HNEIGJA, [Anglo Saxon hnægan]: - causal from hníga, to bow, bow down, bend, incline …
• hneigjanlegr, adj. declinable
• hnigna, [hníga], to begin to sink, decline
• hnignan, f. a declining, decline
• HNÍGA, pres. hníg; pret. hné, hnétt, hné, plural, hnigu; sing. hneig is very rare in old vellum … [Anglo Saxon hnîgan] to bow down, sink, fall gently; of a stream, the sun, a felled tree, a dying man, etc. …

[199] ON norðr, 'north': North Ings Slack.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 457, entry 11

NORÐR, n., genitive, norðrs, [Anglo Saxon norð English 'north']: the north; í norðr, northwards … II. as adverb; norðr eptir hafinu, to stand northwards …

• norðar-liga, adv. northerly
• norðarr, comparative more northerly … superlative norðast, northernmost
• norð-hvalr, m. a kind of whale
• Norð-lendingar, m. plural, the Northmen, especially of Iceland
• Norð-lenzkr, adj. from Norðrland
• Norð-maðr, m., plural, Norðmenn, a Northman, Norwegian
• Norð-manndi, n. = Normandy (= Northmannia) … Norð-manndingr, m. a man from Normandy
• Norðr-á, f. 'North-water', the name of a river … whence Norðrár-dalr
• Norðr-átt or -ætt, f. the Northern region
• norðr-dyrr, n. plural, the northern doors
• Norðr-dælir, m. plural, the men from Norðrárdalr
• norðr-ferð or -för, f. a northern journey … norðrfara-maðr, m. a northfaring man
• Norðr-haf, n. the Northern Ocean
• norðr-hallt, n. adj. in a northerly direction
• Norðr-hálfa (pronounced -álfa), u, f. the Northern region
• Norðri, a, m. the Northern, one of the dwarfs who support the heaven … (Austri, Vestri, Norðri, Suðri)
• Norðr-land, n. North-land … (a county in Norway)
• norðr-ljós, n. the northern lights, polar light, aurora borealis
• norðr-lopt, n. the 'north-lift', north, polar heavens
• Norðr-seta, u, f., or Norð-setr, n. the Northern Seat, name of a fishing-place in the north of Greenland
• Norðr-sjór, m. the Northern arm of the sea … the North Sea
• norðr-skagi, a, m. the north headland
• norðr-stúka, u, f. the north transept in a church
• norðr-sveitir, f. plural, the northern counties
• norðr-vegar, m. plural, the northern ways
• Norð-ymbrar, m. plural, Northumbrians, Hallfred. Norðymbra-land, n. Northumberland

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 97 and 98

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE norð (adverb) / ON norðr 'north' (noun and adverb)

It is unclear whether final /r/ would survive in Scandinavian linguistic material from England. Unlike Germanic cognates, /r/ seems to have been part of the stem in ON (compare genitive singular norðrs), but a form without final /r/ occurs as the first element of compounds, meaning forms without final /r/ might also have occurred. The existence of forms without final-r might have encouraged loss of stemfinal r, as in forms of sætr from England mentioned above. The elements have consequently been classed as indistinguishable here.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 456, entry 43

norðan, adv. from the north … Compounds:

• norðan-fjalls, adv. north of the fell
• norðan-fjarðar, adv. north of the firth
• norðan-gola, u, f. a breeze from the north
• norðan-hret, n. a gale from the north
• norðan-lands, adv. in the north
• norðan-maðr, m. a man from the north
• norðan-sjór, m. a sea, current from the north
• norðan-stormr, m. a storm from the north
• norðan-strykr, m. a gale from the north
• norðan-veðr, n. = northerly winds
• norðan-verðr, adj. 'northwards', northern
• norðan-vindr, m. a north wind

Noregr, m., genitive, Noregs; a later Noregis also occurs in Laurentius Saga; 'Nurviag' on the Jellinge stone; [modern Norse Norge, sounded Norre] -Norway …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 115

Hackness

NORTHFIELD FARM

• Norfel, Nordfeld 1086 (Domesday Book)
• Norfild 1108-14 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Northfeld 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide norð, feld, and Suffield supra.

[200] ON Oddr (personal name); ON oddi, 'a triangle, a point or tongue of land'

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Oddr (Odescroft, circa 1300)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine names Oddr (m. 24), Oddi (m. <5), Arnoddr (m.2) and Naddoddr (m. 1).

ON feminine names Oddný (f. <5), Oddbjǫrg (f. <2), Oddfríðr (f. <2), Oddlaug (f. <2), Oddleif (f. <2) and Þórodda (f. <2).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 462, entry 9

oddi, a, m. a triangle, a point or tongue of land … II. metaphorically from the triangle, an odd number, opposite to even … hence the metaphorical phrase, standask í odda, to be at odds (Shakespeare), quarrelling; … III. frequent in local names, of a tongue of land; Oddi, Odda-staðr, whence Odda-verjar, m. plural the men from Oddi as a proper name, Oddi, Stjörnu-Oddi = star-Oddi, Oddi the astronomer, an Icelander of the 12th century skilled in astronomy, from whom proceeded the computation called Odda-tal, n. the calculus of Oddi … Compounds: odda-maðr, m. … the third man, who gives the casting vote, the odd man (third, fifth, etc) … odeda-tala, u, f. an odd numbr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 462, entry 10

ODDR, m. [Anglo Saxon ord; German ort = 'point' of land, spot, place …] a point of a weapon … með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, at the sword's point, by force … brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one's pride, to humble oneself … poetic, a point, spear … 2. a spur, which in olden times had a single point … II. metaphoric, the front … 2. a leader; … III. a proper name, Oddr as well as Oddi: in compounds, of men, Odd-björn, Odd-geirr, Odd-leifr, Odd-marr; of women, Odd-björg, Odd-fríðr, Odd-katla, Odd-laug, Odd-leif, Odd-ný, and in the latter part þór-oddr, Arn-oddr, Landnámabó.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 462, entry 11

odd-viti, a, m. a leader, chief, who marches ahead

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 713, entry 2

viti, a, m. a leader; in odd-viti; ú-viti, an artless person, e.g. a child; íll-viti, an evil boder; ör-viti or ör-vita, insane.

[201] ON yfir, 'over': Overdale, Overdale Wyke.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 723, entry 24

YFIR, preposition with dative and accusative, also elliptical or even as adverb - over … with dative, over, above; … with accusative, above, denoting motion …

[202] ON öx, 'axe'; uxi, öxn, 'ox, oxen': Oxdale Slack, Oxgangs.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 769, entry 6

ÖX, i.e. øx, f., genitive, öxar, dat. and acc. öxi, plural, öxar, preserving the ö throughout; declined like heiðr, öx standing for öx-r; also spelt eyx and ex: an axe …

• öxar-skapt, n. the edge, haft of an axe
• öxar-hamarr, m. the back of an axe
• öhamars-högg, n. a blow with the back of an axe
• öxar-hyrna, u, f. the hooked beak of an axe, such as a bill, halberd, or Lochaber-axe
• öxar-stafr, m. a nickname … The axe, rather than the sword, was the favourite national weapon of the old Norsemen and Danes … Hel was the axe of king Magnus
• öxa to cut, carve with an axe, of wood; öxa við

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 657, entry 50

UXI, a, m., older form oxi; in plural, yxn, öxn (compare the Anglo Saxon oxa, plural oxan; English 'ox, oxen']; also spelt eyxn, exn, eoxn; the masculine forms 'yxn' and 'yxninir' being formed like menn, menninir from mann-r; uxar is rare and later … yxna-flokkr and öxna-flokkr, a herd or drove of oxen … yxna réttr, an ox-stall … yxnis-maðr, an ox-keeper … [Anglo Saxon oxa; English 'ox'; German ochs; Danish oxe.] B. An ox; … uxa

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 323 and 453

oxi (plural øxn), m. ox=uxi.

uxi (plural uxar, older forms yxn, eyxn, øxn), m. ox; yxninir, the oxen; eyxn margir, many oxen; neuter plural þrjú yxn, three oxen.

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[203] ON papi, 'priest, cleric': Priest's Sike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 474, entry 26

papi, a, m. a pope, priest; the Irish anchorites were especially called Papar; traces of such anchorites at the first arrival of the Northmen were found in the east of Iceland … These 'monks of the west' had sought this remote desert island in order to shun all intercourse with men, and when the heathen Northmen came to Iceland, the Papas left it; the statement of Ari Fróði in the Landnámabók is confirmed by the book of the Irish monk Dicuil (De Mensurâ Orbis) … From these Papas are derived some local names, Pap-ey, Papýli, Pap-óss, Papa-fjörðr, map of Iceland, Landnámabók. Papeyjar-buxur, f. plural, a kind of wizard breeches, money breeches, see Maurer's Volks. 2. the pope, Landnámabók

[204] ON pík, 'peak': Peak Scar, Low Peak, Peak Scar Top.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 477, entry 6

pík, m. a nickname … compare English 'peak'.

[205] ON prettr, 'a trick': Pretty House.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 479, entry 5

prettr, m., plural, prettar … [Anglo Saxon Dictionaries give a word præt, plural, prattas; but the age and the etymology of this word are uncertain]: a trick

• pretta, to cheat, deceive
• prettóttr, adj. deceitful, tricky
• prettugr, adj. = prettóttr
• prett-vísi, f. craftiness
• prett-víss, adj. tricky, wily

[206] ON pund, 'a pound'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 480, entry 18

pund, n. [English 'pound'] a pound, of a pound = 24 marks or 12 lbs …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 480, entry 47

pynda or pynta, t, [from Anglo Saxon pund = a fold, English 'pond, pound', and not from Latin poena; Anglo Saxon pyndan; compare provincial English pindar or pynder] to extort, compel by brute force; … to torment …

[207] ON rá, (1) 'a corner, nook'; (2) 'roe deer'; (3) 'a boundary': Raisbeck, Raw Riddings.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 485, entry 7

RÁ, f. … originally vrá, … a corner, nook; rá … 2. a cabin on board ship … as also in the saying, skammar eru skips rár, short, small are the ship's cabins, giving small accommodation … compare rá-skinn, a 'cabin-skin', hammock.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 485, entry 8

RÁ, f. a roe …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 485, entry 6

RÁ, f., genitive, rár … a sail-yard … 2. metaphorical, a pole on which fish are hung for drying: poetic, rá-fákr, m. a 'sail-yard nag,' i.e. a ship

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 485, entry 9

RÁ, n. [Swedish rå], a landmark; hence perhaps the poetic, rás seil, rás fagrsili, the thong of the mark, i.e. a snake … rás viðr, perhaps, landmark palings (?) Hm. 152; see also rámerki; the word is obsolete in Iceland, but is frequent in early Swedish in the alliterative, phrase rå ock rör.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 99

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE rā (early OE rāha) / ON rá 'roe-deer' and ON rá 'a boundary'

Self-evidently indistinguishable unless distinguished by inflexions (compare OE genitive singular ran) or the survival of final /h/ in OE (cf. OED: sub verbo roe, n.1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 154

Upleatham

RAISBECK (locally RAYBECK)

• Rabec 12 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1180-90 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 767

From ON rá 'roe-buck' (compare Raskelf 26 supra and Raydale 264 infra) and bekkr. The modern form is corrupt.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 186

Early Lincolnshire charters point in the same direction. Thus when we find in a charter of the time of Henry II mention of three acres of land lying 'oust in wra', this is not English, but ON austr í vrá ('east in the corner'). The north-eastern part of YKS was, perhaps, even more Norse. Whitby has been called the most Scandinavian part of England. Several inhabitants of Whitby have, at the end of the twelfth century, got the surname or byname Danus, no doubt because their ancestors were Danes (e.g. Thomas Danus, Petrus Danus).

[208] ON hreysi, 'a heap of stones'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 284, entry 15

HREYSI, n. and hreysar, a heap of stones (= Icelandic urð), where wild beasts abide … … 2. in modern usage = a poor wretched cottage, a hovel. Compounds:

• skríða í hreysi, to slink into a den
• hreysi-köttr, m. a wild cat
• hreysi-vísla, u, f. a weasel

[209] ON hrífa, 'a rake': Rakehills.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 285, entry 37

hrífa, u, f. a rake

• hrífu-tindr, m. the teeth of a rake
• hrifu-skapt, -höfuð, n. a rake-handle, head of a rake

[210] ON Hrafn (personal name); ON hrafn 'a raven': Ravenscar, Ravensthorpe, Ravensworth, Ravenswyke - see also [69].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hrafn (Raincliffe, Ravenscar, Ravensthorpe, Ravensworth, Ravenswyke)

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Editor's note: the first element is either ON personal name Hrafn or ON hrafn 'a raven' which, together with ON suffixes dalr 'dale, valley', klif 'cliff', þorp 'small village, settlement', sker 'rock, scar, reef, skerry', vað 'ford', vík 'small creek, inlet, bay', give the following place-names:

• Ramsdale 'raven valley'
• Raincliffe 'raven cliff'
• Ravenscar 'raven rock'
• Ravensthorpe 'Raven's settlement'
• Ravensworth 'raven ford'
• Ravenswyke 'raven bay'

Of these six place-names Ravensthorpe alone appears to be patronymic i.e. derived from the personal name Hrafn (although Ravensworth and Ravenswyke are also strong contenders), while the other five - particularly Ramsdale, Raincliffe and Ravenscar - are more likely to be topographical in derivation, being named after hrafn 'raven'.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Hrafn (m. 17) and Flóki (m. 3).

ON feminine personal name Hrafnhildr (f. <2).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse" (2007) complied by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 108

• hrafn m. raven
• Hrafn m. father of Bergþórr
• Hrafn Hœngsson m. lawspeaker
• Hrafna-Flóki m. Flóki Vilgerðarson. He was one of the first viking explorers of Iceland and used ravens to help him find it.
• Hrafnkell (dative Hrafnkatli) Hallfreðarson m.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 315, 316 and 478

hrafn m. raven … (dative, of respect with hǫfuðstafni; the raven's head-prow is its beak), … (dative, with gaf; feeding the ravens is to wage war) …

hrafnáll m. raven-sea or raven-seed (-sprout), i. e. the mead of poetry (though neither is a usual type of kenning for this concept, and the genitive of both áll 'channel in the sea' and áll 'sprout' would normally be áls)

hrafn-Áss m. raven-god, i. e. Óðinn, whose drink is the mead of poetry

hrafnblár adjective, raven-black (of hair)

hrafnfreistuðr m. 'raven-tester, -trier, -user', i. e. Óðinn (genitive with mǫg; Óðinn's son is Baldr)

hrafnreyðr f. minke whale or lesser rorqual … compare hrafnhvalr sei whale

Hrafn m. (1) King Áli's horse

Hrafn m. (2) Ǫnundarson (Gunnlaugs saga)

Hrafnketill m. a ninth-century Norwegian (presumably the one who brought the poet the shield as a gift from King Ragnarr)

Hrafnsmál n. pl. a poem, = Haraldskvæði

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 281, entry 42

HRAFN, often spelt hramn, m. [Anglo Saxon hræfn; English 'raven' …] a raven … in the sayings, sjaldsénir hvítir hrafnar, 'white ravens are not seen every day', of a strange appearance; þá er hart þegar einn hrafninn kroppar augun úr öðrum, 'it is too bad when one raven picks another's eyes out'; Guð borgar fyrir hrafninn, 'God pays for the raven', perhaps referring to 1 Kings xvii. and Job xxxviii … The raven was a favourite with the Scandinavians, as a bird of augury and of sagacity, víða flýgr hrafn yfir grund, 'the raven is a far traveller'; compare the wise ravens Huginn and Muninn, the messengers of Odin, Gm., Edda; whence Odin is called hrafn-blætr, m. 'raven worshipper' (Hallfred), and hrafn-áss, m. (Haustl.); hrafna-dróttinn or hrafna-goð, hrafn-stýrandi, a, m. 'lord or god of ravens'; hrafn-freistaðr, m. 'raven friend' … A raven was the traditional war standard of the Danish and Norse vikings and chiefs … also the Anglo Saxon Chroniclers, e. g. the Saxon Chronicle, Asser, A. D. 878, etc. … The croaking of ravens was an omen … when heard in front of a house it betokens death … the ravens are said to hold a parliament, hrafna-þing; and metaphorically a disorderly assembly was called by that name … A black horse is called Hrafn, Edda. In popular lore the raven is called krummi, q. v. Botan., hrafna-blaka and hrafna-klukka, u, f. cardamine pratensis, the ladies' smock or cuckoo-flower, Hjalt. Proper names of men, Hrafn, Hrafn-kell; of women, Hrefna, Hrafn-hildr: local names, Hrafna-björg, Hrafna-gjá, Hrafna-gil (whence Hrafn-gilingr, a man from H.), Hrafn-hólar, Hrafn-ista (whence Hrafnistu-menn, an old family), etc., Landnámabók: in poetry a warrior is styled hrafn-fæðir, -gæðir, -gælir, -greddir, -þarfr, = feeder of ravens, etc.: the blood is hrafn-vín … a coward is hrafna-sveltir, m. 'raven-starver' …

• hrafn-blár, adj. raven-black
• hrafn-hauss, m. raven-skull, a nickname
• hrafn-hvalr, m. [Anglo Saxon hran or hren = a whale], a kind of whale
• hrafn-ligr, adj. raven-like
• hrafn-reyðr, f. a kind of whale; also called hrefna, balaena
• hrafn-svartr, adj. raven-black
• hrafn-tinna, u, f. 'raven-flint', a kind of obsidian or agate
• hrafn-önd, f. a kind of duck

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hræfn / ON hrafn 'raven'

Indistinguishable following the late-OE merger of /æ/ and /a/ (Hogg 1992:§§5.215-16).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 64

Kirkby Moorside

RAVENSWYKE

• Revenwich 1201 Rot. Ch.

'Raven's nook in the hills' from the ON personal name Hrafn and ON vik. The name refers to the steep-sided valley of the river Dove.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 102

Seamer

RAINCLIFFE

• Ramescliua 1170-80 YCh 412
• Ravenesclif(fe) 13th Percy; 1252 Pat; -clive 1252 NRS
• Raveneclyff circa 1250 Whitby
• Ravenclif 1335 ForP 209 d; 1337 Percy
• Rancleiff 1405 Pat
• Reyn-, Raynclyf(f) 1461, 1475 Pat

'Raven's cliff' vide clif. The ON personal name Hrafn had various forms for the genitive, Hrafns, Hramnes, Hrams (LindN) and it is from the latter that the first spelling Rames- is derived.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 111

Scalby

RAVENSCAR

• Rauenesere 1312 ForP 378

'Hrafn's scar' from ON Hrafn and ON sker 'rock, skerry'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

RAMSDALE

• Ramesdale 1210 (Dugdale's Monasticon) iv. 319, 1240 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Rammesdale 1240 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

The early forms suggest that we have here OE hramse, ramese 'garlic, ramson', as in Ramsey (Huntingdonshire); vide Place-Names Worcestershire xli. Alternatively we may have OE ramm, hence either 'garlic valley' or 'ram's valley'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 198

Felixkirk

RAVENSTHORPE MANOR

• Rauenstorp DB
• Rauenestorp DB; 1189 Riev; 1230 Ebor; 1248 Riev; 1252 Ch
• Ravenet(h)orp DB; 1271 Ch
• Revenesthorb 1088 LVD 51
• Raven(e)sthorp(e) circa 1155 Riev et passim to 1412 Test
• Rawynsthorpe 1507 Test
• Ranethorppe 1578 FF

'Raven's village' from the ON personal name Hrafn and þorp.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 292

Kirby Ravensworth

6. RAVENSWORTH 14 G 6

• Ravenesu(u)et DB
• Rafneswad 1154-66 Marrick 221
• Ravenswat 12 Marrick 221; 1283 Rich 28
• Raven(e)swath 1184 RichReg 84 et passim to 1427 NCyWills
• Raveneswad(e) 1201 Rot. Ch.; 1257 Marrick 222; 1308 Ch

'Hrafn's ford' vide wað.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 221, footnote 6

Rauentoft YKS 1468 Ripon Mem.; near Bishop Thornton … Rafnestoft LIN 12th century, Bullington ch., Mon. VI, 2; in Faldingworth … Raventoft LIN 1316 ChR.; in Swineshead … From ME rauen (OE hrœfn), or the equivalent OWScand hrafn, ODan rafn 'a raven'. Here perhaps personal name (compare page 119 note 3), as in the OWScand place-name at Rafntoftum, Hrafnstoptum LAN.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 119, footnote 3

[Crosseby] Ravensthwaite WES 1372 Cal. Inq.; now Crosby Ravensworth … OWScand Hrafn (OSwed Rafn, ODan Rawn), personal name, compare Björkman (1910) page 109.

[211] ON Klak(kr) (personal name); ON klakkr, 'hill, peak, mountain knoll, clump': Claxton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Klak (Claxton)

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 74

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE clæcc 'a hill a peak' (and personal name Clacc) / ON klakkr 'a mountain knoll, a clump, a peak' (and personal name Klakkr)

The Scandinavian element is of relatively frequent occurrence and survives as a lexeme in Modern Danish, Swedish and Norwegian dialects … The OE element is of less certain occurrence but there are a reasonable number of place-names where OE clæcc or derived forms might occur, the most convincing of which are from areas where direct Scandinavian influence is unlikely.

As there is sufficient evidence to suspect that OE clæcc existed, and, as it would have been formally indistinguishable from ON klakkr, the forms are considered indistinguishable here.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 37

Bossall

2. CLAXTON 27 D 10

• Claxtorp DB
• Claxton(a) YI et passim
• Clauston 1295 For

The first element is O.E.Scand name Klak, recorded in Swedish runes as KlakR and as the ODan personal name Klak (Nielsen, Olddanske Personnavne), genitive Klaks. The one example of the name recorded by Lind in West Scandinavia is a Klakkr, reconstructed from Reider Klagston, but this man is said to have come from Bohuslän, which then bordered on and is now part of Sweden. This would suggest that the name Klak (commonly found in the Danelaw) is a definite test of East Scandinavian settlement. The form Clacc is found in clacces wadlond (Birch 216) in the bounds of an Oxfordshire charter dated 774. These bounds are certainly not original and probably belong to the 11th century by which date an Anglo-Scandinavian personal name might well be found in Oxfordshire.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 341, entry 30

klaka, að, [Danish klukke], to twitter, of a swallow; to chatter, of a pie; … metaphorical, of a person, ok und kvernum klaka … reflexive, klakask við, to have a dispute about; við biskup munum klakask við um kirkju-bann …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 341, entry 31

Klaka, u, f. a proper name. Klöku-ætt, f. the family of K., Landnámabók

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 341, entry 32

KLAKI, a, m. hard-frozen ground … the phrase, koma einhverjum á kaldan klaka, to put one on a cold ice-field, to bring one into distress … Compounds:

• klaka-hross, n. a jade, a poor horse left to feed on a frozen field
• klaka-h. ogg, n. a crowbar to break the frozen ground (for a grave-digger)
• klaka-torf, n. frozen turf

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 341, entry 33

KLAKKR, m. a peg, properly the peg of a pack-saddle on which the packs are hung … metaphorical heavy, peaked clouds (ský-klakkar, klakka-ský), íllviðris-k., quod vide: in local names of peaks (two and two), Dimunar-klakkar in Breiðifjördr.

[212] ON Refr (personal name); ON refr, 'a fox': Reasty Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 488, entry 36

REFR, m., plural, refar … a fox, … II. Refr, a proper name … also as a nickname, ref-skeggr; Refs-staðir, a local name; refa-urð, f. 'a fox's den', … ref-skinn, n. 'a fox's skin'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 488, entry 32

ref-keila, u, f. a she-fox, vixen

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 335, entry 23

keila, u, f. a fish, gadus longus … ref-keila, a female fox

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"An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898 and 1921) Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller at page 35 entry 20

Fixen, a vixen, she fox

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"An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898 and 1921) Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller at page 189

Ryðða, an; m. the male of a dog, fox or wolf

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Refr (m. 7).

[213] (1) ON personal names Randr, Randi, and ODan personal name Rand, 'shield'; (2) ON rönd , 'a rim, border, stripe': Randy Bell End, Randy Rigg.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 507, entry 23

RÖND, f., dative röndn, plural randir and rendr … [German and Scottish rand] a rim, border … in prose it remains in the phrase, leggja saman randir, to lay shield against shield, of a hard struggle … Lexicon Poëticum, Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1860): as also in the phrase, reisa rönd við einhverjum, to raise the shield against one, to resist, withstand, … 3. a stripe; rauð rönd liggr eptir baki honum … randa-fluga, a wild bee.

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ON short first name Randr (variant form Randi, ODan Rand) see Nordic Names

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"Nornir in Old Norse Mythology" (2007) Karen Bek-Pedersen at pages 136 and 156

The poem Darraðarijóð preserved in Njáls saga:

• blóðgar randir, 'bloodied shields'
• randir rauðar, 'red shields'

[214] ON hryggr, 'a ridge, rigg': Haugh Rigg, Langdale Rigg, Stony Rigg.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 288, entry 50

HRYGGR, m., genitive, hryggjar, plural, hryggir, [Anglo Saxon hrycg; English 'rigg, ridge'] … the back, spine, vertebrae dorsi, in men and beasts, the spine of a fish being called dálkr … II. metaph. a ridge … fjall-hryggr, 'a mountain ridge' … in local names, as Öldu-hryggr: the middle of a piece of stuff or cloth, opposite to jaðar (the edge); … hryggr bréfsins, the back of a letter … of an edge of a stud, Compounds: hryggjar-liðr, m. a vertebra; hryggjar-stykki, n. a kind of duck (from a spot on the back), the sheldrake (?) … metaphorical, the name of an old Icelandic historical work …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 288, entry 51

HRYGGR, adj., old accusative hryggvan, with a characteristic v; comparative, hryggri, and hryggvari; superlative, hryggvastr: [Anglo Saxon hreowig; English 'rueful'] afflicted, grieved, distressed …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 320

hryggr (1) m. back, spine

hryggr (2) a. sad, unhappy (complement of urðut; litotes, i.e. they became very happy)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 111

hryggr adjective, sad

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

RIGG

• le Rigge circa 1175-98 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide hrycg.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hrycg 'a ridge, a long, narrow hill' / ON hryggr 'a ridge'

The problems of distinguishing the elements in ME orthography are identical to those for OE/ON brycg/bryggja above; the elements are considered indistinguishable here.

[215] ON ryðja (ryð, rudda, ruddr), 'to clear, free land from trees'; ON ryðr, 'rust'; ON rudda, 'a coarse kind of club': Rudda Howes (tumuli).

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 343 and 344

ryð, n. rust; -frakka, f., -frakki, m. rusty weapon ; -fullr, a. rusty.

ryðga (að), v. to become rusty.

ryðja (ryð, rudda, ruddr), verb, (1) to clear, free land from trees (ryðja markir; hann ruddi lönd í Haukadal); ryðja götu gegnum skög, to clear, open a road through a forest; (2) to clear, empty; ryðja burit, to empty the pantry; ryðja skip, to unload a ship; ryðja höfn, to clear the harbour, leave the haven; … (3) as a law term, to challenge; ryðja kvið dóm, to challenge neighbours, jurors, out of the kviðr, dómr; (4) with prepositions, ryðja einhverju á eitthvat, to throw, toss upon (þeir ruddu viðinum á hurðina); ryðja einhverjum í brott, to drive away, sweep off; ryðja sér til rúms, to make room for oneself', ryðja sér til ríkis, to clear the way to a kingdom, obtain it by conquest; ryðja til einhvers, to clear the way for a thing, prepare for (ok ruddu þeir til líkgraptarins); ryðja einhverju upp, to tear up (þeir ruddu upp jörðu ok grjóti); (5) reflexive, ryðjast um, to clear one's way, make great havoc.

ryðr, m. rust, = ryð.

ryðugr, a. rusty, = ryðgaðr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 504, entry 24

RYÐ, n. (ryðr) rust, from the red colour … compounds: ryð-frakki, a rusty old weapon see frakka; ryð-genginn, participle, rusty … ryð-skóf, a rusty old knife used for scraping.

ryðga, to become rusty.

RYÐJA, ryð, ruddi, rutt [this word has lost the initial h hryðja being derived from hrjoða, denoting to clear, rid of; compare also hroði, hryðja, sweepings, offal and is altogether different from rjóða = to redden; the h remains in hruðning, quod vide; see hrjóða; English 'rid'; Scottish red or redde; Danish ridde.]

B. To clear … ryðja land fyrir sér, to clear it; ryðja götu, to open a road; ryðja veg, stíg, to clear the way; ryðja sér til rúms, to make oneself room … II as a law term … III reflexive, ryðjask um, to clear one's way, make great havoc; to throng, crowd, ryðjask að.

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Editor's note: see also [322] ON Rauðr (personal name), rauðr, 'red' and note close proximity of Bloody Beck, Bloody Beck Hill, Brown Rigg and War Dike (Gate, Lane).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 503, entry 24

rudda, u, f. a coarse kind of club (of an unbarked tree?) … ruddu-vetr, m. the name of a severe winter, A.D. 1022

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 379

• ryð n. rust, in kenning for whetstone, ryðs hœlibǫl v71/4
• ryðja (ruddi) weak verb, clear, clear up (infinitive in order to, or parallel to rísa; fyrir in preparation to receive) v20/3; ryðja til win, fight to gain (einhverjum for someone) v255/1

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 193 and 194

• rjóðr, adjective, red, ruddy
• ryðja (past ruddi, past participle ruddr) weak verb, clear, empty

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Two round barrows known as Rudda Howes, 400m north west of Rudda Farm (Scheduled Monument)

Reasons for Designation

Round barrows are funerary monuments dating from the Late Neolithic period to the Late Bronze Age, with most examples belonging to the period 2400-1500 BC. They were constructed as earthen mounds, sometimes ditched, which covered single or multiple burials. They occur either in isolation or grouped as cemeteries and often acted as a focus of burials in later periods. Often superficially similar, although differing widely in size, they exhibit regional variations in form and a diversity of burial practices. There are over 10,000 surviving examples recorded nationally (many more have already been destroyed), occurring across most of Britain, including the Wessex area where it is often possible to classify them more closely, for example as bowl or bell barrows. Often occupying prominent locations, they are a major historic element in the modern landscape and their considerable variation in form and longevity as a monument type provide important information on the diversity of beliefs and social organisations amongst early prehistoric communities. They are particularly representative of their period and a substantial proportion of surviving examples are considered worthy of protection.

Although reduced by agricultural activity the two round barrows known as Rudda Howes, 400m north west of Rudda Farm have survived well. Significant information about the original construction of the barrows, the burials placed within them and their relationship with other monuments in the area will be preserved. Evidence of earlier land use will also survive beneath the barrow mounds.

Details

The monument includes two adjacent round barrows and the area between them in which unmarked burials and other archæological remains may survive. The monument is situated in undulating land overlooking the sea to the east. The barrows are part of a group of similar monuments lying between the sea and the predominantly heather covered moorland characteristic of the North York Moors lying to the east. The area has been enclosed and brought into agricultural use however, it is known that the prehistoric period saw intensive use of the land for agricultural and ritual purposes. Some remains of these activities survive today. Each barrow has an earth and stone mound standing 25m apart. The western mound measures 18m in diameter and is 0.4m high. The eastern mound has been partly reduced by agricultural activity and measures 15m in diameter and is 0.3m high. Each of the mounds was surrounded by a ditch up to 3m wide which has been filled in and is no longer visible as an earthwork. One of the barrows was partly excavated in 1852 and the remains of cremation burials and urns were found

[216] ON hraun, 'a rough place, a wilderness, stony, barren ground': Root Hill, Harome.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 282, entry 22

HRAUN, n. akin to hruni, hrjóna, and hrynja … a rough place, a wilderness, and is used so especially by Norse writers and in the oldest poems: in Norse local names, Raunen, bare rocks in the sea, as opposed to hólmr, a grassy islet … a giant is in poetry called hraun-búi, hraun-drengr, hraun-hvalr, hraun-skjöldungr, = the dweller, hero, whale, king of the wilderness …

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Editor's note: Root Hill lies 220 yards to the east of "Good Lands". A possible alternative derivation would be 'Rudi's Hill' with first element ON personal name Rudi, Ruði - see [347].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

4. HARTOFT 22 B 11

• Haretoft 1316 (Nomina Villarum, 1316), 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 246, 1349 (Inquisitiones post mortem)
• Hartoft 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 244, 1408 (Forest Proceedings)

vide topt. For the first element vide Harome 70 supra. 'Messuage by the stony or rocky place'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 70

Helmsley

3. HAROME 22 F 8

• Harun, Harem, Harum DB 1086
• Harum circa 1170 Riev; 1192 Kirkham 70 d, et passim to 1471 Test
• Harom(e) 1301 LS; 1572 FF
• Haram 1336 Ch; 1614 NR
• Harom 1572 FF

Harome is probably derived from OE dative plural harum 'amongst the stones' from ONOE *har, vide Harland 63 supra.

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Editor's note: ON hraun is preferred to OE harum giving 'a rough place, wilderness.

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"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at page 81

NorwDial raun (<*rauðn, see Noreen, Altisl. Gr. § 232): 'mountain-ash' (Aasen): NEDial, roan-tree, rown-tree, rowan-tree etc., see *Skeat, Et. D., Jamieson, Wall page 215). OWScand hraun 'stony, barren ground': NEDial, roan 'a clump of whins', Scot rone 'a shrub, brushwood', Nhb 'a roen of thistles, whins etc, 'a rank or thick growth'; Wall page 116 derives the word from OWScand runnr 'a bush, grove', which cannot be right. I fancy that such a phrase as a rone of thistles meant originally 'a stony ground overgrown with thistles, or where only thistles, whins etc. can grow'.

*Walter William Skeat (1835-1912) first holder (in 1878) of the Elrington and Bosworth chair in Anglo-Saxon and head of the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge.

[217] ON Russi (personal name): Ruston.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Rossi (Rose Hill), Russi (Rosedale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 80

Middleton

6. ROSEDALE 22 A 11

• Russedal(e) 1130 - circa 1158 (1201) ChR; 1155-70 MaryH 179
• Rossedal(e) 1186-95 YCh 694 et passim to 1541 Dugd iii. 570
• Rossdale 1328 Ch
• Rosedale, -dall 1376, 1390 Test; 1408 YI; 1420 Test
• Rosedaile 1561 FF
• Rosdale 1416 YI; Saxton

'Russi's valley' from the ON by-name Russi (LindBN 1920); most of the dale-names in this part of the Riding have a personal name as their first element. The long vowel in Rose- is quite a late phenomenon and is due to folk-etymology, as in Roseden (Place-Names Northumberland Durham sub nomine). vide dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 100

Wykeham

RUSTON

• Rostun(e) 1086 DB, 1208 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls) (p)
• Ruston 1167 (Pipe Rolls), 1393, 1450 (Testamenta Eboracensia)
• Roston(a) circa 1190-9 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 381, 1226-8 (Book of Fees) et passim to 1408 (Forest Proceedings)
• Royston 1287 (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem)

Professor Ekwall suggests that this name contains OE hrōst, 'roof-beam', but the sense of the compound is obscure. vide tun.

[218] ON rúm, 'a room': Rumsdale Plantation.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 503, entry 57

RÚM, n. … room, space; … the saying, ekki fyllir annars rúm, i. e. everything has its own place … 2. a room, seat, place … 3. a place of rest, a bed … 4. nautical; the ships of the ancients were divided into 'rooms', one for each pair of oars; each room consisted of two 'half-rooms' (hálf-rými), viz. one for each oar, thus a ship of thirty 'rooms' had sixty oars … only a few of the oar-rooms are known by special names, e. g. stafn-rúm, the two fyrir-rúm, the two austr-rúm (one fore and one aft, or even four … the klofa-rúm, krappa-rúm … betra er autt rúm en ílla skipað, better an empty seat than an ill-filled one … Compounds:

• hús-rúm, n. house-room, lodging, shelter
• rúm-fár, adj. narrow
• rúm-góðr, adj. large, wide
• rúm-lendi, m. the wide land, open land
• rúm-lendr, adj. roomy, wide, extensive
• rúm-liga, adv. roomily, largely
• rúm-ligr, adj. roomy, ample, wide
• rúmr, adj., … roomy, ample, spacious
• rúm-snara, u, f. a slip-knot
• rúm-sæi, n. (mod. rúm-sjór, m.), the open sea
• rúm-fastr, adj. bed-ridden
• rúm-föt, n. plural, bed-clothes
• göra einhverjum rúmrusk, to shake a lazy fellow out of bed
• rúm-stæði, n. a bedstead

[219] ON ruð, 'a clearing in a wood'; ON rjóðr, 'a clearing, open space in a forest'; ON hryðja, 'to clear'; ON ryðja, 'to clear': Raw Riddings, Ruddings.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 503, entry 22

RUÐ, n. a clearing in a wood; … frequently in Norse and Danish local names, -röd and -rud, Villinge-rud, Linde-rud, in Norway; Orme-rod, in North England; these names, however, were in olden times not so frequent as at present …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 500, entry 21

RJÓÐR, n. [ryðja; ried, Schmeller], a 'clearing', open space in a forest … rjóðr-höggvinn, participle, cut, cleared …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 288, entry 33

HRYÐJA, hruddi, = ryðja, [compare hrjóða], to clear; hryðja dóm, hryðja kvið, a law phrase, to challenge …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 504, entry 25

RYÐJA, ryð, ruddi, rutt, [this word has lost the initial h (quasi hryðja), being derived from hrjóða, denoting 'to clear, rid of' … [English 'rid'; Danish rydde.]

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Ruddings, Riddings

In the 12th and 13th centuries England's population rose from 2 million people in 1086 to between 5 and 6 million by 1300 and this led to the clearing of woodland to increase the amount of cultivated land. Such land was called OE 'rydings'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 191

Husthwaite

RUDDINGS 6"

This is the name of an enclosed piece of land (vide hryding) which seems to have included Gamelridding, Normanridding, le suterridding, and Wluerikridding (13th, 1346 YD), deriving respectively from OE Norðman, 'Norwegian'. For the last-named we have the name of one Ulric who held a ridding here circa 1217 (YD). On the modern form, compare Ruswarp 125 supra.

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"An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898 and 1921) Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller at page 564, entry 13

hryding, e; f. A clearing, a patch of cleared land … rid, rud to uproot trees or hedges. 'The frequent names of Ridding and Rudding applied to houses and fields have doubtless originated from this:' Icelandic [h]ryðja to clear land, a road, etc.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page xxxii

Notes on the dialect of the North Riding as illustrated by by its place-names

OE, ON [i] or [y] preceded by [r] often became in ME [u], as in Ruddings, Ruswarp, Ruswick, Runswick.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at pages 201 and 202

It is also interesting to notice that, in the place-names of LAN and YKS, we find Norse elements which in Norway were hardly in use before 1100. The corresponding English names also date from the twelfth and thirteen centuries. ON ruð means 'a clearing in a wood' and is, both alone and in compounds, one of the most common Norwegian place-names. In thirteenth-century LAN charters we likewise find this word both in compounds, e.g. Ormerod (i.e. ON Ormsruð), 'the clearing of Orm', and alone. Thus about 1200 Henry de Malling gave to the canons of Cockersand land, between the underwood and the moor usque ad Ruedis, et sic inter Ruedis et Ruding. This no doubt means 'unto the ruds (or clearings) and thus the clearings and the Ridding'. Ruedis no doubt represents the plural form of ON ruð. From this word ruð the English, 'to rid', is derived, from which latter word again the word ridding is a derivation. In YKS clearings where the ground was ridded of the trees and shrub were called 'riddings'. In LAN we find in the same meaning the forms ruyding and ruding, which are influenced by the equivalent ON ruðning. In YKS we also find in the same meaning as 'ridding' the words 'royd' and 'roðe-land'. The suffix -royd is very common in YKS, compare Boothroyd, Dobroyd etc. Stoney-royd is about 1260 called Stone-rode, which no doubt corresponds to ON ruði, dative of ruð. In a dispute in the year 1307 concerning some land at Alverthorpe, it is reported that the defendants said that it was 'called rode land because it was cleared [assartata fuit] from growing wood'. Rode-land corresponds to ONorw ruðland, which means exactly the same.

[220] ON salt, 'salt': Salt Pans, Saltwick, Saltergate.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 510, entry 7

SALT, n. [a word common to the Teutonic, as also the classical languages] salt … salt ok brauð … distinction is made between hvíta-salt, white salt … and svarta-salt, black salt, from sea-water … - of salt used for cattle … vega salt, to balance against one another. In Norway and Iceland salt was chiefly procured by burning seaweed … also from the sea … Such salt works are often mentioned, see the compounds below. For salt used in baptism, see geifla. II. in local names, Salt-eyrr (Salt-eyrar-óss) of the sea, Eystra-salt, the 'East-sea', i. e. the Baltic … B. Compounds:

• salt-belgr, m. a salt-bag
• salt-brenna, u, f. a salt-burning
• salt-búð, f. a salt-booth, salt-shed
• salt-fjara, u, f. a 'salt-beach', where salt is burned, recorded as belonging to a church; kirkja á saltfjöru í Gautavík
• salt-görð, f. salt-making, salt-works
• salt-hola, a salt-pit
• salt-hólmr, m. a 'salt-holm'
• salt-karl, m. a salt-carle, one who burns salt, as the humblest and poorest occupation
• salt-ketill, m. a salt-kettle
• saltketils sát or setr, salt-works
• salt-kross, m. a cross-shaped salt-cellar, used in church at baptisms
• salt-maðr, m. = saltkarl
• salt-sáð, n. a nickname
• salt-steinn, m. salt-stone
• salt-sviða, u, f. = saltbrenna
• salta, u, f. salt-water, pickle
• salta, to salt, pickle
• saltan, f. a salting, pickling
• saltr, adj., sölt, salt: -salt, … brim-saltr, adj. salt as brine; ú-saltr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 510, entry 6

salser, n. a salt-cellar …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 381

salt n. salt … metonymy for sea

saltr a. salty

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 91

Lockton

SALTERGATE

• Saltergate 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 211, 214, 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

vide gata. The road referred to is that over the moors from Pickering to (Whitby Cartulary). The first element is OE saltere 'a salter' which occurs in other place-names. Compare the full account of these names in Place-Names Worcestershire 4 ff. Note also Saltergate near Harrogate (Yorkshire West Riding) and Salterhebble near Halifax (compare "River Names of Yorkshire", 1925 sub nomine Hebble). Mr W. B. Crump suggests to me that many of the Salter- names in Yorkshire West Riding and Lancashire probably indicate roads along which salt was carried from the Cheshire mines. In the North Riding the name is possibly connected with the salt (or alum) mined in the Cleveland district (compare Saltburn, etc. 143 infra).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

SALTWICK

• Saltewicke 1540 Whitby

From OE s(e)alt (vide Saltburn 143 infra) and ON vik 'creek.'

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Brotton

2. SALTBURN 16 C 5

• Salteburnam 1180-90 (YCh) 767, 1293 (QW)

'Salt stream' vide s(e)alt and burna. The reference is probably to the alum which is found in this district.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 156

Kirkleatham

SALT SCAR

• Salcker in Clyvelond 1281 (Calendar of Patent Rolls)

vide OE sealt, ON salt, ON kjarr. A wreck took place here in 1281.

[221] ON sandr, 'sand': Sand Hills, Sand Hutton, Sandy Gate, Long Sand, Sand Pits.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 513, entry 72

SANDR, m. … sand … the sea-shore … fjöru-sandr, beach sand … also of the sand from volcanoes … 2. in plural sand-banks, sandy ground … frequent in local names, Sandr and Sandar, Sand-á, Sand-fell, Sand-nes, Sand-brekka, Sand-dalr, Sand-eyrr, Sand-gil, Sand-hólar, Sand-lækr, Sand-vík; whence Sand-fellingar, -víkingar, m. plural, the men from S. …

B. Compounds:

• sand-bakki, a, m. a sand bank, -hill
• sand-bára, u, f. a sand-wave
• sand-brekka, u, f. a sand-ridge, sharp-edged sand-hill
• sand-fall, -fok, n. a fall of sand from a volcano
• sand-fönn, f. a sand-drift
• sand-haf, n. a 'sand-ocean' desert
• sand-hafri, a, m. 'sand-oats' = melr, q. v.: as a nickname
• sand-hóll, m. a sand-hill
• sand-hverfa, u, f. a sand-flounder, a fish
• sand-klyptir, f. plural, 'sand-clefts', a local name
• sand-korn, n. a grain of sand
• sand-kváma, u, f. = sandfall
• Sand-leið, f. a way through the desert Sand in Iceland
• sand-ló, f. a bird, the sanderling
• sand-lægja, u, f. a kind of whale
• sand-melr, m. a sand-hillock
• sand-migr, m. a kind of shell
• sand-möl, f. gravel
• sand-síli, n. a kind of herring
• sand-stör, f., botanical, bent grass, Carex arenaria
• sand-sumar, -vetr, m. a sand-summer, -winter, so called from volcanic eruptions
• sand-torfa, u, f. a sandy sod
• sand-víðir, m., botanical, 'sand-withy' Salix arenaria
• sand-þúfa, u, f. a sand-mound
• sand-yrja, u, f. a quicksand

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 106

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE sand / ON sandr 'sand'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 382

sandhverfa f. turbot

sandlægja f. a kind of whale; perhaps = sandæta, bottle-nosed whale, or the same as sandreyðr, sei whale

sandr m. sand; at sandi i.e. on the sea-bed; á sandi i.e. on the shore

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 131, 197 and 317

Klifsandr m. an area of sand in Hítardalr west of Hítará

sandr m. sand; yfir sanda, across the sands (sandy areas near rivers)

Sandulfr m. Sandulfr

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 107

Scarborough

SANDPITS (6")

• Sandepittes 1298 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

vide sand, pytt. There is a large number of sand-holes in the parish.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 137

Lythe

SANDSEND

• Sandes(h)end(e) 1254 (Calendar of Patent Rolls), 1279 (Yorkshire Inquisitions), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)

'The end of the sands' vide sand, end.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 171

Stainton

SANDBECK (6")

• Sandbec 1222 FF

[222] ON þröstr, 'throstle, thrush': Throstle Nest, Throstle Hill.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Þrostr (m. 3).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 748, entry 35

ÞRÖSTR, m., þrastar, þresti, plural, þrestir, þröstu; [Anglo Saxon and English 'thrush, throstle'; Danish trost; German drossel; Lat. turdus] a thrush (the bird): skógar-þröstr. II. as a proper name …

[223] ON þorp, 'thorp': Mowthorpe, Fyling Thorpe, Sneaton Thorpe, Thorpe Beck, Langthorpe.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 742, entry 6

ÞORP, n. [Anglo Saxon þorp; Old English 'thorp'] … this word, we think, was originally applied to the cottages of the poorer peasantry crowded together in a hamlet, instead of each house standing in its own enclosure, like the 'tún' or 'bær' or 'garðr' of the 'búandi', hence þorpari = a churl (see below); the etymological sense being a crowd, throng, as seen in þyrpast, þyrping (quod vide), as also in Lat. turba]: I. a hamlet, village, rarely of an isolated farm … 2. when used of foreign countries it means a thorp or village; borgir, kastalar, þorp; þorp ok tún …

þorpari. a, m. a cottier, peasant, boor, churl, clown, of the lower peasantry; búandkarl eða

þorp-karl, m. = þorpari, a churl … þorpkarl-ligr, adj. churlish …

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at pages 58 - 59

-thorpe, -torp, -trop - This is OE circa 725 throp, circa 800 ðrop, later thorp, ON thorp, N. torp, OFr thorp, therp, 'farm, hamlet, village'. It is very rare in OE, and in place-names is due almost solely to Norse influence. It is found as a name simply as Thorp (e), five times in the Postal Guide, and often in combination - Thorp Arch, Thorpe Abbotts, Thorpe-le-Soken, etc.; also as Throop (Christchurch), and Thrupp, Mid OXF and S. NTH. These last forms will be pure English, as are also the rare occurrences of the ending outside the Danelagh - ADLESTROP, Eastrip, SOM; HUNTINGTRAP, WOR; etc. GLS, a purely English county, contains many remarkable variations of throp - Hatherop, Pindrup, Puckrup, Westrip, Wolstrop, and even Upperup. Wilstrop, WRY, DB 1086 Wilestrop, is one of the very few cases of -trop in a Danish region, whilst Thorpe, Chertsey, is one of the very few cases of thorpe outside such a region. The ending -thorpe is common in NFK, and occurs three times in WAR, in which cases it is certainly due to Norse influence; it does not occur at all in CAM or CHS, once each in HUN, BDF, and HRT. In Denmark to-day the ending -trup is very common.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 435

þorp n. group, crowd

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 112 to 123

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þrop / ON þorp 'secondary settlement, settlement linked with arable-farming' (?)

The use of OE þrop and ON þorp in England has recently been investigated in a detailed interdisciplinary study by Cullen, Jones and Parsons (2011), whose findings suggest a specific context for the use of thorp in England. If accepted, their hypothesis means that the frequent use of thorp is a feature of the later Anglo-Saxon period; its use in the Danelaw would then have been in an Anglo-Scandinavian milieu and so making the distinction between the English and Scandinavian forms less meaningful. Consequently, the established view that the majority of place-names in thorp in England are Scandinavian - and more specifically OEScand - in origin may need revision. In this entry, the recent reinterpretation of the thorp names in England is briefly outlined, and implications for the classification of OE/ON þrop/þorp are considered. The evidence of torp-names in Scandinavia is also considered, with a view to assessing on the one hand whether the main factor determining the distribution of the element in Scandinavia is the element being predominantly OEScand, and on the other hand whether the element was already widely used in Scandinavia by the Viking Age, as is assumed in the traditional interpretation of the thorp names in England as Scandinavian in origin.

The earlier orthodoxy can be outlined as in Smith (1956: sub verbo þorp), where þorp 'secondary settlement' was taken to be Scandinavian in the majority of instances on the grounds that it predominantly occurs in the Danelaw. Cameron (1970) assessed the locations of þorps in relation to drift geology, and argued that settlements with þorp-names were in inferior locations to the so-called Grimston-hybrids and names in -bý(r); this was seen as support for the interpretation of þorp-names as secondary or dependent settlements, perhaps developing later than the 'Grimston-hybrids' and names in -bý(r). In contrast, OE þrop 'secondary settlement', cognate with Scandinavian þorp, was thought to have been used predominantly by Saxons rather than Anglians, it being thought that the element had not spread to continental Anglian areas by the time of the Anglo-Saxon migrations (Smith 1956: sub verbo þrop). However, þrop was thought to be used only in the early Anglo-Saxon period as it is not found in Devon and Cornwall, i.e. areas of later Anglo-Saxon settlement (Smith 1956: sub verbo þrop). Before the recent revised interpretation was proffered, those who questioned the orthodoxy tended to do so on the grounds of the difficulty of determining whether OE þrop and ON þorp, distinguished only by metathesis in OE þrop (compare Gothic þaurp, OHG dorf), could be reliably distinguished in place-names. For instance, Lund (1976) argued instead that the English element might underlie the Danelaw thorps; however, this view did not find widespread acceptance, largely due to the rarity of the element outside the Danelaw (compare Fellows-Jensen 1991-92:40-41 and 50).

However, Cullen, Jones and Parsons (2011) argue that the use of the element þrop/þorp was connected with the spread of open-field farming, and was probably used most frequently from the ninth century in place-names in England. This interpretation arises in part from the similarity of the Danelaw and 'English' thorps in terms of continuity of distribution, size, date and status, which suggests that the emergence of thorps should be seen in the same context in both the Danelaw and 'English' England. A later dating for the thorps in 'English' England than had been customary accords better with their late dates of first record, small size and dependent status than assuming them to be very early place-names (Cullen, Jones and Parsons 2011:62-64).

Cullen, Jones and Parsons highlight a correlation between the distribution of thorp-names and soils best suited for arable farming and, more specifically, the areas where open-field farming took place and demonstrate a contrasting correlation between bý(r)-names and soils suitable for pastoral farming.The period of emergence of open-field farming is contested but most recent commentators would date it to somewhere between the ninth and tenth centuries and the twelfth or thirteenth centuries (compare Williamson 2003:1-27). Significantly, the Upthrop charter of 869, which antedates the bulk of Scandinavian settlement in England, refers to plough-land and grazing land held in common, suggesting the existence of open fields already in this period and meaning that Scandinavian settlement was not necessarily causal to the development of thorps (Cullen, Jones and Parsons 2011:83-84). Cullen, Jones and Parsons' hypothesis provides, to my mind, a more coherent explanation for the development of thorp-names in England than has previously been given, and, arising from detailed investigation of settlement contexts, is to be preferred to a more hypothetical interpretation explaining the distribution of the term in England ultimately according to its distribution in Migration-Age Germanic dialects.

If accepted, as here, then the use of the place-name element thorp is not a specifically Scandinavian feature but rather a feature of the later pre-Conquest period and the early post-Conquest period; the occurrence of most thorps in the Danelaw is then not an argument for Scandinavian origin but simply reflects the distribution of soils suited to arable farming in central and eastern England. Nevertheless, in the majority of thorp-names, the form seems to reflect ON þorp rather than OE þrop, although the existence of an OE unmetathesised form *þorp cannot be entirely ruled out.

In Scandinavia, the element has been considered to be a predominantly OEScand element referring to settlements formed by movement to the outlying areas of existing settlements (Hald 1965:141). Detailed analysis of the use of ON þorp and later reflexes is beyond the scope of this entry, but a cursory consideration of the distribution of the element in relation to (modern) land-use suggests that the supposedly OEScand distribution is as likely to be topographically as linguistically determined.

In Denmark, torp is extremely common and widely distributed, and this could reflect the suitability of most of Denmark for arable farming. Further, torp-names seem to be thinner on the ground in a north-south strip along central Jutland, approximately corresponding to the area where Sporrong's land-use map shows that arable land use is not dominant. (Comparison with the distribution of bý(r)-names suggests that the distribution of torp-names does not merely reflect the distribution of settlements.)

In Norway, where approximately 3% of land is suitable for cultivation, torp-names are generally uncommon (Orrman 2003b:262; Sandnes and Stemshaug 1997: sub verbo torp). Strikingly, of the approximately 265 torp-names in Rygh NG, approximately two-thirds are found in Østfold (generally interpreted as an extension of the Swedish torp-name; Hellberg 1954:149 and 168; Sandnes and Stemshaug 1997 sub verbo torp). However, the Norwegian torp-name distribution might also be interpreted as reflecting areas of Norway where arable farming (on post-glacial clay soils) is possible, south-east Norway and the areas south and east of Trondheimsfjord (Orrman 2003b:252 and 262; Sporrong 2003:19). Indeed, Akselberg (2003: esp. 19-20) considered the relation of the surviving farm-names in torp in Østfold to soil-type and observed a general correlation between torp-names and better agricultural soils.

In Sweden the correlation is imperfect: the greatest concentration of torp-names is in regions where arable farming was most prevalent (Halland and coastal areas of Skåne, Öster- and Västergötland, Södermanland, Närke and Västmanland), but numerous torp-names are found outside these areas. However, as the element torp continued in use in Sweden to denominate cotters' cottages into modern times, the wider distribution of the element in Sweden might be partly explained by this specialised usage (compare Nyström 2009).

Overall, the distribution of torp in Scandinavian place-names might also be explained as reflecting the distribution of arable land in Scandinavia, rather than the spread of an East Scandinavian element northwards as has generally been assumed to explain the element's Scandinavian distribution (Sahlgren 1923:88; Smith 1956: sub verbo þorp; Hald 1965:137-39).

However, a correlation with open-field farming, referred to in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Scandinavian provincial law codes but perhaps practised for a few centuries before this, is uncertain (Hopcroft 1999:199-202 Orrman 2003b:273). In Denmark, open-field farming was predominantly a feature of the Danish islands and adjacent area along the south-eastern coast of Jutland whereas in western and northern Jutland more extensive cultivation systems (including continuous cropping) survived (Hopcroft 1999:20; Orrman 2003b:271-2). The higher density of torp-names in Jutland thus extends beyond the main area of open-field farming. In Sweden, open-field farming was found in Skåne and in central and eastern Sweden around the Swedish great lakes (Hopcroft 1999:199-202) and, as in Denmark, the greater part of the area where names in torp are concentrated is within the area of open-field farming but the correlation is imperfect. In Norway, the distribution is neater as the distribution of names in torp more closely mirrors the areas where open-field systems were found, namely in south-eastern Norway and the east of Trondheimsfjord (Orrman 2003b:272-73).

The formation of the bulk of names in þorp (later torp) in Scandinavia has been dated to the tenth centuries and later in Denmark by consideration both of the elements occurring compounded with the element torp and general indicators for the status of the settlement (Hald 1965:127-31 and 139). However, attempts have been made to differentiate dates of formation of simplex and compound torp-names in Norway, particularly by using taxation values, settlement survival rates and administrative status as indicators of the torp-settlements' status relative to settlements named using other elements. This has then been linked with settlement age, the assumption being that older settlements are of higher status; Jørn Sandnes (1977:59-69) and Schmidt (2009:101-03) have dated compound torp-names in Østfold to the period circa 800-1200 but dated simplex names to before circa 600. Similar arguments have been applied to torp-names in southern Jutland, where torp-names have been suggested to predate the Viking Age due to the lack of Christian personal names and loanwords compounded with torp, the greater size and more frequent parish-status of torp-settlements when compared with other areas (Hald 1965:139-40; Gammeltoft 2003:61-62; Jørgensen 2008: sub verbo torp). However, back-projection of high status to before the Viking Age based on evidence from the High Middle Ages is problematic, especially given the late dates of parish-formation in Scandinavia. Parish formation, probably in connection with the introduction of tithes, is dated to circa 1050-1200 in Denmark, circa 1150-1300 in Norway, circa 1150-1250 in Väster- and Östergötland and circa 1150-1300 in the area around lake Mälaren (Orrman 2003a:432-34). It might be significant that Lerche Nielsen found no significant differences (in, for instance, proportions of Christian names and dithematic names) between the specifics compounded with Danish torp-names that are parish names and those that are not parish names (Lerche Nielsen 2003:189-92).

In the case of the apparent differences in status between the simplex and compound names, it is also conceivable that it was the status of the settlement that determined the form the name took, rather than the period at which the name was formed. It is plausible to imagine a situation where settlements with torp-names that had attained a relatively high status by the time at which they were recorded were sufficiently few and prominent to be distinct without an affix, whereas torp-settlements of lesser status came to be distinguished from these (and each other) by means of an affix. The uncertainty concerning the possible development of simplex names to compound names is acknowledged by Schmidt (2009:102-03).

Overall, the evidence for the dating of torp-names in Scandinavia is rather uncertain, but there is little positive evidence for a pre-Viking-Age date and such claims as have been made for pre-Viking-Age dates are speculative (and, I suspect, a response to the distribution of the element across the Germanic languages). As there is little positive evidence that the widespread use of the element in Scandinavia significantly antedates the use of þrop/þorp in England, there is no reason to assume that the element was 'brought' to England by Scandinavian settlers.

Overall, the linkage of thorp names in England with arable farming in later Anglo-Saxon England, and perhaps more specifically with areas of open-field farming, seems preferable to earlier ideas. There are sufficient grounds to doubt the earlier view that thorp was a specifically Scandinavian place-name element; instead, it is likely to have been used amongst English and Anglo-Scandinavian speech communities in the later Anglo-Saxon period.

The elements have therefore been classified here as indistinguishable. Interestingly, the distribution of torp-names in Scandinavia may also be explained as reflecting areas where arable farming was most intensive, rather than being an originally OEScand place-name element. There are no firm grounds to say that the element was in widespread use in Scandinavia before the Viking Age, meaning that the periods of use in England and Scandinavia could plausibly have been approximately contemporaneous.

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Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland

Twenty-Third Annual Study Conference

at page 181

"Thorps in a Changing Landscape, Explorations in Local and Regional History" (2011) Paul Cullen, Richard Jones, and David N. Parsons, University of Hertfordshire (review)

Published in 2011, this book is the first full-length study of a group of place-names sharing a single word-element which surveys the archaeological and topographical context of the settlements in question, and evaluates the linguistic significance of the place-names themselves.

The ON term þorp and its OE cognate þrop have traditionally been regarded as denoting a small, secondary or outlying settlement dependent on a nearby larger place (Smith 1956, II, 208).

Differing interpretations of the origins of the thorps and their possible role in Viking settlement were offered by successive place-name scholars throughout the twentieth century, culminating in the detailed analyses of Scandinavian place-names undertaken by Kenneth Cameron and Gillian Fellows-Jensen. Cameron studied the thorps of the East Midlands in their landscape and geological contexts in the 1970s, concluding that they represented a late phase of Scandinavian colonization in marginal areas of the English countryside which were still available for new settlement in the late Anglo-Saxon period - a hypothesis that established a lasting consensus. Subsequently, however, historians and archaeologists downplayed the role of environmental factors in determining the location of settlements, and revisionist scholars increasingly questioned the role of place-name evidence in gauging the chronologies and patterns of Viking settlement, warning against trying to 'read too much between the dots' of place-name distribution maps (Hadley 2002, 57).

at page 182

Where personal names are used as qualifiers, these can usually be categorized as being either Old English, Old Norse, or post-Conquest 'Norman' in origin. A series of tables demonstrates that thorps were combined more frequently with personal-name qualifiers in the northern Danelaw than in the south, that a higher percentage of these were formed with Scandinavian personal names in the north and east of the Danelaw than in the south and west, and that this geographical divergence was particularly marked in the late eleventh century (as recorded in Domesday Book) but declined somewhat in the post-Conquest period.

at pages 183 and 184

… it is apparent that the thorps in the Midlands and southern counties tend to be located on grade 3 agricultural soils which are - and probably were - not the best but still able to support arable farming, whereas the bý-named settlements tend to congregate in areas of poorer grade 2 soils suitable only for dairy farming and rearing, or livestock husbandry (page 127). This contradicts Cameron's conclusions, suggesting that thorps and býs performed different economic functions in the early medieval countryside, and that perhaps it was the type of farming associated with each that determined the names of the associated settlements, with thorp and bý becoming mutually exclusive terms. A further dimension to the connection between thorps and arable farming may be indicated by the fact that thorps are concentrated in those regions of England where open-field farming has been practised. The Anglo-Saxon origins of open-field farming have been much debated, but it is generally believed that it required a communal re-organization of settlements around the newly laid-out arable fields, in which it is proposed here that thorps may have provided small hamlet clusters to house the temporary or seasonal ploughmen required to work the more distant crops.

at page 184

The book's final chapter brings together the diverse strands of interdisciplinary evidence to question Cameron's orthodoxy that thorps were merely secondary settlements relating to the last wave of Scandinavian land colonization, and offers in its place a new explanatory model: that the ON þorp and OE þrop terms both referred to small, outlying settlements for housing the farmworkers required by the new and more efficient method of open-field arable farming which spread across southern England in the ninth century; that this expansion of agricultural innovation coincided with the first period of Viking settlement in eastern England, where some Scandinavian-speakers took up this type of farming and adopted the familiar ODan þorp form for these settlements; that in the regions remaining under English control they became known as þrops (pages 148 - 51).

… some ambiguities remain unresolved in this hypothesis, such as how thorps as dependent settlements fit into a new open-field farming regime that apparently swept away the old dispersed farmsteads. Also, the high incidence of Scandinavian personal-name qualifiers in the compound thorps of the Danelaw might imply a high degree of private, individual ownership which somehow contradicts the apparently more communal circumstances of the open-field system.

Recent work by the present writer on the thorps of East Anglia has indicated that those compounded with Scandinavian personal names are generally located in more favourable landscape settings and on better farming soils than the other compound or simplex thorps, with possible earlier origins suggested also by the shape of their parish boundaries …

at page 185

… however, there is no single story or universal explanation for the use of a place-name element that had currency for over a millennium, and some ambiguities remain that require further research and analysis.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 83

Pickering

2. KINGTHORPE 22 E 14

• Chinetorþ 1086 DB
• Ki-, Kynthorþ(e) 1139 (Magnum Registrum Album, Dean and Chapter of York, circa 1300) ii. 11 d, 1198 (Book of Fees) et passim to 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)
• Ki-, Kyntorþ 1176 (Pipe Rolls) (p), circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings), early 13^th (Malton Cartulary) 96 d, 1226-8 (Book of Fees)
• Kynestorþ 1205 (Rotuli Chartarum)
• Kynethorþe 1322 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

'Cyna's village' from the OE personal name Cyna (Redin, Uncompounded Personal Names in OE 47), or 'royal village' from OE cyne 'royal'. The change from Kin- to King- is due to folk-etymology and parallels are found in Kingthorpe (Lincolnshire) DB Chinetorþ and Kingsbury (Warwickshire) DB Chinesburie, 1322 (Index to the Charters and Rolls in the British Museum) Kinesbury. vide þorp.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

FYLING THORPE

This should be identified with the aliam Fielingam 1133 (Whitby Cartulary), Sutfieling 1140-65 ibid, i.e. South Fyling, of early sources. Other spellings agree with those of Fylingdales supra. In the 13th century the name is sometimes Prestethorpe 1280 (Whitby Cartulary). Here þorp is used in the sense of 'outlier'. The land was held by the monks of Whitby; vide preost, þorp.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 152

Guisborough

4. PINCHINTHORPE 16 E 1

• Torp, Oustorp 1086 DB
• Thorp 1155-70 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 752, 1222-7 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Pinzunthorp circa 1195-1210 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 753
• Pi-, Pynchunthorp(e) 12^th, circa 1230, 1292 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1303 (Knights' Fees), 1347 (Baildon Monastic Notes), 1409 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Pynchonthorp 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Pynchenthorp 1316 (Nomina Villarum)
• Pyncheonthorp 1395 (Whitby Cartulary), 1412 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Punchunthorpe 1406 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Pi-, Pynchinthorp 1530 (Heraldic Visitations of Yorkshire), 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)

vide þorp. The original form of the name means simply 'village' or 'east village' (DB Oust- from ON austr). Why 'east' is not clear, unless it was an outlying settlement from Newton, a mile to the south-east. The first element is the name of the family of Pinchun who held land here in the 12^th and 13^th centuries. (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters 753). The name is also the first element of Pinzuncroft (12 Guisborough Cartulary), the name of a lost field in Pinchingthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 166

Great Ayton

NUNTHORPE 15 K 9

• torp DB; 1181 P; circa 1196-1210 YCh 753
• Nunnethorpe 1301 LS
• Nunthorp(e) 1328 Banco

vide þorp. Called Nunthorpe from the nuns of the Church of St. James, formerly here (compare YCh 753)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 180

Kirby Hill

4. LANGTHORPE 26 A 13

• Torp DB
• Langliuetorp 12 RegAlb i 36
• Langle(i)thorp 1157 RichReg 82; 1301 YI, circa 1300 id. 36d
• Langathorp 1308 Ch
• Langthorp(e) 1300 RichReg 105d; 1576 FF

vide þorp. The first element is the personal name Langlif, recorded in the later insertions in LVED as Langlif(e) from the ON woman's name Langlifr. The name as a whole is of the same type as Humburton supra.

[224] ON tjörn, 'tarn, small lake': The Tarn, Tarn Hole Crag, Tarn Hole Swang.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 636, entry 6

TJÖRN, f. [Northern English and Scottish 'tarn'], genitive, tjarnar, plural, tjarnir, a tarn, small lake; very frequent 2. a pool; hann kenndi at t. var á gólfinu, a pool of water; II. also in local names, Tjörn, Sef-tjörn.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 414

tjǫrn f. pool, small lake

[225] ON tangi, 'a spit of land, cape, tongue of land'; ON tunga, 'tongue': Barley Carr Tongue.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 625, entry 16

TANGI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon tange; Northern English 'tang'] a spit of land, a point projecting into the sea or river (but tunga when two rivers meet) … eyrar-tangi, see eyrr: in Iceland local names. 2. the pointed end by which the blade is driven into the handle …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 643, entry 48

TUNGA, u, f., genitive plural tungna; [common to all Teutonic languages] a tongue … metaphorical usages … skæðar tungur, evil tongues, hafa tungu fyrir einhverjum, to have tongue for a person, be the spokesman … lof-tunga, 'praise-tongue', flatterer, a nickname. 2. sayings; tunga er höfuðs-bani, 'tongue is head's bane', is the ruin of a man … tanna sar, the tongue touches sores of the teeth; hann hefir tönn og tungu á öllu, of a ready tongue; gæti hann, at honum vefisk eígi tungan um hófuð, let him beware lest his tongue winds round his head, i.e. let him beware of loose talk, (a long tongue being = inconsiderate tongue that works evil) á

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 412

tangi m. tang (of a sword)

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 124

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE tunge / ON tunga 'a tongue, a tongue of land'

Given the development of OE unstressed vowels to /ə/ probably by the eleventh century, these elements, recorded in both England and Scandinavia, would be indistinguishable. There are no certain examples of OE tunge: names perhaps containing OE/ON tunge/tunga are recorded from Worcestershire and Leicestershire in 1086; however the difficulty in distinguishing the element from other elements (e.g. OE tang, which is given as the etymon of the Worcestershire name) means that these names are not secure examples of OE tunge. … The element is found further south and west than securely Scandinavian-derived elements … This need not rule out a Scandinavian origin for the onomastic usage of ME tong(e), but is not very secure grounds for arguing for a Scandinavian origin. When the difficulty in distinguishing the element from native elements is also taken into account, it seems safest to treat OE tunge and ON tunga (and similar elements) as indistinguishable in any one name, even if the frequent usage in the north and east seems generally likely to reflect Scandinavian influence.

[226] ON svelgr, 'a swirl, whirlpool, current, stream': Swallow Head, Swallow Holm.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 609, entry 13

svelgja svelg; preterite, svalg, plural sulgu; subjunctive, sylgi; imperative, svelg; participle, solginn; since it became weak, svelgðist … [Anglo Saxon swelgan; English 'swallow, swill'] to swallow …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 609, entry 14

svelgr, m. [Shetland swelchie], a swirl, whirlpool, current, stream … 2. especially as a local name of the race in the Pentland Firth … II. metaphorically a swallower, spendthrift; … vín-svelgr, a wine-swiller, drunkard: hræ-svelgr, carrion-devourer …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 324, 407 and 480

hvélsvelgr m. 'wheel-swallower', in kenning for troll-wife, hvélsvelgr himins, swallower of the sky-wheel, i.e. of the sun = the wolf that swallows the sun

svelgr m. whirlpool; sword-name, 'glutton'

Hræsvelgr m. a giant

[227] ON svín, 'a swine': Swindale, Swinesale, Swines Gill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 612, entry 26

SVÍN, n. [a common Teutonic word] a swine … svíns-lifr, swine's liver, as a charm used to still enmities or in truce-making … II. in local names, Svína-fell (whence Svín-fellingar), Svína-vatn, Svína-dalr, Svína-nes, Svín-ey, Svín-hagi, etc. … Compounds:

• svína-bæli, n. a hog-sty
• svína-geymsla, -gæzla, u, f. swine-tending
• svína-hirðir, m. a swine-herd
• svína-hús, n. a swine-house, pig-sty
• svín-beygja, to make one stoop like a swine, a word of contempt (compare make one pass the Caudine forks)
• svín-drukkinn, participle, drunk as a swine
• svín-eygr, adj. swine-eyed
• svín-fylking, f. a 'swine-array' the wedge-shaped phalanx of the Scandinavians, from its being shaped like a swine's snout
• svín-fylkja, to draw up in a svínfylking
• svín-fætr, m. plural, a term of abuse
• svín-galinn, part. mad (drunk) like a swine
• svín-hvalr, m. a kind of whale
• svín-höfði, a, m. a nickname
• svínka, [German schwanken], to stagger
• svínkaðr, the worse for drink
• svín-skinn, n. pig-skin
• svín-stí, f. a swine-sty

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 423 and 424

svín, n., swine, pig; hafa svíns minni, to have a short memory.

svína-ból, -bœli, n. pig-sty, -gæzla, feminine, swine-herding; -hirtðir, m. swine-herd; -hús, n. swine-house, pig-sty.

svín-beygja (-ða, -ðr), verb, to make one stoop like a pig; -drukkinn, past participle, drunk as a swine; … -galinn, past participle, mad (drunk) like a swine; -skinn, noun, pig-skin; -sti, feminine, pig-sty.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 409, 474 and 475

svín n. swine, pig

svínbeygja (gð) weak verb, make bend like a pig, make grovel like a pig

svinnr adjective, wise (or bold ? mighty ?)

svínskinn n. pig's hide

svíntarr m. boar (compare tarr)

Hildigǫltr m. or Hildisvín n. a helmet ('battleboar, -swine')

Hildisvín n. a helmet, see Hildigǫltr

Hildisvíni m. a boar

tarr (or rarr) m. boar ('stabber, poker' ?)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 234

svinnr adjective, wise, shrewd

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Swanbeck Farm (olim Swinesale) [SE 99350 90050]

[228] ON storð, 'a young wood, plantation': Store Lane, Storry Hills.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 595, entry 24

STORÐ, f. a young wood, plantation … storðar lykkja, 'wood-loop' i. e. a serpent … 2. the earth (grown with brush-wood) … hauk-storð, 'hawk-land' i.e. the wrist … II. the name of an island in Norway.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 403

storð f. (1) earth, land

storð f. (2) tumult, battle

[229] ON stofn, 'a tree stem'; ON stubbi, stubbr, stúfr, stúfa, stumpr, 'a stub, stump': Stump Cross, Stump Howe.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 119, entry 38

eiki-stobbi, a, m. the stump of an oak

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 595, entry 5

STOFN, m., or stomn … [Anglo Saxon stofn; English 'stem'] a stem of a tree … … 2. metaphorical, a foundation; standa á sterkum stofni, on a strong footing … hefjask tveim stofnum, to look uncertain … setja á stofn, to establish … fjár-stofn, bú-stofn, stock to begin with.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 599, entry 34

stumpr, m. [German stumpf; English 'stump'], a stump, = stubbi

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 600, entry 17

stúfa, u, f. a stump; … the name of a poem (by the poet Stúfr), Ems. vi. 2. botanical the scabius, Scabiosa succisa

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 600, entry 19

STÚFR, m. stúfi … [compare English 'stump'; German stumpf] a stump … II. of an ox (short-horn?) … III. a proper name, Landnámabók

stúfa, u, f. a stump

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 106, 200 and 409

eikar-stofn, -stubbi, m. oak stump, oak stub.

hjálm-stofn, m. the head

stofn (-s, -ar), m. (1) stump of a cut tree; (2) foundation; standa á sterkum stofni, to stand on a strong footing, stand firmly hefjast tveim stofnum, to look uncertain of a journey.

stofna (að) verb, to establish, found …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 599, entry 27

stubbi, a, m. (stobbi), stubbr, [English 'stub'] a stub, stump … árar-stubbi, an oar stump … tré-stubbi, kertis-stubbi. 2. as a nickname

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 108

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE stybb, stubb / ON stubbr, stubbi 'stub, stump'

OE stybb (recorded in OE texts, whether a phonological variant or a historically distinct form of OE stybb) and ON stubbr, stubbi are self-evidently indistinguishable; OE stybb (either a distinct form with a suffix causing i-mutation or a phonological variant of OE stybb), would be distinguishable in Westmorland but hard to distinguish in Wirral (were it to occur). The ODan reflex of the Scandinavian forms is recorded early in place-names; however, in Norway reflexes of the (related) variants ON stofn, stufn ON stúfr seem to have been used in the medieval period, with <-stub-> found (sometimes replacing reflexes of ON stofn, stufn and ON stúfr) from the fifteenth century …

[230] ON stigi, 'a step, ladder, steep ascent': Blea Wyke Steel, Northstead Stile.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 592, entry 19

stigi, a, m., stegi, [stigr]: a step, ladder, steep ascent … passim in old and modern usage: of a scaling ladder in war … Stiga-gnúpr, a local name … stiga-hapt, n. a step in a ladder.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 589, entry 40

STÁL, n. [a common Teutonic word; Old High German stahal], steel; … phrases, sverfa til stáls, to file to the very steel, to fight to the last, … 2. plural, of weapons: … 3. a part of a ship, the beak … II. metaphorical, from steel wrapped in soft iron before being fused in the forge: the inside of a hay-stack or rick (= staði);

• stál-broddr, n. a steel prod
• stál-gaddr, n. a steel goad
• stál-görr, participle, made of steel
• stál-hanzki, a, m. a steel glove
• stál-harðr, adj. hard as steel
• stál-hattr, m. a steel hat
• stál-hjálmr, m. a steel helmet
• stál-húfa, u, f. a steel cap
• stál-nagli, a, m. a steel pike
• stál-pík, m. a steel pike
• stál-slá, f. a steel bar
• stál-sleginn, participle, steel-mounted
• stál-sorfinn, participle, filed to the steel

[231] ON saurr, 'mud': Sour Beck, Sowerby, Sour Lands, Sour Sike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 515, entry 67

SAURR, m., dative sauri and saur; mud … hlaupa í saur, to dabble in mud … 2. dirt, excrements; II. in local names, Saurar, Saur-bær, especially the latter is frequent in Iceland of sour soil, swampy tracts … these local names shew the oldest sense ot the word, compare seyra.

• saur-fullr, adj. filthy
• saurga, to defile, pollute
• saurgan, n. pollution, defilement
• saurganar-maðr, a defiler
• saurindi, n. plural, dirt, uncleanness
• saur-kvísl, f. n dung-fork
• saur-lifnaðr, m. a filthy life, lechery
• saur-ligr, adj. unclean
• saur-lífi, n. (opp. to hreinlífi), an unclean life, fornication
• saurlífis-kona, u, f. a harlot
• saurlífis-maðr, m. a fornicator
• saurlífis-synd, f. the sin of fornication
• saur-lífr, adj. lewd
• saur-ljótr, adj. shewing dirt, of cloth
• saur-mæli, n. filthy, foul language
• saur-pyttr, m. a cesspit, cesspool
• saur-reiðir, m. a dung-carrier
• sauru-liga, adv. in a foul manner
• sauru-ligr, adj. foul, unchaste
• saur-yrði, n. plural, foul language

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 382

saurnir m. 'dirty one', shield-name

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 198

Saurbœr m. settlement in western Iceland

saurlífi n. unclean behaviour, lechery

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 162 and 163

Chapter 4

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ou', 'au'

Sneaton Thorpe and Sourebi

From OWScand saurar, nominative plural, of saurr 'mud, dirt, excrements' (OSwed sör, ODan sør), which word was frequently used - when simplex, in the plural, - in place-names to design swampy soil … Compare the ONorw place-name af Saurum B.J., and the Icelandic Saurar (Kålund). In England the word is found in ME as sowre, soore, and in N.E. dialect as saur 'liquid manure, dirt, black mud, soil', known only from some northern counties, especially YKS - OWScand saurr occurs, besides, in the following ME place-names:

Sourebi YKS ante 1180, Saurebi circa 1150, Soureby 1282, 1354 Whitby Chartulary; supposed to be identical with the present Sneaton Thorpe, see Whitby Chartulary page 398 n. … "and unto these had been added the lands of Sourebi (supposed to be Sneaton-Thorp), consisting of four carucates" - Whitby Chartulary at page lxvii.

2nd member as in Aismunderby - see "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 3. Many places in Norway were called Saurby, see E.J. and Rygh NG. Compare also the above-mentioned Icelandic Saurbœ La. (Landnámabók 1900) … 2nd member is OWScand boer, býr m. (OSwed byr, ODan by) 'farm-buildings, a farm, abode, the farm-yard and buildings'. Compare Fritzner. See also "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at Introduction to Chapter V.

---

"The Vikings and their Victims: the Verdict of the Names" Gillian Fellows-Jensen (1994) at page 21

Changing of names in England would seem on the whole to have been a more gradual process. With the passage of time, the Danes began to detach specialised units from the old English estates and give them names in -bý whose specifics indicated their function or their topographical situation, for example … Sowerby in the North Riding (Sourebi GDB 305ra; 4N/1) 'the settlement on sour ground' … This type of name occurs not only in the Danelaw proper but also across the Pennines in Cumbria and Lancashire and even across the Irish Sea in the Isle of Man, where we find Dalby 'the settlement in the valley'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 128

Whitby

SOWERBY (lost)

• Sourebi, -by DB et passim to 1354 Whitby
• Saurebi, -by 1145-8 YCh 872, 1148-75 Whitby, circa 1170-9 YCh 861

The name Sowerby is common in the north of England and that is identical with Norwegian Sørby (ONorw. i Saurby Rygh NG ii. 88, etc.) 'swampy farmstead'. An interesting explanation of the Icelandic name is found in the Landnámabók: Steinolfr built a farm and called it Saurbœ, því at þar var myrlent mjök i.e. 'because it was very swampy there'; vide saurr, bú.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 132

Danby

SOWERBY BOGS (6")

• Souresby 1242 Guis

Compare Sowerby Whitby 128 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 187

Thirsk

3. SOWERBY 22 F 2

• Sorebi DB
• Sourebi, -by 1228 FF et passim

With the same run of forms and meaning as Sowerby 128 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 212

Kirby Sigston

2. SOWERBY UNDER COTCLIFFE 22 B 1

• Sourebi, -by DB 1806, 1088 LVED 50
• Saurebi 1254-50 Bodl a i 58 (p)
• Suleby sub Koteclyf KI

vide saurr, bú, Sowerby and Cotcliffe 128, 205 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 233

Mashamshire

SOURMIRE

• Surmire 1314 Fount
• Sourmyremore 1330 Ch

vide saurr, myrr, mor

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Steinólfr (m. 14).

[232] ON Skagi (personal name); ON skagi, 'a low cape or ness': Scawthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skagi (Scawthorpe)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Skagi (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 105

Cayton

SCAWTHORPE (lost)

• Scagestorþ, Scagetorþ DB

'Skagi's village' vide þorp. Compare Skagi (LindBN), ODan Skaghi (Nielsen).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 536, entry 24

SKAGA, skagi, skagði, skagat … to jut out, project; …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 536, entry 25

skagi, a, m. [Shetland skaw (as the Skaw of Unst)] a low cape or ness (höfði is a high head-land); … út-skagi: frequent in local names, Vendil-skagi or Jótlands-skagi, the Skagerack; the Skagi, the ness between the Skagafjord and Húnaflói; the Skagi in Akraness: Skaga-strönd, Skaga-fjörðr, whence Skag-firðingar, m. plural, the men from S.; Skag-firzkr, adj.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 366

skagi, m. low cape or ness.

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See Scawthorpe, South Yorkshire:

1. Scawthorpe [SE 54462 06110]
2. Scawthorpe Farm [SE 54580 05766]
3. Scawthorpe Grange [SE 54933 05850]

[233] ON Geōla (personal name): Youlton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Geōla (Youlton)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 22

Alne

6. YOULTON 27 C 4

• Ioletun, Loletune DB
• Yolton' 1295 For; LS; 1330 For; 1369 FF; 1508 Test
• Yiolton' LS
• Yǫwl-, Youlton 1574 FF; 1666 Visit

The first element is the personal name Yol, found in LIN and YKS in the 12th century and in Yawthorpe (LIN), LindsSurv Joltorp, Liber Niger Goletorp. This must be a short form of such an ON personal name as Jógeirr (LindN).Geola, the name of an 11th century moneyer at York, must be an Anglicised form of it.

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Jólgeirr (m. 1).

[234] ON sík, 'a ditch, trench': Thack Sike, Black Sike, Foul Sike, Keldsikes.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 532, entry 6

SÍK, modern síki, n. a ditch, trench …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 386

sík n. ditch, canal

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

MIDSYKE DRAIN

• Midsic(h), -syk circa 1160, 1189 (Rievaulx Cartulary)

'Middle stream' from OE midd and sic.

---

Editor's note: see ON miðr, 'mid, middle' and ON sík, 'sike, small stream or gulley, gutter'.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 92

Lockton

THACK SIKE (6")

• Taksyk 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 204 d
• Thaksyk 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 205

vide sic. The first element is ON þakk 'thatch' (compare Thackthwaite Beck 266 infra) 'stream by which thatching material grew'.

[235] ON selja, 'a sallow, willow': Selly Cottage, Selly Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 521, entry 9

selja, u, f. [Anglo Saxon seal; English 'sallow'; Swedish sälg; Danish sælje; Northern English and Scottish saugh] a sallow, a willow, Salix capraea … selju-tré, n. a willow-tree; II. [selja the verb], a female dealer, whence frequent in poetry, circumlocutions of a woman; III. the name of an island in Norway; whence Selju-menn, the saints of Selja; Seljumanna-messa, -vaka …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 384

selja (1) (ld) weak verb, sell; give, guarantee; serve

selja (2) f. dealer, server; giver; in kenning for woman, giver of gold (according to Snorri; though originally probably understood as 'willow of gold (ornaments)'

selja (3) f. (goat) willow

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 2, 19, 149, 179, 214, 286, 354, 355, 364 and 528

selja eitthvat með afföllum, to sell at a discount

selja arf, to sell the expectation of inheritance (= selja arfván)

hafa at selja, to have on sale

selja á, f. to sell on credit

mér er engi hugr á at selja hann, I have no mind to sell him

selja einhvern -sali, to sell one as a slave

sel (genitive plural selja), n. shed on a mountain pasture (where the milk cows are kept in the summer months.

selja, f. sallow, willow.

selja einhverjum -dœmi, right to judge in one's own case

öl-selja, female cup-bearer

[236] ON sef, 'a sedge': Seavey Bog, Seaveybog Hill, Seavey Sike, Seive Dale.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 518, entry 22

SEF, n. [English 'sedge'] sedge … Compounds:

• sef-dæla, u, f. a sedgy hollow
• Sef-grisnir, m. a 'sedge-boar', poetical, 'a wolf'
• sef-rein, f. a sedge-bank
• sef-tjörn, f. sedge-tarn, a local name
• sef-visk, f. a sedge-wisp
• sef-þvengr, m., poetical, a sedge-thong, snake

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 383

sefrein f. 'rush-, sedge-land', meadow; in kenning for tongue, sef orða (or mind-land of words = breast); … it may be sefrein sónar 'spiritual land of reconciliation' = heart or breast.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 6

River Names

SEPH, R., an affluent of the Rye

• Sef 1170-85 YCh 1845; 1201 FF
• Cepht 13 Kirkham 51 d
• Cepth 1260 Riev

On the etymology of this name see "River Names of Yorkshire" (1925) (E.V. Gordon and A. H. Smith) at page 23.

[237] ON setr, sætr 'shieling, summer mountain pastures': Warsett, Farsyde House, High Seat, Louven Howe Side.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 525, entry 6

setr, B. Mountain pastures, dairy lands … better spelt sætr (modern Norse sæter); Compounds:

• sætra-ferð, f. removal into a shed
• sætr-búð, f. a dairy-shed
• sætr-gata, u, f. a road to huts

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 427

sætr, n. plural, mountain pastures (til sætra ok í bygðinni), = setr.

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"Norway, I. Virile Ways of the Modern Vikings" (ca 1920) A. MacCallum Scott Volume V at pages 3842 to 3843

Only a small proportion of the total surface is suitable for cultivation, and to each farm in the valley there is generally attached an area of mountain pasture. Often these pastures are at a considerable distance from the farm. In winter the cattle are housed and fed in the farm, but every spring sees a migration en masse to the mountain pastures. The herds are driven up the steep mountain paths to the higher valleys by the girls and young women of the farms who remain with them all through the summer, living in one-roomed wooden huts, known as saeters. Much the same system used to prevail in the Scottish Highlands, where the summer pastures were known as shielings. The saeter system is one of the most characteristic and picturesque features of Norwegian country life. It is a strenuous life, for there is much milking and cheese and butter-making to be done.

The men come up at intervals from the farms with horses to carry away the produce. There is joy in the fresh air of spring after the long dark winter. The flaxen-haired, red-cheeked girls are merry at their work and quite fearless of their isolation. They bring their Sunday finery with them, and, though no church bells can be heard for a score of miles, they celebrate the holy day in the bright colours of the national gala costume, which has its characteristic features in every valley. Visits from amorous swains from the farms are not infrequent, and many a marriage follows the saeter season. Public opinion is somewhat lax so long as marriage is assured.

[238] ON Lúsi (personal name); ON lús, 'a louse': Loose Howe, Loose Howe Rigg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Lúsi (Loose Howe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 152

Middleton

LOOSE HOWE (Tumulus)

• Lushov, -hou circa 1200 Guis; 1223 FF; Guis
• Lowsohowes 15th Whitby
• Lowsehowes 1619 NRS

Compare OE lusebyrge (Herts) Birch 745, Lusabeorg Birch 699, and lusdun Birch 1020, which all contain OE lūs 'louse'. vide haugr. 'Louse mound'. One should also note the ON name Lúsi (LindBN 1920) from ON lūs. Perhaps here a personal name would give the better sense.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 400, entry 7

LÚS, f., plural, lýss, [Anglo Saxon lûs; English 'louse', plural, 'lice'] a louse …

• fiski-lús, of a good angler
• færi-lús, a sheep louse
• jarð-lús, vermin
• lúsa-blesi, a, m. a niggard
• lúsa-lyng, f. the common ling
• Lúsa-oddi, a, m. nickname of a beggar
• Lúsa-skegg, n. lousy-beard, a nickname
• lúsa-sótt, f. phthiriasis
• lús-iðinn, adj. sedulous (slang), compare English 'bookworm'
• lúsugr, adj. lousy

[239] ON Skarði (personal name); ON skarð, 'a notch', 'mountain pass': Scarborough, Scarth Wood.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skarði (Scarborough)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 565, entry 34

skörðóttr, adj. [skarð], notched

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 539, entry 23

SKARÐ, n. [Anglo Saxon sceard; English 'shard'] a notch, chink in the edge of a thing … skarð í vör, a hare-lip … 2. an empty, open place, in a rank or a row; … 3. [compare Cumbrian Scarf-gap], a mountain pass … frequent in local names, Skarð, Skörð; Skarð-verjar, m. plural, the men from Skarð … Skarða-leið, the way through the Skörð … skarða-lauss, adj. whole, undiminisbed …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 539, entry 24

Skarði, a, m. a nickname, hare-lip; Þorgils Skarði, a frequent Danish proper name on the Runic stones. Skarða-borg, Scarborough

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 368 and 369

skarð, n. (1) notch, hack, in the edge of a thing … í vörr, a hare lip; (2) empty space, breach, gap; … (3) mountain pass.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON Þorgils (m. 29)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 85

Pickering

SCARF HILL

• Scarthougill 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 205 d

'Ravine near the mound in the mountain pass' vide skarð, haugr, gil. For the 'f' compare Earswick 12 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 105

Scarborough

1. SCARBOROUGH 23 D 6, 7

• Escardeburg 1155-63 YCh 364; 1256 Pat
• Scardeburc(h), -burg 1159-1190 P (passim) et passim to 1505
• Scarðeborc circa 1200 For
• Scartheburg(h) 1208 Ass et freq
• Scareburgh 1414 Test
• Skarbrugh 1538 Riev
• Scarbrowgh 1573 FF

The name also appears in Scandinavian Sagas as Skarðaborg Kormakssaga, Flateyjarbók; Skarðabork Orkneyingasaga.

'Skarthi's stronghold' vide burh (ON berg). The history of this name is fully dealt with in a paper by Professor E. V. Gordon in Acta Philologica Scandinavica, i. 320 ff. The following is a summary of Professor Gordon's account of the foundation of the borough.

Kormakssaga tells us that "the brothers Thorgils and Kormak went harrying in Ireland, Wales, England and Scotland, and were accounted the most excellent of men. They were the first men to set up the stronghold which is called Scarborough (Kormaks Saga, Reykjavik, p. 64). It seems probable that the place takes its name from Thorgils, for we know from two poems which his brother Kormak addresses to him under his by-name (op. cit. 44, 45) that he was nick-named Skarði 'the hare lip'. This account of the foundation of Scarborough must have been widely known, for Robert Mannyng of Brunne (The Story of Inglande, ed. Furnivall, Rolls Series, ii. ll. 14816 ff.) gives the summary of a story told by Mayster Edmund (not extant):

When Engle had þe londe al þorow,
He gaf to Scardyng Scardeburghe -
Toward þe northe, by þe see side,
An hauene hit is, schipes in to ryde.

The date of Thorgils' harrying of England can be approximately determined. According to the saga, the brothers had joined the service of king Harald Gráfeld of Norway (king 960-965) and had accompanied his expedition to Bjarmaland (= Permia in North Russia) which took place in 966, and as the expedition to England took place immediately after this and as Kormak died in 967, the foundation of Scarborough as a centre of Scandinavian influence dates from 966-71. (Among Scarborough street-names, in addition to Dumple Street supra, we may note Cartergate (id. 1252 (Rievaulx Cartulary) and Sandgate (id. 1333 Riev), Partum Sabulonis (ib), 'Carter's road' (vide gata) and 'road to the sands'. Newbrough Street takes its name from the Novo Burgo (1333 Riev), referring probably to Scarborough Castle.)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 177

Whorlton

SCARTH WOODS, LEES etc

• Scarth 1189-99 YCh 800
• Scarthwood 1616 NR

vide skarð. The scarth here is the long narrow pass running through the Cleveland Hills.

[240] ON Eindriði (personal name): Ainderby Mires, Ainderby Quernhow, Ainderby Steeple.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Eindriði (m. 2) and Endriði (m. 2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 223

Pickhill

1. AINDERBY QUERNHOW 21 F 12

• Aiendrebi, Andrebi DB
• Endreby, Enderby 1207 Abbr; 1208 FF
• Ai-, Aynderby 1208 FF; (juxta Querenhow) LS, (Viscompt) 14 RichReg 87
• Einderby 1231 Ass
• Anderby (vesconte) 1280 YI; (Whernhowe) 1578 FF

The name Ainderby occurs three times in the district (Ainderby Mires, Ainderby Steeple, 239, 275 infra). All three are derived from the ON Eindriði (LindN), ODan Endridhi (Nielsen). vide by. The forms with Ender- are due to the Scandinavian sound-change of ei to e before n + a consonant (compare Noreen, Altisländ. Gram. 123). Forms with Ander- are to be explained, as by Lindkvist (at page 39), as due to the influence of a Scandinavian by-form Andriði.

QUERNHOW

In addition to the spellings in the preceding name the following may be noted:

• Quernhowe 1327 Banco
• Whernehowe 15 VCH
• Whernou 1536 YChant; 1578 FF

Quernhow is a small mound on the Roman road (Leeming Lane or Watling Street), which forms the boundary between the parishes of Ainderby and Middleton Quernhow. vide haugr. The first element is ON kvern, 'mill stone' (compare cweorn), which also enters into a similar Norwegian place-name Kvernehaugen (Rygh NG i. 79).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 239

Kirkby Fleetham

1. AINDERBY MIRES 21 C 9

• Endrebi DB
• Andrebi 1198 FF
• Anderby in le Myers 1563 FF
• Enderdeby 1280 YI
• Aynderby in le Myre 1498 AD
• Anderby Miers 1740 Pickhill

vide Ainderby Quernhow 223 supra. The terminal Mires denotes the swampy nature of the ground. vide myrr, and compare Barton le Willows 38 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 275

Ainderby Steeple

1. AINDERBY STEEPLE 21 C 12

• Eindre-, Andrebi DB (and as in Ainderby Mires and Ainderby Quernhow 223, 239 supra), (Fourneux) 1285 KI 1285; (w(i)th, wythe Stepil(l) 1316 Vill)

vide Ainderby Quernhow 223 supra. In 1316 Vill John de Furneis was certified lord of "Aynderby wythe Stepil". The church tower stands out prominently from the surrounding country. vide Addenda xiv.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 363, entry 6

KVERN, f., genitive kvernar, but the modern form kvörn, genitive kvarnar; [Anglo Saxon cwyrn; Old English quern; Old High German quirn; Danish kværn; Swedish quarn] a handmill; … 2. bondwomen used to turn the handmills, and the turning of the quern was, as it still is in Iceland, where every farm has its handmill, accompanied by singing a song, see especially the Millsong in the Edda (Gróttasöngr), 2. metaphorical, an eddy or whirlpool in a river is called kvern, agreeably to the legend popular among all ancient Teutonic people of a wonder mill grinding salt at the bottom of the sea, such as the famous mill Grótti, in the old Danish story of king Frode, which ground gold and peace, and at last the sea salt. Compounds:

• kvernar-auga, n. a 'mill-eye', mill-hole
• kvern-á, f. a mill-stream
• kvern-berg, n. a mill-stone quarry
• Kvern-bítr, m. mill-biter, a name of a sword
• kvern-foss, m. a mill-force
• kvern-hús, n. a mill-box, = lúðr
• kvern-steinn, m. a mill-stone
• kvern-stæði, n. a mill-place, where a mill stands

[241] ON Hilla (personal name); ON hilla (1) 'shelf, ledge' (2) 'upheaved or lifted in the air': Hilla Green Farm, Hilla Green Bridge, Little Hilla Green, Hilla Thwaite.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 113

Hackness

HILLA THWAITE

• Thwayte, Thwaite 1372 (Inquisitiones Post Mortem)

vide þveit.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 261, entry 20

HILLA, u, f. a shelf, frequent in modern usage; búr-hilla, a pantry shelf.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 261, entry 21

hilla, f, upheaved or lifted in the air, e. g. of an object (a person, tree) seen on the edge of a hill against the sky, e. g. það hillir undir hann á brúninni.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 261, entry 22

Hillar, f. plural, a Norse local name, akin to hilla and hjalli.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 262, entry 1

hillingar, f. plural, upheaving, especially of a mirage, when rocks and islands look as if lifted above the level of the sea.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 265, entry 21

HJALLI, a, m. [akin to hilla, English 'shelf'; compare also English 'hill'] a shelf or ledge in a mountain's side … II. a local name.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 265, entry 22

hjallr, m. [akin to hjalli], a scaffold, a frame of timber, the scaffold on which witches sat. 2. a shed, especially for drying clothes, fish.

[242] ON kjarr, 'copsewood, brushwood'; ON kjarr, 'a curlew': Cringle Carr, Gristhorpe Carr, Osgodby Carr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 340, entry 41

KJARR, n., plural, kjörr; copsewood, brushwood; kjörr ok skóga …

• kjarr, m. a kind of bird, a curlew
• kjarr-mýrr, f. a marsh grown with brushwood
• kjarr-skógr, m. copsewood

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 156

Kirkleatham

SALT SCAR

• Salcker in Clyvelond 1281 (Calendar of Patent Rolls)

vide OE sealt, ON salt, ON kjarr. A wreck took place here in 1281.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 156

Kirkleatham

REDCAR 16 B 2

• Redker 1165-75 YCh et passim to 1422 YI
• Redeker(re) circa 1180 Percy; 1198 Fount; 1301 LS; 1333 Riev
• Rideker 1271 Ipm
• Redkerre 1353 Percy
• Ridkere 1407 YI
• Readcar 1653 Marske

'Red marshy land' vide OE read, ON kjarr. The land is low-lying and the rocks are of a reddish hue (compare Rawcliffe Bank 146 supra).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 146

Skelton

RAWCLIFF BANK

• Readecliff 1043-60 (12th) SD
• Roudeclif, Roudclive DB
• Routheclyve, -clive 1190, 1242 Guis
• Rouclif(flat) 1407 YI
• Rocliff 1582 FF

This name is of great interest as showing what must have repeatedly happened in Yorkshire place-names, viz. the replacement of an OE name by a Scandinavian cognate. The Symeon of Durham form Readecliff is from OE read 'red', whilst later forms show the substitution of ON rauðr. vide clif.

[243] ON klif, 'a cliff'; ON kleif, 'a ridge of cliffs or shelves in a mountain side'; ON klettr, 'a rock, cliff': Killerby Cliff, Rosedale Cliff, Gristhorpe Cliff.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 343, entry 6

KLIF, n. [Anglo Saxon clif; English 'cliff'] a cliff; klif and kleif are used indiscriminately in Eyrbyggja Saga and Egils Saga … Klifs-lönd, Cliffland or Cleveland, in England

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 75

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE clif 'cliff, steep slope' / ON klif 'a cliff' (in Norway) 'cliff with a path'.

These elements are self-evidently indistinguishable. The side-form kleif (Rygh NGi:60-61) is distinguishable and occurs in Claife, Lancashire (sub verbo Claife Heights).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 342, entry 24

KLEIF, f., plur. kleifar, [from klífa, to climb], a ridge of cliffs or shelves in a mountain side …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 342, entry 50

KLETTR, m. a rock, cliff … Compounds: kletta-belti, n. a belt of crags … botanically the saxifrage. kletta-skora, u, f. a scaur. kletta-snös, f. a jutting crag, frequent in modern usage.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

CROSS CLIFF

• Crosseclif, -clyff 1335 ForP 205, 217 d

vide cros, clif. The reference may be to some cross used as a boundary mark.

[244] ON kokkr, 'a cock': Cockley, Cockrah.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 347, entry 34

kokkr, m. a cock

[245] ON kyta, 'a hovel'; ON kot, 'cottage, hut': Ewe Cote, Carr Cote, Washy Cote Beck, Coatham - see also [248]

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 353, entry 5

KOT, n. [Anglo Saxon cote; English 'cot'], a cottage, hut, small farm

• kumbaldi, a, m. a small cairn, hovel
• kota or kotra, að; kotra sér niðr, to seek out a hole
• kot-bóndi, a, m. a cottier
• kot-bær, m. = kot
• kot-karl, m. a cottier, cottager, a boor
• kotkarla-ætt, f. poor folk; kotkarls-barn and kotkarls-son, m. a churl's bairn, churl's son
• kot-lífi, n. humble life
• kot-mannliga, adv. meanly, in a beggarly way
• kot-mannligr, adj. beggarly

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 367, entry 29

kyta or kytra, u, f. [kot], a cottage, hovel, e.g. (in a verse); hús-kyta

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 76

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE cot(t), cotte / ON kot 'cottage, hut'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 187

The field-names of the Whitby district and of some parts of LIN are likewise Scandinavian, and faithfully render all the characteristic features of the Danish village system. In the township each man had his homestead which, as in Denmark, was called toft, and, besides, he had his share of land; 'toft and croft' is the usual expression.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 156

Kirkleatham

EAST COATHAM

• Cotum 1123-8 Guis, (Est) 13^th BylE 19 et passim to 1404 YI
• Oustcotum 1181 P
• Cotun 1165-76 YCh 657
• Cotom 1231 FF, 1443 Test

vide cot. East (OE east, ON austr) in relation to.

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WEST COATHAM

• Westcotum 1181 P, 1237 Percy

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"Words and Places" (1911) Isaac Taylor at page 208

The dative plural of the A.S. cot or cott (ON kot), a 'cottage', is cotum or cottum, which explains the name of Coatham in Durham, of which the earliest recorded form is Cotum, which afterwards became Cothome, and then Coatham. West Coatham, in Yorkshire, was formerly spelt Cotum and Cottum, 'at the cottages', and a place now called Cottam was formerly Cotum.

[246] ON kaup, 'a bargain, agreement, payment, reward'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 333, entry 14

KAUP, n. a bargain; íllt kaup, a bad bargain … daprt kaup, a sad bargain … gott or góð kaup, a good bargain; … fyrir hálfs-eyris kaupi, a woman has a right to make a bargain amounting to half an ounce … phrases, slá kaupi við einhvern, and slá kaupi saman, to strike a bargain … II. a stipulation, agreement; … III. wages, pay; eigi kann ek kaups at meta, to take pay for a thing … utan kaups, without pay, gratuitously … vera af kaupi, to be off one's bargain, to have forfeited it … fara með kaup sín, to let oneself for hire … prests-kaup, a priest's pay for singing mass … Compounds:

• slyngja kaupi, to strike a bargain
• kaup ok sölur, buying and selling
• ganga kaupum ok sölum, to go into trade
• verða at kaupi, to come to a bargain
• eiga kaup við einhvern, to exchange, bargain, trade with one
• kaupa-bálkr, m. a section of the law referring to trade and exchange
• kaupa-bréf, n. a deed of a bargain
• kaupa-jörð, f. purchased land, opposed to óðalsjörð
• kaupa-kostir, m. plural, terms of a bargain
• kaupa-land, n. =kaupajörð
• kaupa-maðr, m. a hired labourer during haymaking in the summer, opposed to vinnu-maðr = a servant hired for the whole year
• kaupa-mang, n. barter
• kaupa-mark, n. a purchased mark, opposed to one inherited (in cattle)
• kaupa-váttr, m. (and kaups-váttr), a witness to a bargain
• kaupa-vinna, u, f. working for wages, of mowers kaups-vætti

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 333, entry 17

kaup-angr, m. [kaup and vangr, dropping the v, rather than angr, quod vide] a market-place, village, town; … II. it is also frequent in Scandinavian local names denoting old market-towns … English Cheap-side, Chipping-Ongar; Chipping-Norton, etc.: the Norse town Níðaróss was specially called Kaupangr … [kaupangr in Norway means a town, village, sinus mer- catorius, [compare the English 'Chipping' in Chipping Norton, Chipping Ongar, etc., and in London, 'Cheapside'] these places being situated at the bottom of the firths] … also as a local name in northern Iceland … Compounds: Kaupangs-fjall, n. a local name in Norway … kaupangs-konur, f. pl. town-women, the women of Níðaróss … kaupangrs-lýðr, m. town-folk … kaupangs-menn, m. pl. town-men, people:

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III: Glossary and Index of Names" (2007) compiled by Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes at page 129

kaup n. bargain, agreement; payment, reward (til for it); wages, salary (with suffixed definite article); sér til kaups as his payment:

• kaupa (past keypti, past participle keypt) weak verb buy
• keyptak, I bought
• sem þú keyptir, as you bought it for
• kaupa at, make a bargain with
• kaupmaðr (plural, kaupmenn) m. merchant
• kaupstefna f. market, trading

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"Saga-Book of the Viking Club" (1920) Volume IX Part I at page 58

The Ancestors of Harald Haarfagre

… From its repute as a market came, no doubt, the fact that the name "Kaupangr", i.e., a cheaping or mart (reminding us of Cheapside) is still applied to two farms on the so-called Viggs Fiord.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 200

From the time of Henry II we find in the Pipe Rolls for Lancashire, and especially in The Chartulary of Cockersand Abbey, a remarkable number, not only of ON names, but also of nicknames, which would hardly have been used, except by people who knew something of the ON … In charters from the first part of the thirteenth century we find a merchant named Alan (Alanus mercator), who in several documents is called Alanus Caupman or le Caupman. The by-name is ON kauþmaðr, 'a merchant'.

[247] ON Gerðr (personal name): Garriston, Garriston Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gerðr (Garriston)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Salgerðr (m. 6) and Hallgerðr (m. 6).

ON feminine personal names Þorgerðr (f. 42), Valgerðr (f. 20), Hallgerðr (f. 6), Salgerðr (f. 6), Álfgerðr (f. <5), Arngerðr (f. <5), Ásgerðr (f. <5), Friðgerðr (f. <5), Gerðr (f. <5), Ísgerðr (f. <5), Járngerðr (f. <5), Fregerðr (f. <2), Hjálmgerðr (f. <2), Húngerðr (f. <2), Ingigerðr (f. <2), Vilgerðr (f. <2), Þióðgerðr (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 269

Hauxwell

2. GARRISTON 21 C 6

• Gerdeston(e) DB
• Gertheston 1184 RichReg 84 d; LS; 1328 Ch; 1406 YI
• Gareston, Garristonne 1521, 1582 FF

'Gerth's farm' from ON Gerðr and tun.

[248] ON kot, 'a cottage, hut, small farm': Thirley Cotes (Farm), Ussel Croft, Ewe Cote, Washy Cote Beck - see also [245]

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 353, entry 5

KOT, n. [Anglo Saxon cote; English 'cot'] a cottage, hut, small farm …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 356, entry 26

KRÓ, f., plural, krær, a small pen or fence; in Iceland the pen in which lambs when weaned are put during the night.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 351, entry 19

KORN, n. [Anglo Saxon and English 'corn'] corn, grain … korn-jörð, f. corn-soil, arable land

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 666, entry 1

ú-sæla, u, f. unhappiness. ú-sæll, adj. (compare Danish ussel), wretched; úsæll ok aumr, wretched and miserable; Homiliu-bók 151. ú-sælligr, adj. joyless, ill-favoured, Fornmanna Sögur vi. 303, vii. 162.

Ussel Croft, 'wretched cottage', from ON ú-sæll or Dan ussel and ON Kot or OE croft, 'croft'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 101

Hutton Buscel

WEST CROFT (6")

• Westcroft 1135-55 YCh 373

Self-explanatory.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

THIRLEY COTES

• Tornelai, -lay, Torneslag 1086 (Domesday Book), 1204 (Rotuli Chartorum)
• Thornelay(e) 1109-14 (Early Yorkshire Charters) 865 et passim to 1314 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)
• Thornelac 1199 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Thirley 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

'Thorntree clearing'; vide þorn, leah.

[249] ON Krókr (personal name); ON krókr, 'a hook, anything crooked': Crook Ness, Crooksby, Crosby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Krókr (Crooksby, Crosby)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 356, entry 37

KRÓKR, m., krákr [English 'crook'] a hook, anything crooked …

• krók-boginn, part. bent as a hook
• krók-faldr, m. a crooked hood
• krók-fjöðr, f. a barbed head of a spear or arrow
• krók-loppinn, adj. with hands crooked and numbed from cold
• krók-lykill, m. a hook-shaped key
• krók-nefr, m. crook-nose
• krókóttr, adj. crooked, winding
• krókótt á, a winding river
• krók-pallr, m. a crooked seat, corner seat
• krók-raptr, n. crook-rafters in a house
• krók-spjót, n. a barbed spear
• krók-stafr, m. a crooked stick
• krók-stika, u, f. a kind of candlestick
• krók-stjaki, a, m. a boat-hook
• krók-sviða, u, f. a kind of hatchet with a hook
• krók-ör, f. a barbed arrow
• krók þrí-angaðr, a three-pronged hook, a trident

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 268

Aysgarth

CROOKSBY (6")

• Croc(he)sbi DB; 1189 RichReg 84, 13 ib. 77 d
• Crokesby circa 1280 RichReg 77 d

'Krok's farm' from ON Krókr and by.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 76 and 77

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE croc / ON krókr m. 'a crook, a bend'

The word crook is commonly derived from ON krókr, particularly as the only Germanic cognates (OHG chracho, chracco 'hook' and ON kraki 'boat hook') belong to a different ablaut series …

However, there are a number of place-names that might contain the element which are recorded in the OE period outside areas of significant Scandinavian settlement. OE croc is difficult to distinguish from OE crocc 'a crock, earthenware pot', so the occurrence of OE croc is uncertain in some names where it has been suggested, such as the (lost) Crockhurst in Sussex.

However, 'crooked' natural features sites exist at or near certain settlements whose place-names might contain OE croc, and in these instances the occurrence of OE croc is more likely. The first element of Crookham, Berkshire could feasibly refer to nearby river-loops. The first element of Cricklade, Wiltshire might refer to either a river-loop or a crook in Ermine Street and is most frequently spelt with medial -o- on tenth and eleventh-century coins. Finally, either a nearby river-bend or a distinctive local building type could support the use of the element in Cruckmeole and Cruckton in Shropshire.

In Scandinavia the element is very frequently used: there are approximately ninety occurrences in Norske Gaardnavne (some instances perhaps the personal name ON Krókr) and over 1500 instances of the use of krog as a generic in Danmarks Stednavne (many of them only late-attested); it is used with reference to a bend in a river or shore-line and in some cases to refer to an out-of-the-way location. Although undoubtedly more common as a place-name element in Scandinavia, the evidence for postulated OE croc is such that there is reason to suspect its existence also in OE and consequently it seems safest to treat these elements as indistinguishable.

[250] ON kross, 'a cross': Cross Dales, Crossdales, Cross Dyke.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 356, entry 21

KROSS, m. [like Anglo Saxon and English 'cross' …] a cross … Compounds:

• krossa-lauss, adj. 'cross-less', not making the sign of the cross
• kross-hús, n. a cross-house, house with a holy rood
• kross-maðr, m. a cross-man, warrior of the cross
• kross-maðra, u, f. a kind of madder, bed-straw, galium
• kross-mark, n. the sign of the cross
• kross-skjöldr, m. a shield with a cross on it
• kross-tákn, n. the token, sign of the cross
• kross-tré, n. the tree of the cross
• kross-varða, u, f. a cross-beacon, wayside cross

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

CROSS CLIFF

• Crosseclif, -clyff 1335 ForP 205, 217 d

vide cros, clif. The reference may be to some cross used as a boundary mark.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 135

Westerdale

RALPH CROSSES

• crucem Radulphi circa 1200 (Guisborough Cartulary)

vide cros.

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Ralph Crosses, Westerdale Moor, North Yorkshire.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 205

Leake

3. CROSBY 21 C 14

• Croxebi, Croxbi DB
• Crossebi 1153-7 YCh 952 et passim
• Crossbye 1153-94 Riev

Possibly 'farm by the cross' vide cros, by. In that case the DB form is an error. Perhaps, however, one should take the name to be 'Krok's by', from ON Krókr, with later assimilation of ksb to ssb and consequent association with ON cros.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 208

North Otterington

CROSBY COURT or CROSBY COTE

• cotun DB
• Cotem 1088 LVD 51
• Crosseby et Cotunam 1252 Ch

'(At) the cottages from the OE dative plural, cotum. vide cot. The Ch scribe has mistaken Cotun for a common OE tun-name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 226

Burneston

CROSBY HOUSE (6")

• Crosby 1184 RichReg 85 d

vide cros, by.

[251] ON dalr, 'a dale, valley': Ramsdale.

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See "On dalr and holmr in the place-names of Britain" Dr. Gillian Fellows-Jensen

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 26, 77 and 78

Chapter 1: Introduction

Existing Minor Name Studies

Finally, ME elements that could derive from either OE or Scandinavian have sometimes been identified as deriving from one language or the other where there is evidence that an English or a Scandinavian-derived form was common in the local toponymicon. For instance, Sandred (1979:109) argued that ME gate derived from ON gata in all instances as gate could be shown to refer to roads in some cases, and Cox claimed (1989-1990:8) that ME dale probably reflected ON dalr because OE dæl was rare. These assumptions may be true in most cases but may well not be true of an individual instance of the name, and do not allow for the possibility of competing or changing usages in the area considered.

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE dæl, 'a pit, hollow' and probably also 'a valley' / ON dalr 'a valley'

OE dæl would be indistinguishable from its Scandinavian cognate following the late OE merger of /æ/ and /a/ (see æcer/akr above). However, although the terms were widely used in place-names both in England and Scandinavia and cannot be distinguished phonologically - Kitson (1995:59-60) demonstrates the word to be most common in the Midlands in OE charter bounds - it has been argued that there was a semantic distinction between the terms. If true, this could permit a distinction to be made on topographic grounds, and so this suggestion is considered briefly here.

Gelling and Cole (2000 [2003]:110-13) argued that ME dale's meaning 'main valley' was borrowed from Scandinavian, as the sense 'main valley' is only common in northern and eastern England (excluding Northumberland and Durham) whilst 'pit, hollow', closer to the meaning of OE dæl in literary sources, is more appropriate for place-name usages of the element further south and east.

However, some of the names Gelling and Cole list under OE dæl 'pit, hollow' (not from areas of Scandinavian settlement and recorded before the thirteenth century) could feasibly instead mean 'valley', for instance, Doverdale, Worcestershire [NZ 85780 66166].

Further examples of valleys can be found, for instance, Dalwood, Devon in a valley along the Corry Brook, and Debdale Farm, Cookley, Worcestershire where a valley-mouth meets the Stour. These examples might, admittedly, mean 'side valley' rather than 'main valley', but are nevertheless reason to think that OE dæl could sometimes mean 'valley', albeit probably more rarely than 'pit, hollow'. It is not disputed here that the occurrence of ME dale predominantly with the meaning 'valley' reflects semantic influence from Scandinavian. However, there is limited evidence that OE dæl was used with a similar meaning in areas where Scandinavian influence is unlikely, which means that it would be unwise to assume that ME dale with the meaning 'valley' in any particular name, must reflect borrowed ON dalr. The elements are therefore considered indistinguishable, even where topographically identifiable with a valley.

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The place-name element bólstaðr in the North Atlantic area (2001) Peder Gammeltoft, Copenhagen University at page 85

4. Place-names in bólstaðr in Scotland

4.1. The element bólstaðr in Scotland

… Place-names in ON dalr show not settlement, but rather the 'sphere of influence' of the Scandinavians in (Scotland). This is because dalr is not a habitative generic but a topographic one, usually associated with pastoral farming.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 95, entry 28

DALR, s, m., old plural, dalar, acc. dala … [Anglo Saxon dæl; English 'dale' …] a dale; alliterative phrase, djúpir dalir, deep dales … the word is much used in local names, Fagri-dalr, Fair-dale; Breið-dalr, Broad-dale; Djúpi-dalr, Deep-dale; Þver-dalr, Cross-dale; Langi-dalr, Lang-dale; Jökul-dalr, Glacier-dale, (compare Langdale, Borrodale. Wensleydale, etc. in Northern English); 'Dale' is a frequent name of dale counties, Breiðatjarðar-dalir, or Dalir simply, Landnámabók: Icelandic speak of Dala-menn, 'Dales-men' (as in Engl. lake district); dala-fífl, a dale-fool, one brought up in a mean or despised dale … the parts of a dale are distinguished, dals-botn, the bottom of a dale … dals-öxl, the shoulder of a dale; dals-brún, the brow, edge of a dale; dals-hlíðar, the sides, slopes of a dale; dala-drög, the head of a dale; dals-mynni, the mouth of a dale; dals-barmr, the 'dale-rim', = dals-brún; dals-eyrar, the gravel beds spread by a stream over a dale, etc.: -in poetry, snakes are called dale-fishes, dal-reyðr, dal-fiskr, dal-ginna, etc. … [It is interesting to notice that patronymic words derived from 'dale' are not formed with an e (vowel change of a), but an œ, æ (vowel change of ó), Lax-dœlir, Vatns-dœlir, Hauk-dœlir, Hit-dœlir, Sýr-dœll, Svarf-dœlir … the men from Lax(ár)dalr, Vatnsdal, Haukadal, Hitardal, etc.; compare the mod. Norse Dölen = man from a dale; this points to an obsolete root word analogous to ala, ól, bati, bót; vide the glossaries of names to the Sagas, esp. that to the Landnámabók.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 84

dal-búi, m.= -byggi; -bygð, f. dale country; -byggi (plural -jar), m. dweller in a dale; -land, n. dale-ground.

dalr (genitive dals, dative dal or dali; plural dalar or dalir), m. dale, valley (djúpir dalir).

dals-botn, m. bottom (= head) of a dale; -mynni, n. mouth of a dale.

dal-verpi, n. little dale.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 50

-dale - OE dœl, or, perhaps nearly always in old names, ON dal-r, 'a dale', the root meaning being probably 'deep, low place' (compare Gothic dalath, 'down'). Found from the Scottish Border south to DBY, but much commoner in the north, where Norse influence was strong, and there usually 'a river-valley between hills, a glen' - Allendale, Borrowdale, Ennerdale, etc. The southmost instances seem to be Darley Dale, Matlock, and Coalbrookdale, south SAL. The simple Dale recurs in Pembroke, a very Norse locality; but -dales farther south, like Begdale, CAM, *Skeat looked on as merely modern - e.g., also Sunningdale, BRK, a recent coinage, suggested by the ancient Sunninghill near by. A pure English southern instance is Doverdale, Droitwich, in 706 Dourdale, 817 Doferdæl. Rarely -dale becomes -dle, as in Cheadle; and once at least it has been corrupted from -hale, 'nook' (see -hall) - in Dinsdale, YKS, DB 1086 Digneshale - unless DB 1086 be incorrect.

*Walter William Skeat (1835-1912) first holder (in 1878) of the Elrington and Bosworth chair in Anglo-Saxon and head of the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 116

Fylingdales

1. FYLINGDALES 16 H 12

• Figelinge, Nortfigelinge 1086 (Domesday Book)
• Philinch 1114-40 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Figelingam ante 1133 (Whitby Cartulary); -inge circa 1175 (Early Yorkshire Charters) 366
• Fieling(am) 1133, 1155-65, 1222-7, 1308 (Whitby Cartulary)
• (Tribus) Figelinges 1181 (Pipe Rolls)
• (North)filinge, -fylyng(e) circa 1280 (Whitby Cartulary) et freq, (in valle de) ibidem
• Filingdales 1395 (Whitby Cartulary)

'The settlement of the people of Fygela' vide ing. The district included by the settlement was probably the series of small valleys which meet the sea in Robin Hood's Bay. The personal name Fygela is not adduced in independent use in OE, but it may be assumed (as by Ekwall, Place-Names in -ing 93) from the place-names Figheldean (W), Fillingham (L), Figelingeham (Domesday Book), and Filgrave (Place-Names Buckinghamshire 15); vide dæl.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at pages 174 to 177

Even in towns like Cambridge, which for a short time only had belonged to the Danes, the Norse element was very strong. Yorkshire and the Midland counties were even more Norse than English. The Northumberland clerical statutes (Norðymbra þreosta lagu), written about 1050, and probably in York, are full of Norse loan-words and show that there was still a pagan element in Yorkshire.

In England it is now generally acknowledged that the Lake District was settled by Norwegians. But for the Dane-law proper nearly all writers only speak of Danes. The original Scandinavian settlers there, of course, were Danes. About 900, however, the Norwegians were temporarily driven away from Ireland. Some of them settled in Western England, but a great number came to Yorkshire, and after that time there began a strong Norwegian immigration to this country. King Eadward, the Chronicle tells us, shortly before his death was "chosen as father and lord, by all the Northumbrian peoples, whether English, Danish or Norwegian.

This Norwegian stream from the Hebrides and Ireland is the reason that in the Domesday survey of Yorkshire we find so many Irish, and especially so many typically Norse-Irish personal names, as e.g. Gilemichel ('the servant of Michael'), Ghilepatric ('the servant of Patrick'), Maccus, Glunier (Goidelic Gluniarain, a translation of ON Járnkné, 'Iron knee'), and Finegal (Goidelic finn-gall, 'a white foreigner, a Norwegian'). Among the place-names we meet with Finegala, now Fingall, a small village in NRY (i.e. Fine-Gall, 'the District of the Foreigners', the Irish name of the County of Dublin, preserved in the Barony of Fingall).

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Editor's note: see above Figelinge, Nortfigelinge 1086 (Domesday Book) 'the settlement of the people of Figela', possibly a Norse-Irish personal name. Finghall [SE 18430 89693] is a village and civil parish in Richmondshire NRY.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V

Introduction at page xxvii

In Richmondshire Norwegian influence was very strong, and the large proportion of local Scandinavian names, not in themselves distinctive, must be due almost entirely to Norwegians, for, except in the wapentake of Halikeld and the east of Hang East, there are no definite traces of Danish influence. In Halikeld, the great Danish colonisation seems to have ended; we find Gatenby, the lost Normanby, mention in Domesday Book of a man called Sudan (Old Irish Suthan), and at Pickhill a cross bearing traces of Irish influence. These few pieces of evidence seem to show that Halikeld was the eastern limit of the very strong Norwegian colonisation of Hang wapentake. In Hang East, south of Catterick, there was a large settlement, as indicated by such names as Scalerig in Hudswell and Scaleflath in Colburn (containing skáli), Leveracgille near Miregrim, Thieves Gill, Helegile and Wythegile (containing gil), all near Hipswell. Patrick Brompton, Arrathorne, Oran, and Miregrim are examples of Irish influence, whilst Ghille (Old Irish Gilla) was the name of a local tenant in 1066. In Hang West there are far more Scandinavian than English names, and as many of these are certainly Norwegian in origin it is probable that most of the others are Norwegian also. Specifically Norwegian are Gammersgill, Scalestedes in Wensley, and Skell Gill (containing skáli), Ulegile in Wensley, Wantegile in Castle Bolton, Thwertlanggille in West Bolton, High and Low Gill, Howgill, Achegile and Stiwardgile in Widdale, and Hell Gill (containing gil), Hungrebrekes in West Bolton (brekka), Fossdale (foss), and the river-name Bain (from Old Norwegian beinn 'short, quick'). Cragdale possibly contains Old Irish creag, which must have been introduced by Norwegians from Ireland, and Irish personal names are found in Paterik-keld in Harmby, Melmerby and Carperby, and as the names of early tenants such as Glunier, Gilmychel, Ghilpatric, Colman, and Meriaduc. At Finghall, Thornton Steward, Middleham and Wensley crosses have been found which show Irish influence. In Swaledale the traces of Scandinavian settlement are not so frequent as in Wensleydale, but in Swaledale the evidence of Anglian settlement is stronger. Crin is the Irish name of a local landowner in 1066, and Skaleflat (Norse skáli) is found in Feetham. The few traces of Scandinavian influence in south and upper Swaledale suggest that the Scandinavian settlement of those parts was slight compared with that on the north side of the valley, but that the few Scandinavians who did settle were Norwegians rather than Danes.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

FOSSDALE

• Fossedale 1280 YI; 1283 Rich 33
• Foresdale 1301 LS
• Forsdalethwayt 1307 Ch

'Waterfall valley' vide fors, dalr, þveit. The earliest spelling is from the OWScand assimilated type foss.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 132

Danby

2. GLAISDALE 16 H 7 with GLAISDALE BECK

• Glasedale 12 (Whitby Cartulary), circa 1200, 1223 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines), (Guisborough Cartulary), 1224 (Calendar of Patent Rolls), 1665 (Heraldic Visitations of Yorkshire)
• Glasedalebech 12 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Glasdale 1223 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines), 1227 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1369 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

The modern form Glais- indicates that the ME vowel in the first element was long; the name may, therefore, be compared with Glazebrook (Ekwall, Place-Names Lancashire 94) which is perhaps from the British word found in Welsh glas 'blue, green' etc. vide dæl.

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Editor's note 1: The first element of the Glaisdale place-name may derive from OE glæs, or ON glas, 'glass' as in Glasir, m. 'the Glassy', the name of a grove with golden leaves (Edda), suggesting possible 'forest' glass production in Glaisdale from 1200 AD, a technique that used plant ash from trees and sand as the main raw ingredients in the production of glass characterised by its greenish-yellow colour caused by the presence of impurities, mainly iron oxide, in the raw materials:

• Sixteenth-Century Glass-Making in Yorkshire: Excavations at Furnaces at Hutton and Rosedale, North Riding, 1968-1971
• English Medieval Glass-making Technolgy: Scientific Analysis of the Evidence (1998) Ian James Merchant

Glass manufacture requires (cullet), silica (SiO₂), soda ash (Na₂CO₃), sand and lime (CaCO₃) all of which are locally available in Glaisdale:

• Silica Quarry [NZ 68430 09165]
• Clay Pit [NZ 68768 09220]
• Sand Pit [NZ 78513 06833]

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Guisborough

1. COMMONDALE 16 F 4

• Colemandale 1273 YI
• Colmandale 1539 Dugdale vi. 275
• Comondale) 1583 FF
• Colmendall 1573 FF

'Colman's valley' vide dalr. The name Colman (which is also found in Coldman Hargos infra) is of Irish origin, from OIr Colmán, a shortened form of OIr Columbán (vide Revue Celtique, XLIV 41). vide Introduction page xxvii.

COLDMAN HARGOS (6")

• Colemanergas 1119, 1129 Guis
• Col(l)emanhergas 1170-90 YCh 659, a. 1199, 1239 Guis

'Colman's shielings' vide erg (shieling, hill or summer pasture) and Commondale supra.

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Editor's note 2

Commondale [NZ 66488 10358]; Commondale Beck [NZ 67032 09848]; Commondale Moor [NZ 66452 09110]

The place-name Commondale was recorded in the 13th century in the form Colemandale, the first element of which is the Irish personal name, Colmán. Absent such early records, it would not be apparent from the modern form that this place-name indicates ON migration from Ireland across the Irish Sea.

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Introduction at page xxvii

In Langbaurgh East and Langbaurgh West, where Danish influence was not extensive, there are indications of a thorough settlement by Norwegians, especially round Guisborough and the district to the west.

Norwegian influence is evident in such names as Scalebec in Liverton, Burnolfscales in Guisborough, Raufscales in Kildale, Scalestedes in Tocketts, Stainschale in Upleatham, Scale Foot and Scaling (all containing skáli), Endebrec in Guisborough, Bakestanbrec in Tocketts and Likkebreke in Coatham (containing brekka); Coldman Hargos (erg) and Commondale contain the Irish personal name Colmán. Patricius (Old Irish Patric) and Magbanet are the names of early tenants, and crosses at Easington and Skelton exhibit Irish forms of decoration. A little to the west occur Normanby, Airy Holme, Lackenby, and Hillbraith, whilst Dunlangabrotes in Great Broughton contains the Old Irish personal name Dunlang, and Colman is the name of an early tenant. The series is continued further west in the northern parts of Allertonshire and Birdforth, by Fowgill, Blow Gill, Irby and Irton. Sawcock is an Irish-Norwegian inversion compound (v. supra xxii, n. 1), and Birkby probably refers to a village of Britons or Brito-Scandinavians who had joined the Norwegians as they were passing through Cumberland. Melmidoc, Gilemicel, Dughel, and Malgrin are Irish names borne by local landholders in 1066. Irish forms of carving are found on crosses at Birkby, Northallerton, Brompton, and Osmotherley all in the north of Allertonshire, and at Crathorne and Kirk Leavington in the adjacent part of Langbaurgh West.

"DRAFT: Handbook of English Place-Name Construction" (2014) Sara L. Uckelman at page 130

Colmán; Commondale (NRY)

[252] ON deild, 'a deal, dole, share'; OWScand deill, 'a share, allotment, portion of land': Mickledales, Moordale, Mordales, Bydales, Grundales, Moordale Beck, Moordale Bridge.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 30 to 35

OWScand deill in ME field-names.

In some ME records previous to the middle of the 14th century, especially those dealing with grants of land royal charters of confirmation, there occurs not a small number of field-names terminating in -deil, -dail, etc. The terminal is evidently identical with OWScand deill … 'a share, allotment, portion of land'. But this word does not seem to have been much in use in OWScand …

… However that may be, it is clearly beyond all doubt that in the ME names under notice we are actually concerned with OWScand deill …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 98, entry 17

deild (deilþ, deilð), f. a deal, dole, share … fara at deildum, to be parcelled out.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 98, entry 23

deill, m. [German theil; Gothic dails; English 'deal'; Swedish-Danish deel, del], Diplomatarium Norvagicum; this word never occurs in old writers, and can scarcely be said to be in use at present. Icelandic uses the feminine deild and deila, vide above.

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Editor's note: Mickle Dales, Mordales, Grundales and Bydales are field systems which surround Marske on its landward side to the south (Mordales), west (Mickle Dales) and north (Grundales and Bydales), none of which are located in a 'dale' which lends strong support to the proposition that their shared suffix 'dales' is derived, not from ON dalr, 'dale, valley', but from OWScand deill 'a share of land or a common field'. The ON first elements of each of these place-names are, respectively, mikil, 'great, large, much', mór, 'a moor', grund, 'a green field, grassy plain' and bý, 'a farm'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 151

Guisborough

MOORDALE (6")

• Moridayles circa 1175 (Guisborough Cartulary)

'Swampy shares of the common field' vide deill. Mori is the OE adjective mōrig from mor.

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Editor: see above ON deill, deillir 'shares' and ON mór, 'moor'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Upleatham

MICKLEDALES (6")

• Mikeldailes 13th Guis
• Mikeldeldes 1407 YI

'Large shares of the common field' vide mycel, deill. The form deldes arises in the same way that early English vilde comes from vile.

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Editor: see also ON element mikill, 'large, great' and OWScand deill, 'a share, allotment, portion of land'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Upleatham

MORDALES (6")

• Moredeldes 1407 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

vide mor and preceding name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 160

Ormesby

MOORDALE BECK, MOORDALE BRIDGE (6")

• Moredale 1230 Guis

Editor's note: vide ON mór, 'moor' and OWScand deill, 'a share, allotment, portion of land'.

[253] ON dík, díki, 'a dike, ditch': Black Dike, Crag Dike, Cross Dike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 100, entry 18

DÍKI and dík n. a dike, ditch … díkis-bokki, a, m. an eel.

[254] ON drag, 'a watercourse'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 102, entry 18

drag, n. [draga], in compounds as ör-drag, a bow-shot, of distance: specifically a soft slope or valley … in plural, drög, the watercourse down a valley, dals-drög, dala-drög; Gljufrár-drög … the metaphorical phrase, leggja drag uridir eitthvat, to lay the keel under a thing, i.e. to encourage it … Southern Icelanders also say, leggja drog fyrir eitthvat, to lay a drag (net) for a thing, i.e. to take some preparatory steps for a thing.

[255] ON brekka, 'slope, hill': Brecken Howe, Breck (Whitby, lost).

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 65 and 66

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE brǣc 'breach, land broken up for cultivation' / ON brekka 'slope, hill'

Although these elements appear different in standardised written forms, distinguishing the elements in the ME period is problematic. There is a variety of reflexes of the OE form … which means that distinguishing the elements by vowel length orthographically is unlikely. Moreover, a shortened (presumably modern) variant breck is apparently well attested (VEPN (sub verbo brec), and any ME antecedents of this form would be both phonologically and orthographically indistinguishable from the reflex of ON brekka.

In some probable instances of ON brekka … it has been thought possible to distinguish the elements on topographical grounds … However, in the names considered here, only one has an associated modern reflex and so can be accurately localised, Breck Road, Wallasey, Wirral (le Brekkes 14th century) and although it is tempting to see this as a reflex of ON brekka as Breck Road runs past an area recorded under the name 'The Slopes' on an OS map from the 1870s at SJ 299 912, OE brǣc cannot safely be ruled out. As the elements cannot reasonably be distinguished on phonological or topographical grounds, the elements have been counted as indistinguishable here.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 127 and Introduction xxvii

Whitby

BRECK (lost)

• Breche DB 1086
• Brecca(m) DB 1086, 1100 - circa 1115 YCh 857; 1133 Whitby

'The slope'; vide brekka and Introduction xxvii. See also footnote [240]

At page xxvii

In the extreme east of the wapentake the name Irton points to a small Norwegian colony amid the Danish thorps, whilst Scarborough was founded by the Norseman Thorgils Skarthi (infra 105-6).

In Whitby Strand, where there was little Danish settlement (supra xxv), place-names show many Norwegian features, such as Burstadgile (Norse gil) in Suffield and Waterslakgille (Norse slakki, gil) in Thirley Cotes, Breck, Normanby and Airy Hill. Many of the common Scandinavian names like Whitby and Gnipe How, should, therefore, probably be ascribed to the Norwegians.

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Editor's note: from 'Breche' 1086 Domesday Book, derives from Old Norse brekka, 'a slope', and is possibly the hillside adjacent to the south and west of Baldby Closes - see footnotes Baldby (Fields).

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"The Vikings in Lakeland: Their Place-Names, Remains, History" (1939) William Gershom Collingwood, Saga Book XXIII at page 351

Place Names

Our dialect, though not our place-names, gives also "brant" for brattr; on the other hand old place-mes have "breck" and "brick" for brekka (not "brink"), and "back" seems to stand for bakka, instead of "bank", e.g. Sunbrick and Backbarrow. Whether it is possible that Thorgisl's companions said brantr, or whether our word regained its n under English influence. which certainly modified the settlers' Norse into the Dalesmen's dialect - this must be left for the judgment of scholars.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 78, entry 23

BREKKA, u, f. [Swedish and English 'brink'] a slope; brekku brún, the edge of a slope; in local names in Iceland: as a law term, 'the hill where public meetings were held and laws promulgated', etc., hence the phrase, leiða í brekku, to proclaim a bondsman free. Compounds: brekku-brún, vide above. brekku-megin, n. strength to climb the crest of a hill.

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ON þingbrekka

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 737, entry 18

þing-haugr, m. a 'þing-how', hill of laws, a Norse local name … perhaps = þingbrekka.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 180

And further, breck, which is very common in LAN … is derived from ON brekka, 'a slope'. The corresponding Danish word is brink, from which the English brink, 'edge of a hill', is derived … In most cases, however, it is impossible to decide whether a place-name is of ON or ODan origin.

[256] ON askr, 'an ash, anything made of ash': Ash Holm, Askrigg, Aske Beck.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Áskr (m. 1).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 236, 421, 445 and 520

• askr m. ash (-tree); in kenning for warrior, Hárs drífu askr; ship (made of ash), Viking ship; sword-name (name for a horse)
• asksǫgn f. (ash-) ship's crew; Ullar asksǫgn are the shield-crew, warriors with shields
• askþollr m. '(ash-) ship-tree', in kenning for warriors, Ullar askþollr, the trees of Ullr's ship (i.e. of the shield)
• vaskr adj. manly, bold
• Askvitull m. a ship ('a bit of an askr')
• Yggdrasill m. a mythical ash tree … nearly always called askr Yggdrasils

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 254

• vaskr adj. valiant, diligent, clever

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 197

Old Byland

ASHBERRY HILL

• Escheberch 1135-46 Riev
• Eskebergam 1143 BylD 15 d; 1181 BylE 103 d

'Ash-tree hill' vide eski, berg.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 261

Aysgarth

3. ASKRIGG 20 C 14

• Ascric DB, -cryk Hy 2 MaryH, MS Harl. 236 early 14th century 6 d
• Askerik, -yk 1198 Fount; 1228 Dugd v. 576
• Askerich 1218 FF; 13 Easby 277
• Askerigg 1285 KI 1285 et passim

vide askr. The second element is almost certainly hrycg. Compare Gaterigg 161 supra which is a hrycg-name, and shows forms in -ryk and rik in the 12th and 14th centuries. Note also Girrick 144 supra and Marrick 294 infra. 'Ash-ridge'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 286

Easby

1. ASKE HALL 14 H 7

• Has(s)e DB
• Ask(e) 1157 RichReg 82

'Ash-tree'. The DB form may represent OE æsc rather than ON askr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 25, entry 35

ASKR, s, m. Anglo Saxon äsc, whence many English local names; an ash, fraxinus … 2. anything made of ash: a spear, properly, ashen spear shaft … a small ship, a bark (built of ash); … it appears only two or three times in Icelandic prose writers; hence may be explained the name of ascmanni, viking, pirate [Anglo Saxon äscmen], compare askmaðr … a small vessel of wood (frequently in Icelandic, and used instead of deep plates, often with a cover (asklok) in carved work) … Compounds:

• ask-limar, f. plural, branches of an ash
• ask-maðr, m. Anglo Saxon äscmen, a viking, pirate, a cognomen
• aska-smiðr, m. ship-wright
• aska-spillir, m. a ship-spoiler, i. e. a pirate, a cognomen
• ask-viðr, ar, m. ash-tree
• eski, n. [askr], an ashen box; modern spelt askja, and used of any small box

[257] ON jöfurr, 'a wild boar'; ON hlið, 'a side'; ON hlið, 'a gate, gateway'; ON hlíð, 'a slope, mountain side': Everley, Everley Banks.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 115

Hackness

EVERLEY

• Eurelai, Eurelag DB
• Euerlaye 1090-6 YCh 855
• Everle 1177-89 FF et passim to 1328 Banco; -lac 1314 NRS
• Yereley Saxton

'Wild boar clearing'; vide eofor, leah. On the modern form compare Yearsley 193 infra and for lac vide Helmsley 71 supra.

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Editor's note: possibly from ON jöfur 'wild boar' and hlið 'hillside, slope'. See also Everley [SE 97218 88905], Everley Bank Wood [SE 97264 89262] Everley Banks [SE 97069 89346] and Everley Bridge (now Wrench Green Bridge) [SE 96801 89269] and adjacent Leys Spring [SE 97629 88984] from either OE leah 'clearing' or ON hlið 'hillside, slope'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 327, entry 30

JÖFURR, m., dative, jöfri, plural, jöfrar: [Anglo Saxon eofor]: a wild boar; but it occurs in this sense only twice or thrice in poetry … metaphorical, a king, warrior, probably from the custom of wearing a boar's head as a helmet … Anglo Saxon eofor-cumbol and Hildigöltr; jöfurr in this sense is not used in prose, but is frequent in old poetry … jór-bjúga, n. [from jöfur, a boar, and bjúga, q. v. a kind of sausage] …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 1

HLIÐ, feminine, plural, hliðar (hliðu dative, obsolete) … a side … standa á hlið einhverjum, to stand beside one … á hlið hvára, on each side, … á aðra hlið, at one's other side, á báðar hliðar, á tvær hliðar, on both sides … á vinstri hlið, on the left hand, … á hægri hlið, on the right hand; snúask á hlið, to turn oneself (in sleep) … á allar hliðar, on all sides; veltask á ymsar hliðar, to toss to and fro … leggja eitthvat fyrir hlið, to lay beside.

• á aðra hlið, at one's other side
• á báðar hliðar, á tvær hliðar, on both sides
• á vinstri hlið, on the left hand
• snúask á hlið, to turn oneself (in sleep)
• á allar hliðar, on all sides
• á ymsar hliðar, to toss to and fro
• fyrir hlið, to lay beside

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 2

HLIÐ, n. [Anglo Saxon hlið] a gate, gateway; … 2. a wide gap … in law a gap in a fence not above sixty feet long was hlið, if more it was a breach (bálka-brot) … metaphorically a space, interval (= bil) …

• hliða, að, to give way, go aside, recede … II. reflex, to become open
• hlið-lauss, adj. 'gateless', without a gate
• hlið-mæltr, part. a kind of metre
• hliðr, m., poetical an ox
• hlið-rúm, n. open space, free passage
• hlið-sjón, f. a side glance
• hafa hlið af, to take a look at
• Hlið-skjálf, f., old dat. hliðskjálfu, Gm. (prose): probably rather to be derived from hlið, gate, than hlið, side; the initial h is borne out by alliteration: a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds
• hlið-skjár, m. a side window, originally a window or opening from which to keep a look out
• hlið-veggr, m. a side wall
• hlið-vörðr, m. a porter

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 13

HLÍÐ, f., in modern usage plural, hlíðar, but hlíðir in old writers … [Anglo Saxon hlîð; Norse li; lost in Danish] a slope, mountain side …

• fjalls-hlið, a fell-side
• hlíðar-brún, f. the edge of a hlíð
• hlíðar-fótr, m. the foot of a hlíð
• hlíðar-garðr, m. a fence on a fell-side dividing the pastures of two farms
• Hlíðar-sól, f. sun of the Hlíð, nickname of a fair lady
• Hlíðar-menn or Hlíð-menn, m. plural, the men from Hlíð

[258] (1) ON fár, fær, 'a sheep'; (2) ON rfjar, fjarr, fjarran, fjarri, 'far, far off, distant': Farfields, Fair Hill, Farwath.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 147, entry 7

FÁR, f. [Danish faar] a sheep, vide fær

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 184, entry 37

FÆR, f. a sheep; in Swedish-Danish faar and fär are the usual words for sheep; but in Icelandic it is almost unknown; it occurs in Skálda; also now and then in the compound fær-sauðr, m., spelt fjar-sauðr (properly a 'sheep-sheep', sauðr being the common Icelandic word for sheep) from fær is also derived the name Fær-eyjar, f. plural, the Faroe Islands (Sheep-islands); Fær-eyskr, adj., and Fær-eyingar, m. plural, the Faroe Islanders … fær is a South-Scandinavian word, and seems to be formed from the genitive, of fé (fjár).

• færa fé á vetr, to bring sheep to winter, i. e. keep them in fold
• færi-kvíar, f. plural, movable pens (of sheep)
• fara at fé, to watch sheep
• færa sauðfé, fewer sheep
• gæta fjár, to mind sheep

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 147, entry 36

FÉ, n., irregular genitive fjár, dative fé; plural genitive fjá, dative fjám; with the article, féit, féinu, féin, modern féð, fénu, fén: [Latin pecu; Gothic faihu; Anglo Saxon feoh; English 'fee'; … Danish fæ; Swedish få] cattle, in Iceland chiefly sheep; fé né menn … gæta fjár, to mind sheep … kvik-fé, live-stock, q. v.: ganganda fé, id., opposed to dautt fé, dead property … Compounds:

• fjár-beit, f. pasture for sheep
• fjár-borg, f. a 'burrow' or shieling in which sheep are kept in the east of Iceland
• fjár-breiða, u, f. a flock of white sheep
• fjár-dauði, a, m. cattle-plague
• fjár-fellir, m. falling of cattle, from plague or starvation
• fjár-fóðr, n. fodder
• fjár-fæði, n. = fjárfóðr
• fjár-fæling, f. [fóli], stealing cattle
• fjár-ganga, u, f. and fjár-gangr, m. a sheep-walk
• fjár-geymsla, u, f. keeping sheep and cattle
• fjár-hagi, a, m. pasture-land
• fjár-heimtur, f. plural, sheep returning from the mountain pastures
• fjár-hirðir, m. a shepherd
• fjár-knappr and fjár-hópr, m. a flock
• fjár-hundr, m. a shepherd's dog
• fjár-hús, n. a shed or shieling for sheep
• fjár-kaup, n. plural, purchase of sheep
• fjár-kláði, a, m. the scab on sheep
• fjár-nyt, f. sheeps' milk
• fjár-pest, f. the cattle-plague
• fjár-rekstr, m. a drove of sheep
• fjár-réttr, m. the driving of sheep from the mountain pastures in the autumn, grazing
• fjár-sauðr, m. = færsauðr, sheep

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"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at page 94.

NEDial far, 'sheep' … OEScand fār, ONorw fār, (as for OWScand fœr, see Noreen, Altisl. Gr2. 68, 2) …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 59

fjar-lægr, adjective, 'far-lying', distant

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 60

fjarr, adjective, being far off, an obsolete word

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 61

fjarran, adverb [Anglo Saxon feorran; Old English ferne; German fern; Swedish fjärran; Danish fjern], far off = fjarri

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 62

fjarri, comparative firr, modern fjær, superlative first or firrst, modern fjærst; [… Anglo Saxon feor; English 'far' …] far off; svá at fjarri flugu brotin, flew far off … the provinces that were at a distance (fjar-lægr)

[259] ON fold; 'a field'; ON fjall, 'a fell, mountain'; ON fell, 'a fell, wild hill': Huby Fields, West Field, Widdy Field.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 51

-fell - ON fiall, ODan fjeld, 'a mountain, a hill', also in north of England, 'a wild stretch of waste hill land, a moorland ridge'. In either case the name is found only from the NBL border through CUL and WES, south to Littledale Fells, south-east of Lancaster; perhaps not elsewhere.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 163, entry 36

FOLD, f. [Anglo Saxon folde; compare English 'field', German feld], a field of soft grass; flata-foldir, fields … hence fyldinn, adj., quod vide Foldir, f. plural local name of a grassy oasis in western Iceland; rare in prose, but frequent in poetry: generally the earth … á foldu, on earth, … II. the name of a fjord and county in Norway, the modern Christjania-fjord; Vest-fold, West-fold, a county; perhaps 'fold' is to be taken in this sense, viz. = fjörðr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 151, entry 1

FELL, n. a fell, wild hill, … frequent in local names; Helga-fell, Mos-fell, Mið-fell, Meðal-fell, Þórólfs-fell, and Fell alone. In Iceland fell is a single hill, and in plural, a range of hills; fjall (= Lat. mons) is a general name.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 51

-fell ON fjall, ODan fjeld, 'a mountain, a hill', also in north of England, 'a wild stretch of waste hill land, a moorland ridge'. In either case the name is found only from the Northmnberland Border through Cumberland and Westmorland, south to Littledale Fells, south-east of Lancaster; perhaps not elsewhere.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 18

FJALL, n., plural, fjöll, [a Scandinavian word, Swedish fjäll, Danish fjæld, but wanting in the German and Saxon, not even used in the Ormulum, but frequent in Northern English and Scottish, where it is of Danish origin] a fell, mountain … the plural, fjöll is used of a mountain with many peaks … of a single mountain: the plural, is also used of a chain of mountains thus, Alpa-fjöll, the Alps; Pyrenea-fjöll, the Pyrenees; but Dofra-fjall, the Dofra range in Norway … Compounds:

• fjalla-bak, n. the back of a fell
• the sun sinks að fjalla baki, behind the fells
• fjalla-dalr, m. a valley
• fjalla-fé, n. sheep on the fells or hill-pastures
• fjalla-gol, n. a light breeze from the fells … opp. to haf-gola, a breeze off the sea
• fjalla-grö's, n. plural,, botan. lichen Islandicus
• fjalla-klofi, a, m. a cleft or pass between fells
• fjalla-læða, u, f. 'fell-sneaker', a mist leaving the fells clear, but covering the low land
• fjalla-sýn, f. mountain-view
• fjalls-brún, f. the brow, edge of a fell
• fjalls-hlíð, f. a fell-side
• fjalls-hyrna or fjalls-gnípa, u, f. the horn of a fell, a sharp peak
• fjalls-hæðir, f. plural, summits
• fjalls-múli, a, m. a 'mull' or crag projecting between two valleys
• fjalls-rætr, f. plural, the roots of a f., i. e. the foot of a mountain
• fjalls-öxl, f. the shoulder of a fell
• fjall, n. a fell, skin, Lat. pellis, vide berfjall, (rare.)
• fjalla, að, to clothe with a fell, cover with fur
• fjalla-fæla, u, f. a bird, 'mount-shunner', the sand-piper
• fjall-berg, n. a crag, precipice
• fjall-borg, f. a hill-fort
• fjall-bygð, f. a county among fells
• fjall-dalr, m. a dale in the fells
• fjall-dýr, n. a beast of the fells, wild beast (of a fox)
• fjall-ferð, f. a 'fell-trip', mountain excursion
• fjall-ganga, u, f. going into the fell-pastures to gather sheep
• fjallgöngu-maðr, m. men searching the fells for sheep
• fjall-garðr, m. a wall of fells, range of hills
• fjall-gola, u, f. a breeze from the fells
• fjall-hagi, a, m. a fell-pasture
• fjall-hola, u, f. a 'fell-hole', cavern
• fjalligr, adj. hilly, mountainous
• fjall-kona, u, f. 'fell-queen', a giantess
• fjall-maðr, m. = fjallgöngumaðr
• fjall-nár, m. a law term, a man put to death by being exposed on a fell, opp. to gálg-nár hanged, sæ-nár drowned
• fjall-rapi, mod. fjall-drapi, a, m. a kind of dwarf birch
• fjall-rota, u, f. [Norse rutte], a kind of wild partridge
• fjall-rænn, adj. blowing from the fells
• fjall-skarð, n. a gap in the fell, mountain-pass
• fjall-skerða, ð, a pun = gilja, to beguile
• fjall-skora, u, f. a 'fell-scaur'
• fjall-skógr, m. a mountain forest
• fjall-slétta, u, f. a mountain plain, table land
• fjall-stöng, f. a fellsman's staff
• fjall-tindr, m. a mountain peak, = fjalla-tindr
• fjall-vegr, m. a mountain road
• fjall-viðr, m. timber from the fells
• fjall-vindr, m. a land wind, opp. to hafvindr
• fjall-þoka, u, f. fog from the fells

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 115

Hackness

NORTHFIELD FARM

• Norfel, Nordfeld 1086 (Domesday Book)
• Norfild 1108-14 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Northfeld 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide norð, feld, and Suffield supra.

[260] ON ferja, 'a ferry, to carry by sea'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 152, entry 2

ferja, u, f. a ferry … Compounds:

• ferju-ár, f. a ferryman's oar
• ferju-búi, one who lives near a ferry
• ferju-hald, n. charge of a ferry
• ferju-karl, n. a ferry carle, ferryman
• ferju-land, n. land belonging to a ferry
• ferju-maðr, m. a ferryman, the inmate of a ferry-house
• ferju-máldagi, a, m. a ferry contract
• ferju-skattr, m. a ferry-toll
• ferju-skip, n. a ferry-boat
• ferju-smíði, n. building a ferry
• ferju-staðr, m. a ferry place
• ferju-stútr, m. the post to which a ferry-boat is fastened
• ferju-tollr, m. a ferry-toll

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 152, entry 3

ferja, old form farði … [English 'ferry'] to transport, carry by sea, and especially to ferry over a river or strait; ferja einhvern af landi, to carry one abroad … ferja einhvern aptr, to carry one back …

[261] ON fjörðr, 'a fjord'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 158, entry 21

FJÖRÐR, m., genitive, fjarðar; dat. firði; plural, firðir, genitive, fjarða: acc. fjörðu, mod. firði: [Swedish-Danish fjord; Northern English and Scottish firth; English 'ford' is a kindred word, but not identical] a firth, bay, a Scandinavian word; but a small crescent-formed inlet or creek is called vík, and is less than fjörðr, hence the saying, fjörðr milli frænda, en vík milli vina, let there be a firth between kinsmen, but a creek between friends, denoting that kinship is not always so trustworthy as friendship: … local names combined with some other word expressing the shape, etc.:

• Breiði-fjörðr, 'broad fjord'
• Mjófi-fjörðr, 'narrow fjord'
• Djúpi-fjörðr, 'deep fjord'
• Grunni-fjörðr, 'shallow fjord'
• Eyja-fjörðr, 'island fjord'
• Lima-fjörðr, 'branched fjord'
• Eylíma-fjörðr, 'unbranched fjord'
• Arnar-fjörðr, 'Eagle fjord'
• Alpta-fjörðr, 'Swan fjord'
• Vatns-fjörðr, 'Fresh water fjord'

In Iceland and old Scandinavian countries the shore districts are frequently divided into counties, bearing the name of the firth, just as the inland is divided into dales; thus Eyja-fjörðr and Skaga-fjörðr denote both the firth and the county bordering on the firth. The western and eastern parts of Iceland are called Vest-firðir and Aust-firðir; in Norway a county is called Firðir … over a hundred names of Icelandic fjords are recorded and the Sagas.

• fjarða-gol, n. a breeze blowing off a fjord
• fjarðar-botn, m. the bottom or head of a fjord
• fjarðar-horn, n. the creek at the head of a fjord
• fjarðar-íss, m. fjord-ice
• fjarðar-kjöptr or fjarðar-minni, n. the mouth (opening) of a fjord
• fjarðar-menn, m. plural, the inhabitants of a fjord county
• fjall eðr fjörðr, fells or firths
• fjarðar-, vide fjörðr, a firth

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 21, entry 24

ANGR … [compare English 'anger'…] I. grief, sorrow … II. in Norse local names frequent = bay, firth, e. g. Staf-angr, Harð-angr, etc. etc. (never in Iceland): kaupangr in Norway means a town, village … [compare the English 'Chipping' in Chipping Norton, Chipping Ongar, etc., and in London, 'Cheapside'] these places being situated at the bottom of the firths: fjörðr hardly ever occurs in local names in Norway, but always angr … The word is obsolete in the historical age and scarcely appears as a pure appellative … [Root probably Latin ang- in ango, angustus, angiportus.]

[262] ON fiskr, 'a fish'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 155, entry 10

FISKR, m. [Anglo Saxon fisc; English 'fish'] a fish, of both sea and fresh-water fish, especially cod, trout, salmon are often called 'fish' … different kind of fish, heilagr fiskr (mod. heilag-fiski), halibut

• hval-fisk, a 'whale fish'
• beit-fisk, bait fish
• ill-fiskar, ill or evil fishes, sharks
• skel-fisk, shell fish
• blautr fisk, fresh fish
• skarpr fisk, dried fish
• hvítr á fiskinn, having white flesh
• fjör-fiskr, live fish, a phrase for spasms of the muscles, the 'growing pains' common in children - the fjör-fiskr is said to bound or leap (sprikla), which is regarded as a sign of good health and growth
• fiska-á, f. = fiski´
• fiska-ferð, f. = fiskigangr
• fiska-kaup, n. the purchase of (dried) fish
• fiska-kyn, n. a kind of fish
• fiska-merki, n. the zodiac
• fiska-pollr, m. a fish-pool
• fiska-skip, n. a fishing-vessel
• fiska-stöð, f. = fiskistöð
• fiska-stöng, f. = fiskistöng
• fiska-tíund, f. fish-tithe
• fisk-æti, n. fish-meat
• fisk-laust, n. adj. 'fish-less' and fisk-leysi, n. bad fishing
• fisk-lýsi, n. fish-oil
• fisk-reki, a, m. 'fish-driver', a kind of whale
• fisk-virði, n. the value of a fish, about two-pence English

[263] ON fit, 'meadow land on the banks of a firth, lake, or river': Marfit Head, The Fitts, Feetham.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 127

Whitby

THE FITTS (6")

• Fyths 1395 Whitby

'Luxuriant grasslands on the bank of a river' from ON fit, which enters into a number of Icelandic place-names (compare Landnámabók) and into such Norwegian place-names as Fiane, Fidjane Rygh, Indl. 49). Compare Feetham 271 infra.

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Editor's note: see Fitts Steps [NZ 89205 09871].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 155, entry 15

FIT, f., plural, fitjar, genitive fitja, dative fitjum, the webbed foot of water-birds, (hence fit-fuglar opposed to kló-fuglar) … fitja-skamr, adj. havinga short feet (of a seal) … 2. the web or skin of the feet of animals … II. metaphorical, meadow land on the banks of a firth, lake, or river … very frequent in Icelandic names of places … 2. the edge or hem of a sock, knitted things, etc., hence fitja upp, to begin knitting a piece.

[264] ON flatr, 'flat, level, of land': Chapel Flatts, Coda Flatt, Marleflatte, Cat Flats, Hen Flats, Flat Howe (Tumulus).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 159, entry 49

FLATR, adj., fem. flöt, neut. flatt; [English 'flat'] flat, level, of land …

• flattr fiskr, a flat fish
• draga flatan, to drag one flat on the ground
• kasfa sér flötum niðr, to throw oneself down flat
• stýra á flatt, to steer on the flank (side) of another ship
• bregða flötu sverði, to deal a blow with the flat of a blade
• öxin snerisk flöt, the axe turned so as to strike flat
• flata-fold, f. a flat-field
• flat-bytna, u, f. a flat-bottomed boat, a barge
• flat-ligr, adj. flat
• flat-liga, adv. flatly
• flat-maga, að, to bask in the sun, lie as a dog
• flat-nefr, adj. flat-nebbed
• flatneskja, u, f. a plain compare Engl. flats, as in the Essex flats
• flatningr, m. a flat fish
• flat-sigling, f. sailing with a side wind
• flat-smíði, n. things wrought flat with a plane or hammer
• flat-streymi, n. an eddy coming on the side of a ship
• flat-sæng, f. a bed made on the floor
• flat-særi (pronounced flassæri), n. a flat wound, as from a blister
• flat-vegr, m. the flat, broad side opp. to an edge
• flat-viðr, m. flat timber, planks, boards

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 21

Alne

3. FLAWATH 27 B 3

• Flathwayth circa 1180-94 YCh 796
• Flathewath(e) 1207 Easby 256 z; 1251 Ass; 1252 Ass; 1259 Ass; 1282 YI; 1301 LS
• Flaþewath 1289 For
• Flathewat 1295 For
• Flatwath 1316 Vill
• Flawythe, Flawith 1316 (Eliz) KF; 1582 FF

The second element is ON vað, 'ford'. Professor Ekwall suggests that the first element is the same word as Norw flade, SwedDial flada, 'flat meadow'. The whole name would then mean 'ford by the flat meadow-land'. Dr Lindkvist notes evidence for Norw *flað- with the same meaning as flat-, in Flaðkar Rygh NG xiv, 323.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 120

Whitby

FLAT HOWE

• Flathou 1252 (Yorkshire Inquistions)
• -how 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd Series)

'Flat mound'; vide flöt, haugr. There is a tumulus here.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Marske

GILDERT FLAT (6"), a field

• Gyldhousflat 1407 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

'Field near the guild-house', from ON gildi-hús (see "Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (1900) Erik Björkman at page 154) and flat. Compare the lost Gildhusmor (early 14 Whitby Cartulary) in Middlesborough and Gildusclif (1284 Yorkshire Inquisitions) in Scarborough.

[265] ON fors, foss, 'a 'force', waterfall': Falling Foss, Nelly Aire Foss, Foss Crooks, Fossdale.

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See also [89].

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 166, entry 3

FORS, modern foss, m., [Swedish-Danish foss, Northern English force;] a test word of Scandinavian language and origin … a 'force', waterfall … in many local names, Skóga-fors … 2. a brook, stream … fors-fall, n. a 'forcefall', torrent.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

FOSSDALE

• Fossedale 1280 YI; 1283 Rich 33
• Foresdale 1301 LS
• Forsdalethwayt 1307 Ch

'Waterfall valley' vide fors, dalr, þveit. The earliest spelling is from the OWScand assimilated type foss.

[266] ON fugl, fogl, 'a fowl, bird': Foulthwayt (lost).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 177, entry 28

FUGL, m., an older form fogl is usual in early manuscripts: fugls, both forms foglar and fuglar but in old poets fogl is required by the rhyme [Anglo Saxon fugol; English 'fowl'] - a fowl, bird … a nautical term hafa fugl af landi, to 'have fowl off land' to stand in within range of water-fowl, i.e. be from fifty to seventy miles off land … II. a proper name, Orkney.

• geir-fugl, the awk, Alca impennis
• æðar-fugl, the eider-duck
• hræ-fugl, a bird of prey
• smá-fuglar, small fowl, little birds
• söng-fugl, singing birds
• snæ-fugl, snow-fowl
• bjarg-fugl, cliff-fowl, sea gulls, etc.
• fugla-dráp, n. bird-catching
• fugla-kippa, u, f. a bundle of fowls
• fugla-net, n. a fowling net
• fugla-söngr, m. the song (screeching) of birds
• fugla-tekja, u, f. bird-taking
• fugla-veiðr, f. bird-catching
• fugls-rödd, f., mod. fugla-mál, n. a bird's voice, in tales
• karl-fuglinn, poor churl!
• fuglari, a, m. a fowler
• fugl-berg, n. a fowling cliff
• fugl-stapi, a, m. = fuglberg
• fugl-veiðr, f. fowling
• fugl-ver, n. a place for fowling
• fugl-verð, n. the price of fowl
• fugl-þúfa, u, f. a 'fowl-bank', bank on which birds sit
• fulki, a, m. a bird, fulica, = English 'coot'

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 109

Foulthwayt, YKS 1368 Rot. Orig.. Near Riccall ?

ME foul (OE fugel), or OWScand fugl, 'fowl, bird'. Or perhaps from OWScand fúll = OE fúl, ME foul 'foul, rotten', etc. Compare above Fairthwaite.

[267] ON fúll, 'foul, stinking': Foulrice, Foulsike, Fowgill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 178, entry 32

FÚLL, adj. [Anglo Saxon ful; English 'foul'] foul, stinking; and-fúll, of foul breath. II. metaphorical, foul, mean, as a law term in an ordeal, foul verða fúll af járni, to befoul (opposite to skírr, pure).

• fúl-leitr, adj. of foul appearance
• fúl-lifnaðr, m. and fúl-lífi, n. lewdness, lechery
• fúl-liga, adv. meanly
• fúl-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mean, paltry
• fúl-már, m. the 'foul-mew' or fulmar, a sea-bird
• fúl-mennska, u, f. paltriness, baseness
• fúlna, að, to become stinking
• fúls-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), basely
• fúl-yrði, n. foul language

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 82

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE fūl, adjective / ON fúll 'foul' adjective

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 28

Brandsby

FOULRICE

• Fulryse 1301 LS
• Fowlerice 1538 Dugdale

'Foul brushwood', probably referring to a 'miry place overgrown with brushwood', vide ful, hris.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 178

Ingleby Arncliffe

FOWGILL BECK

• Fulbroke circa 1150, circa 1160 Riev
• Fowgill 1616 NR

'Dirty stream' vide ful, broc, gil.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 109

Foulthwayt, YKS 1368 Rot. Orig.. Near Riccall ?

ME foul (OE fugel), or OWScand fugl, 'fowl, bird'. Or perhaps from OWScand fúll = OE fúl, ME foul 'foul, rotten', etc. Compare above Fairthwaite.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 93 and 94

Swaytesflat, Swaytesflath (2x) YKS 13th century Guis; in Guisbrough.

First member is probably an unrecorded OWScand *sveite, an ia-derivative of OWScand sveit f., which signified

1. a troop or party of men, generally (= OSwed svēt; compare OE sweot); as a military term: a small force forming a tactical unit in the field;
2. as in the compound þingmannasveit the district inhabited by the liegemen of a certain goði (priest and chief), in Iceland;
3. a settlement, tract or district in a general sense, especially in Iceland.

In the present case *sveiti may have been used in the first or the last of these applications. The type of the word presents no difficulties, seeing that it is paralleled by not a few similar formations in the OWScand language; compare, e.g. the synonyms fylki 'a troop, also a territorial division, district': folk n. 'people'; Hverfi: hvarf f. 'a district'; byrgi: borg f. 'fortified place': þveite: þweit f. 'piece'; enge: eng f. 'meadow', etc. In this connection should be noticed the 2nd member of the name in question, which is OWScand flǫt f. or flǫtr m. (gen. flatar) 'a plain, a level piece of ground'; perhaps the compound was applied to some sort of meeting-place for the men of the neighbour-hood. The name, which is of distinctly OWScand origin, is possessed of no small interest. In the immediate vicinity we find the field-name Thorfinflat (from the OWScand man's name þorfinnr); moreover, it is worthy of note that we are here in perhaps the most Scandinavian part of Yorkshire, not far from the Thingwala of the Whitby district (see above, page 16), Thynghou (13th century Riev, now Finney Hill) in West Harlsey, and Tinghoudale (Guis) in Lowcross, both the last from OWScand þing-haugr 'hill of laws' (compare Fritzner). For further details about sveit see … Steenstrup, Danelag, page 141 f.

[268] ON Geirr, Geiri (personal names); ON geirr, 'spear'; ON geiri, 'triangular piece of land in corner of a field, isolated spot of tender' grass: Cargrave.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Geirmundr (m. 8), Geirr (m. <5), Geiri (m. 3), Arngeirr (m. <5), Ásgeirr (m. 19), Geirroðr (m. 3), Geirleifr (m. 2), Geirólfr (m. 2) and Geirþiólfr (m. 2), Hróðgeirr (m. 3), Álfgeirr (m. 2), Hallgeirr (m. 2), Finngeirr (m. 1), Jólgeirr (m. 2), Oddgeirr (m. 1), Skorageirr (m. 1) and Vilgeirr (m. 1) .

ON feminine personal names Geirlaug (f. 3), Geirríðr (f. 3), Geirný (f. <2) and Geirbiórg (f. <2).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 196, entry 8

GEIRI, a, m. [English 'goar' or 'gore'], a goar or triangular strip … II. a proper name, Landnámabók. III. fire, poët.

• land-geiri, a goar of land
• gras-geirar, grass strips among rocks
• set-geiri, a goar let into breeches

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 196, entry 12

GEIRR, m. [Anglo Saxon gâr …] a spear, … Odin is represented wielding a geir, called Gungnir, as are also the Valkyrjur; marka sik geirs-oddi, to mark oneself in the breast with a spear's point, so as to make blood flow, was a heathen rite whereby warriors on their death-bed devoted themselves to Odin; it was the common belief that a man who died a natural death was not admitted into Valhalla after death; this rite is only mentioned in mythical Sagas such as Ynglinga Saga … the origin of this rite is in Hává-mál, where Odin himself is represented as hanging on the tree Yggdrasil 'wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself'; some trace it to a Christian origin, which is not very likely. Again, the cruel blóðörn (quod vide) is no doubt connected with this kind of sacrifice to Odin. II. a proper name, and also in many compounds, Sig-geirr, þór-geirr, Ás-geirr, Vé-geirr (the holy spear), and Geir-hildr, Geir-ríðr, Geir-mundr, Geir-laug, Geir-röðr, and many others … Geira, u, f. a proper name, Landnámábok

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages LVII and 46

The Scandinavian place-nomenclature in mediaeval England comprised not only the names of those spots where the new settlers built their farms. It included, besides, the names of all sorts of localities that existed within the regions populated by them; first of all the fields they cultivated, and the meadows and pastures where they grazed their cattle. A triangular piece of land in general was termed a geiri (for the names containing this word see page 46 f)

Gheregrave, Geregrave YKS DB; Geirgrave 1226 f. Gray's Reg, 1317 Pat, 1325 CI, 1335 C. Inq.; Geyregrave 1231 f. Pat, 1235 Gray's Reg, 1272 GiffReg, QW, 1279 Ch, 1303 YI; Gayregrave 1252 Gray's Reg, 1272 GiffReg; Geregrave 1251 Pat, 1253 C. Inq., Rot. H.; Gergrave 1236 CI, 1260 YI, KI, 1288 f. APlac, Tax, 1312 Pat, 1318 NReg; Gairgrave 1273 C. Inq., 1313 Pat, 1314 C. Inq.; Geyrgrave, Gayr-, Gare- 1302 KF; Geyrgrave 1313 Rot. Orig., 1314 f. Pat; Gayrgrave (al. Gergrave) 1314 C. Inq.; Gayrgrave 1308 f. Pat, Vill, 1322 APlac; now Gargrave.

First member is OWScand geiri m. in the sense of 'a triangular, wedge-shaped strip of land', as in the compound land-geiri (Vigf.). Second member probably OWScand grǫf (genitive grafar) 'a pit, hole dug'. Compare OE, ME grœfe 'trench, quarry'; OE grœf, ME grafe: grave, 'sepulcrum'.

The word, which originally meant 'a triangular piece like a spearpoint', seems to have been common to all or most Teutonic languages … Norw dialect geire 'wedge-like piece of cloth or skin, also of land' … On English territory we find OE gāra 'an angular point, a promontory', ME gore 'a wedge-shaped strip of land on the side of an irregular field', NEDial gore, goar, which belongs chiefly to southern England, though it is also found in the North. Of OWScand geiri as an appellative several instances appear in some ME records, which have hitherto escaped the notice of philologists.

[269] ON gás, 'a goose': Goose Dale, Wild Goose Carr, Good Goose Thorn, Gosling Green.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 193, entry 32

GÁS, f., genitive, gásar, nominative plural, gæss, accusative gæs, modern nominative gæs, gæsar, plural, gæsir, gæsa, gæsum, keeping the æ through all cases: [Danish gaas, plural, gjæs; Anglo Saxon gôs, plural gês or gees; English 'goose', plural, 'geese'; Old High German ganzo; German gans, plural, gänse;] a goose … heim-gás, a tame goose; grá-gás, a 'grey goose'; wild goose, brand-gás; gása-fiðri, n. a goose feather, gæsa-fjaðrir, gás-veiðr, f. goose catching; gæslingr, m. [gás], a gosling.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 186, entry 23

GAGL, n. [Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850) gagl = wild goose, compare the Scottish a gale of geese = a flock of geese] a wild goose … the goshawk is called gagl-fár, n. and gagl-hati, a, m. goose-destroyer.

[270] ON skrapa, 'to scrape, clatter': Scraper Lane.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 556, entry 40

skrapa, að, [English 'scrape'] to scrape, clatter; … 2. to scratch …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 394

skrápr or skrapr m. 'rough-skin' or (if vowel short) babbler, blatherer 106/19

[271] ON skriða, 'a land-slip, on a hill-side': Scrath.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 557, entry 31

SKRIÐA, u, f., genitive plural skriðna … a land-slip, on a hill-side … of an avalanche … also used of the black streaks on a mountain-side from old slips … II. frequent in local names, Skriða, Skriðu-klaustr, Skrið-dalr, Rauðu-skriður … map of Iceland Compounds:

• skriðu-fall, n. an avalanche
• skriðu-hjalli, a, m. a shelf
• skrið-bytta, u, f. a lantern
• skrið-kvikendi, n., collect creeping things, reptiles, worms, etc.
• skrið-ligr, adjective, creeping
• skrið kvikendi, a reptile
• skrið-ljós, n. a 'creeping light', lantern
• skriðna, að, to slip, slide
• skriðnan, f. a slipping
• skrið-ormr, m. a 'creeping worm', reptile

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 557, entry 39

skriðr, m., genitive skriðar, a creeping or sliding motion, of a reptile … of a ship … skrið, to slide, of a sledge …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 558, entry 7

SKRÍÐA, skríð, skreið, skriðu, skriðinn; neg. suff. skríði-at … [Danish skride; German schreiten] to creep, crawl, of reptiles … 2. generally, to creep … in the phrases, saman níðingar skríða, 'birds of a feather flock together' … skriða undir skegg einhverjum, to creep under another's beard for shelter … II. metaphorical, to glide, of a ship; skip skríðr … 2. to slide in snow-shoes (skíð); … metaphorical, láta skríða til skara, 'to slide to the edge of the ice', to fight desperately (the metaphor seems to be taken from sliding); skríða í skarð, to 'slide into the notch', fill it up …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 34, entry 33

aur-skriða, u, f. a land slip, avalanche

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 381

skriða, f. landslip, avalanche …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 160

Ormesby

SCRATH (6")

• Scrith 13 Guis

Probably connected with ONorw skrið neuter or skriða feminine 'land-slide'. Compare Rygh, Indl. 76. The modern form of the place-name is perhaps due to metathesis to Scirth > Scarth, with later remetathesis to Scrath.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) edited by Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London (1998) at page 394

skríða (skreið) strong verb, crawl, glide along 4/33, 46/29; glide (through the water) v261/3; pp. travelled over on skis v349/2 (with láði; the land skied over by Finns is Finnmǫrk, i. e. Lapland)

skriðna (að) weak verb, slip 50/6

[272] ON skeið, 'a race': Hesketh, Hesketh Dike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 542, entry 32

SKEIÐ, n. a race; renna skeið við einhvern, to run a race with one, … ríða á skeið, to ride at full speed … taka einhvern á skeiði, to overtake … II. a course, of space; 2. of a space of time; þat var eitt skeið, it was one space of time that, Njáll þagnaði nokkut skeið, a while, um skeið, for a while … III. in local names, Skeið, Skeiðar-á, Landnámabók Skeiða-menn, m. plural, the men of Skeið:

• ríða ó skeið, to ride at full speed
• hlaupa ó skeið, to take a run
• skeiða, að, [skeiðir], to gallop
• skeið-brímir, m. the name of a mythical steed
• skeið-gata, u, f. a broad causeway
• skeið-hestr, m. a race-horse, also of a horse that ambles
• skeið-kollr, m. a nickname
• skeið-reitt, n. part. a broad way for riding
• skeifa, u, f. [beowulf], a horse-shoe
• hólf-skeið, a broken horse-shoe
• skeiða, að;, [skeiðir], to sheath a sword, knife … [skeið, n.], to gallop.
• skeið-hestr, m. a race-horse, also of a horse that ambles (skeið).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 390 and 391

skeið (1) n. stretch of ground; in kenning for sea, Glamma skeið v363/3 … race, running: skeiði bráðr swift in running (of a ship conceived as a horse) v254/7 (with mar), or in kenning for sea, Reifnis skeið …

skeið (2) (plural, skeið(a)r) f. large longship (… larger than a snekkja) …

skeiða (að) weak verb, sheathe; gallop v302/3 t. n.

skeiðklofi m. bow-legged, bandy-legged person 106/20 (see Blöndal 1920-24)

snekkja f. a kind of large warship, generally with 20 rowing benches and a 90-man crew (Falk 1912, 102-4: smaller than a skeið; Old English snacc) …

Glammi m. a sea-king v412/2; in kennings for sea, Glamma skeið …

Reifnir m. a sea-king v415/2; whose roof is a shield, in kenning for … sea, Reifnis skeið …

Skeiðbrimir m. one of the Æsir's horses …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 542, entry 31

SKEIÐ, f., plural skeiðr, … a kind of swift-sailing ship of war of the class langskip, but distinguished from dreki, frequent in the Sagas; … II. the slay or weaver's rod, with which in former times the weft was beaten; … 2. a spoon, Danish skee, frequent in modern usage; a spoon made of silver is skeið of horn spónn, of wood sleif; … Compounds: skeiðar-kinn, skeiðar-nef, a nickname, from the beaks of swift ships … skeiðar-kylfi, n. a club or beak on the skeið …

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" Harald Lindkvist (1912) at pages 29 and 64

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ei' (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

Bruneskayth … 2nd member OWScand skeið, recorded in several meanings, of which the following may be quoted from Fritzner: (1) a race-course (2) a portion, piece (3) a ridge of earth or sand that forms a natural transit from one place to another (4) a cart-road between the corn-fields of a farm. Which of these meanings should be assigned to skeið in the present ease is uncertain. For further particulars see below under Hesketh …

Hesteskeith, Hestescaith YKS tempore Henry II Rievaulx Chartulary; Hesteskeid, Hestechait, Hestelscaith, -sceit, Hescaid, 12th century ibid., Hestescheith 1160 (Papal confirmation), Heste(l)scarth 1189 (the copy in Pat.R., 3 Richard I, has Hestescaith) ibid., Hestscayth 13th century, Heskayth 1272 ibid.; Hestescarth 1252, Heyscayth 1268 Ch. R. (Calendar of the Charter Rolls, 1226-1326); Heskayth tempore Edward I. Plac. Warr.; Heskethe 1542 N.C. wills (North Country Wills 1383-1558); now Hesketh (Grange), near Boltby [298].

From OWScand hestaskeið 'a race-course', the compound being made up of hestr (OSwed hæster, ODan hæst) 'a horse', and skeið, on which see above p.29, under Brunstock. The name is of unmistakeably West Scandinavian origin; the same formation is represented by the ONorw place-name Hæsta skædi E.J.. Other instances occur in Lancashire and Cumberland as … Heskaith …

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"The Chief Elements used in English Place-Names" Allen Mawer (1924) at page 53

skeið, ON. Found in Norse place-names in more than one sense but all going back to the primary idea of 'separation', the word being allied to shed in watershed. Its exact sense in English place-names needs investigation … In Hesketh (2 LAN, 2 YKS) it is compounded with hestr and denotes 'track marked off for or suitable for horse-racing'.

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"The Origin of English Place Names" (1960) P. H. Reaney at page 163

Chapter Seven

The Scandinavian Element

Pure Scandinavian Place-Names

… ON hestaskeið 'race-course' survives as Hesketh (La, NRY) and thrice as Hesket in Cumberland. Horse-racing was a favourite sport of the Scandinavians.

[273] ON skíra, 'to cleanse, purify': Skivik Crag.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 37

SKÍRA a distinction is made between skíra (with í) = to purify, and skýra (with ý) metaphorical, = to explain … to cleanse, purify … skíra sik, to cleanse oneself … 2. of an oath or ordeal, to clear, purge [Anglo Saxon fullian = to cleanse] to baptize, christen; skíra barn … 2. reflex. skírask, to be baptized:

• skír-borinn, part. 'pure-born', born in wedlock
• Skír-dagr, m. Maundy-Thursday
• Skíri-Jón, John the Baptist
• skír-dræpr, adj. dazzling
• skír-getinn, part. born in wedlock
• Skíri-dagr, m. = Skírdagr
• skíri-faðir, m. a 'baptism-father', one who has baptized one
• skíri-nafni, a, m. a namesake, Sighvat
• skíring, f. a clearing
• skíringar-vitni, a compurgatory witness
• a christening = skírn
• Skíri-þórsdagr, m. = Skírdagr
• skír-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), purity;
• skír-leitr, adj. pure of countenance
• skír-liga, Adv. purely
• skír-ligr, adj. = skírleitr
• skýrligr, less correct)
• skír-lífi, n. a pure life, chastity
• skír-lífr, adj. pure-lived, chaste

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) edited by Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London (1998) at page 392

skirja f. young cow, heifer

skírr (1) adjective, bright

skírr (2) masculine, 'bright one', shield-name

[274] ON slakki, 'a hollow or sinking in the ground': Beck Slack, Mucky Hole Slack, Moss Slack, Mires Slack.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 566, entry 24

slakki, a, m. [Northern English slack, 'a hollow or sinking in the ground'] a slope on a mountain edge … Slakka-gil, a local name … a nickname, Biskupa Sögur i. 424.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 396

slakr adjective, slack v42/2 (with vaðr predicative)

[275] ON sleipr, 'slippery': Slape Stone Beck, Slape Stones, Slapewath.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 567, entry 19

sleipr, adjective, [Northern English slape] slippery

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Skelton

SLAPE WATH (6")

• Slaipwath 1200-22 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Slaypewath 1222 (Guisborough Cartulary)

'Slippery ford' from ON sleipr and vað.

[276] ON smár, smalr, 'small, narrow, little': Smailes Moor Farm.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 570, entry 40

SMÁR … [English 'small', etc.; Scottish and Northern English sma] … A. Small, little, of size, stature … B. In compounds smá- is often used simply as a diminutive, as there is no diminutive inflexion in the language; it is rarely prefixed to any but plural, or collective nouns:

• smá-atvik, n. plural, details
• smá-bátar, m. plural, little boats
• smá-bein, n. plural, small bones
• smá-bjöllur, f. plural, little bells
• smá-borinn, part. of low birth
• smá-búsgögn, n. small house-implements
• smá-byrðingar, m. plural, little ships of burden
• smá-bækr, f. plural, little books
• smá-bændr, m. plural, small farmers
• smá-börn, n. plural, little bairns
• smá-djöflar, m. plural, petty devils
• smá-dúkar, m. plural, little kerchiefs
• smá-dýr, n. plural, 'small deer', small animals
• smá-eyjar, f. plural, little islands
• smá-fénaðr, m. small cattle
• smá-ferjur, f. plural, small ferries
• smá-fiskar, m. plural, small fishes
• smá-fuglar, m. plural, small birds
• smá-geislar, m. plural, faint beams
• smá-gjafar, f. plural, small gifts
• smá-greinir, f. plural, small matters
• smá-grjót, n. pebbles
• smá-hlutir, m. plural, trifles
• smá-hringar, m. plural, small circles, rings
• smá-hrís, n. a shrubbery
• smá-hundar, m. plural, small dogs
• smá-hús, n. plural, small houses
• smá-hvalir, m. plural, little whales
• smá-kertistikur, f. plural, small candlesticks
• smá-kirkjur, f. plural, small churches
• smá-kjörr, n. plural, scrub, brushwood
• smá-klukkur, f. plural, small bells
• smá-kofar, m. plural, small huts
• smá-konungar, m. plural, kinglets
• smá-koppar, m. plural, small cups, hollows
• smá-kornóttr, adj. small-grained
• smá-kvistir, m. plural, small twigs
• smá-kvæmr, adj. of low descent
• smá-leikar, adj. smallness
• smá-leitr, adj. small-featured
• smá-lérept, n. fine linen
• smá-ligr, adj. trifling
• smá-líkneski, n. plural, small images
• smá-lyginn, adj. petty lying
• smá-lærisveinar, m. plural, little disciples
• smá-læti, n. stinginess (opp. to stórlæti)
• smá-lönd, n. plural, small lands (islands)
• sma-mannligr, adj. mannikin-like
• smá-menn, m. plural, = smaámenni
• smá-menni, n. small people
• smá-meyjar, f. plural, little girls
• smámeyja-land, n. the land of the dwarf maidens, mythical
• smá-munir, n. plural, trifles
• sma-mæli, n. plural, small cases
• smá-mæltr, part. 'small-spoken', lisping
• smá-neyti, n. 'small neats', calves, and the like
• smá-piltar, m. plural, small boys
• smá-rakkar, m. plural, small dogs
• smá-ráðr, adj. aiming at small things
• smá-regn, n. small rain, drizzle
• smá-rekar, m. plural, small jetsums or waifs
• smá-ríki, n. plural, petty kingdoms
• smá-róar, m. plural, small relief
• smá-sakar, f. plural, petty suits
• smá-sandar, m. plural, fine sand, plains of fine sand
• smá-sauðr, m. (singular), a little sheep
• smá-skip, n. plural, small ships
• smá-skitligr, adj. tiny
• smá-skógar, m. plural, copsewood
• smá-skútur, f. plural, small craft
• smá-smíði, n. hardware
• smá-smugall, -smogall, adj. penetrating through every pore
• sma-smugliga, adv. subtlely, minutely
• sma-smugligr, adj. minute
• smá-smygli, f. minuteness
• smá-straumr, m. and smaá-streymt, n. adj. a neap-tide
• smá-sveinar, m. plural, small boys
• smá-sveinligr, adj. boyish
• smá-svik, n. plural, petty tricks
• smá-syndir, f. plural, petty sins
• smá-tennr, f. plural, small tusks (of a walrus)
• smá-tíundir, f. plural, small tithes
• smá-tölur, f. plural, (smaá-talna), small numbers
• smá-varningr, m. small wares (sing.)
• smá-váfur, f. plural, tiny ghosts
• smá-vegis, adv. trifling
• smá-vendir, m. plural, small wands
• smá-verplar, m. plural, small casks
• smá-viði, n. a shrubbery
• smá-þing, n. a small object
• smá-öxar, f. plural, small axes

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 396

smár a. small … superlative, neuter plural, smæstu very small, of the smallest kind

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 106

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE smæl 'small, narrow' / ON smalr 'small'

ON smal- seems to have been rare, being found in the literary period only in a limited number of compounds and derived forms … However, reflexes of the Scandinavian form are known from Old Danish and Old Swedish and the modern Scandinavian languages, and are recorded in place-names, although I have not been able to find any early recorded examples … Overall, it would be unwise to rule out the use of ON smalr as a place-name element and, as it would be indistinguishable from OE smæl following the late OE merger of /æ/ and /a/, the elements are here considered indistinguishable.

[277] ON Snær, Snæ, Snjó (personal names); ON sníð, sneitt, sneið, 'something which is cut off, isolated wood, clearing in a wood'; ON snær, snjár, snjór, 'snow': Sneaton, Snainton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Snær, Snæ, Snjó (Sneaton)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 97

Brompton

2. SNAINTON 23 F 3

• Snechintun(e), -ton(e) 1086 DB
• Snechint' 1166 (Pipe Rolls) (p)
• Sneing-, Sneyngton 13^th (Percy Cartulary), 1237 (Malton Cartulary) 41
• Snain-, Snaynton 13^th (Malton Cartulary) 137, 1204 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls) et passim
• Sneynton 1304 BM, 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 252
• Snenton 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)

No satisfactory solution of this name can be offered.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 118

Sneaton

1. SNEATON 22 B 4

• Snetune, Sneton DB et passim to 1665 Visit
• Snetton' 1163, 1167, 1181 P
• Ouersneyton 1231 Ass

'Snjo's farm' from the ODan Snjó (Nielsen); compare OIcel Snær and the ON name-theme Snæ- (LindN) vide tun. Called Ouer- because it is on higher ground than Sneaton Thorpe 119 infra.

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Editor's note: the total absence of other local place-names with an ODan derivation coupled with the plethora of local place-names with ON derivations strongly indicates that the first element (as with the suffix tun) is ON name-theme Snæ-. Also, ON snæ and ON snjór are both forms of ON snær 'snow'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 119

Sneaton

SNEATON THORPE

• Sneton et Thorpe 1349 Whitby

This was formerly a hamlet attached to the larger village of Sneaton. vide þorp.

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Editor's note: as the raven flies, Sneaton Thorpe lies 1.3 miles south-east of Sneaton.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 577, entry 19

SNÆR, m., this word has three different forms, snær, snjár, snjór … of these snær is the oldest, snjár rare, snjór prevalent in modern usage: genitive snæs; accusative snæ, snjá, snjó … Snow; snævi hvítara … II. in proper names, mostly the older form Snæ-, Snæ-björn, Snæ-kollr, Snæ-laug (spelt Snjó-laug) … Compounds:

• snæ-blandinn, part. blended with snow
• snæ-fall, n. a fall of snow
• Snæ-fjöll, n. plural, Snæfell, a mountain in Iceland
• snæ-fugl, m. the snow-bunting, Emberiza nivalis whence Snæfugls-staðir, a local name in Iceland
• snæ-hús, n. a snow-house dug in the snow
• snæ-hvítr, adj. = snjóhvítr
• snæ-kollr, m. a mound of snow, a nickname
• snæ-kváma, u, f. a fall of snow
• snæ-kökkr, m. (snjó-kökkr), a snowball
• Snæ-land, n. Snowland, the first name given to Iceland
• snæ-lauss, adj. = snjólauss; fjöll snælaus
• snæ-liga, adv. snowy
• snæ-lítill, adj. with little snow
• snæ-ljós, n. a 'snow-light' snow-blink
• snæ-mikit, n. adj. much snow
• snæ-nám, n. a thaw (snjá-nám)
• snæ-skafa, u, f. the whirling of snow
• snæ-skriða, u, f. a snow-slip
• snæ-vetr, m. a snowy winter
• snæ-þryma, a nickname

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 575, entry 28

SNÍÐA, sníð, preterite (past tense) sneitt, sneið, plural, sniðu; … [Anglo Saxon sníðan] to slice, lop, cut, properly, to prune trees … skeið sneið, she cut the waves

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 575, entry 43

snjór, m. snow; for the various forms, snær, snjór, snjár, see snær. Compounds:

• snjó-byrgi, n. a snow-shed
• snjó-drif, n. a snow-drift, snow raised by the wind, = snjó-fok or skaf-kafald
• snjo-drifinn, part. drifted
• snjó-fall, n. a fall of snow
• snjó-föl, n. a thin cover of snow
• snjó-fönn, f. a snow-drift
• snjó-hríð, f. a snow-storm
• snjó-hvítr, adj. snow-white
• snjó-kerling, f. a 'snow-carline', snow-man: in time of heavy snow the Icelanders amuse themselves by building a great snow-man, and this is called hlaða snjókerlingu
• snjó-lauss, adj. 'snowless', free from snow
• snjó-ligr, adj. snowy
• snjó-minna, comparative, less snow
• snjó-nauð, f. 'snow-need' a strong snow-gale
• snjó-samr, adj. snowy
• snjó-skriða, u, f. a snow-slip
• snjó-titlingr, m. a snow-bunting
• snjó-vetr, m. a snowy winter

snjóva or snjófa, snjáva modern snjóa, að, to snow

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 80 and 81

Chapter 2

Names containing Old West Scandinavian 'ei' (Old East Scandinavian 'e')

Esneid Esnoid, Esnoit, YKS DB; Snaid 1100-09 York Hist. (The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops); Snayth 1101-09 f., Snaith circa 1109-14 Selby Chartulary; Sneid 1154 ibid., 1168-69 f. Pipe R. (The Great Roll of the Pipe for the 5th year of Henry II, 1158-80), 12th century York Hist. (The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops); Sneit 1176-77 f. Pipe R. (The Great Roll of the Pipe for the 5th year of Henry II, 1158-80), 1210-12 Liber rub. (Liber rubeous de scaccario: the red book of the Exchequer); Sneyth 1189 Selby Chartulary, 1241 Rot. fin. exc (Excerpta e Rotulis Finium, 1216-72), 1242 Lanc. Inq. (Lancashire Inquests, Extents and Feudal aids, 1205-1333), 1151 f. Br. Mus. (Index to the Charters and Rolls in the Department of Manuscripts British Museum), 1270 Giffard's Reg. (The Register of Walter Giffard, Lord Archbishop of York 1266-79. Surtees Soc. 1904), 1267-76 N. Reg. (Historical papers and letters from the northern registers, 1216-1415), Tax. eccl. (Taxatio ecclesiastica Angliæ et Walliæ auctoritate P. Nicholai IV. circa A.D. 1291), 1291 Baildon (Notes on the Religious and Secular Houses of Yorkshire), 1255, 1300 f. Pat.R., 1343 Cl. R. (Calendar of the Close Rolls (1227-1354) 1297, etc.; Snay 1234 Cl. R. (Calendar of the Close Rolls (1227-1354) 1297; Snaith Ch. R. (Calendar of the Charter Rolls, 1226-1326); Snayth 1251 Ch. R. (Calendar of the Charter Rolls, 1226-1326), Rot. H. (Rotuli Hundredorum, tempore Henry III et Edward I), 1285 Baildon (Notes on the Religious and Secular Houses of Yorkshire), Tax. eccl. (Taxatio ecclesiastica Angliæ et Walliæ auctoritate P. Nicholai IV. circa A.D. 1291), 1292, 1304 Selby Register, Mon. III (Monasticon Anglicanum, I-VIII), Nomina villarum, 1318 f., 1427 Pat.R., 1378 Poll-tax (poll-tax 2 Richard II), etc.; now Snaith.

From OWScand sneið f. 'a slice, piece', (sniða 'to slice, lop, cut'), here either used in a sense adopted from the OE equivalent snad, snæd, viz. 'a piece of land', or like the Norwegian dialect sneid and Danish sned (in local names, see Steenstrup, Da. Stednavne, page 103, and Indledende Studier, page 42) applied to a slope. The town of Snaith lies on a ridge of elevation, which slopes gently northwards to the so-called Snaith Marsh and the River Aire. On the southern side extend the Cowick Car and the Pollington Car. As applied to a piece of land, sneið is not recorded in the OScand languages, to the best of my knowledge. Nor is any instance to be found among the Norwegian place-names hitherto dealt with in Rygh NG. An allied word is MHG sneite f. …

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" (1972) Gillian Fellows Jensen at page 259

Sneaton

Sneaton parish, Pickering Lythe Wapentake, NRY Sneton 305r, Snetune 380v.

The second element is the OE appellative tūn 'enclosure'. It has been suggested that the first element is the Scand personal name Snjó, Snær (PNYN 118) but a more satisfactory explanation is that it is the OE snǣd 'detached piece of land' (DEPN).

[278] ON sauðr, 'sheep': Sheep Beeld (Bield), Sheepfold.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 515, entry 39

SAUÐR, m., a sheep … Compounds:

• sauða-beit, f. 'sheep-bite', sheep-pasture
• sauða-dunr, m. a flock of sleep
• sauða-ferð, f. a searching for sheep
• sauða-flokkr, m. a flock of sheep
• sauða-gangr, m. a sheep-walk
• sauðar-gæra, u, f. a sheep's fleece
• sauða-hirðir, m. a shepherd
• sauða-hús, n. a sheep-pen, a sheep-fold
• sauðahús-tún, n. = mod. fjárhústún, the field round a sheep-fold
• sauða-hvarf, -hverfa, u, f. a going astray, of sheep
• sauðar-höfuð, n.a sheep's head
• sauðar-jarmr, m. a sheep's bleating
• sauða-kjöt, f. mutton
• sauða-klippari, a, m. a sheep-shearer
• sauða-kví, f. a sheep-fold
• sauða-kvöð, f. a tax paid in sheep
• sauða-leit, f. sheep-feeding
• sauða-maðr, m. a shepherd
• sauða-mjólk and sauða-nyt, f. sheep's milk
• sauða-rekstr, m. the driving sheep
• sauða-rétt, f. a sheep-fold
• sauðar-reyfi, n. a sheep's fleece
• sauða-slitr, n. plural, 'slithers', shreds of a sheep torn by a beast of prey
• sauða-sveinn, m. a shepherd boy
• sauða-tað, n. sheep's dung
• sauða-taka, u, f. sheep-stealing
• auðar-ull, f. sheep's wool
• sauða-þjófnaðr, m. sheep-stealing
• sauða-þjófr, m. a sheep-stealer
• sauð-bani, a, m., botan. sheep's-bane, monkshood, Aconitum cæruleum
• sauð-bítr, m. a sheep-worrier, of a dog
• sauð-fé, n. a sheep
• sauðfjár-hagi, a, m. a sheep-walk
• sauð-fellir, m. the death of sheep from cold
• sauð-fénaðr, m. = sauðfé
• sauð-gróði, a, m. a crop for sheep
• sauð-hús, n. plural, sheep-pens
• sauð-höfn, f. sheep-keeping
• sauð-kind, f. a sheep
• sauð-kvistr, m., botan. a kind of willow, Salix repens
• sauð-laukr, m. 'sheep-leek'
• sauð-lauss, adj. sheepless
• sauð-reki, -rekr, m. a sheep-driver
• sauð-svartr, adj. 'sheep-black' i. e. not dyed, of cloth
• sauð-vant, n. adj. lost on the mountains, of sheep

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'Beeld, bield' means a shelter or refuge but the Ordnance Survey uses it exclusively for the three-walled sheep shelters built out from a centre, in a similar shape to the three running legs of the Manx flag. These provide sheep with protection from foul weather coming from any direction and chime well with the sheep's nervous disposition as it literally cannot be 'cornered', each of the segments of the bield being of 120 degrees. vide NED bield, 'to protect, shelter'; Scottish and Northern dialect, 'to cover, cover over'.

Three-walled sheep beeld at [NZ 83317 02697]

[279] ON eystri, 'the more eastern': Easterside Hill - (see also [96] ON austr).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson 135, entry 40

eystri, [from austr, east] comparative, the more eastern; austastr, superlative, the most eastern, Eystra-salt, n. the Baltic

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 36, entry 5

aust-rœnn, adj. [Anglo Saxon easterne; compare norrænn, suðrænn], eastern, of the wind; a. gola, eastern breeze … viðr, timber from Norway or Scandinavia … the Eistland tymmer of the old Scotch inventories … Austrænir menn, Norsemen in Iceland, … as a nickname … The name denotes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian continent as opposed to the British Islands and Iceland.

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 157

Ormesby

ESTON 15 H 9

• Astun(e) DB
• Eston(a) 1160-72 YCh et passim

vide east, tun. Eston is in the east of the parish.

[280] ON lengja, 'an oblong piece': Lingers, Lingers Beck, Lingers Toft.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 384, entry 22

lengja, u, f. an oblong piece.

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Editor's note: The OS six inch map 1888-1913 series (revised: 1910, published: 1914 ) shows Lingers as two adjacent, rectangular plots of land - see ON lengja, 'an oblong piece'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 384, entry 21

lengja, d, [langr], to lengthen; var lengt nafn hans, there was added to his name … orð-lengja, to lengthen out words; hvat þarf þat lengja, what need to make a long story … II. impersonal, to lengthen, especially of days and seasons; um vetrinn er daga lengdi … III. reflex., einhverjum lengisk, to long after …

lengja, u, f. an oblong piece, … bak-lengja u, f. the dark stripe along the back of cattle.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 50, entry 25

bak-lengja, u, f. the dark stripe along the back of cattle.

[281] ON Gígr (personal name): Guisborough

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gígr (Guisborough)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Gísli (Gyselecroft, 1228)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Gísli (m. 7) and Gísl (m. 2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 149

Guisborough

2. GUISBOROUGH 16 D 2

There is variation in the forms of Guisborough between -burn and -burgh; -burn forms predominate but do not seem to be the original ones:

• Ghiges- Gighes-, Chigesburg, -burc, -borc DB
• Gisburham 1104-8 SD
• Gisebur(g)h 1130-5 YCh 671 and 9 examples noted before 1410 Guis
• Giseburc(h) 1155-1210 YCh 654, 1189-1214 YCh 564
• Gi-, Gysburgh 1285 KI, and 7 examples noted before 1577 Saxton
• Gisseburgh circa 1291 Tax
• Gysborozv, -borough 1530 Visit

The following references are to -burn forms:

• Giseborne DB
• Gi-, Gyseburn(e) 1119 Guis, and 27 examples noted before 1430 Bodl a. i. 63
• Gisbourne circa 1180 Percy
• Gi-, Gysburn 1228 FF, and 7 examples noted before 1483 Test
• Guiseburna early 14th Whitby
• Guysborn 1504 Test
• Guisburne 1531 NCyWills

This is a difficult name of which the interpretation is not made easier by Simeon of Durham's Gisburham. There is a rare ON by-name Gígr (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn) which would account for the DB forms, of which a diminutive seems to occur in Giggleswick (Place-Names Yorkshire West Riding 77). If this is correct the second g was early lost from the combination gsb and Simeon's form can only be ex­plained as a case of suffixed ham; compare DB Breilesfordham for Brailesford (Derbyshire). For the fluctuating final element vide Cheeseburn, Newburn and Sockburn (Place-Names Northumberland Durham sub nomine). Gainsborough (LIN) and Scarborough 105 supra are further examples of burh-names compounded with a Scandinavian by-name.

[282] ON þiðurr, 'a partridge'; ON hryggr, 'rigg, ridge'; ON hóll, 'hill': Partridge Hill

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The first element, Partridge, possibly from:

• ON parta, að, 'to part, divide' plus hryggr, 'rigg, ridge'
• ON þiðurr, 'a partridge'

with the third element taken from ON hóll, 'hill', together giving (1) 'divided ridge hill' or (2) 'Partridge Hill'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 735, entry 26

þiðurr, m., plural, þiðrar; [modern Norse tjur] a partridge. Latin Tetrao perdrix, Edda (Gl.); þiðra (genitive plural), … in poets, ben-þ., val-þ., a carrion-bird, Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 475, entry 9

parta, að, to part, divide.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 288, entry 50

HRYGGR, m., genitive, hryggjar, plural, hryggir, [Anglo Saxon hrycg; English 'rigg, ridge' (but only in the metaphorical sense); Old High German hrucki; German rücken; Danish ryg; Swedish rygg] the back, spine, vertebrae dorsi, in men and beasts, the spine of a fish being called dálkr, quod vide; and even used of serpents, orma-h. … II. metaphorical, a ridge … fjall-h., a mountain ridge; in local names, as Öldu-hryggr: the middle of a piece of stuff or cloth … hryggr bréfsins, the back of a letter, … Compounds: hryggjar-liðr, m. a vertebra; hryggjar-stykki, n. a kind of duck (from a spot on the back), the sheldrake (?), … metaphorical, the name of an old Icelandic historical work …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 288, entry 51

HRYGGR, adjective, old accusative, hryggvan, with a characteristic v; comparative, hryggri &hellip, and hryggvari; superlative hryggvastr: [Anglo Saxon hreowig; English 'rueful'] afflicted, grieved, distressed …

[283] ON porri, 'a one-eyed person': Porret, Porrit(s).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 478, entry 10

porri, a, m. a one-eyed person.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 435

þorri m. 'diminishing, lacking time' or 'dry time', name of a month (mid-January to mid-February); the name may refer to the time when food is short.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Þórir (m. 55)

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Editor's note: compare ON masculine personal names Þórr (a god), Þorri and Þórir (of a man).

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See "Children of a One-Eyed God: Impairment in the Myth and Memory of Medieval Scandinavia" (2019) Michael David Lawson

[284] ON sús(anna) (genitive), 'of the roar of the surf'; ON hóll, 'hill': Susanna Hill.

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Editor's note: Susanna Hill slopes east-northeast at 425-575 feet (130-175m) above sea level some 2,000 feet (600m) from the sea at Billet Scar and it is possible that the "roar of the surf" can be heard from this location and, if its name derives from ON sources, then its first element could be attributable to one or more of the following:

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 605, entries 57 and 58

• sús, n. [compare Danish suse; German sausen], the roar of the surf; 'at súsi', to the roaring sea
• sús-breki, a roaring breaker (?), surf, a dubious word

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 605, entry 29

sunnarr, more southerly; sunnarst, superlative, see suðr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 603, entry 23

suðr-hallr, south-slanting, of the sun.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 603, entry 37

suðr-ænn, southern, of the wind.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 603, entry 37

suðr-ænn, adjective, southern; suðræn veðr, southern weather

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Editor's note: the third element likely derives from ON hóll, 'hill'.

[285] ON segja, 'to say, tell, declare, proclaim': Suggitt Plantation.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 518, entry 28 and page 519, entry 1

SEGJA, present, segi, segir, segi, plural segjum, segit, segja; preterite, sagði, plural, sögðu; present subjunctive, segja; preterite, segða, segðir, segði; imperative, seg, segðú; participle, sagðr: … [a word common to all Teutonic languages, except that, strangely enough, no Gothic form is recorded … Anglo Saxon secgan; English 'say'; Danish sige; Swedish segja.] … To say, in the oldest poems chiefly, I. to tell, report, … segðu, imperative, tell thou me! say! …

• indicative 2nd-person plural, segið
• subjunctive 2nd-person plural, segið
• imperative 2nd-person plural, segið

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 383

segja (sagði) weak verb, say, tell … i.e. in verse with suffixed pronoun segik I tell, relate skal s. shall be told … sagt er at var is said to have been; svá er sagt it is said, told; sagt er flat so it is said; past participle sagt i.e. written; utter (a decision); s. frá relate, tell about; s. til tell, give information about … present participle segjandi commander, director, leader …

[286] ON Norþmanna, 'Norwegians'; ON by, 'village'; ON stígr, 'a steep ascent or pass, narrow footpath'; ON bátr, 'a boat': Normanby Stye Batts.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at pages 57, 117, 157, 226 and Introduction xxvi.

Comprising four ON elements, the first and second of which combine to form 'Village of the Norwegians' from Norþman (genitive plural, Norþmanna) and by. The third and fourth ON elements are 'stye' from stígr, 'a steep ascent or pass, narrow footpath' and 'batts' from bátr, 'a boat', either a small open fishing vessel or a ship-boat (see also footnote [56]).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 57

Normanby

1. NORMANBY 22 F 11

• Normanebi, -by DB, circa 1200 For, 1204 (1433) Pat (1216-1485), 1308 Ch (1226-1326)
• Northmannabi circa 1130 SD
• Normnebi 1167 P
• Normanby 1147-61 YCh 414, 1154-89 MaryH, MS Harl. 236 (early 14th century) 6 d
• North(e)manby KI, LS (1301)
• Normannebi 1308 Ch (1226-1326)

'Village of the Norwegians' from OE Norþman (genitive plural Norþmanna) and by. vide Introduction xxvi.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

NORMANBY

• Normanneby circa 1110 YCh 857
• Northmanbi 1224 Whitby

This name has the same run of forms and meaning as Normanby (Ryedale Wapentake) 57 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 157

Ormesby

NORMANBY

• Norðmannabi circa 1050 HCY
• Northmanby 1222-40 Guis
• Normanebi DB et passim to 1252 Ch (1226-1326)
• Normannesbi 1181 P
• Normanby 1191-9 Guis

Compare Normanby (Ryedale) 57 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 226

Burneston

NORMANBY

• Normanebi DB

vide Normanby (Ryedale) 57 supra.

[287] ON lág, 'a felled tree, log'; ON lágr, 'low'; ON laut, 'a hollow place': Low Hawsker, Low Newbiggin, Low Scar.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 376, entry 34

LÁGR, adjective, comparative lægri, superlative lægstr; [Danish lav; Swedish låg; not found in Anglo Saxon, so that probably the English 'low' is borrowed from the Scandinavian word]: low … þá er sólin er lág um kveldit, when the sun is low on the horizon … short, low, low-lying, of land … low, of the voice … II. phrases, bera lágt höfuð, to carry one's head low, hang the head, be discomfited … bera lægra hlut, to get the worst of it.

• lág-raddaðr, part. = lágraustaðr
• lág-raustaðr, part. low-voiced
• lág-skeptr, adj. with a short handle, of an axe
• lág-talaðr, adj. speaking in a low voice
• lág-vaxinn, part. low-grown, short of stature

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 376, entry 23

LÁG, f., [Swedish låga; Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850) log; English 'log'] a felled tree, log … the word is now obsolete in Icelandic or is only used in the sense of II. plural, lágar, a deep, hollow place; lág and laut are synonymous: the phrase, láta e-ð liggja í láginni, to let a thing lie in the hole, i. e. hide, conceal it.

• lá-garðr, m. a 'fence of lá', the surf
• lága-söngr, m. the 'low-chant' in the Roman Catholic mass when the host was elevated
• lág-leikr, m. lowliness, humility
• lág-lendi, n. low land, flat land
• lág-lendr, adj. low-lying, flat, of a county
• lág-liga, adv. lowly, secretly
• lág-ligr, adj. low
• lág-mæltr, part. low spoken, with a low voice
• lágna, að, to become high, of meat: part. lágnaðr, of meat, fish
• lág-nætti, n. 'low-night', the depth of night, midnight, opposed to high day (hádegi)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 376, entry 6

LAUT, f. [lúta; early Swedish löt = pasture] a hollow place … the word is frequent in modern usage, but seems not to be recorded in old prose …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 340

lag n. thrust

lág f. log (the word-play depends on the medieval spelling 'lǫg' or 'log') … (compare lóg); = tree in kenning for woman …

lagsmaðr m. companion, fellow

lagvápn n. thrusting weapon (e.g. spear)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 72

Helmsley

6. LASKILL PASTURE 22 C 6

• Lauesc(h(ales 1170 Riev; 1200 FF; 1201 Riev
• Laygskales 1301 LS

'Low pastures' vide lágr, skáli. Laskill is in the bottom of the deep valley of the river Rye. On the change of ME laue to la compare Addlebrough 262 infra. vide Introduction xxvi.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 262

Aysgarth

ADDLEBROUGH

• Otholburgh 1153 Dugdale v. 573
• Authelburi, Authelburgh 1283 Dugdale v. 575; 1307 Ch

'Authulf's burh' from the ON personal name Auðulfr. Roman remains have been found here as at Brough Hill infra. On ON au becoming a compare Laskill 72 supra, Marsett 264 supra and Scratby NFK, at Scroutebi BCS 1017.

[288] ON lax, 'a salmon'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 376, entry 7

LAX, m. [Scottish lax; Old High German lahs; German lachs; Danish laks; Swedish lax] a salmon … the male lax is called hæingr (contracted hængr), compare goð-lax, quod vide. In Lent it was forbidden even to mention meat by name, and hence at that season people called it jestingly klauf-lax, 'cloven-hoofed salmon' … II. frequent in Icelandic local names, Lax-á, f. = Laxwater, Salmon water, a name of many rivers; whence Laxár-dalr, m. Laxwaler dale, and Lax-dælir, m. plural, the men from L.: Laxdæla-Saga … Compounds:

• laxa-fiski, n. salmon-fishing … laxa-kast, laxa-verpi, n. a salmon casting-net
• lax-á, f. a salmon river
• lax-bróðir, m. a kind of salmon
• lax-ganga, u, f. shoals of salmon entering rivers
• lax-varpa, u, f. a salmon cast
• lax-veiðr, f. salmon-fishing
• lax-verp, n. a salmon-cast

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 292, 343

goðlax m. moonfish

lax m. salmon

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hængr (m. 1).

[289] Mýrr, 'a moor, bog, swamp': Arkilmire, Mickle Mire, White Mires Slack, Hukermire Moss.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 43

MÝRR, f., modern mýri, genitive, mýrar, dat. and acc. mýri, plural, mýrar; [English 'moor' and 'mire'] a moor, bog, swamp … frequent in local names, Mýri, Mýrar, whence Mýra-menn, Mýramanna-kyn, m. plural, the men from the county M. …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 777, entry 15

mœrr, f. = mýrr, a moor, bog

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 777, entry 14

mýr-dæla, u, f. 'mire-dale', a miry, boggy hollow

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 39

mýri-snípa, u, f. a moor-snipe … also mýri-skítr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 40

mýr-lendi, n. a moorland

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 41

mýr-lendr, adjective, moorland

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 42

mýróttr, adjective, swampy, boggy

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Editor's note: the first element of place-names Hukermire Moss and Huker Mire is possibly derived from ON nickname Húkr with the second and third elements derived, respectively, from ON mýrr, 'mire, swampy moorland, bog' and (for Hukermire Moss) ON mosi, 'moss, moorland' giving 'Hukr's swamp' and 'Hukr's swampy moorland'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 2

Húkr, m. a nickname.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 1

húka to sit on one's hams … see hokra

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 215

húka (-ta, -t), verb, to squat.

[290] ON mór, 'a moor, heath': Blakey Moor, Fylingdales Moor, Gilmonby Moor.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at pages 435, entry 40 and 436, entry 1

MÓR, m., genitive, mós, dative, mó, plural, móar, [akin to English 'moor'; Norse Moe] a moor, heath, mostly used of a barren moorland, grown only with ling; … frequent in local names, Mór, Móar (Moe in Norway) … Mó-berg: in proper names, referring to the hue, Mó-gils, Mó-eiðr, id. II. peat, for fuel; skera mó, brenna mó, frequent in modern usage; … III. in compounds:

• mó-tak, n. a peat-field
• mó-skurðr, m. cutting peat
• mó-gröf, f. a peat-pit
• mó-færsla, u, f. carrying peat
• mó-berg (quod vide), tufa: and hence of colour, mó-kollr 'a ram without horns' (kolla, a ewe), mó-brúnn 'dark brown', mó-rauðr 'dark red'
• mó-rauðr, adj. yellow brown, of sheep and wool; mórauð hetta (a 'hood'), Fas. iii. 252; mórauð augu ('eyes', as in cats)
• mó-rendr, adj. russet, sand-coloured (striped, edged)
• mór-ylla, u, f. a dusky sheep

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 95 and 96

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE mōr, 'a marsh, a moor, wasteland' / ON mór '? marsh'

OE mōr has generally been considered indistinguishable from ON mór. OE mōr is recorded early in place-names with the meanings 'marsh' and, slightly later, 'barren upland' and it is possible that this sense in part reflects ON mór (OED: sub verbo moor).

However, the <r> of ON mór is inflexional (OE mōr and ON mór are not cognates) and is lost in later reflexes of the word in the Scandinavian languages … As noted above, there is very little evidence for the survival of the inflexional-r either in ON loanwords in English or in place-names containing Scandinavian elements.

It would be exceptional, then, if ON mór appeared in English place-names as /mo:r/ unless by analogy with OE mōr. Additionally, the vowel of ON mœrr (cognate with OE mōr but with -j¯- stem and resultant i-umlaut), would probably have been unrounded to /e:/ in ME (see discussion of OE/ON grene/grœnn above …

However, the existence of a Scandinavian name with stem-final /r/, ON mór 'swamp' (cognate with OE mōr) … has been suggested. This would be indistinguishable from OE mōr both phonologically and semantically. ON mór has been suggested to occur in Morum in North Jutland, where the description is topographically appropriate, in a later recorded name from Fyn and in a handful of Norwegian placenames from Østerdalen with the meaning little wood. These instances of place-names that might indicate the existence of ON mór mean that the possibility of such a word's use in areas of Scandinavian settlement in England cannot be entirely excluded and such an element would be indistinguishable from OE mōr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Skelton

2. GREAT (LITTLE) MOORSHOLM 16 E 5

• Morehusum 1086 DB
• Mores(h)um 12^th (Guisborough Cartulary), 1328 (De Banco Rolls)
• (Magna, parva) Morsum 13^th, 1222-40 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1257, 1292 (Calendar of Charter Rolls), 1273 (Yorkshire Inquisitions), (petit) 1404 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• (Parva, Little, Great) Morsom 1285 (Kirkby's Inquest), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy), 1348 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines), 1404 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Muressom 1412 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Moresham 1610 (Speed's Map of Yorkshire)

(At) the houses on the mor'. vide hus.

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Moorsholm

The village lies 5 miles from Saltburn-by-the-Sea between the North York Moors and the North Sea. Because of its proximity to the North Sea coast the area was vulnerable, historically, to attack by invaders from Scandinavia. The name of Moorsholm is of Viking origin with the suffix holm, which meant a settlement, being affixed to the location of the village by the moors: so meaning 'settlement by the moors'. The village used to be called Great Moorsholm to distinguish it from a farm called Little Moorsholm, which is the other side of the Hagg Beck Valley to the north. 'Little Moorsholm' is a title now more commonly applied to a more modern housing estate between that farm and Lingdale. The settlement was mentioned in the Domesday book as Morehusum, belonging to the Earl of Morton and later Clan Bruce, ancestor to the kings of Scotland, and from them descended to the Thwengs, Lumleys, and others. It was a planned mediaeval village built along a main street with crofts and their associated tofts on each side. The church of St Mary, Moorsholm, was built in 1892 and is of stone in 12th century style. It consists of chancel, nave and west tower.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 157

Ormesby

MORTON 15 K 9

• Mortun, -tona DB

vide mor, tun.

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Editor's note: vide ON mór, 'moor' and ON tún, 'farm, homestead', giving 'moor farm'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 160

Ormesby

MOORDALE BECK, MOORDALE BRIDGE (6")

• Moredale 1230 Guis

[291] ON melr, 'bent-grass growing in sandy soil': Mellowdale Slack, Mencliffe Hag.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 423, entry 38

MELR, m., plural, melar, a kind of wild oats, especially bent-grass (arundo arenaria) growing in sandy soil; … II. a sand-hill grown with bent-grass (such hills are called dunes or denes in East Anglia, links on the north east coast); then, generally, a sand-bank, whether overgrown or bare; … III. frequent in Icelandic local names, Melr, Melar, Mela-hverfi, Mela-sveit, whence Mela-menn or Mel-menn … Rauði-melr; Rauðmelingar, the men from Mel and R. … Compounds:

• mela-sól, f. botanical Papaver (Hjaltalín, Icelandic Botany)
• mel-bakki, a, m. a 'mel-bank', bank on which bent-grass grows, also a sand-bank
• mel-dýna, u, f. a pad or cushion filled with melr
• mel-gras, n., botanical Elymus arenarius, a kind of oats (Hjaltalín, Icelandic Botany); whence the local name Melgras-eyri, in western Iceland
• mel-karl, m. a nickname
• mel-rakki, a, m. the 'mel-dog', the white or polar fox, from its burrowing in these sand-hanks
• melrakka-belgr, m., -skinn, n. the skin of a melrakka
• melrakka-veiðr, f. fox hunting
• In local names, Melrakka-dalr, -nes, -slétta
• mel-teigr, m. a field of mel (oats)
• mel-torfa, u, f. turf grown with oats (melr)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 190

Thirkleby

MENCLIFFE (6")

• Mel(e)clyue 1243 BylD 81d; 1246 BylE 53d

vide clif. The first element is probably ON melr, hence 'sandy hill'. For n compare Hinderskelfe and Hinderwell 40, 138 supra.

[292] ON marr, (1) 'the sea', (2) 'fen, marsh'; ON maurr 'ant': Marton, Marsett, Marfit Head, Marnar Dale.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Már (m. 13)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 28

Marton Le Forest

• Martun DB
• Marton(a) 1160-75 YCh 656 et passim; (in Galtres) 1278 Baildon
• Mareton' 1167, 1172, 1178, 1179 P

The name Marton is of frequent appearance in Yorkshire. On phonological (and in many cases) topographical grounds the first element cannot be identified with OE mere 'pool', which in DB and 12th and 13th century sources would scarcely appear as Mar- and in many cases there is no evidence for the presence of a pool. There is, however, a Yorkshire dialect word mar (EDD) used of 'marshy land, sodden or reedy ground', a sense which would suit the topography of the Yorkshire Martons. Zachrisson (PN in Ing 113, 114) derives this word from Scandinavian and compares Swedish mar (from OSwed mar, 'sea') which has the meaning of 'marsh' in some dialects, and Dan mar, 'fen, marshland'. If so, the first element of Marton is from an ON marr 'fen, marsh', and the name means 'farm in the marshy land'; vide tún.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 76

Sinnington

2. MARTON 22 E 11

• Martun, Martone 1086 DB
• Marton' 1167 (Pipe Rolls), circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings) (on Syuen) 1290 (W.P. Baildon Monastic Notes) et passim

vide Marton le Forest 28 supra. Marton is on the river Seven.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 162

Marton

1. MARTON IN CLEVELAND 15 J 8

• Martun(e) 1086 DB et passim, (in Cliveland); 1292 Ebor

Compare Marton (Bulmer) 28 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 264

Aysgarth

MARSETT

• Moursette 1285 YI
• Mouressate 1283 Rich

With this name should go Mouresgate 1280 YI, unless this is an error for Mouressate.

vide ON sætr. Lindkvist suggests that the first element is ON maurr 'an ant', probably used as a personal name. For the development of ON au to a, compare Addlebrough 262 supra.

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Editor: the first ON element marr 'mere, sea' together with ON suffixes fit 'waterlogged meadow', dalr 'dale', bekkr 'beck, stream', höfuð 'head', slakki 'slack, shallow valley', norðr 'north' s&aelg;tr, 'shieling, summer mountain pasture', give the following place-names:

• Marfit Head, 'head of the waterlogged meadowland leading down to the mere/sea'
• Little Marfit Head, 'head of the little waterlogged meadowland leading down to the mere/sea'
• Little Marfit Head Slack, 'little head of the waterlogged meadowland leading down through the shallow valley to the mere/sea'
• Great Marfit Head Slack, 'head of the waterlogged meadowland leading down through the shallow valley to the mere/sea'
• Marsett, 'Maurr's (Ant's) shieling' (see footnote [237] for a full description of ON sætr) or possibly 'marshy shieling' from ON marr and ON sætr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 413, entry 28

MARR, m., genitive, marar; [Anglo Saxon mere; Latin mare] the sea; sígr fold í mar, the earth sinks into the sea … metaphorical, mun-strandar marr, the sea of the breast, the song, Höfuðl; mistar marr, the sea of mist, the air … in prose this old word remains in the marar-botn, m. the bottom of the sea … it also remains in various compounds:

• mar-álmr, 'sea reed, marram';
• mar-bakki, 'sea-bank near the shore';
• mar-flatr, 'calm sea';
• mar-mennill, 'merman';
• mar-gýgr, 'mermaid';
• mar-hrísla, 'sea-brushwood';
• mar-knútr, 'sea-scorpion';
• mar-svín, 'guinea pig';
• mar-vaði, 'sea, shoal water';
• mar-rein, 'the sea line';
• marreins-bakki, 'the bank where the deep and shallow water meet'.

II. in local names, Aust-marr, 'Eastern Sea' (the Baltic Sea), Anglo Saxon Eastmere; Mar-bæli, a farm in Iceland.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 415, entry 8

MAURR, m. [Danish myre; Swedish myra;] an ant … in plural, metaphorical money-bags, in a contemptuous sense. Compounds: maura-haugr, m. an ant-mound … maura-púki a, m. a money-poke, of a person.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 352, 353 and 491

mauraskáld n. nickname, 'ant-poet'; perhaps originally Mœraskáld, poet of the Mœrir, inhabitants of Mœrr in Norway (see Mœrr in Index), or from maurar m. plural, 'possessions', referring to the hoarding of money (?) (compare maur(r))

marr m. (1) horse (object of tamði) … mount (here a wolf, the giantess' mount …)

marr m. (2) sea … liquid, in kenning for poetry or a poem

marr m. (3) sword-name, 'bruiser' (?)

Marr m. a horse, (compare marr)

[293] ON grunn 'a shallow, shoal'; ON grunnr, 'shallow'; ON grunnr 'the bottom of the sea'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 217, entry 28

GRUNN, n. [Anglo Saxon grund; English 'ground'; German grund, whence modern Swedish-Danish grund] a shallow, shoal; á grunn, aground …

• standa grunn, to be aground
• ganga á grunn, to come to an end (metaphorical)
• grunn-fall, n. a breaker on a shoal
• grunn-fastr, adj. fast aground
• grunn-firi, n. shoals left by the ebb tide
• grunn-færi, n. plural, anchor-tackle, a cable; draga upp g., to weigh anchor
• grunn-hygginn, adj. shallow-minded, silly
• grunn-hyggni, f. silliness
• grunn-lauss, adj. boundless; grunnlaust grepps æði, a boundless poetical mind
• grunn-lendi, n. a thin or shallow soil
• grunn-mál, n. shallow soundings in the sea
• grunn-mið, n. plural, fish marks upon shoal places or near the shore

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 217, entry 40

GRUNNR, m. [the Gothic form would be grundus] the bottom of the sea or water; draga einhvern til grunns, to drag one to the bottom … sökkva til grunna (metaphorical), to come to naught …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 217, entry 41

grunnr, adj., comparative grynnri (gryðri), superl. grynnstr, [Swedish-Danish grund], shallow; … gryðra, shallower … metaphorical, standa grunnt, to be shallow; … in local names, Grunna-vík, f. whence Grunn-víkingr, m. a man from G.

• grunn-sakka, u, f. a lead, plumb
• grunn-slóðir, f. shoals
• grunn-sæliga, adv. foolishly
• grunn-sæligr, adj. shallow-sighted, foolish
• grunn-sær, adj. shallow-witted, foolish
• grunn-sævi, n. shallow water
• grunnungr, m. [German gründling; Ivar Aasen's Dictionary (1850) grunnung; from grunnr]: a groundling, a fish that lives in shoal water, in modern usage called þara-fiskr
• grunn-úðigr, adj. shallow-minded
• grunn-úðligr, adj. thin-witted
• grunn-ýðgi, f. shallowness, credulity

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 217, entry 52

GRUNR, m., plural, ir, [the forms grundr (q. v.) and grunda (q. v.) seem to indicate a double final, viz. grunnr and grunna; as to the sense, suspicion may be metaphorically derived from a shoal or ground, and grunr may be akin to grunn, grunnr; else phrases such as grafa grun could scarcely be explained: no special word answering to grunr appears in the Saxon or German] suspicion … the phrase, grafa grun á um eitthvat, to 'dig the ground' for a thing, to suspect.

• grun-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), suspicious looking
• grun-samr, adj. suspected
• grun-semð (-semi), f. suspicion … grunsemðar-lauss, adj. free from suspicion

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 295, 296, 313 and 386

gruna (að) weak verb, impersonal, einhvern grunar one suspects, has a feeling

grunn n. shallow (in the sea), i.e. coast-line … grunnr m. foundation, ground; hlusta grunnr = head …

grunnungr m. (small) cod, 'haunter of the shallows'

grynna weak verb, become shallow; grynni n. shallow

hlust f. earhole … ear, in kenning for head, hlusta grunnr

[294] ON Skóga-Hreinn (personal name); ON Skuggi, 'a shade, shadow'; ON skógr, 'a shaw, small wood': Scograinhowes (lost), Shaw End, Scugdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skóga-Hreinn (Scograinhowes)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 559, entry 43

SKUGGI, a, m. [Danish skygge; Swedish skugga] a shade, shadow … undan skugga hattarins, from the hat's shade … 2. a shadow, spectre, … 3. in the phrase, ganga ór skugga um eitthvat, 'to go out of the shade' as to a thing, to show one's mind … 4. skuggi (foreshadowing) … Compounds:

• skugga-baldr, m., in popular tales a mysterious animal, a hybrid between a cat and a fox
• skugga-lauss, adj. shadowless
• skugga-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), shadowy, dusky, suspicious-looking
• skugga-mikill, adj. shadowy, dark
• skugga-samligr, adj. shadowy
• skugg-sjá (or -sjó), f. a 'shade-show', mirror
• skugg-sjón, f. = skuggsjá
• skugg-sýnn, adj. gloomy, dark, dusky

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 555, entry 37

SKÓGR … a shaw, wood, mörk being a forest … Compounds:

• skógar-björn, m. a wood-bear
• skógar-braut, f. a road broken through a wood, wood-path
• skógar-brenna, u, f. a wood-fire
• skógar-búð, f. a wood-booth, but in a wood
• skógar-búi, a, m. a 'wood-neighbour', dweller near a wood
• skógar-dýr, n. a wood-deer
• skógar-fullr, adj. woody
• skógar-gata, u, f. a wood-path
• skógar-geit, f. a wood-goat
• skógs-hagi, a, m. a wood-hedge, hawthorn
• skógar-háls, m. a forest-hill
• skógar-hjörtr, m. a hart of the forest
• skógar-holt, n. a 'wood-holt', ridge, hill
• skógar-hryggr, m. a wood-ridge
• skógar-hunang, n. wild honey
• skógar-hús, n. a hut in a wood
• skógar-högg, n. tree-felling
• skógar-kaup, n. the purchase of a wood
• skógar-kjörr, n. plural, brush-wood, a holt
• skógar-klettr, m. a wood-rock
• skógar-leiga, u, f. the rent of a wood
• skógar-maðr, m. a 'wood-man', an outlaw
• skógar-mark, n. a wood-mark, land-mark of a wood
• skógar-nef, n. a 'wood-neb', jutting outskirt of a wood
• skógar-partr, m. a share in a wood
• skógar-runnr, m. a division of a wood
• skógar-skipti, n. a division of a wood
• skógar-spell, n. damage done to a wood
• skógar-spottr, m. a spot, piece of a wood
• skógar-staða, u, f. the place on which a wood stood
• skógar-strönd, f. a woodland-coast
• skógar-súra, u, f. wood-sorrel
• skógar-teigr, m. a strip of wood
• skógar-tré, n. a tree in a wood
• skógar-þröstr, m. the throstle or thrush
• skógar-öx, f. a wood-axe

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 393

skógr m. wood, forest (genitive with hógbrotningi, from the forest)

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 26, 214 and 244

• Bláskógaheiðr f. heath near Þingvǫllr
• Bláskógar m. plural, woods near Þingvǫllr
• skógarbjǫrn/skógbjǫrn m. forest bear, brown bear
• skóggangr m. full outlawry
• skógr m. wood, forest
• Trǫllaskógr m. 'troll forest', farm in southern Iceland

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The Book of the Settlement of Iceland (1898) translated from the original Icelandic of Ari the Learned by Rev. T Ellwood at page 239

Skogahverfi, Hverfi -hamlet

Skogar, The Shaws

Skogastrōnd, Shaws-strand

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 300, entry 2

hverfi, n. a cluster of farms, such as almost to form a village, frequent in Icelandic local names, Fiskilækjar-hverfi, Skóga-hverfi, Rangár-hverfi, Ingólfshöfða-hverfi, Fljóts-hverfi, Landnámabók: metaphorical, vizku-hverfi, the abode of wisdom = the breast … tanna-hverfi, the 'tooth-abode', i.e. the mouth, … a shelter, verða einhverjum at hverfi …

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Editor: if not ON personal name Skógr (giving 'Skoga's cairn'), the first ON element skuggi together with ON suffixes dalr 'dale', haugr 'howe, mound, cairn' and grain 'fork, branch of a valley' give the place-names Scugdale 'shadowy valley' and Scograinhowes 'cairn in a shadowy branch of a valley'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 30

Dalby

SKEWSBY

• Scoxebi DB
• Stoggesbi (sic) 1167 P
• Scog(h)esby 13 RegAlb ii. 47 d; 1328 Banco
• Scousby 1226 FF
• Schouse-, Shouesby 1295 YI
• Sc-, Skouesby 1299, 1310 YD; 1354 FF
• Scoseby LS
• Scewysbye EFM
• Skuesby 1408 YI; NR
• Skewsby 1666 Visit

Skewsby is identical in form with the Swedish place-names Skogsby and Skogby (Hellquist, Svenska ON på, -by, 13), and all three may mean 'farm in the wood' vide skogr, by. The genitive form of the first element is a type frequently met with in Scandinavian place-names, e.g. Swedish Brunnsby by the side of Brunnby, Houml;gsby by Högby, etc. (op. cit. passim). The normal genitive singular of ON skógr, was skógar, but a genitive in -s is often found in OS and in OIcel poetry.

It is at least equally possible that the first element is the ON by-name Skógr, genitive Skógs (LindBN).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 119

Sneaton

SCOGRAINHOWES (lost)

• Scograineshoues 12th Whitby (passim), 1177-81 YCh 871
• Scogreineshoues 1109-14 YCh 865; 1308 Whitby
• Scogranehouuis 1199 Whitby
• Scogreneshoghes 1314 NRS
• Skoggat howes 1619 NRS

Lindkvist ("Middle English Place-Names of Scandinavian Origin" (1912) at page 78) suggests that the first element is an unrecorded ON personal name Skóga-Hreinn "from skógr 'a wood' prefixed to the man's name Hreinn and referring to the abode or usual whereabouts of the person in question". Such a type of personal name is not without parallel; other cases are TunguKarl, Tungu-Oddr, etc. (LindBN 1920). It should also be noted that frequently in this district ON haugr is coupled with a personal name; vide haugr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 152

Guisborough

SCUGDALE

• Scuggedale, Skugge- 12th Guis; 1185-95 YCh 695, 13, circa 1230 Guis

'Shady valley' from ON skuggi 'shadow' (compare Björkman, Loanwords 35) and dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 177

Whorlton

SCUGDALE (6")

• Schugedale 1228 CI

vide Scugdale 152 supra.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page LVIII

Chapter V

Skugdale YKS 13th century Guisbrough Chartulary (in Barnaby; from OWScand skuggi, 'a shade, shadow'. (See, further, this name in Part II);

[295] ON Baldi (personal name): Baldby (Fields), Baldersby, Baldersby St. James - see footnotes Baldby (Fields)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Baldi (Baldby)

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Editor: the first element is ON personal name Baldi which, together with ON suffix by 'farmhouse, village' gives 'Baldi's farmhouse/village'.

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" Gillian Fellows Jensen (1972) at pages 6, 8, 18 & 19.

II. Place-names in bý

1. The element bý in Scandinavia and Yorkshire

… Baldby, lost village whose site is marked by Baldby Fields, Whitby, Whitby Strand Wapentake, N. Baldebi 305r, 380v. The first element is either the Scandinavian personal name Baldi or an OE personal name Balda …

[296] ON Belgr (personal name); belgr, 'a withered, dry old man (with a skin like parchment), with the notion of wisdom': Bellsdale Slack, Bellsdale (East, West) Woods, Bell Heads, Bellheads Wood, Bellerby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Belgr (Bellerby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 252

Spennithorne

1. BELLERBY 21 C 5

• Belgebi DB
• Belgerby 12 Easby 94 d, 1244 Ass
• Beleherebi 1166 P (p)
• Beleg'bi 1167 P
• Belgre-, Belleherby 1231 FF
• Bellierby 1235 Easby 190 d
• Bellerby KI et passim

'Belg's farm', vide by. Belg is from ON by-name belgr (genitive Belgs), derived from ON belgr, genitive belgjar 'bellows', and then 'withered, dry old man'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 57, entry 10

BELGR, jar, m. plural ir, [… Anglo Saxon bälg; Dutch balg; English 'belly'] the skin, taken off whole (of a quadruped; hamr is the skin of a bird, hams that of a snake), nauts-belgr, katt-belgr,otrs-belgr, melrakka-belgr, hafr-belgr … they were used as bags, in which to carry flour (mjölbelgr), butter (smjörbelgr), liquids (vínbelgr), curds (skyrbelgr), herbs (jafnabelgr), or the like … 2. bellows (smiðju-belgr) … II. metaphorical, letibelgr, a lazy fellow … belgr also denotes a withered, dry old man (with a skin like parchment), with the notion of wisdom …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 47

belgr (genitive s or -jar, plural ir), m. (1) the skin (off a quadruped) taken off whole (compare kálfsbelgr, kattbelgr, hafrbelgr, otrbelgr; (2) skin-bag, skin-case (draga belg á or yfir höfud einhverjum; (3) bellows (smiðju-belgr).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 242 and 370

belgr m. (1) bellows, (2) (animal) skin

otrbelgr m. otter-skin

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Editor: the first element, ON personal name Belgr, together with ON suffixes dalr, 'dale', slakki, 'slack' and höfuð 'head' give the following place-names:

• Belgr's shallow valley
• Belgr's valley (east, west) woods
• Belgr's heads (?)
• Belgr's head wood (?)

---

Bellerby is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Belgebi which derives from Old Norse meaning 'Berg's farmstead or clearing'. The book describes Bellerby as being medium size, having a population of 15 households, with a total tax assesd as large (6 geld units). The households are broken down into 13 villagers and 2 smallholders. Bellerby's value to the Lord in 1066 is noted as £1.6 and its value to the Lord in 1086 remains the same. Bellerby had 6 ploughlands (ploughs possible), 1 Lord's plough team, 4 men's plough teams and an 8-acre meadow. The Lord in 1066 was Thor. The Lord in 1086 was Enisant Musard. The Tenant-in-chief in 1086 was Count Alan of Brittany.

[297] ON Bil(i) (personal name): Biller Howe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bili or Bil (f) (Biller Howe)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 62, entry 29

BIL, n., temporal, a moment, twinkling of an eye; … þat bil, that very moment … the poetical compounds such as biltrauðr, bilstyggr, bilgrönduðr … (all of them epithets of a hero, fearless, dauntless,) point to an obsolete sense of the word, failure, fear, giving way, or the like; compare bilbugr, bilgjarn, and the verb bila; compare also tímabil, a period; millibil, distance; dagmálabil, hádegisbil, nónbil, etc., nine o'clock, full day-time, noon-time, etc. II. feminine proper name of a goddess, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 62, entry 29

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 116

Fylingdales

BILLER HOWE

• Bilrod 1145-8 Whitby
• Bilroche 1155-65 Whitby

The second element is possibly OE rod, 'clearing'. If so, the -roche is an error for -rothe, a Scandinavianising of rod under the influence of ON rióðr, 'red, ruddy' or rjóðr, 'open space in a forest, clearing'. Dr Lindkvist ("Middle English Place-Names of Scandinavian Origin" (1912) suggests ON Bili or Bil (feminine) as the first element.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 341

• rjóða (rýð; rauð, ruðum; roðinn), verb, to redden (rjóða egg, sverð, vápn); rjóða í blóði, to smear with blood; of the sun (um morguninn, sem sól rýðr fjôll).
• rjóðr, adective, red, ruddy (rjóðr í andliti).
• rjóðr, n. open space in a forest, clearing (skógr rjóðrum höggvinn.)

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Editor's note: see adjacent Billira Cottage [NZ 91799 00827]. Adopting Dr Lindkvist's suggestion that the first element of the 'Biller Howe' NRY place names derives from ON Bili or Bil (feminine), then the ON suffixes haugr 'cairn', dalr 'dale', slakki 'slack, shallow valley', hnúka 'bend', torfa 'turf' (Torfi) and hryggr 'ridge', give the following place-names:

• Bil(i)'s cairn
• Bil(i)'s cairn valley
• Bil(i)'s cairn in the shallow valley
• Bil(i)'s cairn on the bend
• Bil(i)'s cairn on the bend of the shallow valley
• Bil(i)'s cairn on the turf ridge (or Bil(i)'s cairn on Torfi's ridge)

[298] ON Boltr (personal name): Boltby, Holtby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Boltr (Boltby)

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Editor's note: the first element is ON personal name Boltr which, together with ON suffixes by 'farmhouse, village' and sker 'scar, skerry' or skarð 'gap', gives, respectively, 'Boltr's farmhouse/village' and 'Boltr's farmhouse/village by the rocky outcrop'.

Holtby is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Boltebi in the Bulford hundred in the possession of the King.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 198

Felixkirk

BOLTBY 22 E 3

• Boltebi, -by DB et passim to 1399 YI
• Bolthebi circa 1155, 1160 Riev
• Boutebi, -by 1176, 1181 P; 1209 FF; 1230 Ebor; 1271 Ch
• Boltby Vill

'Bolt's farm' vide by. Bolt is from ON (personal name) Boltr LindBN 1920 with genitive form Bolt.

[299] ON Buski (personal name); ON buskr, 'bush, shrub': Great Busby, Little Busby, Busby, Buskey Beck, Buskey House Farm.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Buski (Busby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 169

Stokesley

1. GREAT BUSBY 15 N 8

• Buschebi DB, 1202 FF
• Magna Buskebi(a), Buskeby 1180 YCh 581 et passim to 1327 Fount
• Buskby 1369 FF
• Magna Busbye 1581 FF

'Buski's Farm' from the ON personal name Buski, a weak form of Buskr (LindN) and by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 169

Stokesley

2. LITTLE BUSBY 15 N 8

• Buschebi DB

vide Great Busby supra.

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly ON personal name Buski which, together with ON suffixes bekkr 'beck' and hús 'house' gives, respectively, 'Buski's brook' and 'Buski's house'.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 71

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE busc / ON buskr (ODan buski) 'bush, thicket'

ME, ModE bush is frequently considered to be a Scandinavian loanword deriving from ON buskr. However, the existence of cognates in OHG (busc) and MDu (busc, bosc), the word's geographical distribution, and evidence for the related OE bysce (compare the Danish place-name Buske) suggest that the word might have existed in OE …

A further complication is that medial /sk/ may not have undergone palatalisation and assibilation before a back vowel in OE so forms with medial /sk/ need not reflect ON buskr … which may explain such forms in Kent, Sussex and Devon. There is, then, sufficient reason to think OE busc might have been used in place-names and, as forms with final /-sk/ (as all examples here) could derive from OE or Scandinavian forms, the element is considered indistinguishable.

[300] ON Dūdhi (personal name): Dowbrow Well, Dodholm Wood (Farm).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Dūdhi (Dowber)

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly ON personal name Dūdhi which, together with ON suffixes brá 'brow' (see [194]), vel 'well', holm 'water meadow, dry place in a marshy area' give the following place names:

• 'Dūdhi's well'
• 'Dūdhi's dry place in a marshy area'

[301] ON Flak (personal name): Flax Dale and Flaxton Gill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Flak (Flaxdale ?, Flaxton)

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly ON personal name Flak which, together with ON suffixes gil 'a deep narrow glen with a stream at the bottom' (alternatively, the similar geil or gjá - see [139]), dalr 'dale, valley' and tún 'farm' gives, respectively, 'Flax's valley' and 'Flax's farm in the gill'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 159, entry 27

FLAK, n. the hood of a cap; … hence flaka-ólpa, u, f. a cap with a hood or flap … the flapper or fin, e.g. of a halibut.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 773, entry 87

flak, n. a wreck, in skips-flak.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 37

Bossall

3. FLAXTON 27 C 9

• Flaxtune, -ton(a) DB, 1129-35 YCh 1056 et passim
• Flastun, -tona DB
• Flacstune 1147-63 Riev
• Flasse-, Flaxeton 1295 For

The first element may be the Scandinavian personal name Flak. It is found as a by-name in ON (LindBN 1920), and as the word now means 'fool' in Norwegian it is the kind of name which would thus have been used in earlier times vide tun. One might also suggest 'flax farm' from OE fleax and tun but the form Flacstune is against this.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 89

Thornton Dale

FLAX DALE

• Flaxdale 1334 ForP 252 d
• Flaxedale 1619 NRS

'Flak's valley' or 'valley where flax is grown' vide fleax, dæl. On the first element vide Flaxton 37 supra.

[302] ON Hákr (personal name): Haxby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hákr (Haxby)

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Editor's note: the first element is ON personal name Hákr which, together with ON suffix by 'farmhouse, village' gives 'Hákr's farmhouse/village'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 242, entry 20

HÁKR, m., the proper sense may have been some kind of fish, compare English 'hake'; the word is seldom used but in compounds; mat-hákr, a glutton; orð-hákr, foul mouth: a nickname …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 305, entry 22

hæki-liga, adverb, [hákr], voraciously, savagely

[303] ON personal names Hjörleifr, Hjorleifr, Herleifr: Allerston, Allerton, Allerthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hjörleifr or Herleifr (Allerthorpe)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hjorleifr (m. <5).

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Editor's note: the first element is ON personal name Hjörleifr or Herleifr which, together with ON suffix tún 'homestead, farm' gives 'Hjörleifr's (Herleifr's) farm'.

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"A History of the County of York North Riding" Volume 1, ed. William Page (1914) at pages 397 and 398

The wapentake of Allerton or Allertonshire

The wapentake of Allerton (Alvretun, xi century; Alvertonschyre, xiii century) contains the following parishes: Birkby; Hutton Conyers; Kirkby Sigston; Leake; Northallerton; Osmotherley; North Otterington; West Rounton; Sessay; Sockburn; Thornton-Le-Street. It is practically identical with the 'Alvretun Wapentac' of the Domesday Survey, except that the parish of Sessay appears in the Survey under Gerlestre Wapentake, and North Kilvington (in Thornton-le-Street), Holm (in Pickhill) and Norton Conyers (in Wath) are there entered under Hallikeld, while the parish of Hawnby, and the townships of Kepwick in Over Silton and Harlsey in East Harlsey, which were entered under Allerton in 1086, subsequently formed part of the wapentake of Birdforth.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 93

Allerston

1. ALLERSTON 23 F 2

• Alurestan, -stain, Aluristan DB
• Alvestain, -stein 1154-74 YCh 387; 1160 Riev; 1167 P; 1227 FF; 1233 CI
• Al(l)verstain, -stayn, -steyn, -stein DB, circa 1190-1214 YCh 389, et freq to 1335 ForP 252
• Alverstan(e) 1219 Ass, et freq to 1335 ForP 214 d
• Auverstan 1259 Ass
• Alvestane 1322 NRS

Some of the early spellings have tun in the second element:

• Aluestune DB
• Alveston, -tun 1160 Riev; 1218 FF

Later forms include:

• Allerstane 1285 KI; 1408 For
• Alistan 1316 Vill
• Allestan 1329 Ch
• Allerston, Allarston 1518 FF; 1577 NRS; 1665 Visit
• Ollerston Saxton

The original form of the name seems to have been OE Ælfheresstān 'Ælfhere's stone' vide stan. Forms like Alve- (with loss of -r-) may represent a pet form Ælf or a substitution of ON Alfr (LindN).

The second element fluctuates between OE stan and ON steinn. OE tun in the second element appears to be of early origin. The best explanation of this is to suppose that at an early date a farmstead was built in the neighbourhood of the stan and Ælfhere's name was applied to it also. vide tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

ALLERSTON BECK

• Alvestain(e)bec 1189 Riev
• Aluerstanbek 1335 ForP 260, etc.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 225

Pickhill

ALLERTHORPE HALL

• (H)erleuestorp DB
• Arleythorp(e) 1184 RichReg 84 d; 1508 Test
• Arlethorp(pe) 1224-30 Fees, 1270, 1298; 1418 YI; 1508 Test
• Arlagh(e)thorp circa 1300 RichReg 86 d; 1349 Dugd vii. 921
• Allerthorp 1665 Visit

'Herlef's village' from ON Hjörleifr or Herleifr (LindN), ODan Herlew (Nielsen), OSwed Hærlef (Lundgren-Brate) and þorp.

[304] ON Hjálmr (personal name); ON hjálmr, 'a helm, helmet': Shawm Rigg, Shawn Riggs, Shawn Riggs Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hjálmr (Shawm Rigg (?) )

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Editor's note: (1) the first element is ON personal name Hjálmr which, together with ON suffixes bekkr 'stream' and hryggr 'ridge', gives 'Hjálmr's ridge (and stream)', (2) Shawm Rigg and Shawm Rigg Beck spellings used on the [1853 OS six-inch map].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

SHAWM RIGG (6")

• Halmerigg 1214-22 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Scalmeryg 1305-22 ibidem
• Shalmerigge 1355-72 ibidem

Ekwall (Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names, 92) makes the interesting suggestion that this name exhibits a development in sound of the Scandinavian dialect in England; he suggests that the first element is ON Hjalm- and that Sh- was substituted for this. Though this form would explain the later development to Shalme-, the earliest form could hardly arise from it. It is more probably OE healm 'straw, stubble'; the form Halme- is from the regular unfractured Anglian form halm; the Shahne- form must have arisen from confusion with ON hjalmr, 'helmet', suggested by Professor Ekwall. On the change of Healm or hjalm to Shalme vide Shipton 16 supra and Addenda xlv.

Addenda xlv: p. 523, sub nomine SHAWM RIGG. Professor Ekwall points out that a 'straw' name is very unlikely at this particular spot and suggests that the halm- form offers no difficulty as ON hjalmr would, at an early date, have such a form as healm and that the substitution of ONb halm for this would be quite natural - see also: Shawn Riggs [NZ 89419 09048] and [NZ 89566 08923] and Shawn Riggs Beck [NZ 89422 08818].

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"Introduction to the Survey of English Place Names" Professor Allen Mawer and F. M. Stenton, Cambridge University Press (1924) at page 92

"Certain sound-developments found in place-names point to a somewhat advanced stage of the Scandinavian language in England. The changes of eo to yo and ea to ya to be seen in York (from Eoforwic) and Yatstainswad from Eadstan-, found in a twelfth century text, seem to be comparatively late … Shawm Rigg is in an early source Halmerig. It seems to be an OScand. Hjalmhryggr. Here Sh- was substituted for Hj- just as it was in Shetland for earlier Hjaltland. We cannot date these Scandinavian sound-changes, but they presuppose a development of the Scandinavian language in England."

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 266, entry 48 and page 267, entry 1

HJÁLMR, m. [Gothic hilms; Anglo Saxon, English, Old High German and German 'helm'; Danish-Swedish hjalm; … a Teutonic word probably derived from hylja, to hide] a helm, helmet; distinguished from stálhúfa, a steel hood; luktr hjálmr, a closed, shut helm, only occurs in very late writers … cannot mean cast-iron helmets, but must be helmets coming over the face, as cast-iron was unknown in the Middle Ages … aringreypir hjálmar, helms shaped like an eagle's beak; gull-h., a gilt helm; ár-hjálmr, a brazen helmet, … the word âr is Anglo Saxon, since helmets were of English workmanship, as is seen also in Valskir hjálmar, foreign helmets, which are mentioned by Sighvat. 2. in the mythology Odin is called Hjálm-beri, a, m. helm-bearer, Gm.; he and the Valkyrias were represented as wearing helmets, … whence the poets call the helmet the hood of Odin (Hropts höttr): the vault of heaven is called the 'helm' of the wind, sun, etc., lopt-h., vind-h., sólar-h., Lex. Poët.: the head is called hjálm-stofn, hjálm-staup, hjálm-stallr, hjálm-setr, the stem, knoll, seat of the helm: the weapons, hjálm-angr, -grand, -gagarr, -gríðr, -reyr, -skass, -svell, are called the bane, ogre, etc. of the helm: battle is hjálm-drífa, -grap, -hríð, -rödd, -skúr, -þrima, the storm, gale of the helm: a warrior is hjálm-lestir, -njótr, -njörðungr, -rækjandi, -stafr, -stýrandi, -týr, -þollr, -þróttr: it appears in adjectives, hjálm-faldinn, helm-hooded; hjálm-göfugr, -prýddr, -samr, -tamiðr, decked with, wearing a helm, Lex. Poët. 3. metaphorical and mythological; huliðs-hjálmr, a 'hiding-helm,' cap of darkness, German tarn-kappe, which in the popular tales makes the wearer invisible, in Alm. the clouds are so called; ægis-hjálmr (ýgrs-h.), compare the GREEK of the Greek, helm of terror, properly used of serpents, Sæm … compare hjalm = horror, Ivar Aasen: in proper names, Hjálmr, Hjálmarr, Hjálm-geirr, Hjálm-grímr, Hjálm-gunnarr, Hjálm-týr, Hjálmr-gerðr, not frequent, … II. of helmet-shaped things: 1. a rick of barley, hay, or the like (bygg-h., hey-h., korn-h., q.v.); …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 266, entry 45

hjálm-hús, n. [hjálmr II. i], a hay-house, barn …

[305] ON lítill 'little, small, short': Little Beck, Little Dale, Little Gill, Little Moor.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 393, entry 16

LÍTILL, lítil, lítið, adjective, and lítt adverb; genitive lítils, lítillar, lítils; dative litlum, lítilli, litlu; accusative lítinn, litla, lítið: plural, litlir, litlar, lítil; genitive lítilla; dative litlum; accusative litla, litlar, lítil; comparative minni; superlative minnstr (quod vide): [Anglo Saxon lytel; English 'little'; Swedish liten; Danish liden and lille …] little, of stature … lítið barn, a little bairn … inn Litli, a frequent nickname … small, of things … opt veltir lítil þúfa miklu hlassi, a saying, a little mound may often upset a big wagon load … Compounds:

• meta lítils, to value lightly
• lítill karl, mean churl!
• var hans móðerni lítið, of low rank
• hafa lítið af ríki, a small portion
• litlu síðarr, a little while after
• litla-stofa, u, f. a little parlour in ancient dwellings
• lítils-háttar, adv. of little consideration, lowly
• lítils-verðr, adj. little worth

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE lýtel / ON lítill 'little'

Despite Kristensson's finding that OE /y(:)/ (where the i-mutation of /u:/) in Cheshire remained as /y(:)/ (<u>) in early ME, all instances of the element in the Wirral corpus are spelt <i> (three thirteenth-century records) or <y> (a fifteenth-century record). This need not reflect the Scandinavian form given that there are numerous instances of early ME <i> for the reflex of OE /y(:)/ in southern Lancashire in early ME, and that the unrounded vowel spread south and westwards during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. ME /i(:)/ is the expected reflex of OE /y(:)/ in Westmorland. As the stem-vowels are not reliably distinguishable, and the unstressed vowels /e/ and /i/ were no longer distinct, the elements are not considered distinguishable here.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

LITTLE DALE

• Liteldale circa 1180-1212 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 394

Self-explanatory.

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Editor's note: vide ON líttil, 'little, small, short' and ON dalr, 'dale, valley', the whole giving 'Little valley'.

[306] ON Hun(d)ra (personal name): Hunderthwaite, Hun Dale, Hundale Point, Hundale Scar, The Hundales, Hunter Howe.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hundi (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hun(d)ra (Hunderthwaite)

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly the ON personal name Hun(d)ra which, together with ON suffixes þveit 'small settlement, clearing', dalr 'dale, valley', sker 'scar, skerry' and haugr 'howe, mound, cairn' give the following place-names:

• Hunderthwaite 'Hun(d)ra's small settlement'; alternatively 'Hunrothr's clearing'
• Hun Dale 'Hun(d)ra's valley'
• Hundale Point 'Hun(d)ra's valley point'
• Hundale Scar 'Hun(d)ra's scar/skerry'
• The Hundales 'Hun(d)ra's valleys'
• Hunter Howe ''Hun(d)ra's cairn'

Hundale Scar, Hundale Point and The Hundales together form one continuous scar (skerry) aligned north-south on the North Yorkshire coast to the south of Cloughton Wyke (and north of Scarborough) lying between the MHW and MLW marks and being exposed at low tide and covered at high tide. Hun Dale is a short coastal valley running north-northeast into Cloughton Wyke alongside Hundale Scar.

Hundale Scar

The Hundales at High Tide

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 292, entry 22

HUNDR, m. [Anglo Saxon, Old High German, German, Danish, and Swedish hund; English 'hound'] a dog … the shepherd's dog, watch dog, and deer hound were best known; smala-hundr and fjár-hundr, a shepherd's dog; dýr-hundr, a fox hound; búr-hundr, varð-hundr, a watch dog; grey-hundr, a greyhound; … 3. a nickname, Þórir Hundr: Hunds-fótr, m. a nickname … also the proper names Hundi, Hundingi … Hunda-dagar, m. the dog-days: Hunda-stjarna, u, f. the dog-star, Sirius … Favourite dogs recorded in the Sagas, king Olave's dog Vígi, the Argus of the northern Sagas … Gunnar's dog Sam … the dog Flóki … the dog Saurr, who was made king over the Thronds … pet names, seppi, rakki, grey; and proper names, Vígi, Snati, Loddi, Lubbi (a rough dog), Stripill (smooth), etc.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 307

Romaldkirk

3. HUNDERTHWAITE 14 C 1

• Hundredestoit(h) DB
• Hundresthuait 1184 RichReg 83 d, 1302 Pat
• Hunderthuait, -thwayt 1208 Ass (p); Vill; 1352 FF
• Hundrethwaite KI; circa 1300 RichReg 97
• Hundredthwaite 1316 IpmR
• Hondirthwayt 1400 YI

Lindkvist (see entry below) suggests that the first element is OE hundred (ON hundrað) 'a hundred, a land division', but if this is correct we have here the only reference to a 'hundred' in NRY.

We are told, however, that in 1070 an infinite multitude of Scots under Malcolm assailed Teesdale and laid it waste, slaying several English nobles at a place 'called in English Hundredeskelde, in Latin centum fontes (SD). Hundredeskelde may be identical with Hunder Beck (now in Cotherstone parish); at any rate the first element is identical with that of Hunderthwaite and despite the Latin centum fontes it is probably a personal name ON Hun(d)rað or Hunrøð or less probable OE Hūnrēd. An intrusive unetymological -d- is evidenced also in OIcel Hundólfr by the side of Húnólfr (Orig. Island. i. 219, 271). vide þveit.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 112

Hundredestoit YKS DB; Hundrethwaite Kirkby; Hondrethwayte LS; Hundresthweyt 1302 PatR; Hundredthwaite 1316 Cal. Inq.; Hunderthwait Vill; now Hunderthwaite … Apparently from OE, ME hundred (i) a hundred, the cardinal number (OWScand hundrað) (2) a hundred as a subdivision of a shire. As to the question why the place was named thus, I have no satisfactory suggestion to make.

Hustwait YKS 1166-67 P, 1336 Rot. Orig.; Hustwayth 1231 Gray's Reg. (compare ibid. p. 78 n.); Husweit 1285, Hustthweyt 1287 CI; Hustwayt 1254 YI, 1280 Wickwane's Reg., 1399 Pat; Husththayt 1283 Wickwane's Reg., Tax, 1393 f. Cal. Inq.; Huscthwayt Vill; Husthweyt 1327 PatR; now Husthwaite. … OScand, OE hūs 'house'; compare Norw Hustveit (Rygh NG V), properly, 'a þveit with houses built on it.'

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 322 and 458

hundr m. dog (i.e. attacker, savager) in kenning for wolf (dog of blood), i.e. ravager, thief …

hundvíss a. very wise, cunning (hund- intensive; perhaps also associated with hundr 'dog')

Þórir hundr obtained a magic garment impervious to weapons from Finns

[307] ON Hvalr (personal name); ON hvalr, 'whale'; ON gröf, 'grave': Falsgrave (Scarborough): see [239]

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hvalr (Falsgrave)

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"Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire" (1972) Gillian Fellows Jensen, pages 189 to 194 and 231 to 236

VII. The distribution of the settlements with Scandinavian and scandinavianised names

8. The nationality of the Scandinavian settlers

… The first element of Falsgrave YNR is either the West Scandinavian appellative hváll "knoll" or this appellative used as a place-name. Another place-name which has been thought to be of Norwegian origin is Sedbergh, for Setberg occurs as a place-name in both Norway and Iceland but not in Denmark. That hváll and setberg are not recorded in Danish may simply be, of course, because the Danish landscape is not particularly hilly …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 218, entry 44

grafar-, vide gröf, a grave.

GRÖF, f., genitive grafar … a pit, hole dug; settr í gröf, put into a pit … kola-gröf, a coal pit, peat pit, mó-gröf, torf-gröf; grafar-görð, burning charcoal … II. [English 'grave'; German grabe; Danish grav; Swedish graf], a grave … in numberless instances. grafar-bakki, a, m. and grafar-barmr, m. the verge of the grave …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 107

Scarborough

FALSGRAVE

• Wal(l)esgrif, Walesgriþ DB
• Walesgraua, -grave 1169, 1190 P et freq to 1619 NRS
• Hwallisgrave 1170 Riev
• Hwallexgraue 1181 BylE 103 d; 1334 ForP 318
• Walegrive 1175-89 YCh 370
• Wallesgrave 1201 Rot. Ch.; 1228 Lib; 1275, 1298 YI; 1312 Ch
• Walegrave 1231 Fees
• Whalegrave 1237 CI
• Quallegrave 1242 P
• Whallesgrave 1259 Ass; 1304 Abbr; 1312 ForP 377 d, 1487 FF
• Walsgrave 1575 FF; Saxton
• Faulesgrave 1568 FF

… The first element is the ON personal name Hvalr, genitive Hvals (LindN). The change of hw- to f- is peculiar, but is probably due to over-aspiration, in the same way as in some Scottish and Northern Irish dialects what has become 'fat'.

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Editor's note: according to A.H. Smith:

"The first element is the ON personal name Hvalr, genitive Hvals LindN. The change of hw- to f- is peculiar, but is probably due to over-aspiration, in the same way as in some Scottish and Northern Irish dialects what has become 'fat'.

However, the ON personal name Hvalr is identical to the ON proper noun hvalr 'whale', the genitive of which is also hvals. It is possible that the second element of Falsgrave (grave) is derived from ON gröf, 'grave' giving the ON place-name hvals gröf; 'whale's grave' (Falsgrave - Wal(l)esgrif, Walesgriþ 1086 DB) and see also hval-grafir, 'whale pits where blubber was kept' and Victoria County History (1923) - In 1086 FALSGRAVE (Walesgrif, xi century; Walsgrave, xii-xvi century; Waldegrave, xiv century; Walsgrave alias Falsgrave, xvii century)

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Victoria County History (1923) "A History of the County of York North Riding" Volume 2

The borough of Scarborough

… Scarborough Castle stands between the north and south bays on a rocky promontory, crowned by a triangular plateau about 19 acres in extent, and having its longest side towards the east, where the hill falls precipitously to the sea … The materials of the whole of the works are limestone rubble, quarried from the castle rock, for the core of the walls, with sandstone for the facing and wrought work. The latter stone was quarried both from the castle rock and from 'Whallesgrave' (Falsgrave) and Hayburn … In the 17th century the town took part in the Greenland whale fishery and manufactured oil.

… In 1086 FALSGRAVE (Walesgrif, xi century; Walsgrave, xii-xvi century; Waldegrave, xiv century; Walsgrave alias Falsgrave, xvii century)

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Wikipedia

Norwegians caught whales off the coast of Tromsø as early as the 9th or 10th century. Vikings from Norway also introduced whaling methods for driving small cetaceans, like pilot whales, into fjords in Iceland. The Norse sagas, and other ancient documents, provide few details on Norwegian whaling. The sagas recount some disputes between families over whale carcasses but do not describe any organized whale fishery in Norway. Spear-drift whaling was practiced in the North Atlantic as early as the 12th century. In open boats, hunters would strike a whale, using a marked spear, with the intent of later locating the beached carcass to claim a rightful share.

Whale washed ashore at Cloughton Wyke
March 27 1910, length 51 feet, height 7 feet

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 295, entry 45

HVALR, m., plural, hvalar … modern hvalir: [Anglo Saxon hwœl; German wall-fisch; Danish hval] a whale … there was always a great stir when a whale was driven ashore, flýgr fiskisaga ferr hvalsaga … in local names, Hvals-á, Hvals-nes, Hval-fjörðr, Hvals-eyrr … Compounds:

• hvals auki, amber; hval-ambr, m. whale amber
• hvals hauss, a whale's head
• hvals ván, expectation of a whale being drifted ashore
• hvals verð, a whale's value
• hvala blástr, the blowing of a whale
• hvala-kváma, arrival of shoals of whales
• hvala-kyn, a species of whale
• hvala-skúfr, whale guts, a nickname
• hvala-vetr, a winter when many whales were caught
• hval-fiskr, m. a whale
• hval-fjara, u, f. a whale beach, on which a whale has drifted and is cut up
• hval-fjós, f. whale blubber
• hval-flutningr, m. carrying blubber
• hval-fundr, m. the finding a (dead) whale
• hval-föng, n. plural, stores of whale (blubber)
• hval-grafir, f. plural, whale pits where blubber was kept
• hval-gæði, n. plural, = hvalgögn hval-gögn, n. plural, gain derived from whales
• hval-járn, n. a whale-iron, harpoon
• hval-kaup, n. purchase of whale-blubber
• hval-kálfr, n. a whale-calf, young whale
• hval-kváma, u, f. a drifting of whales ashore
• hval-látr, m. 'whale-litter', a place where whales cast their young
• hval-magi, a, m. whale-maw, a nickname
• hval-mál, n. 'whale-case', i. e. a claim to whales as jetsum
• hval-reið, f. = hvalreki, Ljósvetninga Saga 58. hval-reki, a, m. a drift of whales
• hval-rekstr, m. whale hunting (as described by Sir Walter Scott in the Pirate)
• hval-rétti, n. 'whale-right', as to jetsum
• hval-réttr, m. whale hunting
• hval-rif, n. a whale's rib
• hval-ró, f. a nickname
• hval-saga, u, f. whale news
• hval-skipti, n. whale sharing
• hval-skíð, n. whale gills
• hval-skurðr, m. whale carving, cutting up whales
• hval-skyti, a, m. a whale harpooner
• hval-taka, u, f. taking, stealing blubber
• hval-tíund, f. a tithe paid from whales
• hval-vágr, m. a whale creek, where whales are caught
• hval-ván, f. a whale expected to be driven ashore

In poetry the sea is called hval-frón, -jörð, -mænir, -tún, = the abode … town of whales …

hross-hvalr, m. [Anglo Saxon horshwæl = horse-whale; the German form being wall-ross; English 'walrus'] a walrus … ropes of walrus skin (svörðr) were used of old for rigging ships, see king Alfred's Orosius.

hrafn-hvalr, m. [Anglo Saxon hran or hren = a whale] a kind of whale.

hlass-hvalr, m. a cart-load of blubber.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 235, 247, 253, 286, 291, 299, 317, 320, 323, 339, 362, 364, 373, 378, 392, 395, 431 and 481

• andhvalr m. bottle-nose(d whale); = andarnefja; beaked whale
• blæjuhvalr m. a kind of whale, perhaps right whale or nordcaper (or maybe the same as blökuhvalur, = stökkull, a dolphin or a fabulous whale according to Blondal 1920-24;
• bunungr m. a kind of whale, búrungr m., perhaps = búrhvalr m. sperm whale
• búrhvalr m. see kýrhvalr and bunungr
• geirhvalr m. minke whale; or perhaps the same as geirreyðr m. sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis; ('spear whale')
• gnípa f. mountain-top, peak; in kenning for waves, of hvals ranngnípur, over the peaks of the whale's house; in kenning for giants, hreinar gnípu Lista, reindeer of peak-Lister, of the mountains
• hafrhvalr m. dolphin (= höfrungur, Delphinus delphis; perhaps could be used of any male whale)
• hrafnreyðr f. minke whale or lesser rorqual; compare hrafnhvalr, sei whale and reyðr
• hrosshvalr m. a fabulous whale, though the etymology suggests 'walrus' (rostungr) ('horse whale)
• hvalland n. whale-land, kenning for sea hvalmœnir m. whales' roof-ridge, surface of the sea
• hvalr m. whale; in kenning for the sea, hvals rann (rann to be taken as first half of the compound ranngnípur); in kenning for ox, Skaði's whale (presumably because whales were seen as Njǫrðr's oxen?), þrymseilar Várar
• kýrhvalr m. 'cow-whale', a kind of whale compare nauthvalr, an alternative name for búrhvalr m. sperm whale
• náhvalr m. narwhal
• norðhvalr m. Greenland right whale; = sléttibaka LML 123, sljettbakur Blöndal 1920-24)
• rann n. house, hall; in kenning for the sea, hvals rann v260/4 (rann to be taken as first half of the compound ranngnípur: the peaks of the whale's house are the waves)
• rostungr m. walrus compare hrosshvalr
• skjaldhvalr m. killer whale or grampus (compare vǫgn) 'shield whale'
• skútuhvalr m. a kind of whale (compare skútufiskr, 'a fish caught from a small decked boat'; see skúta
• vǫgn f. killer whale (presumably the same as vǫgnhvalr vagnhvalr (also vǫgnuhvalr) = grampus or killer whale); ving-vǫgn 'land-whale' = giant, in kenning for þjazi, vagna vingRǫgnir. Vagna is probably not from vagn 'chariot' here
• Hvalr m. a giant (compare Hymiskviða)

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 299, entry 12

HVELJA, u, f. [hvalr, compare English 'wheal'] the skin of a cyclopterus or whale … in plural, the metaphor súpa hveljur, to sup on hveljur, i. e. to lose the breath, to gasp as when about half drowned …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 298, entry 7

HVÁLL, masculine, modern hvoll, [… akin to hvel, hválf, properly denoting what is convex, …]: a hill; not much used, hóll (quod vide) being the common word; but it is still used of a 'dome-shaped' hill; and in local names of farms lying under such hills … Hváls-maðr, masculine, a man from Hváls …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 280, entry 39

HÓLL, m. contracted for hváll (quod vide), and the usual form in old manuscripts: a hill, hillock … (see dalr) …: the phrases, dal og hól, dale and hill; hólar og hæðir; álf-hóll, an elf-hill, fairy mount; orrostu-hóll, víg-hóll, a battle-hill; sjávar-hólar, sand-hills (dunes or denes) on the shore; grjót-hóll, a stone heap, passim: frequent in local names …

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"Norwegian Surnames, with special reference to orthography and foreign influence" (1918) George T. Flom from "Scandinavian Studies and Notes", Volume 5 at page 142

… (wahl) is a very rare name in Norway, a rare orthographic form of the East Norwegian Hval, Old Norse hvál, 'the main building of a farm-stead', which is its source.

Some of the names that have an English appearance have arisen by loss of sounds and the letters that spell them in the body of the word, or by assimilation of two sounds into one. Thus we have Tisdal from Tistedal and Rom from Roum, which goes back to a still earlier Raaum.

[308] ON Ingólfr (personal name): Inglethwaite, Ingleby, Jingleby House, Jingleby Thorn, Jingleby Thorn Plantation.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Ingólfr (Inglethwaite)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Ingólfr (m. <5).

---

Editor's note: the first element of Ingleby is possibly the ON personal name Ingólfr which, together with ON suffix by 'farmhouse, village' gives place-name Ingleby [Arnecliffe] 'Ingólfr's farmhouse'. See also adjacent Ingleby Cross.

---

Editor's note: the first element of Inglethwaite is possibly the ON personal name Ingólfr which, together with ON suffixes þveit 'small settlement, clearing', by 'farmhouse, village' and þorn 'thorny place' give the following place-names:

• Inglethwaite 'Ingólfr's clearing' (Bulford Hundred, now lost, environs Easingwold)
• Jingleby Thorn and Jingleby Thorn Plantation 'Ingólfr's farmhouse and clearing made from thorn-bushes' (see [48])
• Ingleby [Arnecliffe] 'Ingólfr's farmhouse'

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 112

Ingulvestvet YKS DB; Ingoldethweyt 1292 f. Pat; Ingoldethwayt 1294 Rot. Orig., 1295 Pat; Ingaldtweyt 1295, Ingolftwayt 1296 YI; Ingoltwayt, Ingelthwayt 1328, Ingoldthwayt 1340, Ingolthwait 1378, Ingolthwayt 1411 Pat; now Inglethwaite, in Galtres forest … from the man's name OWScand Ingólfr, OSwed Ingulfer, ODan Ingulw; in the spellings of this place-name repeatedly confused with ME Ingold < OWScand Ingvaldr, ODan Ingvald.

[309] ON Íri (personal Name): Irton, Irby Manor, Ircroft.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Íri (Irby Manor, Irton)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

Íri (Ircroft, 13th century)

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Editor's note: the first element is possibly the ON personal name Íri which, together with ON suffixes tún 'farm' and by 'farmhouse, village' give the following place-names:

• Irton 'Íri's farm'
• Irby Manor 'Íri's farmhouse, village'

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 101

Seamer

2. IRTON 23 E 6

• Iretun(e) DB, 1170 P
• I-,Yrton(a) circa 1223 Whitby et passim
• Hi-, Hyrton(a) circa 1223 Whitby; 1244 Percy; LS
• Urton 1572 FF

'The Irishman's or Irishmen's farm' vide tun. The first element is the ON Íri, genitive singular or plural Ira, used of a Scandinavian who had been in Ireland. vide Introduction xxvii.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 193

Coxwold

IRTON (lost)

• Iretone DB

vide Irton 101 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 218

Rounton

IRBY MANOR

• Irebi DB

'Farm of the Irishman or irishmen' vide by. On the first element vide Irton (Pickering) 101 supra and compare Sawcock 216 supra.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Introduction at pages xxvi and xxvii

(at page xxvi)

The material available for determining the presence of Norwegian settlements is more complete than that for the Danes, because the tests of Norwegian influence are more numerous. In Bulmer wapentake there is no trace of Norwegian influence either in place-names or archaeological material. In Ryedale there are many names of Norwegian and Irish-Norwegian origin, including Laskill Pasture which contains Old Norwegian skáli, Dowthwaite, Appleton le Moors, and Colthmanelandes which contain Irish personal names, and Normanby, all north of the river Rye. Airyholme, the lost Ircroft (Old Norse fri) in Helmsley, and Oswaldkirk, which in early forms sometimes has its elements reversed according to the Irish fashion, point to a small Norwegian settlement on the south of the river, in a district which had already been populated by Angles and Danes (supra xix, xxiv). Many of the Scandinavian names in the upper part of the valley are probably Norwegian, though there is nothing to prove it except the entire absence in these parts of names of specifically Danish origin. Irish influence has been observed on the crosses at Stonegrave, Amotherby, Hovingham, Lastingham, Kirkdale, Kirkby Moorside, and Helmsley.

(at page xxvii)

… In the extreme east of the (Pickering Lythe) wapentake the name Irton points to a small Norwegian colony amid the Danish thorps, whilst Scarborough was founded by the Norseman Thorgils Skarthi (infra 105-6).

[310] ON Járnólfr (personal name): Yarna Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Járnólfr (Yarna Beck)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 95

Allerston

YARNA BECK

• Yarnolfbek 1324 NRS; 1335 ForP 216 d
• Yorney beck 1619 NRS

'Yarnolf's stream' from ON Járnólfr (LindN) and bekkr.

[311] ON Jórekr (personal name): Yorfalls Wood

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Jórekr (Yorfalls)

---

Editor's note: the first element is possibly the ON personal name Jórekr which, together with ON suffix fall 'place where trees have been felled' gives the place-name 'Yorfalls'.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 93

Levisham

YORFALLS

• Yorcfal 1335 ForP 255

Yorfalls was an enclosure in the Forest of Pickering. The second element is ON fall, 'place where trees have been felled'. The first is possibly adopted from the city of York or, as Dr Lindkvist in "Middle English Place-Names of Scandinavian Origin" (1912) suggests, may be the ON personal name Jórekr.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 331 and 485

Jórekr m. personal name used as name for bear ('horse-powerful')

Jórekr m. a sea-king

[312] ON fall 'a fall, a felling of trees' (in place-names); ON falla 'to fall': Yorfalls Wood, Falling Foss - see above [311]

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 139, entry 4

FALL, n., plural fóll, [common to all Teutonis idioms except Gothic], a fall: … the proverb, fall er farar heill, a fall bodes a lucky journey … 2. a fall, death in battle … mann-fall, loss of men in battle … 4. the fall or rush of water; vatns-fall, a waterfall, large river; sjávar-fóll, tides; að-fall, flood-tide; út-fall, ebb-tide; boða-fall, a breaker … II. metaphorical, downfall, ruin, decay; fall engla, the fall of the angels … á-fall, a shock; frá-fall, death; ó-fall, mishap; jarð-fall, an earth-slip. 2. eccl. a sin, transgression …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 137, entry 10

FALLA, preterite féll, 2nd person féllt, plural, féllu; present fell, plural, föllum; participle fallinn; reflexive féllsk, fallisk … [Anglo Saxon feallan; English 'fall'; Danish falde; Swedish falla] to fall; as in English so in Icelandic falla is the general word, used in the broadest sense; … the proverb, eigi fellr tré við hit fyrsta högg, a tree falls not by the first stroke …

• falla af baki, to fall from horseback
• áfram, to fall forwards
• á bak aptr, to fall on the back
• til jarðar, to fall to the ground, fall prostrate
• fram, to fall down
• fall-staðr, a falling place
• fall-hætt, staggering, in danger of falling

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 151, entry 2

FELLA, d, a weak causal verb, answering to the strong neuter form falla; [Anglo Saxon fellan; English 'fell'; Swedish fälla; Danish fælde] [Answering to falla A], to fell, make fall … 2. to fell or slay, in battle …

• fella við, to fell timber
• fella mann, to fell a man
• fella tár, to let tears fall
• fella mel-dropa, to let the drops fall
• fella segl, to take down sails

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 80

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE (West Saxon) (ge)feall, (Anglian) (ge)fall 'a fall', in place-names 'a felling of trees' / ON fall 'a fall', in place-names 'fallen trees, a felling of trees, landslip'

OE initial ge- only survived in ME in the south, so these elements are indistinguishable in Anglian and Scandinavian forms. The Danish reflex of the element seems to mean both 'slope' and 'group of fields' but the meaning 'clearing' occurs in Swedish place-names.

[313] ON Kámr (personal name); ON Kambr, 'of crags rising like a crest': Camedale Wood

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kámr (Camedale) (?)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Skelton

CAMEDALE (6")

• Camisedale DB (? identical)
• Camdale 1407 YI

If the DB form is to be identified with this place the first element is the ON by-name Kámsi or Kámr (LindBN). This identification is, however, doubtful and it seems more likely that the first element is OE camb or ON kambr 'comb, crest, ridge' (compare Cam 196 infra). vide dæl.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at page 49

-comb, -combe - Common also in CUL as a prefix - Cumdivock, -rangan, -ranton, -whinton, etc. - or separately, as in Combe Down, Combe Florey, Combe Martin, etc. The proximate root is OE cumb, 'a hollow thing'; hence 'a bowl', and then 'a (deep) valley' or 'a hollow in the flank of a hill'. In origin it is probably Keltic, and cognate with Welsh cwm, 'a hollow'. As suffix, it is found chiefly in the south, especially in SOM, DOR, and DEV - in the first commonest of all. In BRK there are four, in CAM none, in WAR only Walcombe (no old forms), in CHS only Seacombe, which is at least as old as the days of Henry VI; there is also Holcombe, near Manchester; and the suffix reappears in the north in CUL, Gillercombe, and Glaramara and Langdale Combes, etc.; also at least once in DUR, Escomb (Bishop Auckland). But in the north one must be careful to differentiate from coom sb (Oxford Dictionary), 'a domelike hill', of uncertain origin, as in Black Combe, White Combe, and Hen Comb, CUL, and Comb Fell and Combhill, NBL. SACOMBE, HRT, is a corruption, being Sueuechamp in DB 1086

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 330, entry 17

KAMBR, m. [Anglo Saxon camb; English 'comb'; Danish kam] a comb, … ladies used to wear costly combs of walrus-tusk or gold, whence the place in Iceland at which Auda lost her comb was called Kambsnes; … 2. a carding-comb (ullar-kambr), … II. a crest, comb, … hreistr-kambr, a scaly comb; hana-kramb, a cock's crest, compare Gullin-kambi, Gold crest 2. a crest, ridge of hills; malar-kambr, a ridge on the beach, … bæjar-kambr, the front wall of a house. III. frequently in local names, Kambr, of crags rising like a crest …

• kamban, n. a nickname, probably Gaelic
• kambari, a, m. a comb-maker, … a nickname
• kamb-höttr, m. a nickname
• kamb-pungr, m., pronounced kampungr, a 'comb-purse'; in modern usage, a letter-bag

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 72

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE camb / ON kambr 'comb, crest'

These elements are self-evidently indistinguishable, and additionally hard to distinguish from Brittonic kambo- 'crooked' VEPN sub verbo camb).

[314] ON Kani (personal name): Cana Barn.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kani (Cana Barn)

[315] ON Kári (personal name); ON kári, 'the wind': Carthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kári (Carthorpe)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 334, entry 69

kári, a, m., poetical, the wind, frequent in modern usage: a proper name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 226

Burneston

CARTHORPE 21 E 11

• Caretorp 1086 DB
• Karethorp 1247 YI et freq to 1322 Abbr
• Carthorp, Karthorp 1161-70 MaryH 231 d et passim
• Carethropp 1558 RichWills

'Kari's village' from the ON personal name Kári (LindN) and þorp; compare Caythorpe (YER), Caretop 1086 DB

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Kári (m. 6).

[316] ON Káti (personal name); ON kati, 'a kind of small ship, a cat': Cat Flats, Catton and Catwick

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Káti (Cat Flats, Catwick (?), Kateridden)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 118

Sneaton

CATWICK

• Kattewich 1214-22 Whitby
• Catwyk 1576 FF

Possibly 'Kati's vik'. ON Káti is adduced by (LindBN), but the tt is difficult. Further forms are needed. ON vík seems to be used here of a nook or corner in the hills; vide ("Chief Elements in English Place-Names", 1923 p.62). Catwick stands on the side of a narrow valley.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 147

Skelton

KATERIDDEN

• Kateriding 1273 YI
• Cadringe LS

'Kati's clearing' from the ON personal name Káti (LindBN) and hryding. The LS form is erratic.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 154

Marske

CAT FLATS (6")

• Cateflat 12 Guis; 1180-90 YCh 767

'Kati's field' from the ON by-name Káti (LindBN) and flat.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 183

Topcliffe

CATTON 21 G 13

• Catune DB
• C-, Katton 1199 FF

'Catta's or Kati's farm' vide tún. The first element is from ON Káti or OE Catta, not found in independent use in OE, but vide MLR xiv. 237. Compare Caton (Place Names Lancashire 177) and Catton (Norfolk), Catetuna, Cat(t)una 1086 DB.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 333, entry 6

KATI, a, m. a kind of small ship, a 'cat', … ketíll (kettle) seems to be a diminutive from this old word. II. local names; Kata-nes, n. Caithness in Scotland: Katnesingar, m. plural the men of Caithness, Orkney: Katneskr, adj. from Caithness

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 333 and 335

kati m. a kind of small boat (English cat; Falk 1912, 88; compare ketla) v493/8

ketla f. a kind of small boat (diminutive of kati)

[317] ON Kausi (personal name); kýr, 'cow': Cowesby, Cowgate Rigg, Cowgate Slack, Kitley Hill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kausi (Cowesby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 201

Cowesby

COWESBY 22 C 3

• Cahosbi DB 1086
• Cousebi, -by 1199 Cur et passim to 1407 NCyWills
• Causeby 1202 FF; 1227 Pat; Ebor; 1333 Riev
• Couesby 1228 Ebor
• Coosby by Trysk 1476 Calendar of Patent Rolls

'Kausi's farm' vide by. Compare ON Kausi (LindBN 1920), found in a number of Norwegian place-names such as ONorw Kausærut, Norw Kausebøl (Rygh NG i. 31, etc.).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 295

Arkengarthdale

KITLEY HILL

• Kydalehowe 1285 YI

'Hill near the cow valley' from ON kýr, dalr and haugr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 334, entry 50

KAUSI, a, m. [kause, Ivar Aasen], a cat, = kisa, quod vide; … Snorri mælti við son sinn þórð kausa, sér köttrinn músina, Snorri spoke to his son Thord, "sees the cat the mouse ?": a nickname …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 367, entry 39

KÝR, f., genitive kýr, dative and accusative kú; n. plural, accusative, kýr, genitive kúa, dative kúm; and with the article, singular, kýrin, kýrinnar, kúnni, kúna, plural kýrnar, kúanna, kúnum; [a word common to all Teutonic languages … ] a cow … snemmbær kýr, an early-calving cow, viz. in autumn or in the early winter months; Jólabær kýr, a cow to calve at Yule time … Compounds:

• kúa-lubbi, a, m., botanical, a boletus, mushroom
• kúa-mjólk, f. cow's milk
• kúa-smjör, n. cow's butter
• kýr-eldi, n. cow's fodder
• kýr-fóðr, n. a cow's fodder, a measure of hay
• kýr-húð, n. a cow's hide
• kýr-hvalr, m. a kind of whale
• kýr-lag, n. = Icelandic kúgildi, a cow's value
• kýr-land, n. land yielding a cow's value in rent
• kýr-leiga, u, f. a cow's rent
• kýr-verð, n. a cow's worth

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 339, 340 and 488

• kýr f. cow
• kýrhvalr m. 'cow-whale', a kind of whale
• kyrr (1) m. sword-name, 'quiet' (or perhaps kýrr)
• kyrr (2) a. quiet, submissive; unwavering, held firm
• kyrra weak verb, pacify, make peaceful, give peace to
• kyrrlátr a. quiet, gentle in behaviour
• kyrrseta f. sitting still; vara k. there was no peaceful existence, there was a violent battle
• Kýrr m. an ox (m. form of kýr f. 'cow'; cf. kyrr

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 77

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE cu / ON kýr 'a cow'

Although distinguishable in the nominative forms, the paradigms of OE cu and ON kýr both had non-mutated forms with root vowel /u:/ and mutated forms with stem vowel /y:/ from i-mutation and, in ON R-mutation. As detailed above, ON -r is generally lacking in Scandinavian linguistic material from England (at least where there is no vowel intervening between it and the stem), so this would be unlikely to distinguish the elements. There are variant dialectal forms that might permit OE forms to be distinguished (for instance, NBL cýna, but these words must otherwise be considered indistinguishable.r

[318] ON Kekkja (personal name): Kekmarish (lost).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kekkja (Kekmarish)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 84

Pickering

KEKMARISH (lost)

• Kekemar(r)ays 1206, 1241 Riev; LS
• Kekmar(r)eys 1335 ForP 216, 260; 1369 Riev
• Kekmaresse 1538 Riev

'Kekkja's marsh' vide mersc. The first element is probably the ON by-name Kekkja (LindBN 1920).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 335, entry 33

kekkja, u, f. [kökkr], a nickname

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Victoria County History (1923)

A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2

Pickering Parishes (pages 461-476)

By 1334 the Waste, with half a carucate of land formerly belonging to Eustace son of John, (fn. 232) had been formed into the manors of Kekmarish, Loftmarish, Lund and Newstead, the first two part of the present Marishes, the third in Kirkby Misperton, the last in Thornton Dale parish. The abbot's grange at KEKMARISH (? Theokemarais, Kekmarreys, Kekmaresse, Keckmarris) was mentioned in 1206, and contained in 1275-6 300 acres of arable land and 300 acres of pasture. It belonged to Rievaulx at the Dissolution, was sold to Sir Roger Cholmley of Roxby in 1544, and in 1611 was held at farm by John Cholmley. At the Dissolution LOFTMARISH (Loftmarais, Loftmarreys, Loftmaresse) belonged to the abbey, and the grange, with Deerholme (Dereham) Grange, was granted in February 1542-3 to the Archbishop of York and his successors. The last mention found of Loftmarish is in 1649.

[319] ON Kel(l)e (personal name): Kelsit Grange.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kel(l)e (Kelsit Grange)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 18

Sutton on the Forest

KELSIT GRANGE

• Chelestuit, Chelesterd 1086 DB
• Kelst(h)wait 1300 Leon 6 d; 1338 Ch
• Kell(e)thwait 1317, 1330 For

'Kel's enclosure' vide þveit. A personal name Kel(le) is best explained as a short-form of such an ON name as Grímkell or Úlfkell from earlier names in -ketill. Compare Kelle found in LIN in 1219. Compare also Björkman (1912) 52.

[320] ON Kempi (personal name): Kemplah.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kempi (Kemplah)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 151

Guisborough

KEMPLAH (6")

• Kempclive 13th Guis
• Kempley 1539 Dugd vi. 275

'Kempi's cliff' from the ON by-name Kempi (LindBN) and clif. For loss of final f compare Hamley page 80 supra.

[321] ON Ketilgrímr (personal name): Kilgram Grange.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ketilgrímr (Kilgram)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 251

East Witton

KILGRAM GRANGE

• Kelgrimhou 1228 Dugd v. 576
• Kylgramhowe 1539 Dugd v. 578

'Kelgrim's mound' vide haugr. Kelgrim is found in Kellamergh (Place-Names Lancashire 151) and Björkman (1912) 53 suggests that its ultimate origin is an unrecorded ON Kelfgrímr or ON Ketilgrímr.

[322] ON Rauðr (personal name); rauðr, 'red': Roxby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Rauðr (Roxby (2)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Rauðr (Routhegathe, circa 1200, Rothtwayte, 1407)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Rauðr (m. <5).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 90

Thornton Dale

ROXBY

• Rozebi, Rosebi 1086 DB
• Roucesby 1250 (Book of Fees) (p), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy 1301), 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 207, 253 d, 1408 (Forest Proceedings)
• Roxbie 1577 (Saxton's Map of Yorkshire)

'Rauth's farm' from the ON personal name Rauðr LindN and by. Compare Roxby (Langbaurgh East Wapentake) 139 infra. The spelling Rox- is due partly to influence of genuine Roxbys (from ON Hrókr) and partly to an inverted spelling arising from the change of ME x to z, which has confused the spelling of z from other sources in the dialect, compare Moxby 29 supra and Coxwold 191 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 139

Hinderwell

2. ROXBY 16 D 7

• Roscebi, Rozebi, DB
• Raucebi 1145-8 Whitby
• Rouceby 1285 KI; LS; 1346, 1425 Pat
• Rotseby 1311 Ch
• Rouseby 1415 YI
• Rousby Saxton
• Rokesby 1575 FF

'Rauth's farm' from the ON personal name Rauðr), genitive Rauz, vide Roxby 90 supra and by, and compare Rauceby (LIN).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 484, entry 4

RAUÐR, adjective, rauð, rautt, comparative rauðari, rauðastr … red … phrases, rautt brennr fyrir, 'red burns afar', i. e. there is some hope yet … metaphorical bloody, fierce, arch, rauðr víkingr = rauða-víkingr … various shades of red, fagr-rauð, fair-red; dreyr-rauð, crimson; dumb-rauð, chestnut-red; dökk-rauð, dark-red; mó-rauð, coffee-coloured. … 2. in local names, Rauða-mýrr, 'red-mire'; Rauð-á 'red-river'; Rauði-gnúpr 'red-peak'; Rauða-fell 'red-mountain'; Rauði-melr 'red-dune'; Rauði-lækr 'red-brook'; Rauði-sandr 'red-sand'; Rauða-skriða 'red-scree'; Rauða-vatn 'red-water'; from the reddish colour of bogs and moorlands, which was supposed to be a sign that there was iron in the soil; whence Rauðæ-ingar, Rauð-melingar, Rauð-lækingar, Rauð-sendir, the men from Rauð … in proper names, Rauðr, Rauð-úlfr … Compounds:

• rautt berg, a red quarry
• snýta rauðu, to spout blood
• falda rauðu, to wear a red hood, to die a bloody death
• et rauða, the yolk of an egg
• rauð-bleikr, adj. reddish, of hair, beard
• rauð-brúnaðr, part. red-brown, dark-red, reddish
• rauð-brúnn, adj. red-brown
• rauð-búinn, part. dressed in red
• rauð-dropóttr, adj. red-spotted
• rauð-eygðr, adj. red-eyed
• rauð-flekkóttr, adj. flecked with red
• rauð-freknóttr, adj. red-freckled
• rauð-gulr, adj. yellow-red, orange
• rauð-hárr, rauð-hærðr, adj. red-haired
• rauð-klæddr, part. red-clad
• rauð-leitr, adj. ruddy, of the face
• rauð-lita, að, to dye red
• rauð-litaðr, part. red-coloured, dyed red
• rauð-litr, adj. reddish
• rauð-mengjaðr, part. mingled with red
• rauð-síðóttr, adj. with red sides, of a cow
• rauð-skeggjaðr, adj. red-bearded
• rauð-skjöldóttr, adj. red-chequered, of cattle
• rauðum-skjaldi, a, m. red-shield, a nickname
• Rauð-skeggr, m. Red-beard, Barbarossa, a nickname
• rauð-skegla, u, f. a kind of sea-gull
• Rauð-súð, f. the name of a vessel
• rauða, u, f. the red part or yolk of an egg
• rauða-galinn, part. 'red-mad', quite mad
• rauða-haf, n. the 'red sea', of the ocean surrounding the earth
• rauða-rán, n. a 'red robbery', a law term, a kind of aggravated robbery liable to skóggang
• rauða-sótt, f., medical flow of blood
• rauða-víkingr, m. a 'red viking', great pirate
• rauð-álfr, m. a 'red elf', a person dressed in gaudy colours
• rauð-bekri, a, m. a nickname
• rauð-brestlingr, m., botanical carex saxatilis
• rauð-brystingr, m. the redbreast, a bird
• rauð-dýri, n. the red deer
• rauð-feldr, m. red cloak, a nickname
• rauð-kápa, u, f. a red cape
• rauðkápu-maðr, m. the man in the red cape
• rauð-kembingr, m. a fabulous whale or sea monster
• rauð-kinni, -kinnr, m. 'red cheek', a kind of savage bear
• rauð-magi, a, m. the red maw, the lump-fish
• rauð-málmr, m. the red ore = gold

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 483, entry 34

RAUÐI, a, m. red iron-ore, haematite, from which the Norse settlers wrought iron (whence rauða-blástr, m. = the forging of haematite) …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 156

Kirkleatham

REDCAR 16 B 2

• Redker 1165-75 YCh et passim to 1422 YI
• Redeker(re) circa 1180 Percy; 1198 Fount; 1301 LS; 1333 Riev
• Rideker 1271 Ipm
• Redkerre 1353 Percy
• Ridkere 1407 YI
• Readcar 1653 Marske

'Red marshy land' vide OE read, ON kjarr. The land is low-lying and the rocks are of a reddish hue (compare Rawcliffe Bank 146 supra).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 146

Skelton

RAWCLIFF BANK

• Readecliff 1043-60 (12th) SD
• Roudeclif, Roudclive DB
• Routheclyve, -clive 1190, 1242 Guis
• Rouclif(flat) 1407 YI
• Rocliff 1582 FF

This name is of great interest as showing what must have repeatedly happened in Yorkshire place-names, viz. the replacement of an OE name by a Scandinavian cognate. The Symeon of Durham form Readecliff is from OE read 'red', whilst later forms show the substitution of ON rauðr. vide clif.

[323] ON Kleiss (personal name); ON kleiss, 'inarticulate in one's speech': Cleasby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kleiss (Cleasby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 284

Cleasby

CLEASBY

• Clesbi, -by, DB
• Clesebi, -by 1184 RichReg d et passim to circa 1300 RichReg
• Cleysby(e) 1545, 1562 RichWills

Perhaps from ODan Klēss (ONorw Kleiss) 'inarticulate in one's speech', used as a personal name. vide by

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Editor's note: Cleasby is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, close to the River Tees and Darlington. Although the origin of the name of the village is uncertain, most sources claim it to be the combination of a personal name, Kleiss, and the Old Norse -by, 'farm', giving Kleiss' farm.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 342, entry 27

kleisask, t, to become inarticulate; tunga kleisisk, Anecdotal 3.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 342, entry 28

kleiss, adjective, kleiss í máli, inarticulate in one's speech.

[324] ON personal names Kol(l)i, Kollr, Kolr: Coulby, Colby Hall.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Kollr (m. 9), Kolli (m. 8), Kolgrímr (m. <5), Kolr (m. <5), Kollsveinn (m. 3), Kolbjorn (m. 2), Kolskeggr (m. 2). See also ON skeið-kollr, m. a nickname; Snæ-kollr, personal name; snæ-kollr, m. a mound of snow, a nickname; mó-kollr 'a ram without horns' (kolla, a ewe); þúfna-kollr, m. the top of a mound.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kol(l)i (Coulby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 170

Stainton

COULBY

• Colebi, DB
• Colleby a. 1135 Whitby; 1295 YI; 1310 Ch (p)
• Colby 1292 Heal 166 (p), et freq to 1416 YI

'Kolli's farm' from the ON personal name Kol(l)i (LindN), found also in the Danish place-name Kulby (Nielsen, Oddanske Personnavne), and by.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 336 and 487

kollr m. crown of the head

Kolli m. (inn prúði) Icelandic poet, 12th century

[325] ON Kráki (personal name); ON krákr, 'a crow': Cracoe, Crachou, Crakehall, Crakethorn, Crakehill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kráki (Crakehill, Crakehall)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

CRAKETHORN (6")

• Crakethorn 1218 FF

'Crow thorn' vide kraki, þorn and compare Crakethirn 13 Percy in Rainton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 184

Topcliffe

CRAKEHILL

• Crecala DB
• Crakhale LS
• Crakhall(e) 1314 C. Inq.; 1536 YChant

'Craca's nook' vide h(e)alh (which probably here refers to one of the nooks of land round which the Swale flows). The first element is the late OE personal name Craca (LVD) from ON Kráki (LindN) and (LindBN). Compare Crakehall 237 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 237

Bedale

GREAT and LITTLE CRAKEHILL 21 D 9

• Crachele DB
• K-, Crakehale 1157 RichReg 83 et freq to 1298 YI
• Crachall 1204Ass
• Crakehall (parva) 1231 Ass; 1285 KI; 1318 RichReg 106 d; 1396 Pap
• Crac-, Crakhale 1276 RegAlb ii 18 d et freq to 1331 Ch
• Crakall 1364 FF
• Crakell 1663Pickhill
• Craykall 1418 YI

'Craca's nook of land' vide h(e)alh. Compare Crakehill 184 infra.

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Editor's note: Crakehill, Crakehill Cottage and Crakehill Farm lie adjacent to 'Crow Wood' and it is possible that place-name Crakehill is derived from ON krákr, kraká 'a crow'. vide ON hóll 'hill' - see [122] and [247].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 354, entry 38

KRÁ, f. [Danish kro], a nook, corner …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 354, entry 39

KRÁKA, u, f. [Danish krage; compare English 'to croak'] a crow, Latin cornix … íllviðris-kráka, a croaking crow, boding ill weather; sumar-kráka: the saying, betri er ein kráka í hendi en tvær í skógi, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, … a nickname, Kráka, Fornaldar Sögur, whence Kráku-mál, n. plural, name of a poem, id.: kráku-nef, n. crow nose, a nickname; whence Krákneflingar and compounds:

• kráku-skel, f. a shell-fish, mytilus edilis
• kráku-stígr, m. a 'crow-path', zigzag
• kráku-ungi, a, m. a young crow
• krákr, m. a kind of crow or raven
• líka-krákr, a kind of pole for digging graves

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 354, entry 40

krákr, m. a kind of crow or raven; ber þú sjálfr krák þinn, carry thou thy crow thyself!; líka-krákr, a kind of pole for digging graves.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 422, entry 29

mein-kráka, u, f. evil crow, a term of abuse.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 185 and 186

Chapter 5

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'a'

Crachele YKS DB; Crakehale 1269, Crachale 1282 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analogous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); Crakehall Kirkby; Crachall Nomine villarum; Crakhale 1331 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analogous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); now Crakehall, near Patrick Brompton.

Perhaps from the OWScand personal name Krákr or the feminine Kráka. But it may be more likely that we have here OWScand kráka (OSwed kraka, OSwed krakœ) 'a crow', or krákr 'a crow or raven', used as a surname. Both of them are recorded in literature in that application (F. Jonsson, Tilnavne; Kahle, Altwestnord. Beinamen), and are preserved in some ONorw place-names. Scandinavian loan is most probably the personal name Craca in LVD., and, likewise, ME crake, New English dialect (only in Scandinavian England, Shropshire and Scotland) crake 'a crow, rook' [compare Björkman (Erik, 'Scandinavian Loan-words in Middle English' 1900-02) p. 95). Kráka (and krákr ?) occurs in several other ME place-names; as a general rule it is impossible to decide, in each particular case, whether we have before us the appellative or the personal name. The latter seems to enter into a YKS double of the name now under consideration, viz.

… Crachou YKS 1257 Ch. R. (Calendar of the Charter Rolls, 1226-1326); Crachhou Kirkby; Crakehowe 1302 Feod. mil. Eb. (Feoda militum in Com. Ebor. (Knights' Fees in Yorkshire 31st Edward I), 1334 C. Inq. (Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analagous documents, Henry III - Edward III, Henry VII); Crakhowe Nomine villarum, 1378 Poll-tax (poll-tax 2 Richard II); now Crakoe.

2nd member perhaps ME hou OWScand haugr 'a hill, mound, cairn'; see the comments on this word "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 137 (see below).

… "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at Chapter 4, page 137.

Names containing Old West Scandinavian ou, au

Among my own material which is given below the reader will miss one category of names that he may have expected to find here. I am referring to the numerous names that contain OWScand haugr (OSwed högher, ODan høgh) 'a hill, mound, cairn'. Of this word there occur in ME place-names several forms: hogh, hough, howe, hou, &c. They coincide in spelling with contemporary forms of OE hoh (ho) 'heel', ME hoge, howe, how (< OE hoge, dative singular) and - especially in the north - hogh, hough, which latter word was, too, very frequent in place-names almost everywhere in Scandinavian England. Having primarily meant 'heel', it was already in OE applied to 'a promontory, a projecting ridge of land, a height ending abruptly or steeply'; compare North East dialect hoe. Now if we find a ME name terminating in -howe, &c. it is clearly impossible to determine, from a phonological point of view, which of the two words we have before us. In a few cases the character of the other member affords something in the nature of a clue to a plausible derivation, but as a rule we are left to what can be gathered by means of topographical investigations. Since I have not been in a position, for the present, to undertake any with the thoroughness and accuracy which would be desirable, I have preferred to give a survey of these names in the later, non-phonetical, part of the present work.

[326] ON Kyle (personal name); ON Kiðlingr, 'a kidling, young kid' (also a nickname): Killing Nab Scar, Killinghall.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Kyle (Killing Nab Scar)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Kýlan (m. 2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

KILLING NAB SCAR (6")

• Killyngnebbesker 1335 ForP 213 d

On the first element vide Lindkvist at page 201, note 5 (below). The probability is that Killing is a personal name derived from ON Kyle LindBN. Nab is ME nebbe, nab 'projecting point of a hill' (ultimately from OE nebb 'beak' - ON nef 'beak, bill'). The final element is ON sker 'rock'.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 201, footnote 5

Killingewro NFK … At least two alternative explanations of the first member are supposable. It might be from OWScand killingr, < kiðlingr (NorwDial kidling, killing, OSwed kiþlingr, Swed killing) 'a kidling, young kid', which word is a derivative with diminutive sense of kið 'a kid'; ME kide, Scandinavian loan. If that be so this is a remarkably early instance of the assimilation ðl > ll in the word; compare the ONorw place-name Killingstad N.G. V, 357, the nickname [Sighurðr] killingr D.N. 1 (1371), and the examples adduced by NOREEN, Altisl. Gram. § 259,4. - In the place-name before us Killing could also be a patronymic derived from the ODan man's name Kille, or, perhaps more probably, from the OE northern Kille LVED, which answers to the southern Cille. There are in ME not a few north English place-names beginning with Killing-, which, in most cases, should be regarded as a patronymic from the native Kille. There is no need to assume Scandinavian influence to account for the non-palatalised K- in the Yorkshire place-names of this kind, as is done by MOORMAN, page 114.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 338, entry 11

kiðlingr, m. a kidling, young kid, … a nickname, … kiðlings-munnr, 'kidling's mouth' (from munnr, a mouth) m. a nickname.

[327] ON Leikr (personal name); leikr, 'a game, play, sport': Laysthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Leikr (Laysthorpe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 54

Stonegrave

LAYSTHORPE

• Lechestorp DB
• Leisthorpe 1170-83 Dods vii 148 d
• Lai-, Laystorp 1219 Ass; 1293 QW
• Laysethorpe 13 BylE 55
• Lai-, Laysthorp(e) 1266 Baildon; 1285 KI; 1285; 1316 Vill
• Lasthorp LS

'Leik's village' ('settlement' - Ed) from the ON personal name Leikr LindN; compare the ODan weak form Leki Nielsen. DB often represents ON ei by e; compare Laceby (LIN), DB Leuesbi, from ON Leifr (LindN). vide þorp.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 344

leikr m. game, competition; pleasure, happiness: stendr fyrir órum leiki 'stands in the way of my happiness' (presumably she will not grant him her love).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 382, entry 24

LEIKR, m., dative leiki is frequent in poetry and old prose … plural, in old usage always leikar, even in late MSS … the phrase 'á nýja leik' seems to point to a lost feminine leik: [Anglo Saxon lâc; Northern English laik; Danish leg; Swedish lek] a game, play, sport, including athletics … slá leik, to set up a game … (of a game of ball) … fara at (með) leik sínum, to roam about … streng-leikr, a 'string-play', lay. 2. metaphorical a game, sport, … the phrase, á nýja leik, anew … Poetical phrase, Hildar leikr, Öðins leikr, sverða, járna leikr, etc., the play of Hilda, of Odin, of swords, of iron = battle … The ancients used to assemble for athletic sports (leik-mót), and during that time they lived in booths or sheds (leik-skáli), even women used to be present as spectators:

• eptir einhvers leik, after one's good pleasure
• leikr er gjörr til einhvers, a person is aimed at, is the mark of an attack
• göra sér leik til einhvers, to act wantonly
• -leikr, m. an inflexion or termination
• leik-skáli, a, m. a play-shed
• Leik-skálar, m. plural, local name
• leik-sveinn, m. a playmate
• leik-vald, n. the lay-power, laity
• leik-völlr, m. a play-ground

[328] ON Ljóti (personal name): Leckby - see also [101] lœkr, lækr 'brook, rivulet, stream'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ljóti (Leckby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 181

Cundall

LECKBY

• Ledebi, -by DB
• Letteby, Lecceby LS
• Lecby 1399 YI
• Letby 1586 FF

'Let's farm' from ON Ljótr LindN and by. The appearance of medial -c- is bound up with two problems: one is the problem arising from the difficulty in distinguishing c and t in the handwriting of the 14th and 15th centuries; the second arises from the fact that c in medieval orthography was used to represent ON z (= ts), as in some early spellings of Roxby 139 supra. Where t is found it seems probable that ON genitive -s had been lost; where c is found it nay be a mistake for t or represent ON genitive Ljótz. The modern form seems to have arisen from the interchange of k and t in difficult consonant combinations in the dialect. vide Addenda xlv.

Addenda Volume 5

Page 181, sub nomine LECKBY. Professor Ekwall suggests that a weak Ljóti or feminine Ljóta LindN would better explain the early forms.

[329] ON Logi (personal name of a mythical king); logi, 'a lowe, flame': Low Cross.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Logi (Low Cross)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 152

Guisborough

3. HUTTON LOWCROSS 16 E 2

• Hotun DB, 1170-85 YCh 695
• Hoton(a) 1189 Guis (juxta Gis(e)burne); LS

'Farm on the spur of land' vide hoh, tun and Lowcross infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 152

Guisborough

LOWCROSS FARM

• Loucros 12th, 1218-34, 1230-50 Guis

vide cros. Professor Ekwall suggests that the first element is the ON personal name Logi found also in Lowthorpe (WRY).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 397, entry 33

logi, a, m. [German lohe; Danish lue, a lowe, flame; brenna loga (dative), to stand in a bright lowe … þá var enn logi á cldinum, there was still a lowe in the fire … II. a proper name; of a mythical king, Logi … compare Ha-logi; Loga-dís, Logi's sister

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 260, 295, 349, 419, 489 and 510

drǫfn f. wave … in kenning for gold, drafnar logi

grindlogi m. sword-name, 'shield-flame'

loga (að) weak verb, flame

logi m. flame … sword-name … in kenning for gold, part of kenning for woman, drafnar (genitive with Lofn); in kenning for head, himinn brá tungls loga, sky of the eyelashes' moon's flame, of the light of the eye

vafrlogi m. flickering flame … moving, wandering flame: heims skála v. = the sun

Logi m. personification of fire

Surtalogi m. 'Surtr's (or Surti's) fire … Surtr m. a giant

[330] ON Magi (personal name); mosi, 'moss, botanical lichen': Maw Wyke, Maw Wyke Hole, May Moss, May Beck.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Magi (May Moss)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 95

Allerston

MAY MOSS

• Mawemose 1335 ForP 205 d

vide mos (ON mosi) 'a peat bog'. The first element is perhaps the ON by-name Magi (LindBN 1920), which appears in ME as Mawe circa 1100 Danelaw Ch 37 and Maue circa 1245 Selby i. 374.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 435, entry 12

MOSI, a, m. [Danish mos] moss, botanical lichen, … hrífa mosa, to pick moss, … mosa-hrúga, a heap of moss … II. a moorland, moss, [= Dan. mose; Northern English and Scottish moss]; … mosa-vaxinn, participle moss-grown, … in local names, Mos-fell, whence Mosfellingar, m. plural, the men from Moss-fell. mos-háls, m. a nickname.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 435, entry 13

• mosk, n. scraps of moss in hay, fjalla-grös, or the like; tína moskið úr, to pick the moss out; það er fullt af moski, 'tis full of moss.
• tína moskið úr, to pick the moss out
• það er fullt af moski, 'tis full of moss'
• mosóttr, adj. mossy, swampy
• mos-rauðr, adj. moss-red

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at pages 296, entry 5 and 484, entry 2.

• rauð-magi, a, m. the red maw, the lump-fish
• hval-magi, a, m. whale-maw, a nickname

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Editor's note: May Moss is a blanket peat bog covering about 150 hectares situated at the head of the (Yorkshire) river Derwent in the North York Moors National Park, an area dominated by dry, upland heath with old pastures and lime-rich grasslands. Much of the upland area is part of the North York Moors SSSI. Moss is partially drained and planted with conifers. With peat up to 6 metres deep, the area is a mosaic of dwarf shrub and blanket bog with common heather (Calluna vulgaris), cross-leaved heath (Erica teralix), cotton grass (Eriophorum sp), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and the only known population of bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) on the North York Moors. Although severely damaged due to the intense ploughing and draining, the 150 hectare blanket bog is also home to populations of adder and the large heath butterfly.

May Moss straddles the watershed of Fylingdales Moor. Drainage from this area is almost all north into Eller Beck, and thus into the Esk at Grosmont. Some flows in a north-easterly direction to join the head waters of the Derwent. A very little runs south-west into Havern Beck, below the Saltergate escarpment; there to be joined by flow from other parts of the catchment, including chalybeate (containing iron salts) springs. It never causes a raging spate, as is confirmed by a local landowner.

[331] ON Magni (personal name - son of Thor): Maunby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Magni (Maunby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 274

Kirby Wiske

MAUNBY 21 E 12

• Mannebi, -by DBMagnebi, -by 1157 RichReg 82 et passim to LS
• Maghen(e)by 1198 Fount; 1328 Banco; 1344 YD
• Maun(e)by 1310 Ch; 1362 AD; 14 RichReg 87 d

'Magni's farm' from ON Magni and by.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 408, entry 9

Magni, a, m. a son of Thor… a proper name

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 408, entry 12

Magnúss, m. a proper name; for the origin of this Norse name from Charlemagne see Ó. H. ch. 111 … From this Magnús (king Magnús the Good, born 1024) the name afterwards spread to all countries in which Norsemen settled.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 297, 467, 484 and 490

gýgjarsonr m. giantess' son (i.e. Magni, son of Járnsaxa)

Magni m. son of Þórr and Járnsaxa

Járnsaxa f. a giantess or troll-wife … in kenning for wolf

Járnsǫxu faxi mother of Þórr's son Magni

Gullfaxi m. Hrungnir's horse, afterwards Magni's

[332] ON Auðúlfr (personal name): Addlebrough.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Auðúlfr (Addlebrough)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 262

Aysgarth

ADDLEBROUGH

• Otholburgh 1153 Dugd v. 573
• Authelburi, Authelburgh 1283 Dugd v. 575, 1307 Ch

'Authulf's burh' from the ON personal name Auðúlfr. Roman remains have been found here as at Brough Hill infra. On ON au becoming a compare Laskill 72 supra. Marsett 264 infra and Scratby (Norfolk), at Scroutebi Birch 1017.

[333] ON Mildi (personal name); mildi, 'mildness, mercy, grace': Milby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Mildi (Milby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 181

Kirby Hill

MILBY 26 A 14

• Mildebi, -by DB
• Milbye 1557 RichWills

'Mildi's farm' vide by. The first element is ON Mildi LindBN.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 428, entry 8

mildi, f. 'mildness', mercy, grace; … það var mesta Guðs mildi, it was God's mercy; gjaf-mildi, liberality; hlátr-mildi, tár-mildi, being given to tears. Compounds:

• mildi-fullr, adj. merciful
• mildi-verk, n. a work of charity or mercy
• mild-geðr, adj. mild, gentle
• mild-hugaðr, adj. mild, kind
• mildingr, m., poetical a liberal man, a prince … in prose, Guðs mildingr, a man of God
• mild-leikr (-leiki), m. mildness, mercy
• mild-liga, adv. mildly, gently
• mild-ligr, adj. mild, gentle

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 356 and 506

mildi f. generosity

Skati mildi m. legendary king

[334] ON Milla (personal name): Miley Pike.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Milla (Miley Pike)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 204

Hawnby

MILEY PIKE

• Milehowe 1290 Dugd

'Milla's mound' from ON Milla LindBN and haugr. Compare Norwegian Millehaugen Rygh NG iii 374.

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Miley Pike round barrow [SE 48767 96423] is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended (list entry number: 1015954). The monument includes a round barrow situated in a prominent position on the north edge of the Hambleton Hills overlooking Scugdale. The barrow has an earth and stone mound standing 1.5m high. It is round in shape and is 23m in diameter. In the centre of the mound are the stone foundations of a ruined shooting hut measuring 3.5m square. The mound was surrounded by a ditch up to 3m wide which has become filled in over the years and is no longer visible as an earthwork. It is one of many similar barrows on this area of the Hambleton Hills, many of which lie in closely associated groups, particulary along the watersheds. They provide evidence of territorial organisation marking divisions of land, some of which still remain as parish or township boundaries.

[335] ON Moldr (personal name); mold, 'mould, earth': Moxby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Moldr (Moxby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 29

Marton Le Forest

MOXBY

• Molzbi, Molscebi DB
• Molesby, -bi 1158 YCh 419, 1161, 1165; 1167 P; 1318 Ch
• Molebi 1234 Ebor; 1242 P; 1248 HCY, 1268, 1281, 1284; 1287 Ebor; 1301 Yorkshire Lay Subsidy 1301, 1345 Calendar of Entries in Papal Registers
• Molsby 1538 Dugd

vide by. The first element is probably a personal name. The Domesday Book forms imply some such form as Mold, genitive singular Molds. An ON weak personal name Moldi, genitive Molda, existed in Scandinavian LindN, and a strong form Moldr, genitive Molds, is not an unlikely supposition; compare Mouldsworth (CHS) from an OE Mold and vide "Mildenham Place-Names, Worcestershire" 112. The place-name would, therefore, mean 'Mold's farm'.

The modern form of the name offers some difficulty. The development of ME Mols- in the local dialect would be Mouz-, and this too is the form we should get if the ME form had been Mox-; association of the two has probably led to confusion in the modern English spelling. In fact, x appears to have been inserted for NEDial z in other cases, such as Roxby (Pickering), Throxenby and Coxwold 90, 110 and 191 infra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 434, entry 8

MOLD, f., dative moldu; [… Anglo Saxon molde; English 'mould' … Dutch mul; Danish muld; Swedish mull] mould, earth (from, mala and mylja); … Earth was symbolical of a purchase of land (compare Latin mancipium): … vera fyrir ofan mold, above earth, alive … fyrir mold neðan, beneath earth … á moldu, on earth; … of burials, syngja einhvern til moldar, to chant one into the mould, to bury, of a priest, … hníga til moldar, to die, … fella til moldar, to fell to earth, slay … maðr er moldu samr, man is dust … in plural, funerals, standa yfir moldum einhvers, to attend one's funeral: the phrase, rigna í moldirnar, of rain into an open, fresh dug grave … moldar genginn, buried, Sól. 60; maðr er moldar auki, 'a man is but mould eke' is but dust, a saying … verða at moldar auka, to be turned into dust … Compounds: moldar-fullr, adj. full of earth; moldar-hola, u, f. an earth-hole; … mold-bakki, a, m. an earth-bank, … mold-búi, a mould-dweller, a ghost in a how …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 356 and 506

mold f. soil, earth

moldrekr m. 'soil-ruler' (i.e. soil-dweller), giant, in kenning for gold, moldreks orð (part of kenning for generous ruler)

[336] ON Már (personal name); ON Mörðr (personal name); mörðh, 'a marten': Marderby

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Mörðr (Marderby)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Már (m. 13).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 199

Felixkirk

MARDERBY GRANGE

• Martrebi DB
• Marther(e)by 1170-83 Dods vii 148 d; 13 BylE 66; KI
• Mardarbye 1546 YChant

vide by. The first element is ON Mörðr, 'marten', genitive marðar used as a personal name as in Norwegian Malerod, Marstad (Rygh Personnavne sub nomine). 'Marth's farm'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 444, entry 12

MÖRÐH, m., genitive marðar, dative merði, [English 'marten'; Danish maard] a marten … a proper name, Landnámabók, Njáls Saga; from that Saga originated in popular usage, by way of metonomy, mörðr = a backslider (as a 'Judas'); marðar-skinn, n. a marten's skin; see marðskinn.

marð-skinn, n. [mörðr], a marten's fur

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Editor's note: Mörðr Valgarðsson

[337] ON Múli (personal name); múli, 'muzzle, snout': Mowthorpe, Mulgrave.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Múli (Mowthorpe, Mulgrave)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Múli (Mulfosse, 1335, Mulecros, 13th)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 35

Terrington

MOWTHORPE

• Muletorp DB, 1167 P; 1244 Ass
• Mulethorp 1227, 1238 CI
• Multhorp(e) 13 Kirkham 13; 1219 Fees; 1275, 1288 YI; 1316 Vill
• Molthorp(e) 13 Kirkham 13, 1284; 1288 YI
• Molthropp EFM
• Mowthropp(e) 1571 FF; 1615 (NR)

'Muli's village' vide þorp. Björkman (1910) notes that Múli is adduced in O.E.Scand sources only, but LindBN cites Múli from OWScand sources and notes in addition the ONorw place-name Mulaþorp. In LVED mention is made of Þorkitell Mule, and another example of its use in English is the place-name Mowthorpe ERY, Muletorp DB. Compare also Muneville (Normandy), earlier Muleville.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 137

Lythe

MULGRAVE

• Grif DB
• Mulegrif, -grive 1155-65, 1222-7 Whitby
• Mul(e)greve 1224 Pat; 1268 Ebor; 1414 Test; 1475 YI
• Mulgref KF
• Mulgrave KI; 1335 ForP 203 d
• Moulgraue Saxton
• Mowgrave 1577 FF; 1673 NR

'Muli's valley' vide gryfja, here applied to the steep-sided valley in which Mulgrave stands. Compare Mowthorpe 35 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 439, entry 18

MÚLI, a, m. [middle High German múl; German maul], properly, a muzzle, snout (= trjóna), whence the mouth of beasts; … harð-múla, hard-mouthed … korna-múli, a nickname, Landnámabók II. [Scottish mull; Shetland and Orkney mule], a jutting crag, between two dales, fjords, or the like; … fjalls-múli, a mountain peak; … as also in numberless local names. Múli, Múla-fjall, Múla-eyjar, Múla-sveit, Landnámabók, map of Iceland; so the Mull of Cantire = Satiris-múli, Mull of Galloway, the Mull-head in the Orkneys, and the like, local names given by the Norsemen; perhaps also the island of Mull, whence Mylskr, adj. = a man of Mull …

[338] ON Músi (personal name); mús, 'mouse': Mouthwaite, Muscoates, Musley Bank.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Músi (Mouthwaite, Muscoates, Musley Bank)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 41

Huttons Ambo

MUSLEY BANK

• Musecliue, -clyve 13 Malton 78; 14 Kirkham 25
• Musecleue 13 Kirkham 59 d

'Musi's bank' vide clif. There is a steep declivity here. Compare ON Músi in LindN. The name Muse is recorded in LIN in 1207.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 65

Kirkdale

2. MUSCOATES 22 F 10

• Musecote(s) 1154-63 Riev; 1198-1214 RegAlb (circa 1300) ii 62, 1227 FF; 1282 YI; 1333 Riev
• Muskote circa 1260 Malton 39
• -cotes 1385 Baildon; 1416 YI
• Mouscotes 1293 QW
• Mosekotes LS
• -cotes 1301 YI
• Muscoites 1417 YI

'Musi's cottages' vide cot. The ON name Músi (LindBN, Nielsen) is from ON mús 'mouse' and enters into Muscote (NTH).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 258

Wensley

MOUTHWAITE (6")

• Muset(h)wayt(h) 1253 Ch; LS
• Mousethwayt 1307 Ch
• Musethoutland circa 1200 Riev (probably identical)

'Musi's enclosure' vide þveit. The first element is the ON personal name Músi.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 440, entry 3

MÚS, f., plural, mýss, accusative mýs, modern mýs; [Anglo Saxon mûs, plural, mýs; English 'mouse', plural, 'mice'; Old High German mûs; German maus; Danish muus;] a mouse … veiða mýs, to catch mice; … mýss Valkar, Welsh mice, strange mice = rats … flæðar-mýs, skógar-mús, a wood-mouse, mus sylvaticus … In tales mice are said to pass over rivers on cakes of cow-dung (skán), steering with their tails … For the fabulous tales of wizards keeping a flæðar-mýs that it may always provide them with money see Maurer's Volks.; when the wizard dies, the mouse breaks loose into the sea and a tempest arises, called Músar-bylr, mouse-tempest; that a similar superstition existed in olden times may be inferred from the name Músa-Böverkr, Landnámabók 2. the name of a mouse-gray young cow … Compounds: músar-bragð, n. a trick in wrestling, treading on the adversary's toes … músar-bróðir, m. a 'mouse-brother', the wren; also called músar-rindill … músar-eyra, m. 'mouse-ear', forget-me-not, a plant, … músa-gangr, m. a gang of mice … músa-gildra, u. f. a mouse-trap. B. Metaphorical,. the biceps muscle in the arm; … mûs in Anglo Saxon and Old High German is used in a similar sense; cp. also Latin musculus = a little mouse, whence muscle: the chief muscles of the body were named from lively animals, thus fiskr of the cheek (kinn-fiskr), mús of the arm, kálfi (calf) of the leg.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 96

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE mūs / ON mús 'mouse'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

[339] ON Nagli (personal name); nagli, 'a nail, spike': Nawton, Nawtondale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Nagli (Nawton, Nawtondale)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Nagli (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 65

Kirkdale

NAWTON 22 E 9

• Naghelton, Nageltone, Nagletune, Nageltune DB
• Nagelt', -ton 1160-5 YCh 164; circa 1160 Riev; 1190-1200 Bodl a. i. 30
• Nathleton circa 1160 Riev
• Nau-, Nawleton 1170 Riev; 1202 FF; KI; 1298 Abbr
• Nalton(a) LS; Vill; 1333 Riev
• Nawton 1665 Visit

'Nagli's farm' from the ON personal name Nagli LindN and tun. On the form Nathel- compare Fearby 232 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 65

Kirkdale

NAWTONDALE

• Nageltundale circa 1170 Riev

Editor's note: 'Nagli's farm in the valley' vide ON tun and dalr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 445, entry 32

NAGLI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon nægel; English 'nail'; Danish nagle] a nail, spike; … hestskó-nagli. (a horseshoe-nail) … a peg … medical the core of a boil, kveisu-nagli. Compounds: … nagla-fastr, adj. fastened with nails.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 270 and 381

farnagli m. a long nail to pass through a wide bracket into the piece it supported in a ship

samnagli m. rivet, double stud (on a sword) … in kenning for swords, samnagla siglur

[340] ON Náti (personal name): Naby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Náti (Naby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 307

Romaldkirk

NABY

• Naby 1562 FF
• Nateby 1612 BM

vide by. The forms are late but the name is probably identical with Nateby (Place-Names Lancashire 164).

[341] ON Ǫlvaldi (personal name): Alwaldcotes, Alwaldtofts.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ǫlvaldi (Alwaldcotes, Alwaldtofts)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 25

Easingwold

ALWALDTOFTS (lost)

• Alwald(e)toftes 1292 Pat; 1295 YI; 1330 For
• Alwald(e)cotes 1295 Fine, 1318 For

vide topt ('Ǫlvaldi's farm'). The first element is a personal name derived from OE Ælfwald or Æþelwald or from ON Ǫlvaldi (LindN), ODan Alwaldi (Nielsen). There was an alternative form with OE cot 'cottage'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 764, entry 20

Öl-valdi, a, m. a proper name, Skáldatal, Edda 47.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 528

Ǫlvaldi m. a giant (Allvaldi in Hárbarðsljóð 19)

[342] ON Ormr (personal name); ormr, 'a snake, serpent': Ormesby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ormr (Ormesby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Ormr (Ormesbricge, Hormesgrif, 12th, Ormescrosse, Ormryg, 13th, Ormesovenes, 1333)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Ormr (m. 27) and Ormarr (m. 2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 157

Ormesby

4. Ormesby 15 J 9

• Ormesbi, -by DB et passim
• Ormysby 1414 Test

'Orm's farm' from ON Ormr and by.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 468, entry 42

ORMR, m. [Anglo Saxon wyrm; English 'worm': Danish-Swedish orm] a snake, serpent, also including 'worms' (compare maðkr), and even dragons … högg-ormr, a viper; eitr-ormr, the bane of snakes, i. e. the winter time. The abode of the wicked after death was a pit full of snakes … a sword is called a snake, blóð-ormr, rand-ormr … ketil-ormr, a sausage … of ships of war with dragons' heads, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi II. proper names, Ormr and Ormarr; and in compounds, Hall-ormr, Ráð-ormr, Þór-ormr, Goð-ormr, Veðr-ormr = the holy Serpent, a name which indicates serpent worship, although no record of such worship is found in the Sagas. Compounds:

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 469, entry 1

Bolgos in Dante's Inferno, Canto 24. Serpents gnawed at the root of the world-tree Yggdrasil, … Pits of snakes were a place of punishment, … but only in mythological, not in historical records. Serpents brooded over gold and treasures, compare the serpent Fafnir … whence in poetry gold is called orm-bekkr, -beðr, -ból, -garðr, -land, -látr, -láð, -reitr, -setr, -stallr, -torg, -vangr, -vengr, the bank, bed, abode, garden, land, litter, earth, etc. of snakes, … For the world-serpent, see miðgarðr. orm-fellir, m. the snake-killer = the winter, … a sword is called a snake, blóð-ormr, rand-ormr, … ketil-ormr, a sausage, … of ships of war with dragons' heads, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi II. proper names, Ormr and Ormarr; … as a nickname, Landnámabók. orma-turn, m. = ormagarðr, þiðr … and in compounds: Hall-ormr, Ráð-ormr, þór-ormr, Goð-ormr, Veðr-ormr. = the holy Serpent, a name which indicates serpent worship, although no record of such worship is found in the Sagas. Compounds:

• orms-bit, n. a snake-bite
• orma-bæli, n. a den of snakes
• orms-tunga, u, f. a snake's tongue cast in silver
• orm-snáldr, n. snakes' noses

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 369, 464, 468, 491 and 498

Gothormr m. (1) legendary person … (compare Guttormr in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, Sturlaugs saga)

Gothormr m. (2) stepson of Gjúki, half-brother of Gunnarr and HǪgni

Guthormr sindri m. Norwegian poet, early 10th century

Miðgarðsormr m. the Midgard serpent

Ormr m. (1) Barreyja(r)skáld, poet of Barra in the Hebrides (he was perhaps from Orkney; 10th or 11th century

Ormr m. (2) Steinflórsson, Icelandic poet, 12th century

ormr m. snake, serpent … in kenning for winter, flann orms trega that winter

ormflvari m. sword-name, 'worm-spike'

ormgarðr m. snake-pit

ormstunga f. serpent-tongue (nickname)

[343] ON Øymundr (personal name): Amotherby.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Øymundr (Amotherby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 45

Appleton le Street

1. Amotherby 22 H 12

• Aimundrebi, Edmundrebia DB
• Eimundrebia, -by early 13th Malton 86 d; 1214 ibid 90
• Aymunderby early 13th Malton 76 d; 1226 FF; 1242 P et passim to 1415 Fabr
• Aymundresby 1308 Pat
• Aymonderby 1368 FF
• Amonderby 1614 NR

'Eymund's farm' vide by. The ON personal name Øymundr, genitive Øymundar (LindN), ODan Ømund (Nielsen) is found in Norfolk records of the 12th century as Eimund.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 9

Part II

Names containing distinctively Old Scandinavian inflexional forms

Aimundrebi, Edmundrebia YKS DoB; Aymunderby 1255 YI (Yorkshire Inquisitions), 1309 f. Pat (Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1216-1485), No. Vill. (Nomina Villarum), 1323 Cal. Inq. (Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem sive Escaetarum Henry III - Richard III); Eymunderby 1274 YI (Yorkshire Inquisitions) KI (Kirkby's Inquest 1285); Aymonderby 1301 Yo. Subs. (Yorkshire lay subsidy, 1359) f. Cal. Inq. (Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem sive Escaetarum Henry III - Richard III); Aymondreby 1303 Rot. Orig. (Rotulorum originalium in curia scaccarii abbreviatio, tempore Henry III - Edward III); Aymundresby 1308 Pat R. (Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1216-1485); Aymonderley 1315 Cal. Inq. da (Calendarium Inquisitionum ad quod damnum 1307-1461); Amonderby 1317 Pat R. (Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1216-1485); now Amotherby (local pronunciation 'Amerby, Emmerby' (Hope); 'Amerby' (Taylor, Names etc., page 351). First member is the genitive (normally in -ar) of the OWScand personal name Eymundr (recorded in LAN: Eirikr Eymundar son, King of Sweden). See further Lind and Rygh Personnavne. OSwed Emundœr. In one of the spellings of DoB, there appears quite a different name, OE Eadmund which must be due to some error on the part of the scribe, seeing that the form still shows the Scandinavian genitive ending.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Eyvindr (m. 28) and Eymundr (m. 1)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 455 and 456

Emundr inn ríki m. legendary king (= Eymundr in Hyndluljóð

Eymundr m. legendary king, see Emundr

Eyvindr m. legendary king, see Emundr

Eyvindr skáldaspillir m. Finnsson, 'destroyer of poets' or 'plagiarist', Norwegian poet, 10th century (died circa 990)

[344] ON Øysteinn (personal name): Asenby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Øysteinn (Æysteinn, Eysteinn, ODan Østen) (Asenby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Øysteinn (Aistangarthes, 12th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Eysteinn (m. 15)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 456 and 501

Eysteinn (1) Haraldsson m. king of Norway (died 1157)

Eysteinn (2) Valdason m. Icelandic poet, 10th century

Eysteinsdrápa f. a poem by Einarr Skúlason about Eysteinn (1)

Runhenda f. a poem by Einarr Skúlason about King Eysteinn Haraldsson

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 182

Topcliffe

1. Asenby 21 H 14

• Æstanesbi DB
• Aistanesbi 12 Dods vii 154 d (p)
• Aystaneby 1157 RichReg 82; 1182 Percy; 1244 Ass
• Ai, Aystenby, Eistanby, Aystanby 1198 Fount et freq to 1417 YI
• Estanesby 1244 Ass
• Aysynby 1408 Pat; 1539 RichWills
• Aesonbye 1581 FF

'Eystein's farm' vide by. From ON Eysteinn (LindN), ODan Østen (Nielsen). The forms in stan are due to the influence of the corresponding OE name-theme.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 131

Estanesbi YKS DB; Aistenby 1198 Fount; Aystanby 1258 C. Inq.; Ayscenby Kirkby; Eynstenby QW; Aystenby LS, 1319 C. Inq., 1346 Ripon, 1380, 1408 f. Pat; Aystanhy, Estanhy 1314 C. Inq.; Escanby Vill; Aystynby 1334-35, Astenby, Astynby 1405, Aysynby 1408 Pat; now Asenby.

First member is OWScand Øysteinn, an exceedingly common personal name in Norway, recorded as early as the 8th century. OEScand Østen. Of the same origin is the ONorw place-name Øysteinsbø E.J. The spelling Aysten- above may go back to an anglicized form Aystan- with the a shortened to e in the unstressed syllable, provided the shortening did not take place according to the OWScand sound-law given by NOREEN, Altisl. Gr. § 145, 1. The same name enters, besides, into Aistangarthes YKS 12th century Whitby; in Ingleby, near Stokesley. Second member is ME garth (< OWScand garðr, OSwed garþer, ODan garth), 'a small piece of enclosed ground, usually beside a house or other building, used as a yard, garden, or paddock; a fence or hedge'(NED).

[345] ON Rossi (personal name); hross 'horse': Rose Hill, Rosedale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Rossi (Rose Hill), Russi (Rosedale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 196

Kilburn

Rose Hill (6")

• Roseberg(h)(a) 13 BylE 52 d; 1246 ibid 53 d, 1247 Ch; 1249 Baildon; 1376 Dugd v. 348

vide berg. The first element is difficult but it may be compared with Rosedale 80 supra. It probably had a short vowel in ME to give NEDial [o:], so that we may have here a form of ON Rossi (LindBN). 'Rossi's Hill'.

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Editor's note: ON dalr ?

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 503, entry 5

RÓS, f. (the old writers use the Latin form rósa … rauðr sem rósa … [Latin rosa] a rose; rauðar rósir … quod vide; frost-rósir, frost-roses. 2. a rosary … rósa-vatn, n. rose-water.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 342

rós, (plural, ir), f. rose

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 287, entry 6

HROSS, m., spelt hors … [Anglo Saxon hors; English 'horse'] a horse … 2. specially a mare, opposite to hestr, a stallion; … II. in proper names, Hross-kell, Hross-björn: local name, Hross-ey, in the Orkneys. … Compounds:

• stóð-hross, a stud-horse, steed
• mer-hross, a mare
• hrossa-bein, n. horse bone, horse flesh
• hrossa-beit, f. bite or grazing for horses
• hrossa-fellir, m. loss of horses, from hunger or disease
• hrossa-fúlga, u, f. fodder or pay given to keep a horse
• hrossa-fætr, m. plural, horses' hoofs
• hrossa-hús, n. a stable
• hrossa-höfn, f. horse-keep, horse pasture
• hrossa-kjöt, n. horse flesh, horse meat
• hrossa-kyn, n. horse flesh
• hrossa-letr, n. 'horse-letters', a large coarse hand-writing
• hrossa-maðr, m. a groom
• hrossa-reið, f. a horse-race, horse-riding
• hrossa-slátr, n. horse meat
• hrossa-stuldr, m. horse stealing
• hrossa-vöndr, m. a horse-whip
• hrossa-þjófr, m. a horse-stealer
• hross-bak, n. horse-back
• hross-fóðr, m. horse-fodder
• hross-gjö;f, f. the gift of a horse
• hross-hali, a, m. a horse's tail
• hross-hauss, m. a horse's head
• hross-hár, n. horse-hair
• Hrosshárs-grani, a, m. one of the names of Odin, probably from wearing a frock or hekla of horse-hair
• hross-hófr, m. a horse's hoof
• hross-reið, f. horse-riding, a horse-race
• hross-rófa, u, f. a horse's tail
• hross-verð, n. the worth of a horse
• hross-þjófr, m. a horse-stealer: name of a giant
• hross-æta, u, f. an eater of horse flesh, which by the old eccl. law might not be eaten

[346] ON personal names Hreiðr, Hreiðulfr, Røyð(i)r: Raisdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Røyð(i)r (Raisdale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 69

Helmsley

RAISDALE

• Riedesdal 1204 FF
• Reydhesdalle 1246 Riev
• Raythesdale 1268 Ch; 1273 Riev; 1293 QW
• Reythesdal 1259 Ass (p)
• Rai-, Raysedale LS; 1377 Baildon
• Raysdale 1538 Rievaulx Cartulary

'Reith's valley' vide dæl (dalr -Ed.). The first element, Lindkvist suggests (at page 75), is an ON personal name Hreiðr, probably a short form of ON Hreiðulfr (LindN). There are, however, Norwegian place-names Røsæk (ONorw) i Røydesæik) and ONorw i Røydiseim (Rygh NG i. 121), and from these cases its original form seems rather to have been Røyðr or Røyðir, an i-mutated form of the well-evidenced ON personal name Rauðr (LindN).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 501

Róði m. a sea-king … in kenning for shield, Róða ræf(r); for sea, Róða rǫst

[347] Rudi (personal name): Rudby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Rudi (Rudby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 174

Rudby

1. HUTTON RUDBY 15 M 7

• Hoton, -ton DB et passim to 1412 YI, Guis
• Hottona juxta Rodeby 1204 YCh 787
• Hooton Rudbye 1582 FF

'Farm on the spur of the land' vide hoh, tun. Rudby infra is on the opposite bank of the river.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 174

Rudby

3. RUDBY 15 M 7

• Rodebi DB
• Rudebi, -by circa 1150 RegDun; 12 Guis; 1189-99 YCh 800, circa 1225 BM; 1228 Ch; CI
• Ruddeby circa 1190 Guis et freq to 1402 Test
• Rudby KI et passim
• Ruthby 1489 Sanct

'Rudi's farm' vide by. There is a rare ON name Rudi which LindN (sub nomine Ruði) thinks should be spelt Ruði.

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Rutmoor Beck and Rutmoor Fold possibly derived from fjall-rota, u, f. [Norse rutte], a kind of wild partridge: see "An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 37 giving Rutte + ON mór, beck and/or fold.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page page 156, entry 37

fjall-rota, u, f. [Norse rutte], a kind of wild partridge

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page page 163, entry 36

FOLD, f. [Anglo Saxon folde; compare English 'field', German feld], a field of soft grass; flata-foldir, fields … quod vide Foldir, f. plural, local name of a grassy oasis in western Iceland; rare in prose, but frequent in poetry: generally the earth … á foldu, on earth II. the name of a fjord and county in Norway, the modern Christjania-fjord; Vest-fold, West-fold, a county; perhaps 'fold' is to be taken in this sense, viz. = fjörðr …

[348] ON sekkr, 'sack, bag'; ON Sekkr (personal name): Sexhow.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Sekkr (Sexhow)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 175

Rudby

4. SEXHOW 15 M 7

• Sex(h)ou circa 1160-80 YCh 692; circa 1280-90 Heal 108 (p)
• Sexhowe KI; 1303 KF
• Sexho 1665 Visit
• Saxhow 1404 YI; 1478 Test
• Saxo 1483 Test

'Sek's mound' from ON Sekkr (LindBN) and haugr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 520, entry 38

SEKKR, m., genitive sekkjar, Stj. 214; plural sekkar; but modern sekkir … [a word common to all Indo-Germanic languages] a sack, bag; … 2. a package, trunk, in a merchant ship; gefa alin af sekk hverjum … sekkja-gjald, n. a 'trunk-tax,' a tax payable to the king of Norway by Icelandic ships; this tax is first mentioned in deeds of the 14th century …

[349] ON Siggr (personal name): Sigstone.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Siggr (Sigstone)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Siggautr (Sighedesbrigga, circa 1300)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Sigurðr (m. 17).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 212

Kirby Sigston

SIGSTON

• Sig(h)estun DB
• Siggestune, -ton 1088 LVD 50 d, 51 et passim to 1474 YD
• Si, Sygeston(a) 12th RegAlb circa 1300 i. 67 d; circa 1291 Tax; 1414 YI
• Sicgeston 1204 ChR
• Siggheston 1208-10 Fees

'Sigg's farm' vide tun. 'Sigg' is probably from an ON name Siggr, corresponding to the weak form Siggi LindN.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 527, entry 11

Sigga, u, f., Siggi, a, m., diminutive from Sigríðr and Sigurðr.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Sigurðr, (m. 17) Sigarr (m. 1).

ON feminine personal name Sigríðr (f. 8).

[350] ON Sindri (personal name): Sinderby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Sindri (Sinderby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Sindri (Sinderthorn, 12th)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 225

Pickhill

5. SINDERBY 21 F 12

• Senerbi DB
• Sindarebi 1170-88 Leon 228 (p)
• Sinderbi, -by 12th Dods xcv. 34 d et passim

'Sindri's farm' vide byr. ON Sindri is adduced by LindN and enters into a lost place called Sinderberg (12 Easby 27) in Burrill 237 infra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 529, entry 8

Sindri, a, m, the name of a dwarf, a 'forger'

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 529, entry 6

SINDR, n. [Anglo Saxon sinder; German sinter; compare Latin scintilla], slag or dross from a forge …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 529, entry 7

sindra, að, to glow, sparkle, like the slag in a forge … sindrandi járn, glowing iron …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 468 and 505

Guthormr sindri (or Gothormr sindri) was a 10th-century Norwegian skáld and court-poet of king Haraldr Fairhair (hárfagri) and his sons, Hálfdan the Black (svarti) and Hákon the Good (góði), for whom he composed the Hákonardrápa.

Sindri m. a dwarf … sindri m. 'flint', sindr n. 'slag'; see also under Guthormr)

[351] ON Sjónr (personal name): Shunner Howe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Sjónr (Shunner Howe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 130

Egton

SHUNNER HOWE

• Senerhou 13th Guis (2), 1223 FF
• Shonerhom (sic) 1252 YI
• Shonerhowes 15th Whitby
• Shenerhoues 1619 NRS

'Sjon's mound' vide haugr. The first element is ON Sjónr, genitive Sjónar (LindN), which enters into the parallel Norw place-name Sjonhaug ONorw i Siónarhaugi, Rygh (Rygh NG i. 10). Ekwall (Namn ock Bygd ix. 162) would derive the name from ON sjón and explain it as 'look-out hill' and compares it with Shunner Fell (not evidenced in early documents) in Wensleydale.

The modern form of the name Shunner is borrowed directly from the late ON form Sjónar, for initial sh- can in this case be derived only from the acoustically neighbouring sound [sj], a tendency in sound development which is reflected in such modern English words as sure, sugar (18th century). The earlier forms Sener- are what we should normally have in English for ON Sjónar (Primitive Norse *sēonaR). The phonetic history of this name and possibly of Shunner Fell indicate a late connexion with the Scandinavians vide (Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names, 1923) 92.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 535, entry 7

SJÓN, f., in singular the old writers prefer sýn, quod vide [Danish syn] sight, vision, the faculty of sight … II. plural, one's looks; in such phrases as fríðr … sjónum, fair to see, fine-looking … 2. the eyes, especially in plural,; leiða einhvern sjónum, to look on, behold, verða einhverjum at sjónum, to be seen by one … Poetical sjónar-hváll, m. a 'scout-hill', out-look … sjónar-vætt, f. the share (of a whale or the like) due to the man who first saw it; hence the phrase, eiga sjónarvættina í einhverju, of a man who first discovers a thing, sjónar-vörðr, m. a scout:

• missa sjónina, to lose the eye-sight
• sjón er sögu ríkri, sight goes before hearsay, of an eye-witness
• sjónar-váttr, m. an eye-witness
• sjónar-vitni, n. the testimony of an eye-witness
• sjón-dapr, sjón-daufr, adj. dim-eyed: sjón-depra, u, f. dim-sightedness
• sjón-deild, f. an 'eye-mark'; in sjóndeildar-hringr, m. the horizon
• sjón-góðr, adj. having good eye-sight
• sjón-hagr, adj. = sjónhannr
• sjón-hannr, adj., (sjón-hannarr … sjón-hannr … sjónandr … having an expert, artistic eye; hann var s. um smíðir allar
• sjón-hending, f. the line of sight, a straight line, esp. of boundaries
• sjón-henni, f. the eye-sight
• sjón-hverfiligr, adj. eye-deceiving, of charms
• sjón-hverfing, f. an ocular delusion, worked by spell
• sjóni, a, m. a nickname, [akin to són]
• sjón-lauss, adj. 'sightless', blind
• sjón-leysi, n. blindness

---

Shunner Howe is a well preserved Bronze Age round barrow that later served as a lookout point and then as a parish boundary; vide ON sjón 'sight' and hváll 'hill or dome-shaped hill' giving sjónar-hváll 'scout hill' (poetical, Cleasby) or 'look-out hill' (Ekwall).

Note the altitude (1,212 ft) and the four 'Union and Rural District' boundaries:
Glaisdale, Egton, Hartoft and Rosedale East

---

"Danes and Norwegians in Yorkshire" (1925) A. H. Smith, Saga Book Vol. X at pages 24 & 25 (211 & 212)

… A number of words and names appear in English which seem to have undergone late Scandinavian sound-changes. Shunner Howe (sometimes Senerhou, Shonerhou) must have arisen from the ONorw form Siónar (genitive of Siónr), in which the vowel had undergone "breaking" and the stress had shifted from the first to the second element of the diphthong (ON Senar-Séonar, which is the normal form borrowed in English as Sener; ONorw Siónar) and underwent a ME sound-change of [sj] to sh (cf. A. H. Smith, Review of English Studies, i. 4, page 437 ff). Mutation of a to o in ONorw is evidenced also in such words as hold (cf. supra p. -), hǫfuð 'head', common in such place-names as Middle Head (NRY, Midelhovel, Middelheved, 13th century Riev.) and Howden (YER. OE to Hæfuddene YCh. 4, Houedene 1086 DB), where OE heafod was later replaced by the late ONorw cognate hǫfuð. Normally this class of words appears in English with a, as in Blansby (NRY Blandebi DB) from the ON genitive case Blǫndu, earlier Norwegian Blandu cf. the nominative case Blanda. In late ONorw ht was assimilated to tt, which is found in dialect ettle 'to intend'; the older form with ht is found as ME eghtle, North Riding airtle, and in sleight 'a level piece of ground'. ME sleght from ON sleht, later slétta. The Norwegian change of d to th seems to have taken place in some place-names of English origin, such as Goathland (Godelande, Gotheland, 12th century Whitby) from OE Godan-land 'Goda's district', where Godan underwent the same sound-change which distinguishes ON góðr 'good' from OE gōd, ON guðr 'god' from OE god, etc. Most of these sound-changes are probably due to Norwegians rather than Danes, for they were certainly the latest of Scandinavian settlers in this part of England.

[352] ON Skakari (personal name): Scargill.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skakari (Scargill)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Egill (m. 11).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 303

Barningham

3. SCARGILL 14 F 3

• Seachregil (sic), Scracreghil (sic) DB
• Schachelgilla 1146-61 MaryH 39 d
• Scakregill 1172 P
• Sca(c)kergill 1173, 1177 P; 1294 Ch
• Scargell, Skargill 1282 YI; 13th RichReg 121

'Skakari's ravine' from the ON by-name Skakari (LindN) and gil.

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 536, entry 26

skak or skakr, n., quasi skvak (?), [English 'squeak'], a noise; göra skak at einhverjum, to howl at …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 536, entry 27

SKAKA, skek, skók, skóku, skekinn, [Anglo Saxon scacan; English 'shake'; Swedish skaka] to shake …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 536, entry 28

skaka, u, f. the block of butter from the churn (smjör-skaka) …

[353] ON Skinnari (personal name): Skinningrove - (see also [21])

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skinnari (Skinningrove)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Skinnari (Skynnerenges, Scynnerbuttes, 1243)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 142

Brotton

SKINNINGROVE

• Scinergreve 1273 YI
• Skynnergreve LS; 1404 YI; -gryf 1348 FF
• Skin(n)ergrive 1273 YI; 1279 Ch
• Skinnengref(myll) 1407 YI
• Skyningrave, Skynnyngrave KI, 1579 YI

vide gryfja. Skinningrove is a small valley which runs down to the sea-coast. The first element is the ON by-name Skinnari (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn) from ON skinnari 'a tanner'. The personal name is found in Norwegian place-name Skinnerbogen (Rygh, Indl. i. 156) and Skinnerthorpe (WRY), Schinertorp 1297 (LS). Forms with -in- for -er- are due to the analogy of numerous -ing- names.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 218, entry 6

gryfja, u, f. a hole, pit …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 547, entry 34

skinnari, a, m. a skinner, tanner …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 547, entry 31

skininn, participle, bleached, withered …

[354] ON Skiði (personal name): Skeeby.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skiði (Skeeby)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Skíði (m. <5).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 288

Easby

5. SKEEBY 14 J 7

• Schireby DB
• Schittebi 1187 P
• Sc-, Skytheby 12 RichReg 83 d et passim to LS
• Sch-, Skiteby 1205 OBlR; 1231 Ass
• Sketeby 1396 Pap
• Sketheby 1421 YI
• Skebye 1565, 1574 FF

'Skithi's farm' from the ON personal name Skiði and by. On the modern form compare Upleatham 153 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 25

skíði a, m. a kind of bird … II. a proper name, Landnámabók Skíða-Ríma, the Lay of Skiði:

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 25

Skíðungar, a nickname … in plural, the name of an old family, the descendants of S.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 26

skíð i, n. [Anglo Saxon scæð, sceað; English 'sheath';] a sheath … skíði-járn , n. a 'sheath-iron', dirk.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 19

SKÍÐ, n. [Anglo Saxon scide; … ] a billet of wood (a tablet), fire-wood; … skíða-fang, an armful of logs … Compounds: skíða-hlað a pile of fire-wood … skíða-viðr, fire-wood … II. [compare English 'skid', the drag applied to a coach-wheel, of snow-shoes, such as are used by the Finns, Norsemen, and Icelanders in the north-east of Iceland … Compounds: … skíða-ferð, f. a running on snow-shoes; skíða-geisli, the balancing-staff used by sliders.

• skíð a, u. f., genitive plural, skíðna: a splint, stick …
• Skíð-blaðnir the name of the famous mythical ship of the god Frey
• skíð-færi, n. a passage on snow-shoes …
• skíð-færr, adj. good at running on snow-shoes
• skíð-garðr, m. wooden palings, a wooden fence

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 391

skíð n. (long) piece of wood … in kennings for ship

[355] ON Skjǫldr (personal name): Skelderskew.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skjǫldr (Skelderskew)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 149

Guisborough

SKELDERSKEW

• Schelderscoh 1119, 1129, about 1199 Guis; 1170-90 YCh 659
• Skelderschog 1239 Guis
• Skelderschuthe KI
• Skelderskayg' LS
• Skilderskew Saxton
• Skelderskew 1623 NR

The first element is probably the ON personal name Skjǫldr, genitive Skjaldar (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn). vide skogr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 553, entry 17

SKJÖLDR, m., genitive skjaldar, dative skildi … [Danish skjold; Swedish sköld; common to all Teutonic languages] it is commonly derived from skjól, shelter, although the short root vowel and the final d of skild speak against this … A shield, the generic name; the special names are, rönd, rít, baugr, targa, lind; … hafa einhvern at skildi, to have another as one's shield, i.e. seek shelter behind him … IV. a proper name, (of the son of Odin, the ancestor of the Danish kings); Skjöldungar … B. Remarks on the shield - a shield was raised as a signal in time of war; a red shield betokened war (rauðr skjöldr, her-skjöldr), a white shield peace (hvítr skjöldr, friðar-skjöldr, a peace-shield); in a battle the red shield was hoisted, but, bregða upp friðar skildi, to hoist the (white) shield of peace, was a sign that the battle was to cease … Compounds:

• skjaldar-band, n. a shield-strap, a nickname
• skjaldar-bukl, n. the shield-boss
• skjaldar-fetill, m. the shield-strap
• skjaldar-jötunn, m. 'shield-giant', a war-engine
• skjaldar-rönd, f. the shield-rim
• skjaldar-skirfl, n. plural, old worn-out shields
• skjaldar-sporðr, m. the 'shield-tail', the lower part of an oblong shield
• Skjöldungar, m. plural, the famous lineage of the kings of Denmark, from Skjöld, the son of Odin
• skjöldungr, m. a bird, the sheldrake, from the shield-like band across his breast

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 552, entry 12

SKJÓL, n. a shelter, cover; in Iceland also used of any cover or hollow under a fence, a stone, or the like, where sheep seek shelter against storm and cold … skjóta skjóli yfir, to give shelter … skjóls-maðr, m. a shelterer, protector

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages LI, LIX and LXI

Chapter V

(at page LIX)

Space does not permit of my entering into all the additional groups of similar nature and communication names that might be adduced here; specimens of such names are found almost everywhere in the material of the etymological part below. I will conclude this chapter by devoting some attention to two sets of names which occur, the one in the most Scandinavian town in England, the other in the most Scandinavian district of this country.

(at page LX and LXI)

York, as having been for a long period practically a Scandinavian town, has been mentioned above on page XLV f. Of outstanding interest are several old street-names in the city which are of Scandinavian origin, and must be among the earliest Scandinavian names of this kind on record, whether in the Scandinavian mother countries or in their colonies. With two exceptions they all have OWScand, OSwed gata, ODan, gatæ 'road, street', as last member. Most of them are still in use, and will be easily located on any plan within the oldest part of the city … The following instances may be worthy of note: Sceldergate, Skeldergata 12th century (Whitby Chartulary), Skyldergate 1399 (Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1216-1485), Skeldergate 1413-22 (Registrum Cartarum et Munimentorum Hospitalis St Leonardi Ebor), now Skeldergate; from OWScand skjaldari 'a shield-maker'.

---

"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 392 and 393

skjaldaðr a. carrying a shield

skjaldi m. one with a shield ? (compare skjǫldr)

skjǫldr (genitive skjaldar, dative skildi, plural skildir) m. shield … in kenning for ship, viðr skjaldar (generic singular; shields fastened along the side of a ship looked like leaves on a tree) in kenning for sword, skjaldar leygr … compare skjaldi

[356] ON Skurfa (personal name): Scruton, Scrudom Hill.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skurfa (Scruton)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 238

Scruton

SCRUTON 21 C 11

• Scrueton, Skurveton DB, 1210 Abbr; 13 RichReg 122 d; 1270 Ch; 1289 Ebor; 1370 Archd 8; 1396 Pap
• Sc(h)orveton 1184 RichReg 84; 1252 Ch; 1280 YI
• Scurfeton 1231 Ass
• Scrurueton (sic) KI, 1356 FF
• Scrowton 1470 RichWills
• Screwton 1611 NR

'Scurfa's farm' vide tun. Scurfa (ASC) is the name of a Scandinavian jarl. Björkman (Nordische Personennamen 1910, 124) identifies it with OWScand skurfa, 'scurf, scab', found also as the ON by-name Skurfa LindBN. The name of the same man probably enters into the name of Scurf Beck, a local stream (6"). For a possible OE parallel, vide Sheraton, Place-Names Nb Du 176.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 561, entry 4

skurfir, m. a kind of bird

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 561, entry 5

skurfur, f. plural, scurf on the head

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 394

skurðr m. channel, groove (milli skurða: in grooves cut in the axe; with liggja)

[357] ON Skvaðra (personal name); ON skvaðra, 'jackdaw' (a nickname): Skutterskelfe.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Skvaðra (Skutterskelfe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 175

Rudby

5. SKUTTERSKELFE 15 M 7

• Codreschelf, Codreschef, Codeschelf DB
• Scuðerschelf 1176 P (p)
• Sc-, Skutherskelf circa 1236 Heal 57 (p); circa 1290 Heal 108; 1292 Heal 166
• Sc-, Skotherskelf(e) LS; KF (p); Vill
• Scuherscelf 1310 Ch
• Scuderskelf 1310 Ch (p)
• Scoterskelf KI, 1481 Test
• Scutterskelf 1529 NCyWills
• Scuterskill Saxton

The first element is probably the ON by-name Skvaðra, which also had a form Skoðra (LindBN). Lind supposes that this was an old place-name but it seems more likely, as Professor Ekwall suggests, that Skvaðra is an old by-name derived from skvaðra. in the sense of 'chatter, talk'. The second element is ON skjalf 'shelf, seat', vide Raskelf 26 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 562, entry 4

skvaðra, u, f. a nickname, quasi skvaldra, compare Swedish squallra = a jackdaw

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 556, entry 32

SKRAF, n. a chat, talk

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 556, entry 33

skrafa, að, to prate, chat

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 556, entry 34

skrafari, a, m. a chatterer, a nickname

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 551, entry 38

skjálf, f [English 'shelf'] a shelf, seat; remains only in hlið-skjálf, quod vide II. a proper name (Skjálfar-bóndi).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 271, entry 9

Hlið-skjálf, f., old dative hliðskjálfu, Grímnis-mál (Sayings of Grímnir, one of the mythological poems of the Poetic Edda) (prose): [probably rather to be derived from hlið, gate, than hlið, side] … a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds … The heathen Hlið-skjálf brings to mind the legend in Grimm’s Märchen of the Tailor in Heaven.

[358] ON Slengr (personal name): Slingsby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Slengr (Slingsby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 48

Slingsby

1. SLINGSBY 22 H 10

• Selunges-, Eslingesbi DB
• Slengesbi, -by 1161-84 Whitby; 1164-72 YCh 882 et passim to 1403 YI
• Eslenggesbi 13 Malton 83 d
• Slengeby 1203 Whitby; 1226 FF; 1251 Ass; 1282 YI
• Lengesbi, -by early 13th Malton 96 d, 97
• Lengeby 1224-30 KF, 1251 Ass; 1280 Ebor
• Slingebi 1155-65 Whitby; 1167 P
• Sli-, Slyngesby 1202 FF et passim to 1578 FF
• Selingesby 1347 Pap
• Slingysby 1402 Whitby

The persistence of Slenges- forms (approximately in the proportion of 2:1 to the Slinges- forms) shows that we have to deal with an original Sleng. Zachrisson (Some English Place-Name Etymologies, 142) suggests OWScand Slyngr (LindBN) rather than the hypothetical ON Sløngr or Slengr Björkman (Zur Englische Namenkunde, 1912), suggested as the first element of Slingley (Place-Names Nb DUR sub nomine). ON Slyngr will not, however, explain the Slenges- forms of the place-name, whereas if the first element be taken as Sleng we can explain the Slinges- forms as due to the ME sound-change of eng to ing (compare Ingleby 167 infra) which took place in the 13th century, if not earlier. Further, it will be seen that whilst no Slenges- forms are found after the 13th century the majority of Slinges- forms are of the 13th and following centuries. The DB form Eslinges- cannot be taken seriously as in that source there is frequent interchange of e and i. Slingsby, therefore, means 'Sleng's farm' vide by. The name Sleng appears in the surname of Robert Slenge (1298 Wakefield Court Rolls). For loss of s- and spellings with Esl-, Sel- vide (IPN) 103

[359] ON Snigill (personal name): Snilah, Snilesworth.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Snigill (Snilesworth)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 204

Hawnby

6. SNILESWORTH 22 B 4

• Snigleswath 1150-70 YCh 1846; 1243 BylE 109
• Snygheleswath 1186-9 Dods vii 107
• Sniles-, Snyleswath 1230 FF; 1247 Ch (corrigenda); 1290 Dugd iv. 285, 1376 ibid v. 348
• Snailesworth 1575 FF

'Snigel's ford' vide vað. The first element is probably a by-name based on ON snigill, 'a snail'. Medial -g- was palatalised in such positions before the Scandinavian settlements took place in England.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 575, entry 20

snigill, m. [Anglo Saxon snegel; English 'snail'; Danish snegl] a snail …

[360] ON Stáki (personal name): Stakesby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Stáki (Stakesby)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 125

Whitby

STAKESBY

• Staxebi DB
• Stachesbi, -by 1090-6 YCh 855, 1133; 1155-65 Whitby; 1314 NRS
• Stakesbi, -by 1100-circa 1115 YCh 857 et passim
• Stakisby 1395 Whitby

'Staki's farm'; vide by. The first element is probably the ON by-name Stáki (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn) with genitival -s substituted for -a (the weak form), rather than the by-name Stakkr, genitive Staks (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn) which would have become Stax-.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 587, entry 21

STAKKR, m. a short coarse bag-like blouse without a waist … stakks-vaðmál … II. a stack of hay, from the shape …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 587, entry 22

STAKR, adj. [stök, stakt], single, odd; handlín stakt, an odd napkin … in compounds, stöku-sinnum, adv. now and then; ein-stakr.

[361] ON Sveinn (personal name); ON sveinn 'a boy': Swainby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Sveinn (Swainby - Langbaurgh West Wapentake)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Sveinn (Sueinlandes, 1193-9, Swaynisacre, 13th)
• ON Plógsveinn (Plusweynlondes, 1283)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Sveinn (m. 1).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 178

Whorlton

SWAINBY

• Swayn(e)sby late 13th BM; 1313 Pat
• Swaneby 1314 Pat
• Swainby 1367 IpmR; 1616 NR

Possibly 'Swain's farm' from the ON personal name Sveinn (LindN) and by, but compare Swainby 225 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 225

Pickhill

6. SWAINBY 21 E 12

• Suanebi DB
• Suenebi 1111-22 MaryH 229
• Swayneby 1184 RichReg 84 d et passim to 1560 RichWills
• Suanes-, Suanisby 1196 Guis; 1313 Pat
• Sweinesby 1349 (H3) Dugd vii 920

This name is parallel to OS Swenaby (Hellquist, Svenska ON på -by, 72 ff) and denotes 'farm of the young men', from ON sveinn, the Scandinavian cognate of OE swan. The first form has been inluenced by that word itself, the last ones by the personal name Sveinn. Compare Swainby 178 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 608, entry 27

SVEINN, m. [a northern word, from which the Anglo Saxon swân, English 'swain', seems to be borrowed]: a boy … II. boys, lads! often used in addressing grown-up men … 2. a servant, attendant, waiter; especially a page, sveinn Gunnildar … in modern usage an apprentice … III. a nickname, Sigurðr Sveinn (= the Germ. Siegfried) … 2. Sveinn, a proper name, very frequent in compounds, Svein-björn, Svein-ungr, Sveinki, Berg-sveinn, Koll-sveinn … sveina-lauss, adj. without attendants; ríða sveinn, sveins-leikr, m. a boy's game, sveins-ligr, adjective, boyish.

[362] ON Þjokka (personal name): Theokemarais.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þjokka (Marishes)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 84

Pickering

3. MARISHES 22 G 14

Marishes parish includes a great part of the very low-lying land in the south of the wapentake and takes its name from the extensive marshes which it embraced till the land was drained. vide mersc. These probably included Aschilesmares, Aschelesmere DB (from ON Áskell), Chiluesmares, Chiluesmarsc DB, Kilverdesmersh 1152-6 Riev, Culverthesmersch 1160 Riev (compare Killerby 103 infra), Maxudesmares, Maxudesmersc DB (first elements possibly being, as suggested by Dr Lindkvist, the ON personal name Mákr (LindN) and wudu), Odulfesmare, Ouduluesmersc (from ON Auðulfr) and Theokemarais 1189 Riev, 1252 Ch, -mar 1201 ChR, in which the first element is perhaps an unrecorded ON by-name þjokka (genitive þjokku) 'thick'; vide (LindBN 1920) sub nomine þjokkubeinn 'thick leg'. The suffix in some of these forms has been influenced by OFr marais.

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 740, entry 32

ÞJÖKKA, að, [þykkr, m.; compare Anglo Saxon þaccian; Chaucer to thack], to thwack, thump, beat, chastise, = þjaka, quod vide; þjökka skal hræsinn nið með hrísi, whack a self-willed son with the rod … (see hrís.)

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 740, entry 33

þjökka, u, f. a nickname, Landnámabók 238.

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 740, entry 34

þjökkr, adj. thick, = þykkr, quod vide.

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Victoria County History (1923) "A History of the County of York North Riding" Volume 2

Pickering Parishes (pages 461-476)

By 1334 the Waste, with half a carucate of land formerly belonging to Eustace son of John, (fn. 232) had been formed into the manors of Kekmarish, Loftmarish, Lund and Newstead, the first two part of the present Marishes, the third in Kirkby Misperton, the last in Thornton Dale parish. The abbot's grange at KEKMARISH (? Theokemarais, Kekmarreys, Kekmaresse, Keckmarris) was mentioned in 1206, and contained in 1275-6 300 acres of arable land and 300 acres of pasture. It belonged to Rievaulx at the Dissolution, was sold to Sir Roger Cholmley of Roxby in 1544, and in 1611 was held at farm by John Cholmley. At the Dissolution LOFTMARISH (Loftmarais, Loftmarreys, Loftmaresse) belonged to the abbey, and the grange, with Deerholme (Dereham) Grange, was granted in February 1542-3 to the Archbishop of York and his successors. The last mention found of Loftmarish is in 1649.

[363] ON Þórkell (personal name): Thirkleby, Thurtle Wood.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þórkell (Thirkleby, Thurtle Wood)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Þorkell (m. 58)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 49

Slingsby

THURTLE WOOD

• Thurkelwode 1301 YI

'Thurkel's Wood' vide wudu. Thurkel is a common ME name from ODan Thurkil, etc. For interchange of t and k before l see 220 infra.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 189

Thirkleby

THIRKLEBY 22 G 3

• Turchilebi DB
• Thurkillebi, -by 1202 FF; 1224 Pat; 1231 Ass (passim)
• Thirtleby 1202 FF
• Turkelby 1224-30 Fees

Further forms are without interest. 'Thurkel's farmstead' vide by. Compare ODan Thurkil (Nielsen), ON Þórkell (LindN).

[364] ON Þórmóðr (personal name): Thormanby, Thornaby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þórmóðr (Thormanby, Thornaby)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Sigurðr Þormóðr (m. 25).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 27

Easingwold

3. THORMANBY 22 H 4

• Turmoz-, Tormozbi DB
• T'modesbi 1167 P
• Thormodeby 1193-1208 YCh 786; 1230 CI (1227-1354)
• Tormodeby 1234, 1281 Ebor
• Thormoteby 1275, 1287 Ebor; 1293 For; LS; KF
• Thormotheby 1295 For
• Thormotby 1295 For; KF; Vill
• Thormanby 1481, 1491 Test; Saxton
• Thornamby 1541 Dugd v. 355

'Thormoth's farm' vide by. The personal name is from ON Þórmóðr, found also in Thurmaston (LEI), Thrumpton (NTT), Thornaby 172 infra and in Tremauville and Turmauville in Normandy.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 172

Stainton

5. THORNABY 15 J 6

• Turmozbi, Thormozbi, Tormozbi(a) DB
• Thormodby 1175-1200 BylE 71 d; 1312 Guis
• Thormodebi, -by 1202, 1231 FF; 1252 Riev; 1262-80 Guis; 1333 Riev
• Thormotebi, -by 1279 YI; 1280 Ch; Guis; 1293 QW
• Thormotheby KI
• Thormothby 1416 YI
• Thormotby LS; 1369 FF; 1410 Guis
• Thornaby 1665 Visit

'Thormoth's farm' vide by. The first element is ON Þórmóðr found also in Thormanby (Bulmer Wapentake) 26 supra.

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"The Chief Elements used in English Place-Names" (1924) Allen Mawer at pages 59 & 60

þorn, OE, ON, 'thorn-bush'. Places whose name begins with Thorn- must, for the most part, have been so called owing to the presence of some thorn-bush close at hand, but some Thorntons and the like may denote enclosures actually made from thorn-bushes …

þyrne, OE, 'thorn-bush' … In Scandinavian England it is impossible to distinguish it from ON þyrnir.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 729, entry 2

þ (þorn) was adopted from the Runic alphabet; its ancient name was þorn (thorn) … and it is still so called in Icelandic; the ancients also called it 'þurs' (giant), which was originally the name of a magical Rune, intended to cause love-madness, and in the Runic poem it is so called … the letter is evidently derived from Greek-Latin, being a Δ or D with the vertical stroke prolonged both ways.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 742, entry 2

ÞORN, m. [Anglo Saxon þorn; English 'thorn'; Old High German and German dorn; Danish torn] a thorn; … II. metaphorical, a spike; … especially the tongue of a buckle, pin of a brooch …

[365] ON Þórólfr (personal name): Tholthorpe.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þórólfr (Tholthorpe)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Þórólfr (m. 30).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 21

Alne

4. THOLTHORPE 27 B 3

• Þurulfestune 972 (11th) Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum 1279
• Turulfestorp DB
• Turoluestorp DB
• Turold' Torp 1176 P
• Toraldethorpe 1282 YI; 1292, 1293 For
• Thoraldethorp KI, Vill; 1328 Banco
• Thoralthorp' 1295 For
• Thoraldesthorp 1337 Ch
• Thoraldthropp' EFM
• Thorlothorpp' LS
• Tholthorp 1505 Test; -thropp 1614 NR

'Thurulf's village' vide þorp. The name Thurulf is from ON Þórólfr, ODan Thorulw.

[366] ON Þórr (personal name): Thoresby.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þórr (Thoresby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Þórr (Thoressete, Thoresdale, Thoresbehc, 13th)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 266

Aysgarth

THORESBY

• Toresbi DB
• Thoresby 1184 RichReg

'Thor's farm' from ON Þórr and by.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 743, entry 11

ÞÓRR, m., genitive þórs, dative and accusative þór, but þóri dative, Bragi; in Runic inscriptions spelt þur; [Anglo Saxon þunor; English 'thunder'; Northern English thunner; Dutch donder; Old High German donar; German donner; Danish Tor, in tor-den; … the word þór-r is therefore formed by absorption of the middle n, and contraction of an older dissyllabic þonor into one syllable, and is a purely Scandinavian form; hence in Anglo Saxon charters or diplomas it is a sure sign of forgery when names compound with þur- appear in deeds pretending to be of a time earlier than the Danish invasion in the 9th century; although in later times they abound; the English Thurs-day is a later form, in which the phonetic rule of the Scandinavian tongue has been followed; perhaps it is a Northern English form …

A. The god Thor, the god of thunder, keeper of the hammer, the ever-fighting slayer of trolls and destroyer of evil spirits, the friend of mankind, the defender of the earth, the heavens, and the gods, for without Thor and his hammer the earth would become the helpless prey of the giants. He was the consecrator, the hammer being the cross or holy sign of the ancient heathen, hence the expressive phrase on a heathen Danish Runic stone, þurr vigi þassi runar, 'Thor, consecrate these Runes!' Rafn 193. Thor was the son of mother Earth; blunt, hot-tempered, without fraud or guile, of few words and ready stroke - such was Thor, the favourite deity of the ancients. The finest legends of the Edda, - and the best lays (the lays of Hymir, Thrym, and Harbard) refer to Thor …

B. Compounds of proper names: The name of Thor has always been thought to sound well, and is much used in proper names; … uncompounded only in the form Þórir of a man, Þóra of a woman, but common in compounds, where in modern usage the vowel is sounded long before a vowel, and before b and d, elsewhere short, but in old times it was no doubt ó throughout; thus, as a prefix, Þór-álfr, Þórólfr, Þórarr, Þór-arinn, Þór-oddr, Þór-haddr, Þór-halli, Þór-hallr; but Þor-bergr, Þor-björn, Þor-brandr, Þor-finnr, Þor-gautr, Þor-geirr, Þor-gestr (Þórgestlingar, the family of Thor, Eyrbyggja Saga), Þor-grímr, Þor-gils, Þor-gnýr, Þor-kell (quasi Þorketill), Þor-lákr (sounded Þollákr,… Þor-leifr, Þor-leikr, Þor-ljótr, Þor-móðr, Þor-mundr (Danish Runic stone), Þor-steinn (sounded Þosteinn, and often, spelt so in later vellums), Þor-valdr, Þor-varðr, Þór-viðr; of women, Þór-ey, Þór-arna, Þor-finna, Þor-gríma, Þor-gunna, Þór-halla, Þór-hildr, Þór-unn, Þór-dís, Þor-gerðr, Þor-björg, Þor-katla, Þór-ný, Þor-veig, Þór-vör. 2. as a suffix. -Þórr, -Þóra, -dórr, -dóra; Arn-órr, quasi. Arn-órr and Arn-óra, Stein-dórr, Hall-dórr and Hall-dóra, Berg-þórr and Berg-þóra, Ey-þórr and Ey-þóra, Haf-þórr. Of all these names, three demand special mention, viz. Þórðr, being a contracted quasi Þór-røðr (as Bárðr = Bár-röðr), the old uncontracted form occurs in poems of the 10th century, e. g. Þórröðr vinon óra, Kormaks Saga 132; so Sighvat calls his own father Þórröðr (dissyllabic) yet he makes it rhyme as if contracted (Þorröðr er var forðum), so Þorðr skorðu, Bjarn. (in a verse): the other name is Þuríðr, a feminine name, a weakened form for Þóríðr, Ib. 363 (quasi Þór-ríðr, like Sig-ríðr); thirdly, Þyri, a feminine name, weakened from Þór-vé, or still older Þór-veig, modern Danish Thyra, see Landnámabók 309; Þurvi (Þiurvi), genitive Þurviar, on Runic stones. II. in local names, Þórs-mörk, Þórs-nes, Þórs-á, Landnámabók, Eyrbyggja Saga; whence Þórs-nes-ingar, the men from Theophilus, Landnámabók; and Þórs-ness-lönd, -þing, Eyrbyggja Saga, Landnámabók, Kormaks Saga: Þórsnesinga-goðord, Landnámabók, Eyrbyggja Saga, Sturlunga Saga: Þórs-engi, n., i. e. Þórs-vengi, = Thaasinge in Fünen, Denmark.

C. Compounds: Þórs-dagr, m. [Anglo Saxon Þunresdæg; Old High German Donares-tac, Toniris-tag; middle Germ. Donres-tac; modern Germ. Donners-tag; Dutch Donder-dag; Swedish-Danish Tors-dag; in English also contracted 'Thursday']: Thursday, dies Jovis, Norges Gamle Love ii. 347, Rímbegla 572, Fornmanna Sögur ix. 317, passim; Helgi-Þórsdagr, Holy Thursday, Ascension Day … Þórs-hani, a, m. a bird, compare Óðins-hani. Þórs-hof, n. the temple of Jove, Clements Saga, Alexanders Saga.

Þórðr, m., genitive, Þórðar, a proper name, see Þórr

Þór-duna, u, f. a modern poetical word, from Danish torden, the din of Thor, i. e. thunder, Bjarni.

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine Þo(r)r-derived personal names (34):

• Þórðr (m. 72)
• Þorbjǫrn (m. 55),
• Þórir (m. 55)
• Þorgeirr (m. 51)
• Þórrarinn (m. 45)
• Þorgrímr (m. 41)
• Þórólfr (m. 30)
• Þorgils (m. 29)
• Þorvaldr (m. 28)
• Þormóðr (m. 25)
• Þorleifr (m. 24)
• Þóroddr (m. 13)
• Þorfinnr (m. 12)
• Þrándr (m. 12)
• Þorlákr (m. 11)
• Þorbrandr (m. 10)
• Þorleikr (m. 9)
• Þróndr (m. 9)
• Þorvarðr (m. 9)
• Þórhallr (m. 8)
• Þór-arna (m. 7)
• Þorbergr (m. 7)
• Bergþórr (m. 6)
• Þórný (m. 6)
• Þorberger (m. 6)
• Þórhaddr (m. <5)
• Þorgestr (m. <5)
• Þórormr (m. <5)
• Þorviðr (m. <5)
• Þorfiðr (m. 2)
• Þorgautr (m. 2)
• Þórálfr (m. 2)
• Hafþórr (m. 2)
• Þorgnýr (m. 1)
• Þorliótr (m. 1)
• Þórhalli (m. 1)

ON feminine Þo(r)r-derived personal names (21):

• Þorgerðr (f. 42)
• Þórdís (f. 40)
• Þórunn (f. 34)
• Þóra (f. 23)
• Þorbiorg (f. 19)
• Þorkatla(f. 15)
• Þorlaug (f. 10)
• Þórhildr (f. 8)
• Þórarna (f. 7)
• Þórný (f. 6)
• Bergþóra (f. <5)
• Þórey (f. <5)
• Þorlót (f. <5)
• Þorfinna (f. <2)
• Þorgríma (f. <2)
• Þórelfr (f. <2)
• Þorleif (f. <2)
• Þórodda (f. <2)
• Þórvé (f. <2)
• Þórvor (f. <2)
• Þraslaug (f. <2)

[367] ON Þórsteinn (personal name): Throxenby.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þórsteinn (Throxenby)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Þorsteinn (m. 83).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 110

Scalby

THROXENBY

• T'stanebi 1167 P
• Thurstanby 1276 Percy et freq to 1475 Pat
• Thorstanby LS; 1379 IpmR; 1417 YI
• Throssenbye 1537 FF
• Frostenby Saxton

'Thorstan's farm' vide by. The ultimate origin of Thorstan is ON Þorsteinn (LindN), with the OE name-theme -stan substituted. For the modern pronunciation and the last two spellings compare Thrussington (LEI) from the same personal name. The x in the modern spelling is probably explained in the same way as in Moxby and Roxby 29, 90 supra and Coxwold 191 infra. For F- in the last form compare Fingay Hill 213 infra.

[368] ON Þórvaldr (personal name): Thoralby, Thoraldby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þórvaldr (Thoralby, Thoraldby)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Þorvaldr (m. 28).

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 175

Rudby

THORALDBY

• Turoldes-, Toro(l)desbi DB
• Thoroldeby 1291 Ass
• Thorald(e)by circa 1280-90 Heal 108 d; 1292 Heal 166; 1310 Ch
• Thoralby KI

'Thorold's farm' vide by. The first element is ON Þórvaldr (LindN); compare Swedish Tolleby (OS Þoralderby), Hellquist, ON på-by 107.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 268

Aysgarth

11. THORALBY 21 E 1

• Turo(l)desbi, Toroldesbi DB

With the same run of forms and interpretation as Thoraldby (Langbaurgh West) 175 supra.

[369] ON Þrylli (personal name): Thirlby.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þrylli (Thirlby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at pages 199 & 200

Felixkirk

4. THIRLBY 22 E 3

• Trillebi(a), Trylleby 1189, 1248 Riev; 1226 FF; 1252 Ch; KI
• Thirleby 1271 Ch; Vill; 1399 YI; 1579 FF
• Thrilleby 1273 Riev; LS

The forms point to an ON Þrilli or Þrylli. No such name is on record, but it is a conceivable weak diminutive of the personal name element Þrýð- found in ON Þrýð-rikr. If so, the name means 'Thrulli's farm' ('Þrylli's by'). vide by.

[370] ON Þúfa (personal name): Tewfit.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Þúfa (Tewfit)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 266

Aysgarth

TEWFIT (6")

• Thuue-, Thufwath 1189, 13 Easby 278

'Thufa's ford' from the ON personal name Þúfa (LindN) and vað.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 750, entry 22

ÞÚFA, u, f., genitive plural þúfna; [provincial German daube; in the Tyrol the cairns and pyramids by the way-side are so called by the peasants, Schmeller; dobe = a paw, Alsace] a mound; … opt veltir lítil þúfa miklu hlassi, a little mound may overset a big load (cart), Alexanders Saga 132 (a saying); … the phrases … hníga við bana-þúfu, to bite the dust; vera einum eingin heilla-þúfa, to be a stumbling-mound to one. Þúfna-kollr, m. the top of a mound. þúfu-skítr, m. a nickname, Fornmanna Sögur viii. þúfu-titlingr, m. a 'mound-tit', a sparrow.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 633, entry 1

titlingr, m. [a diminutive from tittr, quod vide], a tit, sparrow … smá-t., snjó-t., a snow-bunting: titlingr is the common Icelandic word for spörr (quod vide), which, strangely enough, is quite obsolete; … a nickname, Landnámabók II. the penis.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 633, entry 3

titringr, m. a shivering.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 633, entry 4

tittr, m. a small peak, a pin; see hor-tittr. II. a tit (bird), obsolete.

[371] ON Þymill (personal name): Thimbleby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Þymill (Thimbleby)

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 214

Osmotherly

4. THIMBLEBY 22 B 2

• Timbelbi, Timbelli (sic) DB
• thémelebi 1088 LVD 51
• Thimilby circa 1160 Riev
• T(h)imelebi 1182, 1184 P
• Thimilisbi 1208 FF
• Timleb' 1208-10 Fees
• Thi, Thymelby 1233 CI (1227-1354); 1234 Riev; 1247 Ebor; LS; Vill
• Thimmelby 1293 QW
• Themelby 1329 YD
• Thimbelby 1359 FF

vide by. The first element is a personal name which is also contained in Thimbleby (LIN), Timleby (Lindsey Survey), Thymelby, Themelby (Rotuli Hundredorum) and Themelthorp (NFK), Thimeltorp, Tymelthorp 1267, 1269 (Calendar of Charter Rolls), Thimilthorp 1289 (Index to the Charters and Rolls in the British Museum). There is a scantily attested ON þumall (LindN) from ON þumall, 'thimble', and a by-name (LindBN) þumli from the same source. In these place-names we must have a mutated by-form *þymill (with mutation of u by the suffix as in OE þymel, 'thimble') or the ON name has been altered under the influence of OE þymel itself.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 749, entry 4

ÞUMALL, m., dative, þumli; [Anglo Saxon þûma; Old High German dûmo; English 'thumb'; Dutch duim; Swedish tumma; Danish tomme] the thumb, of a glove; í þumlinum. Compounds: þumal-alin or -öln, f. a thumb-ell, … þumal-fingr, m. the thumb-finger, … þumal-tá, f. the 'thumb-toe', the great toe.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 749, entry 6

þumli, a, m. a 'tom-thumb', a nickname, Sturlunga Saga ii. 153.

[372] ON Þyrni (personal name); ON þyrni, 'a place growing with thorns'; ON Þyrnir (personal name); ON þyrnir, 'a thorn, thorn-bush': Thringarth.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Þyrni (Thringarth)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Þyrnir (Thirnethorn, 13th)

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 123

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þyrne / ON þyrnir 'a thorn, thorn-bush' and ON þyrni 'place growing with thorns'

The final /r/ of ON þyrnir is inflexional so OE/ON þyrne/þyrnir are indistinguishable and additionally hard to distinguish from a collective noun ON þyrni (compare Rygh NG i:82).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 309

Romaldkirk

THRINGARTH

• Thyrnegarth 1251 Ch; LS
• Thryngarth 1561 FF

'Thurni's enclosure' vide garðr. The first element is the ON personal name Þyrni or simply þyrne, hence 'thorntree enclosure'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 755, entry 12

ÞYRNIR, m. [see þorn; Danish tjörne] a thorn, Karla-magnús Saga 546; klungr ok þyrni (bramble and thorn), Stjórn, Fornmanna Sögur. v. 159: … hag-þyrnir. Compounds: þyrni-fótr, m. thorn-foot, a nickname. Egils Saga þyrni-fullr, adj. full of thorns, Alexanders Saga 52. þyrni-hjálmr, m. a thorn-helmet, a crown of thorns, Homiliu-bók 32. þyrni-kórona (-krúna, Karla-magnús Saga 545), u, f. a crown of thorns … þyrni-tré;, n. a thorn-bush, Karla-magnús Saga 545.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 232, entry 22

hag-þorn, m. [hagi], the hawthorn, 'hedge-thorn', Edda (Gl.), Stjórn 395.

[373] ON Toddi (personal name); ON Tófa (feminine personal name): Todd Howe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Toddi (Todd Howe)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON feminine personal name Tófa (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 149

Guisborough

TOD HOWE

• Todhou, -how 1200-22 Guis

vide haugr. The first element may be the common word tod 'a fox' or it may be the ON personal name Toddi (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn). As haugr seems to be most frequently coupled with a personal name the latter alternative is preferable.

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"A History of the County of York North Riding" Volume 2, (1923) at pages 405-410 (Skelton Parish)

… The southern part of Stanghow, like that of Moorsholm, is moorland. Here there are many tumuli, the most important of which are Tod Howe at the extreme south-eastern corner of Stanghow and the two Black Howes further north near the Quakers Causeway, which are two of the 'Tres Hoggae' mentioned in a charter of the first Peter de Brus; while Herd How [NZ 70447 11761] and one of the three Robin Hood Butts - [NZ 71022 11432], [NZ 71404 11403] and <[NZ 70582 11561] - are in the south of Girrick Moor in the Moorsholm part of the parish. Lockwood reservoir is situated on the moor in Stanghow, near the Moorsholm boundary …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 636, entry 11

TODDI, a, m. [an almost obsolete word in Iceland, but preserved in English 'tod', a weight of wool = 28 lbs.; a tod is also = a bushel; in Jamieson toddie is a bit of cake; German zotte answers in form to the Norse toddi] a tod of wool; toddu gefn, the fairy of the tod, i. e. a woman, Bjarnar Saga (in a verse): a bit, in vinjar-toddi, quod vide; þá eru tveir um toddann, than two go on each piece …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 636, entry 10

todda, u, f. a nickname, Droplaugar-sona Saga 9.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 638, entry 21

TÓA, u, f. (quasi tófa); [this word, at present the general name for the fox, seems not to occur in old writers (compare fóa, refr, melrakki), not even among the names of foxes, Edda ii. 490; but it occurs in the modern rhyme quoted by Maurer, 169; the etymology is not certain, between the two vowels some consonant has been absorbed, perhaps f, quasi tófa, from the fox's tufted tail; or, it may be akin to tæfa, týja (quod vide), Danish tæve = a dam with cubs.]

B. A fox, passim in modern usage; … there are in Iceland rhymed fables called Tóu-kvæði = Fox-songs; one at least (not published) is attributed to Hallgrim Pétrsson (17th century); but the earliest is the Skaufala-bálkr, compare the words grýla, refr, skröggr, skaufali, mel-rakki (see melr). Compounds: tóu-skinn, tóu-skott, n. a fox-skin, fox-tail. tóu-yrlingr, m. a fox-cub.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 647, entry 3

týja, u, f. (sounded tía), [akin to tæfa; Danish tæve; compare tóa]: a dam, mother with her young, of a dog, cat, or the like.

[374] ON Tollr (personal name): Tollesby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Tollr (Tollesby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 163

Marton

TOLLESBY

• Tolesbi, Tolesby DB; about 1199 Guis; 1201 ChR; 1206 FF
• Tollesbi, Tollesby DB et passim
• Tollisbi circa 1130-40 YCh
• Toulesbi, Toulesby 1166 P et freq to 1310 Ch
• Tolebi 1181 P
• Towsby 1364 YD
• Towlesbie 1578 FF

'Toll's farm' from ON Tollr (LindBN) and by.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 636, entry 25

TOLLR, m. [Anglo Saxon and English 'toll'; German zoll; Danish told], a toll, especially of excise duties; … sauða-toll, a sheep-tax, Sturlunga Saga iii. 78; hafnar-tollr, a harbour-toll, Grágás. ii. 401, Forn-sögur 157,; hey-tollr, m. a hay toll, to be paid to a church … skipa-tollr (quod vide), a ship-tax; skip-tollr, m. a ship's toll; hof-tollr, m. a temple-toll, rate; vápna-tollr, a kind of weapon toll, Norges Gamle Love iii. 80; Ólafs-tollr, a tithe in corn to St. Olave Diplomatarium Norvagicum v. 660; tollr Holts-kirkju, Biskupa Sögur i. 737. Compounds: toll-heimta, u, f. the levying a toll. tollheimtu-maðr, m. a publican, tax-gatherer, New Testament toll-laust, adj. toll-free, Vilkins-máldagi 87.

[375] ON Trútr (personal name): Troutsdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Trútr (Troutsdale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 98

Brompton

3. TROUTS DALE 23 D 3

• Truzstal DB
• Trucedal(e) 1314 Percy; 1335 ForP 206 d; 1619 NRS
• Trowt(t)esdale, Troutesdale 1497 NRS; 1562 FF; 1619 NRS; 1665 Visit

'Trut's valley' vide dæl (ON dalr ?). It is reasonable to suppose that Trut is from the ON by-name Trútr, genitive Trúts (LindBN 1920). The early spellings with z, c represent the ON genitive form -s (vide Haxby 14 supra).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 643, entry 3

trúr, trú, trútt, adj., compar. trúri, trústr or trúastr; [Danish tro] true, faithful; … trúr á Guð, believing in God, Homiliu-bók 109; … ó-trúr, unfaithful.

• trú-rof, n. a breach of faith
• trú-rækinn, adj. religious
• trú-rækni, f. piety
• trú-skapr, m. = trúleikr

[376] ON Uggi (personal name): Ugthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Uggi (Ugthorpe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 138

Lythe

8. UGTHORPE 16 F 8

• Ug(h)etorp DB
• Uggethorp(e) 1161 YCh 619 et passim to 1242 P
• Ugthorp(e) circa 1180 Percy; KI; 1665 Visit
• Hugethorpe 1262 Guis

'Uggi's village' from the ON by-name Uggi (Lind, E. H. Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn) and þorp.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 648, entry 29

uggi, a, m. a fin of a fish; eyr-uggi, a fore fin; bak-uggi, a back fin; the word seems, strange to say, not to occur in old writers; compare the following word.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 648, entry 30

uggiðr or uggaðr, participle 'finned', provided with fins; hjalt-u (quod vide)

[377] ON Úlfr (personal name): Oulston, Ulshaw.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Úlfr (Oulston, Ulshaw)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Úlfr (Vlfesdale, Wluetueit, 13th)
• ON Úlfarr (Hulverheved, 1254)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Úlfr (m. 21), Hrólfr (m. 20), Ǫlvir (m. 9), Ǫrn-ólfr (m. 9 - see Örn-ólfr below), Úlfar (m. <5), Úlf-héðinn (m. <5), Úlfheðinn (m. <5), Bryniólfr (m. <5), Rúnólfr (m. <5), Valþiólfr (m. <5), Ásmólfr (m. 3), Þióðólfr (m. 3), Brondólfr (m. 2), Bótólfr (m. 2), Ísólfr (m. 2), Leiðólfr (m. 2), Skioldúlfr (m. 2), Stórólfr, (m. 2) Úlfliótr (m. 2), Biólfr (m. 1), Fostólfr (m. 1), Hiálmólfr (m. 1), Hróðólfr (m. 1), Hundólfr (m. 1), Rauðúlfr (m. 1), Sokkólfr (m. 1), Soxólfr (m. 1), Úlfkell (m. 1), Þióstólfr (m. 1).

ON feminine personal name Úlfrún (f. <2).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 192

Coxwold

4. OULSTON 22 H 5

• U-, V-, Wlueston, -ton DB; 1167 P et passim to 1440 YD
• Vlfeston 1176 P
• Uulveston 1286 For
• Ulston 1498 Test; 1613 NR
• Owlston 1572 FF
• Owston Saxton

'Ulf's farm' vide tun. The first element may be a Scandinavian form of the common OE personal name Wulf (compare Ovington 299 infra) or it may be the ON cognate Úlf.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 249

Thornton Steward

ULSHAW BRIDGE

• Wolueshowe 1158 RichReg 83 d
• Ulveshowe 1246 FF; KI; e. 14 RichReg 87
• Ulschowe 1319 RichReg 112
• Ulsogh 1427 Archd d
• Ulsey 1605 NR
• Howsey 1614 NR
• Ulsa al. Owsa 1623 NR

'Ulf's mound' from ON Úlfr and haugr. There are still traces of an earthwork at Ulshaw. The first form suggests OE Wulf. Compare Ousey Carr 196 supra.

Ulshaw Earthworks

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 668, entry 26

ÚLFR, m., úlf-gi, Loka-senna 39; [Anglo Saxon wulf; English, German 'wolf'; Northern English Ulf-, in proper names, Ulpha, Ulverston; Danish, Swedish ulv] a wolf … Poetical: a warrior is hence called úlf-brynnandi, -gæðandi, -grennir, -nestir, -seðjandi, -teitir, i. e. the refresher, cheerer … gladdener of the wolf; úlf-vín, wolf's wine, i.e. blood … Poetical 2. sayings, fæðisk úlfr í skógi, the wolf is born in the wood … II. in poets, wolves are the 'steeds' on which witches ride through the air during the night, Edda. At nightfall wizards were supposed to change their shape, hence the nickname kveld-úlfr, evening wolf, of a were-wolf; in Iceland the fretful mood caused by sleepiness in the evening is called kveld-úlfr; … In the mythology there is the wolf Fenrir, Edda; whence Úlfs-bági, the 'Wolf's foe' = Odin, Sona-torrek; Úlfs-faðir, the Wolf's father = Loki … III. frequently in proper names, Úlfr, Úlfarr, Úlf-hamr, Úlf-héðinn, Úlf-ljótr, Úlf-kell; women, Úlf-hildr, Úlf-eiðr, Úlf-rún; especially as the latter part in men's names, being then sounded (and often spelt) -ólfr, Ás-ólfr, Auð-ólfr, Bót-ólfr, Brynj-ólfr, Björg-ólfr, Eyj-ólfr, Grím-ólfr, Ing-ólfr, Ís-ólfr, Herj-ólfr, þór-ólfr, þjóð-ólfr, Stein-ólfr, Rún-ólfr, Ljót-ólfr, Örn-ólfr, Móð-úlfr, etc.: contracted are, Snjólfr = Snæ-úlfr, Hrólfr = Hróð-úlfr, Sjólfr = Sæ-úlfr, Bjólfr = Bý-úlfr = Anglo Saxon Beowulf (Bee-wolf, i. e. honey-thief, a name of the bear, from popular tales, in which the bear, being fond of honey, is made to rob hives; the name has of late been thus explained by Mr. Sweet).

[378] ON Útkári (personal name): Uckerby (see also below Húkr (nickname): Huker Mire, Hukermire Moss).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Útkári (Uckerby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 278

Bolton on Swale

5. UCKERBY 14 J 9

• Ukerby 1198 Fount
• Huckerby circa 1250 Easby 74
• Ukkerby KI; circa 1300 RichReg 86; 1400 YD et passim

Professor Ekwall tentatively suggests that the first element of this difficult name is an ON personal name Út-kári formed from ON út 'out' and (given name - ed.) Kári in the same way as Útsteinn was formed from út and Steinn. vide by.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 334, entry 69

kári, a, m., poetically the wind, frequent in modern usage: a proper name.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 669, entry 21

ÚT, adv., comparative útarr, superlative útarst, and later form yzt; [Anglo Saxon ût; English 'out'; Scottish b-ut; Danish ud] out, towards the outer side (of a door, outskirt, circumference), opposite to inn …

• kalla mann út, out of doors
• sjá út, to look out
• út ór, out of, out from
• út munninn, out of the mouth
• snúa út, to turn out
• út þar, out there
• þangat út, out there
• bera fé á út, on board
• vetrinn út, sumarit út, throughout the winter, summer
• láta út, to stand out to sea … as a nautical phrase 'út' often means going out to Iceland from Norway
• lúka út, to lay out
• bjóða út liði, to levy (út-boð)
• taka út, to take out (money)
• leika vel, ílla út, to treat well, ill
• dauðr út af, dead out and out
• út-altari, a, m. the low altar

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Editor's note: the first element of place-names Hukermire Moss and Huker Mire is possibly derived from ON nickname Húkr with the second and third elements derived, respectively, from ON mýrr, 'mire, swampy moorland, bog' and (for Hukermire Moss) ON mosi, 'moss, moorland' giving 'Hukr's swamp' and 'Hukr's swampy moorland'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 2

Húkr, m. a nickname.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 1

húka to sit on one's hams … see hokra

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 215

húka (-ta, -t), verb, to squat.

[379] ON Vígmundr (personal name): Wemmergill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Vígmundr (Wemmergill)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Vígmundr (Wymundeker circa 1205)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 309

Romaldkirk

WEMMERGILL

• Wymundergil 1265 Ebor

'Wymund's ravine' from the ON personal name Vígmundr, genitive Vígmundar (suggested by Lindkvist on the evidence of the OS runic name VikmuntR) and gil.

[380] ON Víkingr (personal name); ON víkingr, 'a freebooter, rover, pirate': Wigginton, Wig(g)anthorpe.

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See also [184] and [64].

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Víkingr (Wigginton, Wiganthorpe)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Víkingr (m. 2)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 428

víkingr m. Viking (apparently referring to the men of Haraldr harðráði's army), in kenning for Æsir, Gauta setrs víkingar

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 14

Wigginton

2. WIGGINTON 27 D 7

• Wichistun, Wichintun DB
• Wi-, Wyginton' 1231 Ass; 1295 YI; LS; 1317, 1330 For; 1337 Ch
• Wi-, Wygington' 1291 YI; 1293, 1330 For
• Wiggenton 1579 FF

The forms are difficult but are perhaps most easily explained if we take the name to be derived from the ON personal name Víkingr (LindN) and tun. The voicing of intervocalic k is evidenced in many other English place-names. Compare Wiganthorpe 35 infra and Wigston Magna (Lei), DB Wichingestone.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 35

Terrington

WIGANTHORPE

• Wichingastorp DB
• Wyggenthorpe 1275 YI
• Wyginthorpe 1284, 1288 YI
• Wygenthorp Vill
• Wykenthorp 1304 Ch
• Wiging-, Wygyngthorp(e) 1497 Test; 1530 Visit
• Wiginthroppe EFM

'Viking's village' vide þorp and Wigginton 14 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 716, entry 2

VÍK, f., genitive, víkr, plural, víkr, [from víkja; Danish vig] properly a small creek, inlet, bay; … The form -wick or -wich in British local names is partly of Norse, partly of Latin origin (vicus); all inland places of course belong to the latter class … róa vik á einhvern, to row one round, get the better of another … Compounds: víkr-barmr, m. a little bay; … víkr-hvarf, n. a creek, Grett; spelt víkhvarf. Vík-marr, m. the bay at Bergen.

II. frequent in local names, Vík, Víkr, Húsa-vík, Reykjar-vík, etc.: the name of Vík or Víkin was specially given to the present Skagerack and Christianiafjord with the adjacent coasts; … The form -wick or -wich in British local names is partly of Norse, partly of Latin origin (vicus); all inland places of course belong to the latter class. Compounds:

• víkr-barmr, m. a little bay
• víkr-hvarf, n. a creek
• Vík-marr, m. the bay at Bergen
• Vík-dælskr, adjective, from the county
• víking, f. a freebooting voyage, piracy; see víkingr. In heathen days it was usual for young men of distinction, before settling down, to make a warlike expedition to foreign parts, this voyage was called 'víking', and was part of a man's education like the grand tour in modern times; hence the saying in the old Saga 'when I was young and on my voyage (víking), but now I am old and decrepit'; so a son begs his father to give him a 'langskip', that he may set out on a 'víking' … The custom was common among Teutonic tribes, and is mentioned by Cæsar in 'Bellum Gallicum' published circa 58-49 BC, Liber vi. 23, only there it is a foray on land:

Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea iuventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant.

Robberies which are committed beyond the boundaries of each state bear no infamy, and they avow that these are committed for the purpose of disciplining their youth and of preventing sloth.

• víkingr, m. a freebooter, rover, pirate, but in the Icelandic Sagas used specially of the bands of Scandinavian warriors, who during the 9th and 10th centuries harried the British Isles and Normandy: the word is peculiarly Norse, for although it occurs in Anglo Saxon in the poem 'Byrnoth' (six or seven times), it is there evidently to be regarded as a Norse word; and probably so too in the poem 'Exodus', in the words rondas bærun sæwicingas, over saltne mere … The word víkingr is thought to be derived from vík (a bay), from their haunting the bays, creeks, and fjords; or it means 'the men from the fjords', the coincidence that the old Irish called the Norsemen 'Lochlannoch' and Norway 'Lochlan' is curious.

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Editor's note: Lochlannoch was the Irish name for the vikings, though etymologically "men of the lakes or bays" might as well be translated "Norsemen" seeing that Lochlann was the Irish for Norway. In the ninth century, the terms Laithlinn / Laithlind (etc.), appear in historical sources as terms denoting the origin of Vikings active in Ireland. The exact meaning behind these terms is uncertain. What is clear, however, is that the terms Lochlann / Lochlainn (etc.) came to replace these earlier terms; and that, by the eleventh century, Lochlann / Lochlainn certainly referred to Norway in historical sources. Whether the terms Lochlann / Lochlainn were originally related to Laithlinn / Laithlind, or merely conflated with them, is unknown.

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• víkingskapr, m. piracy
• víking, f. a freebooting voyage, piracy; see víkingr. In heathen days it was usual for young men of distinction, before settling down, to make a warlike expedition to foreign parts, this voyage was called 'víking', and was part of a man's education like the grand tour in modern times; hence the saying in the old Saga - 'when I was young and on my voyage (víking), but now I am old and decrepit'; so a son begs his father to give him a 'langskip', that he may set out on a 'víking' …
• víkingligr, adj. like a viking, martial …
• víkingr, m. a freebooter, rover, pirate, but in the Icelandic Sagas used specially of the bands of Scandinavian warriors, who during the 9th and 10th centuries harried the British Isles and Normandy: the word is peculiarly Norse, for although it occurs in Anglo Saxon in the poem Byrnoth (six or seven times), it is there evidently to be regarded as a Norse word; … The word 'víkingr' is thought to be derived from vík (a bay), from their haunting the bays, creeks, and fjords; -or it means 'the men from the fjords' …
• víkingskapr, m. piracy …
• vestr-víking, f. a freebooting expedition to the West, i. e. to the British Isles (Normandy, etc.) … see víking
• Víkingr, a proper name, Landnámabók and several times on the Swedish Runic stones; compare Súð-víkingr, a man from Súðavík, Biskupa Sögur.

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"The Vikings" (1913) A. Mawer at page 1

Introduction

The term 'Viking' is derived from the Old Norse vík, a bay, and means 'one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord'. In the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. The word is older than the actual Viking age: it is found in Anglo-Saxon in the form wicing. Some writers have said that it means 'people from the district of the 'Vík' in South Norway, so called from the long fjord-like opening which is found there, but the early Anglo-Saxon use of the term forbids this derivation.

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"Saga-Book of the Viking Club" (January 1904) Volume III Part III

Viking Notes (at page 470)

Both the utterance and the meaning of the term "Viking" have been the subjects of more than one allusion. At a recent meeting of the Club Dr. Lawrence developed a well-ordered defence in favour of wicinga = "warrior", from the verb wig, "to war". In the Times recently Dr. Karl Blind argued on the well-known lines that vik = "bay" and ing = "sib" or "family." Mr. Lars A. Havstad, writing from Christiania, says that Northern historians now often prefer to interpret the word as signifying a man from the old Norwegian landscape of 'Viken' (the wick par excellence), which included the land around the Christiania Fjord from the Skien Fjord to Gothenburg (the present Swedish Skagerack province of Bohuslan, belonging to Norway until 1660). The country took the name of the great gulf between the ramifications of the Scandinavian peninsula. Viken has always, down to the present times, been an important - generally the most important - shipping and seafaring district of the northern countries. The two sea-going Viking ships till now found in Scandinavia (including Denmark) were both exhumed in this landscape. A third was discovered there - near Tonsberg, in Vestfold - last autumn, and will be exhumed when the season turns sufficiently dry. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle expressly mention 'Vestfoldings' - from Vestfold, the still used name of the district of Viken lying between the Skien and the Drammen Fjords - as forming part of the number of Vikings who descended upon the English coasts at the end of the eighth century. The parallel between Vestfoldings and Vik-ings would appear to strengthen a topographical origin for the latter name.

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"Saga-Book of the Viking Club" (1904) Volume IV Part I

Viking Notes (at page 242)

With regard to the meaning of the term "Viking," Dr. Karl Blind has pointed out that in the last issue of the Saga-Book (p. 470) the quotation from a letter, written by Mr. Lars A. Havstad, of Christiania, on the subject, left out the introductory words. As the omission might lead to the inference that Mr. Havstad held an opinion opposed to that of Dr. Karl Blind, we subjoin the missing words. They show that the Norwegian writer holds the same view. His letter, addressed to the Editor of the Times began as follows:

After reading the interesting letter of Dr. Karl Blind in your issue of January 27, elucidating the meaning of the word "Viking", I wish to add to these informations that the historians now often prefer to interpret the word as signifying a man from the old Norwegian landscape of Viken - the Wick par excellence.

Karl Blind remarks that "this fact is well known to all who have studied the question, and that from the great Wick, or Gulf, of the Scandinavian peninsula a mass of Vikings (or Wickings, as the late Professor York Powell preferred to write the word) naturally came."

As to the alternative derivation from "wig," Karl Blind says:

"The Gothic word "weigan", "weihan", Anglo-Saxon "wig" (to war). Old German "wigant" (warrior), has given rise to many personal Teutonic names, such as Weigand, Wigand, Hartwig, Hedwig, Helwig, and various others still in use to-day, while in the North similar names occur. But in spite of this, and though the "Wickings" were, of course, warriors, I rather believe that their name comes from the Teutonic (Germanic and Scandinavian) word, which means a bay in Germany as well as in the North. They were eminently men lying in a creek of the sea, from which they, off and on, rowed forth for a raid."

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"An account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland" (1852) Jens Jakob Asmussen Worsaae at page vi

Lastly, the Vikings (Icelandic, Vikingr, a sea-rover, pirate), who played so great a part during the Danish conquests, were not Ví-kings, but Vik-ings (Veék-ings); so called either from the Icelandic Vik (Danish, Vig), a bay of the sea, or from Vig, battle, slaughter.

London, December 15th, 1851

[381] ON lyng, 'ling, heather': Ling Hill.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 490

Lyngvi m. a sea-king

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 401, entry 25

LYNG, n., dative lyngvi, … genitive plural lyngva … [Anglo Saxon and English 'ling'; Danish lyng] ling, heather, not only in the English sense, but also of whortle on which berries grow; lyng is smaller than hrís, quod vide; skríða um lyng; lyng mikit var par ok ber á, there was much bush with berries on … whence hrútaberja-lyng (the rubus ling), bláberja-lyng (the bleaberry, bilberry, whortleberry ling). Compounds:

• lyng-áll, m. a 'ling-eel', poetical for a snake
• lyng-bakr, m. ling-back, a fabulous sea monster whose back was grown with ling, as in the tale of Sindbad the Sailor
• lyng-fiskr, m. a ling-fish, poetical for a snake
• lyng-hnappa, að, and lyng-hnappr, m. a bundle of ling, in a pun
• lyng-hæns, n. pl. heath fowl
• lyng-ormr, m. a 'ling-worm', snake
• lyng-rif, n. the pulling ling, for fuel
• lyng-runnr, m. a bush
• lyng-yrmlingr, m. a little snake
• Lyngvi, a, m. a proper name
• lúsa-lyng, f. the common ling

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

LING HILL (6")

• Lingehou circa 1230-40 Whitby

vide ON lyng and ON haugr.

[382] ON lím and ON lind, 'lime': Lind Head, Lindhead Beck, Limekiln Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 389, entry 16

LIND, f., dative lindi, [Anglo Saxon lind; English 'linden, lime'; Old High German linta; German linde; Danish lind] a lime-tree … II. metaphorical, a shield (of lime-wood) … steind lind, a stained shield …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 393, entry 3

LÍM, n, [Anglo Saxon lîm; English 'lime'; German leim] lime, chalk; … II. glue, paste, passim in modern usage.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 389, entry 3

LIM, n., this word is heterogene, neuter in singular, fern, in plural: the foliage, limbs, crown of a tree, opposite to the stem; … II. plural limar; limbs, branches … 2. metaphorical, ramifications, consequences; … Compounds: lim-dólgr, lim-garmr, lim-Korg, f. 'rod-fiend' … Poetical lim-margr, adjective, having large branches; lim-rúnar, f. plural, bough-runes, a kind of magical Runes.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 347

lind f. linden, lime (tree); shield (of lime-wood)

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE lim / ON lím 'lime'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

[383] ON lín, 'flax': Lins.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 393, entry 10

LÍN, n. [German lein; English 'linen'] flax; spinna lín … lín órengt (of a tax in Norway payable in that kind) … linen, linen gear, especially the head-gear worn by ladies on the bridal day, höfuð-lín (quod vide); brúðar-lín (the bride's veil; the bride was veiled during the wedding and took the veil when she set out for the 'brúðför' (the bride's journey). This was the only time in life when a woman was veiled, hence ganga und líni, to walk under veil, to be veiled, is synonymous with to wed, marry; Rígsmál 37, where the earl's bride wore a lín, the carle's bride a ripti (of less costly stuff), whereas the thrall's bride was not wedded at all; Guðrún (the bride) sat innar á þverpalli, ok þar konur hjá henni (the bride-maids) ok höfðu lín á höfði, Ld. 296; ok léttliga líni verit, to cohabit … compounds:

• lín-akr, m. a flax field
• Línakra-dalr, m. a local name in Iceland from the growth of flax
• lín-beðr, m. a linen bed
• lín-brækr, f. pl. linen breeks
• lín-bundin, f. part. 'linen-bound', swathed in linen, of a lady
• lín-dregill, m. a linen tape
• lín-dúkr, m. a linen kerchief, a linen cloth
• lín-eik, f. and lín-gefn, poetical, of a lady
• lín-erla, u, f. the bird motacilla, a wagtail
• lín-fé, m. 'linen-fee', a bridal gift, given on the wedding day
• lín-fræ, n. flax-seed
• lín-garn, n. linen-yarn
• lín-húfa, u, f. a linen cap
• lín-hvítr, adj. white as linen, of a lady (from wearing linen)
• lín-klútr, m. a linen 'clout' or kerchief
• lín-klæði, n. plural linen raiment, of a lady's dress, of men's under-clothes made of linen
• línklæða-lérept, n. stuff of linen
• lín-kyrtill, m. a linen kirtle
• lín-lak, n. a linen bed-sheet; plural línlök
• lín-ligr, adj. linen
• lín-lindi, a, m. a linen girdle
• lín-refill, m. a linen tapestry
• lín-sekkr, m. a linen sack
• lín-seyma, u, f. a nickname
• lín-skauti, a, m. a linen sheet, kerchief
• lín-sloppr, m. a linen surplice
• lín-sokkr, m. a linen sock
• lín-tjald, n. a linen tent
• lín-vefr, m. linen tissue, linen

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE lin / ON lín 'flax'

Self-evidently indistinguishable; in Danish place-names, only known from Bornholm.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 20

• Lingtona DB 1086
• Lin-, Lynton' 1176 P et passim, (super Usam) 1336 Ch

vide tun. The origin of the first element is not clear; but it is probably OE lín, 'flax', and so 'enclosure where flax is grown'. It can hardly be OE hlynn (= Latin torrens, as pointed out in PNS II xxxii), for the river Ouse cannot be termed torrens.

[384] ON Langr, 'long, tall': Great Langton, Langbaurgh, Longlands, Langthorpe, Langthorn.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 372, entry 58 and page 373, entry 1

LANGR, löng, langt, adj., comparative lengri, superlative lengstr, [common to all Teutonic languages] long, of space and time; … löng sverð (long sword), … Föstudagr inn langi, Long Friday, Good Friday; … langt líf … II. neuter long, far, distant; … langt í brott, a long way off, far away … III. adverbial phrases; of langt, far off, … langt frá, far from it! langt-um, by far; langtum betra, better by far. … 2. löngu or laungu, long since; … mjök löngu, very long ago … fyrir löngu, long ago; … löngum, long, mostly, continuously; … comparative lengrum, longer; … superlative lengstum, mostly, most of the time; … … IV. metaphorical, longing, taking interest in; … V. in many local names, Lang-ey, Langa-nes, Langa-hlíð, Langa-land (the Danish island) … langa-bein, n. long-bone, a nickname …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE lang / ON langr 'long'

Self-evidently indistinguishable (final -r in ON langr is inflexional).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 265, 275, 321, 341, 345, 405, 420, 444 and 455

endilangr a. lengthwise; eptir endilangri hóllinni, along the (whole) length of the hall, all the way along the hall

flangi m. wanton person, clown, joker, one who behaves madly

húflangr a. having a long side, long-sided

langa f. ling (fish)

langbarðr m. sword-name, 'long-beard' (perhaps means a Lombardic sword

langfeðgar m. plural, ancestors

langhvass m. sword-name, 'long-keen'

langnefja f. thole pin presumably the longer if there were two, and then the front one

langr a. long, long-lasting (with orðstír); fyrir lǫngu long ago … as adverb of time langt til at long until, before; as adverb of place, far comparative longer (of time) comparative noun as adverb lengra further; eða lengra or further

langskip n. longship, a Viking warship (probably not a distinctive type, but a general term)

langsæi f. far-sightedness

langvinr m. friend for a long time, old friend

lengra adverb, lengri adjective, comparative; see langr

súðlangr adjective, long-planked, long-sided

vallangr m. sword-name, 'corpse-pain' (i.e. val-angr)

Andlangr m. a name for the sky ('extended, very long'); a heaven

Ennilangr m. a name for Þórr

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 99

Wykeham

LANGDALE

• Lang(e)dale 1335 ForP 207

'Long valley' vide lang, dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 112

Hackness

LANGDALE SIDE

• Langadale circa 1200 Whitby

vide lang, dæl

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 113

Hackness

LANGDALE END, etc.

• Langedalebek circa 1265-72 Whitby

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 128

V. Langbaurgh East Wapentake

• Langeberg(e) Wapentac 1086 DB et passim to 1339 Guis
• Wap' de Lankeberga 1166 P
• Langebrigg' 1226-8 Fees
• Langebergh(e) 1231 Ass et passim to 1335 Guis
• Langeberewe 1273 YI
• Langbarffe 1599 NRS
• Langbaurghe 1612 NRS

Langbaurgh Wapentake (now in two divisions East and West) takes its name from a hill called Langbaurgh in Great Ayton 165 infra, practically in the centre of the whole wapentake, of which it was the meeting-place. Part of the wapentake was taken for the formation of the wapentake of Whitby Strand and now the remainder goes by the general name of Cleveland.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 162

Middlesbrough

• LONGLANDS (6")
• 12, 13 Whitby

vide lang, land. An old field name.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at pages 157 and 165

Langbaurgh West Wapentake

vide Langbaurgh East Wapentake 128 supra

Great Ayton

LANGBAURGH

• Langberg 13 Guis
• Langbarge 1572 FF

'Long hill' vide lang, beorg. This hill, which is a long, high, narrow ridge, gave its name to the wapentake of Langbaurgh, and, being practically in the centre of the wapentake, was a good meeting place. Compare 128 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 180

Kirby Hill

4. LANGTHORPE 26 A 13

• Torp DB
• Langliuetorp 12 RegAlb i 36
• Langle(i)thorp 1157 RichReg 82; 1301 YI, circa 1300 id. 36d
• Langathorp 1308 Ch
• Langthorp(e) 1300 RichReg 105d; 1576 FF

vide þorp. The first element is the personal name Langlif, recorded in the later insertions in LVED as Langlif(e) from the ON woman's name Langlifr. The name as a whole is of the same type as Humburton supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 238

Bedale

LANGTHORNE 21 C 9

• LANGETORP 1086 DB
• Langethorn(e) 1086-1112 Dods lxxvi et freq to 1350 FF
• Langthorne KI; 1514 Sanct; 1562 RichWills

'At the tall thorn tree' vide lang, þorn. The DB form -torp is erratic as in Spennithorne 253 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 277

Langton on Swale

1. GREAT LANGTON 21 A 10

• Langetun, -ton 1086 DB et passim, (magna) 1285 KI 1285; (Mekyl, apon Swaylle) 1536 YChant

'The long farm', vide lang, tun.

LITTLE LANGTON

• Langeton (parua) 1292 Ch

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 292

Kirby Ravensworth

LANGLANDS (6")

• Langelandes 13 Easby 29d

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 296

Arkengarthdale

LANGTHWAITE

• Langethwait 1167 P et passim to 1341 Ipm

vide lang, þveit.

[385] Langbaurgh

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"A History of the County of York North Riding" (1923) at pages 217-220"

The Wapentake of Langbaurgh. The following variants have been found:

• Langeberge (xi-xiii century)
• Lankeberga (xii century)
• Langeburg, Langebrigg, Langeberewe (xiii century)
• Langebergh (xiv-xvii century)
• Langbury (xiv century)
• Langbaurghe (xvi-xvii century)

Containing the parishes of: WEST DIVISION - Acklam; Appleton Wiske; Great Ayton; Carlton; Crathorne; Hilton; Ingleby Arncliffe; Ingleby Greenhow; Kildale; Kirkby; Kirk Leavington; Marton; Middlesbrough; Newton; Ormesby; Rudby; Seamer; Stainton; Stokesley; Whorlton; Yarm; EAST DIVISION - Brotton; Danby; Easington; Egton; Glaisdale; Guisborough; Hinderwell; Kirkleatham; Liverton; Loftus; Lythe; Marske; Skelton; Upleatham; Westerdale

The wapentake of Langbaurgh (pronounced Langbarf) takes its name from the hamlet of Langbaurgh, a quarter of a mile north of Great Ayton. Almost immediately after the Domesday Survey the parishes of Whitby, Fylingdales and Sneaton were formed into the liberty of Whitby Strand belonging to the Abbots of Whitby. The remainder of the wapentake became known as Cleveland. These two parts of the wapentake had at the beginning of the 13th century to supply horses for the chief serjeant of the wapentake - namely, Cleveland two horses, and Whitby Strand one. Eventually Whitby Strand became separated from the wapentake. Until at least 1428 the township of Aislaby, which is in the parish of Whitby, was assessed with the wapentake of Langbaurgh; but about 1635 it was asserted that it was sometimes rated in the wapentake and at others in Whitby Liberty. The coroner for Whitby Liberty, however, now always holds the pleas for Aislaby.

[386] (1) ON hnjúkr and (2) hnúkr, 'a knoll, peak'; (3) ON knauss, 'a knoll'; (4) ON knjúkr, 'a knoll'; (5) ON knollr, 'mountaintop': Knowle Hill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 200

Birdforth Wapentake

Kirby Knowle

1. KIRBY KNOWLE 22 D 3

• Chirchebi 1086 DB, (under (sub) Knol) 13 RichReg 122 d

vide kirkja, by and Knowle Hill 201 supra

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 201

Birdforth Wapentake

Kirby Knowle

KNOWLE HILL (6")

• Cnol circa 1217 YD

vide cnoll. This hill is a high round-topped hill. Compare Norw Knoll (Rygh NG ii. 192 etc).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 775, entry 71

knjúkr, m. a crag, knoll; the modern form is hnjúkr. II. as a proper name, Landnámabók; spelt knykr, Diplomatarium Islandicum i. 399.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 345, entry 35

knauss, m. a knoll, crag, Diplomatarium Norvagicum v. 620; whence the modern Danish knös and bonde-knös = a 'boor knoll', a boorish youth.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 277, entry 7

hnjúkr and hnúkr, m. a knoll, peak.

[387] ON Baggi (personal name): Bagby, Bagdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Baggi (Bagby, Bagdale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Baggi (Baggethwait, 1210)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 145

Langbaurgh East Wapentake

Skelton

BAG DALE (6")

• Bagdalesclose 1407 YI

'Baggi's valley' vide dæl. The first element is ON personal name Baggi.

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Editor's note: The second element is more likely to be ON dalr, 'valley'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 189

Birdforth Wapentake

Kirby Knowle

1. BAGBY 22 F 3

• Baghebi DB
• Bagebi, -by DB; 1224-30 Fees; KI; 1301, 1400 YI
• Baggaby 1158-66 YCh 175
• Baggebi, -by 12 Leon 66 d et passim to 1344 Pap

'Baggi's farm', vide by. Compare Bag Dale 145 supra.

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Bagdale Beck

Bagdale Beck is the final stretch of Stakesby Beck and Arundel Beck as they run into Whitby harbour. Almost all of it is now underground. Stakesby Beck and Arundel Beck join underneath the junction of Arundel Place and Downdinner Hill. They then flow eastwards as Bagdale Beck which now flows under the front gardens of 28-36 Bagdalebefore running under the back lane of Broomfield Terrace, where the Victorian Spa House has access to the waters. The entrance to Carr's Yard next to 10 Bagdale shows a filled-in bridge where Bagdale Beck continues under the front yards and through the old Bagdale Brewery (now Bagdale Court) and then under Bagdale itself. It flows under Victoria Square and Station Square, joining the harbour at Dock End. With Scate Lane (Brunswick Street), Bagdale Beck formed the boundary between the pre-1900 Whitby and Ruswarp parishes. Bagdale Beck was once navigable almost as far as Broomfield Terrace, and had shipyards along it. Bagdale Beck shows itself in times of very heavy rain and high tide, when it rises to flood Victoria Square and Station Square.

[388] ON hel, 'Hell': Helwath, Helwath Beck, Helwath Bridge, Helwath Grains, Helwath Grain Side, Helwath Plantation, Helwath Road - see also [106] ON hella, 'a flat stone, slate'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 117

Fylingdales

HELWATH BECK

• Helewath 1231 Ass
• Helwath 1369 Whitby

'Ford made with flat stones' from ON hella 'flat stone' (compare Rygh, Indl. sub verbo) and vað. Compare a lost Hellawath in Glaisdale 1119, 1129 (Guisborough Cartulary, 15th century).

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Editor's note: the first element ON Hel is possibly the Norse goddess of death; also the axe of King Magnus. ON Hel, place of death, Hell, 'Hell's ford'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 123

Whitby

4. HELREDALE (6") 32 SE II

This is now the name of a township formed out of Hawsker. The name had fallen into disuse but has now been revived. The small valley originally called Helredale is now called Spital Vale (compare Whitby Cartulary ii. 428).

• Hellerdale 1145-8 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Helredale 1155-65 ibidem, 72 (Registrum Cartarum Hospit. St Leonardi Ebor, 15^th century) 66d
• Ellerdale 1351 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide dæl. The first element is possibly ON hella, genitive hellur, 'flat stone, tableland of rocks', common in Norwegian place-names, compare Helwath Beck 117 supra.

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Editor's note: see Helredale (Spital Vale) [NZ 90650 10190] and Helredale (Det.) [NZ 89350 09750].

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

HELL GILL BECK

• Helebec 1201 OblR, 1252 Ch
• Helbec, -bek 1307 Ch et passim

vide bekkr. The first element of this name is probably ON hella, 'flat stone', as in the place names Helwith, Helwath (passim); this is reasonable on topographical grounds, for the bed of the stream is made up of great flat boulders.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 259

Aysgarth

HELL GILL

• Helgil 13 RichReg 126 d

vide Hell Gill Beck supra and gil.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 253, entry 30

HEL, feminine, genitive, heljar, dative, helju or hel (less correct); [Anglo-Saxon and English 'hell'; German hölle; compare Danish i hjel] the abode of the dead: 1. in a heathen sense answering to the Greek Hades, and distinguished from Valhalla; … 2. 1. II. death … bíða heljar, to bide for death … 2. abverbial phrases, a. til heljar, to death; hafðr til heljar, put to death … III. the ogress Hel, the Proserpine of Scandinavian mythology, … Hel was represented as of a black, livid hue, whence the phrase, blár sem Hel, black as Hel … Heljar-skinn, n. 'Hel-skin', Black-skin; … The inmates of Hel (ghosts called up from below) were supposed to be endowed with a supernatural strength, whence the phrases, heljar-afl, n. strength of Hel, gigantic strength; …

hel-blár, adjective, black as death.

Hel-blindi, a, m. a name of Odin.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 10

HELLA, u, feminine, genitive hellna, Biskupa Sögur. i. 204, [hallr, m.; Swedish häll] a flat stone, slate …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 11

HELLA, t, [halla], to pour out water or the like, with dative; hella vatni, etc. … hella út, to pour out, spill, … hella einhverju niðr, to spill,… út tárum, to shed tears, … hella út blóði, to shed blood, … hella í sik, to gulp, guzzle (vulgar), … 2. reflexive, hellask fram, to be poured forth, to rush forth, … helling, f. pouring, shedding; blóðs út-helling, bloodshed.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 14

HELLIR, m., genitive hellis, plural hellar … [akin to hallr] a cave (in rocks) … Compounds:

• hellis-berg (hellis-bjarg, n. a cavernous rock
• hellis-búi, a, m. a 'cave-dweller', a giant
• hellis-dyrr, f. plural, the doors of a cave
• hellis-gluggi, a, m. the window of a cave
• hellis-gólf, n. the floor of a cave
• hellis-menn, m. plural, cave-men, outlaws
• Hellismanna-saga, u, f. the story of the cave-men
• hellis-munni, a, m. the mouth of a cave.
• hellis-skúti, a, m. a jutting cave

II. in local names, Hellis-dalr, m., Hellis-fitjar, f. plural, Hellis-hraun, n., Hellis-ey, f., Hellis-fjörðr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 255, entry 32

Hel-vegr, m. 'Hel-way', the way to Hel (Hades), Edda, Fornaldar Sögur i. 333: mythological, Sæm. 156 (Helr, prose).

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 78, 193 and 194

hel (genitive heljar, dative helju), f. (1) Hel (the goddess of death); blár sem hel, black as Hell; (2) abode of the dead (gráta Baldr or helju); leysa höfuð sitt ór helju, to save oneself from death; rasa í helina opna, to rush into open death; liggja á heljar þremi, to be on the verge of death; (3) death (þykkir ekki betra líf en hel); berja einhvern grjóti í hel, to stone one to death.

• hel-vegr, m. the way to Hel
• hel-víti, n. hell, the abode of the damned
• helvítis-kvalir, f. plural, torments of hell
• hel-maðr, m. a man doomed to hell
• helvízkr, a. hellish, infernal
• helvítis búar, inhabitants of hell
• hel-blár, a. black as death
• hel-fúss, a. murderous (hel-fús hönd); hel-för, f. death
• hel-galdr, m. death-dirge

[389]: (1) ON Hattr (personal name); (2) ON hattr, 'a hat'; (3) ON höttr, 'a hood': Hatterboard Hill, Hatter's Hall.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hattr (Hatterboard Hill)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 109

Scalby

HATTERBOARD HILL (6")

• Hatterberga 1167 P
• Haterberg(e, -h) 1218 FF et freq to 1304 NRS
• Hatherbergh 1327 Banco
• Atterbergh 1550 FF
• Haterbargh 1577 NRS

vide berg. The first element is the ON by-name Hattr (Höttr), genitive Hattar (Lind, Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn, 1920-1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 241, entry 11

HATTR, m. a hat … vide höttr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 312, entry 19

HÖTTR, m., hattar, hetti, accusative, plural höttu, a later form hattr

… as also in modern usage; [the Anglo Saxon hôd, English 'hood', Old High German huot, Dutch hoed, German hut may perhaps be identical; but Anglo Saxon hæt, English, Danish, and Swedish hat certainly answer to the old höttr, compare also hetta, quod vide] a hood, in olden times only a cowl fastened to a cloak, as is seen from numerous instances … a cowl of felt, þófa-höttr … of a gorgeous foreign hood or turban from the east … Danskr höttr, a Danish hood, … a hat in the modern sense was unknown to the men of old; even the hat-like helmet was called stál-húfa, a steel cap, not stál-höttr. II. in poetry the head is called hattar land, hauðr, -stallr, -fell, -steði, the land, knoll, fell, stithy of the hood; or hatt-staup, n. a hat-knoll … Odin is represented wearing a hött, and so the helmet is called the hood of Odin, etc.; as also Ála höttr: the vaulted sky is foldar höttr = earth's hood, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860): dular-h., huldar-h., a hiding hood, hood of disguise. hattar-maðr, m. a hooded man, man in disguise, … Síð-höttr, 'Deep-hood,' was a favourite name of Odin from his travelling in disguise, compare Robin Hood. III. a proper name …

höttóttr, adjective, hooded, of cows or sheep with heads differing in colour from the body.

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"A History of the County of York North Riding" Volume 2 (1923) at pages 476-483

Scalby Parishes

Scarborough Barracks are at Throxenby and account for nearly half its population. Hatterboard (Haterberg, Haverbergh, Atterbarghe), mentioned in 1167-8, is now only commemorated by Hatterboard Hill, south-west of Throxenby; it was a township in 1349 and a hamlet belonging to the queen in 1577. The duchy of Lancaster had a tower called Hatterburghe, but this was in decay in the time of Richard Duke of Gloucester, who annexed 16 or 17 oxgangs 'lying to it' (probably Hatterboard field) to Northstead House, which Richard 'inclosed … with quicke setts', as it remained in 1634. In 1563-4, when the manor of Northstead [TA 02749 89235] was said to be sometimes called Hatterboard, local people could point to the spot where they had 'heard say Hatterboard was'. Sir Ralph Eure, the lessee in 1537, was said to be suffering the manor and house to decay. At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign 'the Northstead' had a 'parliour', an old chamber reached by wooden stairs, and 'a lowe house under it' unfit for habitation; Sir Richard Cholmley's shepherd dwelt in it until it fell down. Adjoining were an old decayed barn and the walls of other houses, which shortly afterwards fell, and an old chapel. Sir Richard Cholmley, lessee of Edward VI, used the timber of these decayed buildings to build 'an hall house, adjoining it to the said parliour'. In a survey of 1650, which gives the boundaries of the manor, there was said to be no house on the premises. The site of the ancient manor-house [TA 03506 89533] is at Peasholm, where extensive foundations of an ancient building were discovered in 1911. They lie on the west side of the road immediately below a small conical hill [TA 03586 89592], with which they seem to have had some connexion. A boundary wall some 3 ft. thick appears to have skirted the site, but the remains of the actual building are very fragmentary. The most complete walls surround a square apartment 13 ft. by 19 ft. and are 3 ft. 3 in. thick with a chamfered plinth to the east and west walls. A short distance to the west was another building with remains of a vat or oven and possibly a garderobe. It is not possible from the existing remains to determine the use of the buildings, but they are evidently entirely domestic and may date from the 12th or 13th century.

… The manor of NORTHSTEAD or PEASHOLM has an obscure history, and seems to represent the earlier 'Hatterboard', neither place being mentioned in the Domesday Survey.

… Deponents in 1563-4 said that the manor was called both Northstead and Hatterboard, while others denied that it was ever known as Hatterboard.

… At Hatterboard the Friars Minor of Scarborough had licence from Henry III to build a priory in 1245; they subsequently removed to Scarborough. Hatterboard escheated to Edmund Earl of Lancaster as overlord, and in 1304 his son and successor Thomas had licence to enfeoff Master William de Pickering of the lands of the Friars Minor here, 1½ acres in extent, inclosed with a stone wall and built upon with houses. In 1339 Sir William de Braose granted his lands here to Alexander de Barugh. These lands were called 'Sparowe Land' in the 16th century, when it was a tradition that Richard III purchased the manor, near his favoured town of Scarborough, from one Sparowe. The Crown has ever since retained the manor and had already commenced by 1529 the practice of leasing it for life to the successive constables of Scarborough Castle.

The chaplain of Hatterboard is mentioned in 1285. The chapel (probably at Northstead) was turned into a stable in the latter half of the 16th century by one William Flintoft.

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Manor of Northstead

The Manor of Northstead consisted of a medieval manor house surrounded by fields and farms in the parish of Scalby in the North Riding of Yorkshire. The estate originally bordered the northern side of the ancient boundary of the Borough of Scarborough, following the line of Peasholm Beck [TA 02723 88615] and [TA 03393 89449]. The estate passed into the ownership of the Crown during the reign of King Richard III (1483-1485). By 1600, the manor house had fallen into disrepair, being latterly occupied by Sir Richard Cholmeley's shepherd until it finally collapsed. The land, but not the lordship of the manor, was bought from the Crown by the Scarborough Corporation in 1921. The estate has now been redeveloped, forming part of the Barrowcliff area of Scarborough. The site of the manor house is believed to have been covered by the lake in Peasholm Park, a municipal park opened in 1912.

[390] ON áll, 'an eel', 'a deep narrow channel in sea or river': Allan Banks, Tofts, Tops.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 41, entry 87

ÁLL, m. I. an eel … II. a deep narrow channel in sea or river; … djúpir eru Islands alar, of the channel of the Atlantic between Norway and Iceland, a proverb touching the giantess who tried to wade from Norway to Iceland … III. in names of horses, or adjectives denoting the colour of a horse, ál means a coloured stripe along the back, e. g. in mó-ál-óttr, brown striped, bleik-ál-óttr, yellow striped … IV. a sort of seed … aal, a sprout, and aala, aal-renne, to sprout, of potatoes. Compounds:

• ála-fiski, f. fishing for eels
• ála-garðr, m. an eel-pond, stew for eels
• ála-veiðr, f. eel fishing
• ála-virki, n. a pond for eel fishing
• hrokk-áll, m. a kind of eel, old form hrökkvi-áll
• hrökkvi-áll, m. a wriggling eel, poetical, for a snake

[391] ON stank, 'bustle, shaking': The Stank.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 589, entry 7

stank, n. a bustle, shaking; starf ok stank, 'labour and bustle'.

[392] ON valdi, valdr, 'a wielder, keeper': Aldby Field.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 675, entry 16

valdi, a, m. a wielder, keeper; kjóla valdi, a 'keel-wielder', skipper, … fólk-valdi, a ruler, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860): as a proper name, Sig-valdi, Á-valdi, Öl-valdi, Landnámabók, etc.

valdr, m. = valdi, Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860) passim; but in prose only in the compound all-valdr; besides many poetic compounds, her-valdr, ógn-valdr, see Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860) 2. in the latter part of proper names, Þór-valdr, Ás-valdr, Rögn-valdr, dropping the v in Har-aldr, Ingj-aldr, Arn-aldr, Landnámabók.

See footnote [74] for derivation of the suffix 'by, bœr, bú, búa'.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 234, 357, 372, 395 and 419

allvaldr m. very powerful, all-powerful one; one who has complete power, earl

mótvaldr m. 'meeting-controller', in kenning for warrior or war; Skáldskaparmál leader, mækis m. controller of the meeting of the sword, i.e. of battle …

ráðvaldr m. wielder of authority, decision-maker

skvaldri m. talkative one, babbler, a nickname (perhaps given because the poet was prolific or prolix or both)

valdi m. ruler (with genitive, salar of the sky) (in apposition to Valgautr); compare vald

valdr m. ruler (with genitive over), controller …

valdreyri m. 'slaughter-blood', the blood of slaughter

valdreyrugr a. 'slaughter-bloody', bloody with slaughter

[393] ON kví, 'a fold, pen': Whaw.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 365, entry 12

KVÍ, f., plural, kvíar, [quey or quoy, Orkney and Shetland] a fold, pen, especially where sheep are milked … kvíar-mið, n. a local name, Landnámabók: local names, Kví-á, Kvía-bekkr, Landnámabók.

• kvía gimbill, a young sheep
• kvía-ból, n. a milking-place
• kvía-garðr, kvía-veggr, m. a pen-wall

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 296

Arkengarthdale

WHAW

• Kiwawe 1280 YI; Rich 32
• Le Kuawe 1285 YI
• Quagh 1342 VCH, 1914-25

'Enclosure near the fold' from ON kví 'pen, fold (where sheep are milked)' and hagi. Compare ON kvíagarðr 'a pen'. For wh- vide Whenby 30 supra.

At page 31: The modern form with loss of initial k arises from (1) the falling together of ON (OE) cw- and the over-aspirated ON hw- (ME qwh-), and (2) subsequent loss of aspiration, a regular feature in the dialect. Compare Wheldrake (YER), earlier Queldryk Kirkby's Inquest 1285, Wheldryke 1519 Testamenta Eboracensia, and Quernhow and Whaw 224, 296 infra.

[394] ON intak, 'a piece of land taken in from the wood (waste) and enclosed': Holey Intake, Hollingley Intake, Intake Beck.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist, at page LVIII

Chapter V

Some general remarks on the Scandinavian place-nomenclature in England in Old and Middle English times

A 13th century charter in Selby Chartulary (Coucher book of Selby) makes mention of purpresturam quæ vocatur Intak, in Eastoft, LIN, another, dated 1352, of le Intakdike, in Luddington, LIN. We have here OWScand inntaka (OSwed intaka, compare Danish indtægt in Kalkar; see Rhamm, p. 483 f.) 'a piece of land taken in from the wood and enclosed'. It may be mentioned parenthetically that the same word occurs, practically glossed, in one of the Ministers' Accounts of A.D. 1540-47 which are given in Whitby Chartulary; here we read of … clausi nuper de vasto … inclusi voc. le Intak, and in another place ibidem we find le Newe Intak (near Whitby). Sporadic instances of this word are still to be seen on the Ordnance Maps of Yorkshire and LIN; there is, to take one typical example, a place called New Intake in Belton, LIN near Derrythorpe Common. The word survives in NEDial, (chiefly northern) as intake 'a piece of land enclosed from a moor, common, or road; a fell-side pasture; land reclaimed from a tidal river or the sea' (see English Dialect Dictionary 1898-1905).

[395] ON Bekan (personal name); ON bákn, 'a beacon'; ON bákna, 'to beckon': Beacon Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 54 item 18

BÁKN, n. foreign word [Anglo Saxon bêcn; …] a beacon … bákn now means a big, monstrous thing.

bákna, að, [Anglo Saxon bêcnan] to beckon …

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Bekan (m. 1).

[396] ON Sumarr (personal name); ON sumar, 'summer': Summerfield House, Summerfield Lane.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Sumarr (Somersholm, 1282)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 603 entry 47

SUMAR, n., dative sumri; plural sumur; … [Anglo Saxon sumar; a word common to all Teutonic languages; … English … 'summer', with a double m] a summer, passim. II. mythical, Sumarr, the son of Svásað …

• sumar-auki, a, m. 'summer-eke', the intercalary week, an Icelandic calendar-term
• sumar-ávöxtr, m. the summer produce
• sumar-björg, f. support during the summer
• sumar-bók, f. a summer-book (missal for the summer)
• sumar-bú, n. summer-stock
• sumar-bær, adj. calving in the summer
• sumar-dagr, m. a summer day
• sumar-fang, n. a summer-catch
• sumar-fullr, adj. full as in summer
• sumar-gamall, adj. a summer old
• sumar-gjöf, f. a summer-gift, a present on the first day of summer, which in Iceland is observed as a feast day
• sumar-hagi, a, m. summer pasture
• sumar-herbergi, n. = sumarhöll
• sumar-hiti, a, m. summer heat
• sumar-hluti, a, m. a part of summer
• sumar-hold, m. pl. summer flesh on cattle
• sumar-höll, f. a summer palace
• sumar-kaup, n. summer wages
• sumar-langt,? n. adj. the summer long
• sumar-liði, a, m. a 'summer-slider', a sailor, mariner; the Saxon Chronicle sub anno 871 says there arrived a 'mycil sumar-liða', i. e. a great fleet of Vikings … Sumarliði as a proper name is frequent in Iceland
• sumar-ligr, adj. summery
• sumar-magn, -megin, n.; at sumar-magni, in the height of summer
• sumar-mál, n. the 'summer-meal'; the last days of winter and the first of summer are thus called
• sumarmála dagr = sumar-dagr fyrsti
• sumarmála-helgr, the Sunday that falls in the beginning of the summer
• sumar-nátt, f. a summer-night; sumarnátt siðasta, sumar-nætr, f. pl. = sumarmál
• Sumar-Páskar, m. pl. 'Summer-Easter'
• sumar-setr, m. a summer abode
• sumar-skeið, n. the summer-season
• sumar-stefna, u, f. a market
• sumar-söngr, m. summer service
• sumar-tíð, f., sumar-tími, a, m. summer-time
• sumar-tungl, n. the 'summer-moon', i. e. the moon at the time when summer begins
• sumar-verk, n. summer-work
• sumar-viðr, m. wood for charcoal to be gathered in summer

[397] ON Hreinn (personal name); hreinn (1) 'clean, bright, clear, pure, sincere' (2) 'reindeer', (3) 'ship': Runswick.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hreinn (Runswick)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Hreinn (Raineslounde, 1338)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hreinn (m. 3).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 283, entry 32

HREINN, adjective [Anglo Saxon hrân; lost in English, except in the verb to rinse;] clean; … hreinn mjöll, fresh snow; bright; hreinir kyndlar, bright candles; hreint bál, a bright flame, Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860; hreinn sól, the bright sun; … hreinn rönd, a bright shield, Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860. Ecclesiastical, hrein kvikendi, clean beasts. II. metaphorical clean, pure, sincere; …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 283, entry 33

HREINN, m. [the word is probably of Finnish origin. From the words of king Alfred … it seems that the king knew the name only from Ohthere's tale; and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstân (if the verse be genuine) calls Northern England hreinbraut, the reindeers' track, the phrase is probably merely poëtical for a wilderness. There is however a curious passage in Orkneyinga Saga (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded; the Icelandic text is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in Stockholm (of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistake of the Saga; for it is not likely that the Norsemen carried reindeer across the sea; the present breed was introduced into Iceland by the government only a century ago] a reindeer; … hreins fit, hreins horn, … The finest deer were called stál-hreinar (Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860, byr-hreinn, haf-hreinn, hún-hreinn., unnar-hreinn, hlýrvangs-hreinn, Gylfa-hreinn, all of them meaning ships, Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860: a giant is called gnípu-hreinn = 'crag-rein': the wilderness is myrk-rein hreins = the mirk-field of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old proper name, Landnáma. Compounds: hrein-braut the reindeer's track, f., hrein-vastir, f. plural, hrein-ver, n. a wilderness, Edda (in a verse).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 775, entry 11

hreinn, m., observe, this word is specially Scandinavian, not Finnish, see Dr. W. Thomsen, p. 46 (Germ. Ed.)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 139

Hinderwell

RUNSWICK BAY

• Reneswike, Reneswyk 1273 YI; 1348 FF
• Ri-, Rynneswyk 1293 QW; 1407 YI
• Remmeswyk 1327 BM
• Ryneswyk 1404 YI
• Runswick Saxton

Perhaps 'Rægen's creek' from OE Rægen or ON Hreinn which appears as Ren- in Rainton 185 infra, and vik. On the phonology of this name vide Introduction xxxii.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page xxxii

Notes on the dialect of the North Riding as illustrated by by its place-names

OE, ON [i] or [y] preceded by [r] often became in ME [u], as in Ruddings, Ruswarp, Ruswick, Runswick.

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"Portrait of The North York Moors" (1985) Nicholas Rhea, Chapter 6, 'Twixt heather and sea, at pages 110 and 111

… In common with other coastal villages, Runswick has suffered in dramatic sea storms. One of them washed away a complete ironworks, comprising two furnaces, an engine house and a chimney. And it seems that, if the cottages avoided the clutches of the sea, the cliffs got them. As the sea undermined the cliffs, they tended to slide into the waves, taking houses and people with them. In a landslide of 1682, the whole village, with the exception of one house, perished in a storm after sliding down the cliff - surprisingly, no lives were lost. Although new defences keep the sea at bay, the landslips continue and most of this coastline has suffered from them over the years.

Like many of the isolated inland communities and insular seaside villages, Runswick was riddled with folklore and superstition. There are tales of boats being burned after a sea tragedy and of cats being sacrificed as the fishing cobles returned from their trips, the purpose being to ensure a safe landing. As the boats came in, children would dance around clifftop fires and sing their songs to ward off impending bad weather. The children would sing: Souther, wind, souther, blow father home to mother. One oft-repeated tale concerns the Runswick Hob, one of many who haunted the North York Moors. Hobs were legendary elf-like creatures who occupied moorland farms and helped by performing hard, manual work. But the Runswick Hob lived in a cave on the shores of the bay, and his haunt was known as Hob Hole. (Hob Holes is still shown on the map. although the original cave was destroyed many years ago by jet diggers.) The women of Runswick believed in his existence and adopted him as a cure for whooping cough in their children, known locally as 'kink-cough'. At low water, a mother would carry her ailing child to the mouth of the cave and invoke the help of the Hob by chanting: Hob hole Hob, My bairn's gotten t'kink-cough, Tak it off, tak it off.

[398] ON Gilmaðr (personal name): Gilmonby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gilmaðr (Gilmonby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 306

Bowes

2. GILMONBY 14 E 1

• Gil(l)maneby 1146-61 MaryY 36 d
• Gilmanby LS; 1541 Dugd iii 572; Saxton

'Gilman's farm' vide by. Gilman is a personal name from ON gilmaðr 'a libertine' and it is found independently in English as Gillemon circa 1217 Yorkshire deeds and Gylleman 1249 Easby 174

[399] ON pyttr, 'a pit': Dother Pits, Sand Pits, Mortar Pit.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 480, entry 53

pyttr, m., plural pyttar … but modern pyttir; [English 'pit'…] a 'pit', pool, cesspool … í Helvítis pytt, Hell pit; … saur-pytt, … mud, dung pit, saur-pyttr 'a cesspit, cesspool' … flæðar-pyttr 'a pit on the beach' …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 99

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE pytt / ON pyttr 'pit'

Without inflexional-r (see above), these elements are self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 107

Scarborough

SANDPITS (6")

• Sandepittes 1298 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

vide sand, pytt. There is a large number of sand-holes in the parish.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 111, entry 25

DÝJA (modern dúa), dúði, to shake, quiver, of spears or the like

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The Geordie Dictionary: dother 'to shake', dothery 'shaky'.

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"A Dictionary of North East Dialect" (2005) Bill Griffiths at page 49

dother, doddy etc shaky

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 435, entry 11

mortil, n. a mortar, Diplomatarium v. 18.

Editor's note: 'Mortar Pit' probably derived from ON elements Mortil, 'a mortar', and pyttr; 'a pit' giving 'mortar pit'.

[400] ON knoka 'knock': Lingrow Knock.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 346, entry 23

KNOKA, að, [Anglo Saxon cnucian], to knock, thump …

[401] ON miðr, 'mid, midst, middle'; ON meðal, 'among, between, in the middle, middling, the average': Middle Haggs, Middle Rigg, Middle Grain Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson page 426, entry 32

miðja, u, f. the middle: í mið, in the midst.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 427, entry 5

MIÐR, mið, mitt, adjective, with a suppressed radical j, which appears before a vowel, miðjan, miðja, miðjar, miðjum; [Anglo Saxon medel; compare English 'mid, midst, middle'] the middle; … hann miðjan, hit him in the middle (in the pit of the stomach); áin var opin um mitt, in the middle 2. in a temporal sense: mið nótt, midnight; … miðjan dag, midday … nær miðjum degi, about midday … miðr aptan, 'mid-eve,' six o'clock p.m. … miðr morgun, 'mid-morning,' six o'clock a.m.; … mitt sumar, midsummer, … miðr vetr, midwinter; miðs vetrar nótt, a midwinter night … 3. a kind of local genitive; miðrar brautar, 'midways,' in the middle of the road, … miðra fletja, miðra skutla, miðrar rekkju, in the middle of the bed, table, benches, II. in local names, Mið-á, Mið-berg, Mið-dalir, Mið-engi, Mið-fell, Mið-garðr, Mið-fjörðr (whence Mið-firðingar, m. plural), Mið-hóp, Mið-hús, Mið-jökull, Mið-skáli, etc., … Compounds:

• mið-aptann, m. mid-eve, see miðr (2)
• mið-bik, n. the middle, centre
• mið-breytis, adverb, in the middle of the road
• mið-byrði, n. 'mid-board', balk-head
• mið-bær, m. a farm lying in the midst (of three)
• mið-dagr, m.; see miðrdagr
• mið-degi, n. midday (= hádegi = miðr dagr = twelve o'clock)
• mið-digr, adjective, stout in the waist
• mið-fasta, u, f. mid-Lent
• mið-firðis, adverb, in the middle of the fjord
• mið-fylking, f. the middle of the line in battle
• mið-garðr, m., quod vide mið-heimr, m. the centre of the world
• mið-herðar, f. plural, the mid-shoulders
• mið-hjalli, a, m. the middle shelf on a hill-side
• mið-hlíðis, adverb, along the middle of the mountain side
• mið-hlutr, m. the middle, midst
• Mið-jarðar-haf, n. the 'Midland', Mediterranean Sea
• mið-kafli, a, m. the middle piece
• mið-kvísl, f. the middle branch of a stream
• mið-langr, adjective, a nickname
• mið-leiðis, adverb, half the way, in the middle
• mið-lektia, u, f. the middle lesson
• mið-messa, u, f. the 'middle mass', matins
• mið-mjór, adjective, slender in the waist
• mið-pallr, m. the middle bench in the lögrétta
• mið-skammr, adjective, short-waisted
• mið-skeið, n. the middle course
• mið-skip, n. the midship, waist of a ship
• miðskips ár … compare English midshipman
• mið-sumar, n. midsummer
• miðsumars helgi, a midsummer Sunday
• miðsumars skeid, midsummer time
• miðsumars-vaka, u, f. midsummer night, the 24th of June
• mið-syndis, adverb, in 'mid-sound,' in the middle of the sound
• mið-uppnám, n. a Norse law term, a second instalment
• miðr-vetr, m. midwinter, in miðs-vetrar-blót, the heathen blót at midwinter
• mið-vika, u, f. the mid-week, in miðviku-dagr (pronounced miðku-dagr), mid-week-day, i.e. Wednesday
• mið-þriðjungr, m. the middle division of a thing in three parts
• mið-þröngr, adjective, tight in the waist

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 353 and 355

meðal adverb, middlingly, not very, as first half of compound

meðaltálhreinn as preposition with genitive, between

meðalheimr m. middle-world (i.e. sky; between earth and heaven?)

meðalkafli m. 'middle-piece', the part of the sword-handle between the hilt-plates or cross-pieces; in kenning for sword (-blade), meðalkafla tunga

mið n. fishing-bank

miðfáinn m. sword-name, 'decorated in the middle'

miðfjǫrnir m. 'which preserves life in the middle'? (miðfornir, 'old in the middle', with an old boss? shield-name

miðgarðr m. 'middle enclosure', world, land; Fáfnis m. = gold (because F. lay on gold)

miði see mjǫðr

miðja f. middle (or dative, singular n. of miðr?)

miðjungr m. 'middler', ram-name

miðla (að) weak verb, share out, hand out; m. við share with

miðr a. middle (of), mid

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 419, entry 7

MEÐAL, adverb with genitive, and á meðal, í meðal - among, between; … á meðal and á milli, among, between; … meðal, between; miðil, adverb amidst; see meðal and milli … MILLI, preposition with genitive, also millim or millum, by assimilation from miðli, which was probably its early form (10th and 11th century) … [Danish mellem; Swedish mellan] between …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

5. MIDDLETON 22 E 13

• Mid(d)eltun(e) 1086 DB

vide middel, tun. Middleton is the centre of other Anglian farmsteads in the district, such as Edstone, Nunnington, Salton, Sinnington and Wrelton.

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Editor's note: see ON miðr, 'mid, middle' and ON tún, 'arm, hedged enclosure, homestead (in Norse deeds each farm is called a tún)'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 87

Pickering

MIDSYKE DRAIN

• Midsic(h), -syk circa 1160, 1189 (Rievaulx Cartulary)

'Middle stream' from OE midd and sic.

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Editor's note: see ON miðr, 'mid, middle' and ON sík, 'sike, small stream or gulley, gutter'.

[402] ON mikill '(1) much, (2) great, large, tall, of stature': Mickleby, Mickledales, Micklegate.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 427, entry 8

MIKILL or mykill, adjective, mikill, mikil … The spelling also varies between i and y; the latter form is represented by the Swedish mycka and mycket … Anglo Saxon mycel; Old English, Scottish, and Northeast have both muckle and mickle; English 'much'; … Some Icelandic MSS., e. g. the Flatey-book (first hand), make a difference by spelling i in the uncontractcd forms, but y in the contracted, e. g. mikill, but myklir, myklar, myklum; this however was probably a Norwegianism, for the poets in their rhymes use i throughout … [Anglo Saxon mycel; Scottish mickle; Danish megen] B. Great, tall, of stature; … 2. great, large, in bulk or size; … 3. of quantity, great, much; … II. metaphorical, great; … vetr mikill, a hard winter, … mikit ár, a good season … III. neuter, as substantive, much; skipta miklu, to be of great importance … hversu mikit, how much … IV. neuter, as adverb, mikit = much, greatly … V. proper names; Mikla Gildi, the Great Guild … Mikla-Stofa, etc.: as a nickname, inn Mikli en Mikla, the big … Compounds:

• mikil-brjóstaðr, adjective, 'muckle-breasted', stout-hearted
• mikil-fengliga, adverb, immensely
• mikil-fengligr, adjective, big
• mikil-gjarn, adjective, aspiring to a great thing
• mikil-gæfr, adjective, considerable
• mikil-hugaðr, adjective, high-spirited
• mikil-hæfr, adjective, stately, considerable
• mikil-látr, adjective, proud, grand (Latin, superbus)
• as a nickname, Guðröðr inn Mikilláti; Danr inn Mikilláti; Tarquinius inn Mikilláti
• mikil-leikr (-leiki), m. greatness, largeness
• mikil-leitr, adjective, having great (i.e. prominent, marked) features
• mikil-liga, adverb, greatly, proudly
• mikil-ligr, adjective, grand
• mikil-lætask, deponent, to pride oneself
• mikil-læti, n. pride, pomp
• mikil-magnaðr, participle, (-magni, adjective), powerful, strong
• mikil-mannliga, adverb, magnificently
• mikil-mannligr, adjective, grand, magnificent, great, generous
• mikil-menni, n. a great, powerful man
• mikil-mennska, u, f. greatness, magnificence
• mikil-mæli, n. high words
• mikil-ráðr, adjective, imperious
• mikil-ræði, n. a great feat
• mikil-úðligr, adjective, imposing
• mikil-vegligr, adjective, magnificent
• mikil-virkr (-yrkr), adjective, mightily-working, doing mighty works
• mikil-vænligr, adjective, important
• mikil-þægr, adjective, exacting
• mikils-háttar, adverb, distinguished
• mikilsti, adverb, too much

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 94

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE micel / ON mikill 'great'

ME forms with medial /k/ could arise either through Scandinavian phonological influence or lexical borrowing, or from syncopated forms of OE micel in which /k/ may have replaced expected /ʧ/ (OED: sub verbo mickle, adjective, pronoun. (and noun), and adverb). Forms with medial /ʧ/ might be distinguished, but are not found in either Wirral or the West Ward of Westmorland Barony.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages LI, LIX and LXI

Chapter V

(at page LIX)

Space does not permit of my entering into all the additional groups of similar nature and communication names that might be adduced here; specimens of such names are found almost everywhere in the material of the etymological part below. I will conclude this chapter by devoting some attention to two sets of names which occur, the one in the most Scandinavian town in England, the other in the most Scandinavian district of this country.

(at page LX and LXI)

York, as having been for a long period practically a Scandinavian town, has been mentioned above on page XLV f. Of outstanding interest are several old street-names in the city which are of Scandinavian origin, and must be among the earliest Scandinavian names of this kind on record, whether in the Scandinavian mother countries or in their colonies. With two exceptions they all have OWScand, OSwed gata, ODan, gatæ 'road, street', as last member. Most of them are still in use, and will be easily located on any plan within the oldest part of the city … The following instances may be worthy of note: Mikelgat 1230 HCY, Mykylgate 1399 Pat, Mikelgate 1413-22 Leon, now Micklegate [SE 59928 51632]; from OWScand mikill, OSwed mykil, ODan mykæl, or ME mikel 'great, large'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 137

Lythe

6. MICKLEBY 16 E 8

• Michelbi DB
• Miclebi c. 1185-90 YCh 1046
• Mikelby 1247 Ch et passim

'Large farmstead' vide mycel, by. Compare Norwegian Nøkleby (ONorw i Myklabœ), Rygh NG ii. 33, etc., and Swedish Myckleby (OSwed Myklaby), Hellquist, Svenska ON på -by, 49.

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Editor's note: a more likely derivation for Mickleby is ON elements mikill 'large, great', and by, 'farmstead'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Upleatham

MICKLEDALES (6")

• Mikeldailes 13th Guis
• Mikeldeldes 1407 YI

'Large shares of the common field' vide mycel, deill. The form deldes arises in the same way that early English vilde comes from vile.

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Editor's note: see also ON elements mikill, 'large, great' and deila, 'to deal'; deillir 'shares'; deild, 'a deal, dole, share'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 98, entry 23

deill, m. [German theil; Gothic dails; English 'deal'; Swedish-Danish deel, del], Diplomatarium Norvagicum; this word never occurs in old writers, and can scarcely be said to be in use at present. Icelandic uses the feminine deild and deila, vide above.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 155

Upleatham

MORDALES (6")

• Moredeldes 1407 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

vide mor and preceding name.

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Editor's note: vide ON mór, 'moor' and ON deild, 'a deal, share'.

[403] ON þistill 'thistle': Thistle Grove, Thistlebout, Thistle Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 738, entry 31

ÞISTILL, m. [Anglo Saxon þistel; English 'thistle'; German distel; Danish-Swedish tidsel, tistel] a thistle; … a local name, þistils-fjörðr, Landnáma

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 111 and 112

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þistel / ON þistill 'a thistle'

Following the merger of /e/ and /i/ in unstressed syllables by circa 800, and noting that that the final /l/ of ON þistill includes an (assimilated) masculine singular inflexion, these elements would be indistinguishable in ME field-names.

[404] ON dump, a deep pool; dumpa,'to thump'; dumba, 'a mist': Dab Dumps, The Dumples.

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"English dialects from the eighth century to the present day" (1912) Walter W. Skeat at pages 89 and 91

… dump, a deep pool.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 109, entry 20

dumpa, að, [Ivar Aasen dump = a gust; Danish dumpe] to thump …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 96, entry 6

dapi, a, m. a pool, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Fms. viii.

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Editor's note: the derivation of the first element 'dab' is unknown but possibly from:

• ONorw verb dabbe 'to diminish; decline; slacken'
• ONb dab, 'skilful', as in dab-hand, 'a very skilled person', or
• the common sand dab (Limanda limanda) which is the most abundant fish in the North Sea.

Place-names Dab Dumps and The Dumples are both located on the shore between L.W.M.O.T. and H.W.M.O.T as is Dabdike Stones, 'dab hole among stones', [NZ 81193 16003] which lies offshore from Runswick Sands and is exposed below L.W.M.O.T. (Low Water Mark of Ordinary Tides).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 109, entry 16

dumba, u, f. a mist; compare the modern dumbungr, m. a dark, misty, gloomy sky. dumbungs-veðr, m. gloomy weather … dumbr, m. id., also occurs as a name of a giant, the misty; the Polar Sea is called Dumbs-haf = the Misty, Foggy Sea …

[405]: ON Börkr (personal name); ON barka 'to bark, tan': Barker's Lane, Bartindale (olim Barkedale).

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Borkr (m. <5).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 91, entry 67

BÖRKR, m., genitive barkar, dative berki, bark, … a proper name of a man, Landnámabók.

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 771, entry 90

barka, að, to bark, tan.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 4 and 5

Chapter I: Names containing distinctively OScand inflexional forms.

Barchertorp, Barchetorp YKS DB; Barkesthorp 1208 Ped. fin. Eb.; Barkethorp KI; LS, 1302 KF, Eb., Vill; 1343 f. Cal. Inq., 1346 Catalogue of Ancient Deeds (1890-1906); Barkthorpe 1302 Cal. Inq.; Barkertorp tempore Edw. III. Catalogue of Ancient Deeds (1890-1906); Barkthorp 1422 Cal. Inq.; now Barthorpe or B. Bottoms.

First member appears originally to have been barkar, genitive singular of OWScand bǫrkr m. (ODan, bark, OSwed barker) 'cortex', or the same case of the common OWScand personal name Bǫrkr, which is recorded as early as Landnámabók and is very difficult to distinguish from the appellative in compound place-names. Compare the OWScand place-name 'á Barkarstǫðum', given by Lind, and the next name. Second member OScand þorp 'a farm; hamlet, village'.

Barkedale Yo 1115 Bardney,Dugd volume I; Borcherdale 1215 Cal. Rot. Ch.; Barkedale circa 1270 Giffard's Reg., LS; 1302 KF; 1316 Eb., Vill; Berkildale KI; Barkeldale 1302 YI, 1309 CI; 1227-1354; now Bartindale (Farm). Though nothing can be said with any degree of certainty, I am inclined to consider this name to be an equivalent of the ONorw place-name 'j Barkardale' D.N. 5 (1317), the first member of which is the same as in preceding name (Barchertorp bǫrkr - see above). The substitution of l for r in Barkel- etc. seems to depend on a kind of dissimilation from the r of the stem syllable, facilitated by the existence of the l in the 2nd member, and is probably due to Anglo-Norman influence. As analogous cases may be considered ME marble < marber, lorel , lorer, laurer etc as also the early ME spellings of the place-names Herdelbi DoB, are adduced by Zachrisson, p. 142 f., where the problems involved are discussed at length. Second member OWScand dalr (OEScand dal 'valley' = OE dæl.

The same genitive form barkar, or possibly ME barkare 'a tanner', which can perhaps also be taken into consideration in the case of the above compounds, constitutes the first member of Barkerhals CUL 1298 Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem sive Escaetarum (Henry III - Richard III), 1300 Patent Rolls; the second member is probably ME hals 'collum', a narrow neck of land, etc. See NED hals, hause. From a formal point of view OWScand hallr 'slope, hill', and ME hale (OE hālh) 'corner, nook', should also be considered. Here belongs further Barkerclos Cumb 1363 Rotulorum originalium in curia scaccarii abbreviatio, tempore Henry III - Edward III, the second member of which is explained by the context: '… de uno clauso vocato B.' - ME bark is not recorded until circa 1300 in Cursor M. The next instances given by NED (New English Dictionary on historical principles, Oxford 1888) occur in texts, the vocabularies of which contain numerous traces of Scandinavian influence. Apart from the place-names discussed above there are not a few ME place-names that show as the first element Bark-, Barke(s)-, the -a- being, as far as I have been able to ascertain, original. (These names will be dealt with further on, in due order.) All of them belong to Scandinavian England, more exactly to the following counties : Nb, Yo, LIN, DBY, CHS, LEI, SFK, ESS. These facts taken into consideration, the Scandinavian origin of ME bark can hardly be doubted. Björkman, Loan-words page 230, gives the word as possibly borrowed from Scandinavia.

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"The Historical Gazetteer of England's Place-Names"

Bartin Dale located in the Settlement of Hunmanby

• Barkedale 13th Bardney; 1270 Ebor, 1297 LS; 1299 Bridl; 1303 KF; Vill; 1428 FA
• Berkildale 1285 KI
• Barkeldale 1304 YI
• Barkendale 1332 SR
• Barkyndale 1346 Test p
• Bartin(g)dale 1549, 1600 FF
• Bartondaill 1518 Test

[406]: ON sjár, sjór, sær, marr 'the sea'; OE sæ, mere: 'the sea, lake': Seamer, Seaton.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 618, entry 17

SÆR, m., there are three forms, sær, sjór, sjár … [Ulfilas saiws and mari-saiws = GREEK, Luke v. 12; Anglo Saxon sæ; English 'sea'; Old High German seô; German see; Danish sö; Swed. sjö.] The sea, never used, like German see, of a lake; Compounds:

• sævar-bakki, a, m. the sea-beach
• sævar-borg, f. a castle on the sea-side, = sæborg
• sævar-djúp, n. the depth of the sea, the deep sea
• sævar-fall, n. tides
• sævar-floti, a, m. a float, raft of timber
• sævar-gangr, m. the swell of the sea, the sea running high
• sævar-hamrar, m. plural, sea-crags
• sævar-strönd, f. the sea-strand
• sævar-urð, f. piles of rocks on the sea-shore
• sjávar-brekka, u, f. a shelving shore
• sjávar-gata, u, f. the way from the sea to a bouse
• sjávar-háski, a, m. danger, distress at sea
• sjávar-hella, u, f. a flat rock projecting into the sea
• sjávar-höll, f. a king's hall on the sea-side
• sjávar-lopt, n. a house built aloft in the sea
• sjávar-ríki, n. the kingdom of the sea
• sjávar-stjarna, u, f. the star of the sea, i.e. the Virgin Mary, 'stella maris'
• sjávar-stormr, m. a sea-storm
• sjóvar-afli, a, m. sea-fishery, produce from the sea
• sjóvar-bryggja, u, f. a landing bridge
• sjóvar-hringr, m. the circle of the ocean, girding the earth
• sjóvar-lögr, m. sea-water
• sjóvar-ólga, u, f. the swell of the sea
• sjóvar-sandr, m. sea-sand
• sjóvar-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster
• sjóvar-straumr, m. a sea-current
• sjóvar-sýn, f. an outlook at sea
• sjóvar-vatn, n. sea-water

B. Proper compounds: I. in proper names, Sæ-björn, Sæ-mundr, Sæ-unn (Sæ-uðr), Sæ-hildr; contracted in Sjólfr, quasi Sæ-úlfr … sæ-borg, f. a sea-side town … a sea-castle, sæborgir Birkibeina, i.e. their ships … sæ-brattr, adj. 'sea-brent,' steep towards the sea … sæ-bygð, f. a coast-land, … sæ-byggjar, m. plural coast-dwellers … sæ-dauðr, adj. dead at sea, drowned … sæ-farar, f. plural sea-faring …

---

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 534, entry 46 and page 535, entry 1

SJÁR, m. the sea, = sjór, sær: in Compounds:

• sjá-byggvar m. plural, sea-dwellers, coast-people
• sjá-dauðr adjective, = sjódauðr
• sjá-dreginn, participle 'sea-dredged', caught, of fish
• sjá-drif, n. sea-spray
• sjá-drifinn, participle, sea-splashed
• sjá-garpr, m. a great sea-champion
• sjá-kyrr, adjective, calm, = sjókyrr
• sjá-kæni, f. sea-skill
• sjá-lægr, adjective, lying on the sea, of fog
• sjá-rafz, m. sea-amber
• sjá-roka, u, f. sea-spray
• sjá-róðr, m. a rowing out to sea, to the fishing-ground
• sjá-tún, n. a seaside-town
• sja-vegr, m. = sjóvegr
• sjá-verkr, m. 'sea-wark' i.e. sea-sickness

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 535, entry 21

SJÓR, im., genitive sjóvar (modern sjóar), for all three forms, sjór, sjár, sær, as also for the compounds, sjóvar-, sjávar-, sævar-, see sær the sea. B. Compounds:

• sjó-barinn, participle, sea-beaten
• sjó-borg, f. a sea-town
• sjó-brattr, adjective, 'sea-brant', steep, of coast-land
• sjó-bygð, f. a coast
• sjó-dauði, a, m. death at sea
• sjó-dauðr, adjective, 'sea-dead', drowned at sea (= sæ-dauðr, sjá-dauðr)
• sjó-drif, n. sea-spray
• sjó-dýr, n. a sea-animal
• sjó-fang, n. 'sea-take', a catch of fish
• sjó-ferð, f. a sea-voyage
• sjó-fiskr, m. a sea-fish
• sjó-fugl, m. a sea-fowl
• sjó-færr, adjective, fit for travelling on the sea
• sjó-garpr, m. = sjágarpr
• sjó-gyðja, u, f. a sea-goddess
• sjó-gygr, f. a mermaid
• sjó-hræddr, adjective, 'sea-afraid' fearful at sea
• sjó-hræðsla, u, f. 'sea-fear'
• sjó-íllska, u, f. a bad, rough sea
• sjó-jökull, m. hummocks of frozen sea-water
• sjó-klæði, n. plural, sea-clothes
• sjó-kona, u, f. a mermaid, þiðr
• sjó-kvikendi, n. a sea-animal
• sjó-kyrr, adjective, calm
• sjó-kæni, f. = sjákæni, Fær
• sjó-leiði, n. a sea-way
• sjó-leiðis, adverb, by sea
• sjó-maðkr, m. a sea-worm
• sjó-maðr, m. a seaman, mariner
• sjó-mál, n. the sea-edge, flood-mark, high-water line
• sjó-mennska, u, f. seamanship
• sjó-myrkr, n. a sea-fog
• sjó-reitr, n. = mið
• sjó-riða, u, f. a sea-trembling
• sjó-rok, n. = sjódrif
• sjó-roka, u, f. = sjároka
• sjó-sjúkr, adjective, sea-sick
• sjó-skor, f. a 'sea-scaur', cliff by the sea
• sjó-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster
• sjó-sótt, f. sea-sickness
• sjó-vanr, adjective, skilled, practiced as a sailor
• sjó-veðr, n. weather on the sea
• sjó-vegr, m. a 'sea-way', a way on the sea, opposite to landvegr, fara sjáveg
• sjó-verkr, m. 'sea-wark' = sjósótt
• sjó-vetlingr, m. a 'sea-glove', worn by fishermen
• sjó-víkingr, m. a pirate
• sjó-víti, n. things forbidden at sea in popular superstition

II. in local names, Sjó-land and Sjá-land, Zealand, as also a county in Sweden; whence Sjó-lendingar, m. plural 'the men from Zealand'.

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 106

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE sǣ / ON sjór, sǽr, sjár 'sea, lake'

The variant forms ON sjór, sǽr, sjár would all usually give ME <se-> for ME /se:-/, and (alongside <se->) <sea-> for ME /se:-/, the reflex of OE ǣ … Final-r would not be expected in the accusative singular of the Scandinavian forms (although reflexes of /w/ might be expected in the genitive singular and plural … so these elements would be indistinguishable in some forms.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 413, entry 28

MARR, m., genitive marar; [Ulfilas marei = GREEK; Anglo Saxon mere; Heliand meri; Old High German meri; German meer; Latin mare] the sea; sígr fold í mar, the earth sinks into the sea … metaphorical, mun-strandar marr, the sea of the breast, the song, … mistar marr, the sea of mist, the air … in prose this old word remains in the marar-botn, m. the bottom of the sea … II. in local names, Aust-marr , m. the east sea, the east Baltic (Estmere of king Alfred), Anglo Saxon Eastmere …

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Field and Other Minor Names at page 329

marr ON (n) 'marsh' (vide Marton 28 supra) is found chiefly in Pickering Lythe Wapentake, as in Moldewarþmar (1244) from ME moldwerþ 'mole', Hassokmar (1244) from hassuc, Oustecotmarre (13th) from ON austr, cot, Rosshowmarre (1407) etc.

at page 28

Marton le Forest … The name Marton is of frequent appearance in Yorkshire. On phonological (and in many cases) topographical grounds the first element cannot be identified with OE mere 'pool', which in DB and 12th and 13th century sources would scarcely appear as Mar- and in many cases there is no evidence for the presence of a pool. There is, however, a Yorkshire dialect word mar (EDD) used of 'marshy land, sodden or reedy ground', a sense which would suit the topography of the Yorkshire Martons. Zachrisson (PN in Ing 113, 114) derives this word from Scandinavian and compares Swedish mar (from OSwed mar, 'sea') which has the meaning of 'marsh' in some dialects, and Dan mar, 'fen, marshland'. If so, the first element of Marton is from an ON marr 'fen, marsh', and the name means 'farm in the marshy land'. vide tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 102

Seamer

3. SEAMER 23 E 6

• Semær DB
• Semer(e) DB et passim to 1534 Bodl i. 84.
• Samara, -mara 1090-6 YCh 855; 13 Percy; circa 1200 Whitby; 1224 Pat
• Semar(e, -a) 1155-65 Whitby; circa 1160 BylE 22 d et passim to 1529 NCyWills

Compare Seamer (Langbaurgh West Wapentake) 172 infra, and Semer (SFK), Semere (NFK), always with mere. The first element is OE sæ 'sea, lake'. The second is OE mere 'pool'. The significance of the name is not clear; in fact there is some doubt as to the meaning of the individual elements and apparently there is some confusion between OE mere 'pool' and ON marr. But it seems possible that, as Gothic saiws meant 'marsh' (besides 'sea') and the cognate OHG gi-sig meant 'ponds, marshes', the OE word sæ could also mean 'marsh' in addition to 'sea, lake'. What makes it likely that the element is OE mere is the fact that a piece of land south-west of the village is called 'The Mere' [TA 01282 83179] and judging from the number of drains running in various directions across it it has every appearance of having formerly been a pool. If we start with ON marr as the original form it is hardly possible to explain the -mere forms which appear in the 13th century. Whereas if we start with mere, the earlier -mær, -mar forms can be explained as due to an ONb by-form mær (vide Chief Elements in English Place-Names sub verbo mere). 'Marshy pool', probably indicating 'a partially drained pool'.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 139

Hinderwell

SEATON HALL

• Scetun(e), 1086 DB
• Seton 1279 (Yorkshire Inquisitions) et passim to 1412 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Seaton 1571 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

'Farm by the sea' from OE sæ and tun.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 172

Seamer

1. SEAMER 15 L 8

• Semer. Semers (sic) DB, (in Clevelande) circa 1150 Godr
• Samara, Samare 1133, 1140-54, circa 1180 Whitby; 1218 FF

With the same run of forms and interpretation as Seamer (Pickering) 102 supra.

[407]: ON Rotinn (nickname); ON rotinn 'rotten': Rotten Row, Rotten Gill, Rudmoor.

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 502, entry 4

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ROTINN, adjective [Danish raadden; English 'rotten'] rotten … also of paper, vellum. 2. especially of hair falling off from rottenness; rotið (or rotað) skinn, a hide which has been tanned so that the hair fell off, opposite to rakað skinn, a shorn hide; a nickname, Landnámabók.

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First element ON rotinn, 'rotten' or Rotinn (nickname); second element rá, 'a corner, nook': see [207] giving 'Rotinn's (or rotten) corner, nook'. Note that Rotten Row marks the southern border of 'The Mere' which, according to A.H. Smith (see [406] above) gives "every appearance of having formerly been a pool … probably indicating a partially drained pool" which "marshy pool" may have contained stagnant (foul-smelling or rotten) water during the 9th and 10th centuries.

Rotten Row, The Mere and The Holms

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 302

harðbrotinn a. (past participle) hard-fragmented, broken into hard fragments (with hein)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 83

Pickering

RUDMOOR

• Rotemur 1334 (Pleas of the Forest) 304
• Rotymyr 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 223

From ON rotinn 'rotten, putrid,' and myrr, later replaced by mor. ON myrr would normally become [mor] in the dialect.

[408]: ON Ásgautr (personal name): Osgodby, Osgodby Carr, Osgoodby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ásgautr (Osgodby, Osgoodby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Ásgautr (Asegothenge, 13th)
• ON Gautr (Gauthscou, 1204)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 273, 321, 461, 474 and 515

fjall-Gautr m. 'mountain-Gautr', kenning for giant, in kenning for Þórr, fjall-Gauts fellir

hræva-Gautr m. sword-name, 'corpse-Gautr' (perhaps 'a Gautish sword', or personiÞcation (Gautr is one of Óðinn's names)

Gautr m. a name of Óðinn; in kennings for giant, fjall-Gautr …

Gautrekr m. a sea-king … in kenning for ships, Gautreks svanir; compare Gautreks saga …

Hergautr m. ('host-Gautr') a name for Óðinn … Hergauts vina = Jǫrð, i.e. jǫrð, the earth, in kenning for stones (ofljóst) compare Gautr

Valgautr m. a name of Óðinn

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Gautr (m. 3), Ásgautr (m. 1), Gautrekr (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 104

Cayton (a detached part of Whitby Strand Wapentake).

OSGODBY

• Asgozbi 1086 DB
• Angotby circa 1160 BylE 22 d
• Angoteby 1206 FF; 1247 Ch; 1268 Ebor
• Osgotby circa 1160 BylE 22 d; KI; LS; 1408 For
• Osgodebi circa 1170, 1252, 1333 Riev
• Osgodby LS (p) et passim
• Osgarby 1577 NRS

'Asgaut's farm' vide by. The first element is the ON personal name Ásgautr, on the various forms of which vide Björkman (Nordische Personennamen) 14 ff. Forms with An- are due to AN substitution of a continental form, and those with Os- to the substitution of the OE personal name-theme Ós- which was cognate with ON Ás-.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 190

Thirkleby

OSGO(O)DBY

• Ansgotebi 1086 DB

With the same run of forms and interpretation as Osgodby (Pickering Lythe) 104 supra.

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For ON suffix kjarr, 'carr' see [242] above.

[409]: ON Ketill (personal name): Killerby, Kettlethorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Ketill (Kettlethorpe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Ketill (Ketelesgat, 1313; Ketelpittes, 13th; Katilscroft, 12th)

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 333, 335 and 478

katli see ketill

ketill (dative, katli) m. pot

Hrafnketill m. a ninth-century Norwegian (presumably the one who brought the poet the shield as a gift from King Ragnarr)

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Ketill (m. 44)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 103

ON Cayton (a detached part of Whitby Strand Wapentake).

KILLERBY

• Chilvertebi, Chiluertesbi 1086 DB
• Kilverdebi, -by 1155-65 Whitby; 1231 Ass
• Kiluerdby 13th BylE 20 d
• Kilvardeby 1247 Ch
• Kelwardeby 13th Percy
• Ki-, Kylward(e)by KI et freq to 1487 FF
• Kilwerbye 1572 FF

The first element is without doubt identical with the personal name Chiluert which is found in DB. It enters into Kilverstone (NFK), and a lost Kuluertestuna, Culuerdestuna (DB) in Colneis Hundred (SFK), one of the forms of Marishes 84 supra, Killerby 245 infra, Killerwick (Place-Names Lancashire 205), and a lost Killerby in Leicestershire ("Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names" 86). Björkman (1910) 81, Björkman (1912) 54. Loanwords 25) supposes that it is a hybrid personal name of which the themes are ON Ketill (frequently reduced in Scandinavian dithematic names to Kil-) and the common OE theme -weard. The persistence of -verd forms, however, may occasion some doubt as to the correctness of Björkman's suggestion, and one may suggest that the name is from an OE compound name Cēolfriþ, Cēolferð, composed of the very common themes Cēol- and -friþ, or an ON name *Ketilferð composed of the themes Ketill- and -ferð. Later forms however show confusion with OE -weard. vide by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 245

Catterick

KILLERBY 21 B 9

Chiluordebi DB

With the same run of forms and history as Killerby (Pickering) 103 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Skelton

1. KILTON 16 D 5

• Chiltun, -ton DB
• Ciltona a. 1157 Percy
• Ki-, Kylton 1229 Ass (p); 1292 Ch, Percy et passim

It is very difficult to come to any conclusion with regard to this name and Kildale 166 infra. For Kilton Professor Ekwall suggests a Scandinavian form of OE cilda-tun (compare Chilton) vide cild, tun, whilst the first element of Kildale he suggests is possibly ON kíll, 'a narrow bay', well-evidenced in Norwegian place-names. In the latter case it is not quite certain what the semantic development of kíll must have been that it could be applied to a place inland. In Norwegian dialects it has the meaning 'narrow triangular piece' and in Danish kil the meaning 'a narrow strip of land'.

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KILTON THORPE

• Torp 1086 DB, duas Chiltonas a. 1157 (Percy Cartulary)
• K. et Thorp 1257, 1292 (Calendar of Charter Rolls), 1292 (Percy Cartulary)
• Thorpkilton, Kyltonthorp 1406, 1407, 1409 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

'The hamlet belonging to the village of Kilton' vide þorp and compare "Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names" 58

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 166

Kildale

1. KILDALE 16 F 2

• Childale DB
• Kildalam, Ki-, Kyldale 1119, 1129 Guis; 1179-90 YCh 659 et passim
• Kylldayll (16) KI
• Ki-, Kyldall 1382 Test; 1418 NCyWills

vide Kilton 143 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 340, entry 9

KÍLL, m. [kil, Ivar Aasen's Dictionary, 1850; middle High German kíl; compare the German proper name Kiel] an inlet, canal …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 240

kíll, m. narrow inlet, canal.

[410]: ON Gríss (personal name); ON gríss, 'a pig': Grisethorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gríss (Girsby, Gristhorpe, Gristhwaite)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Gríss (m. <5).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 216, entry 4

Gríss, m., plural ir, genitive ar [Swedish-Danish gris; Scottish grice], a young pig; gyltar gríss, a sucking pig … grísa-gyltr, f. a sow with pigs … grísar-höfuð, n. a pig's head … 2. a proper name, Landnámabók.; compare Grísar-tunga, name of a farm; II. [as in Norse, vide Ivar Aasen], generally, a pig; … grís-efldr, adjective, strong as a grís (a hog ?), i.e. prodigiously strong, of great muscular strength; this word however, which is frequent in modern usage, is not recorded in old writers, but it occurs in Lexicon Runicum.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 104

Cayton

2. GRISTHORPE 23 F 8

• Grisetorþ DB
• Gris-, Grysthorþ(þ) 1175-89 YCh 370 et freq
• Gri-, Grysethorþ 1181 BylE 103 d et freq

'Gris's village' vide þorp. The first element is the ON personal name Gríss, from ON gríss 'a pig', found also in Gristhwaite and Girsby 186, 280 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 186

Topcliffe

GRISTHWAITE

• Grisethwayt(h) 1285 YI; 1334 Pat
• Grystwhate 1447 FabR

'Gris's enclosure' from the ON by-name Gríss (vide Gristhorpe 104 supra) or 'pig enclosure' from ON griss. vide þveit.

[411] ON Ásmundr (personal name): Osmotherley, Osmund Beck, Osmund Gill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ásmundr (Osmotherley)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

ON Ásmundr (Osemundegar, 12th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Ásmundr (m. 13).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 445, 446 and 527

Ás- see Æsir and Áss

Áss m. (plural Æsir, quod vide) a god, one of the Æsir

Æsir m. plural (see Áss), a race of gods

Ásgarðr m. the home of the Æsir

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 437, entry 19

MUNDR, m., genitive mundar, dative, mundi; … women are said to live 'sub mundio' of their parents and husbands … In Norse the word is used in a special sense. B. In the ancient laws and customs matrimony was a bargain (brúð-kaup), hence the phrase to buy a wife, kaupa konu; the wooing was often performed by a deputy, and at the espousals (festar) a sum was agreed on, which the bridegroom was to pay for his bride. This sum was called mundr; and this transaction between the damsel's father or guardian and the other party was called mundar-mál or mund-mál … hence the phrases, kaupa mey mundi, to buy a maid by mund; mey mundi keypt; gjalda mund … No marriage was lawful without the payment of mund, for even if the wedding had been lawfully performed, without such previous payment of mund the sons of such a wedlock were illegitimate, and were called hornung … the least amount of mund in Norway was twelve ounces, called the poor man's mund (öreiga mundr) … in Iceland it was a mark, … On the wedding night the stipulated mund became the wife's personal property, and thus bears some resemblance to the 'morning-gift' (morgun-gjöf) of the later legislation; … The wife herself or her parents might, in case of divorce after misconduct, call on the husband to pay up the mund and the heiman-fylgja (quod vide) of which he had the charge … The mundr therefore was different to the dowry (heiman-fylgja), and has nothing answering to it in the modern law, nor perhaps in the old Greek or Roman customs; hence Tacitus speaks of it as something strange, dotem non uxor marito, sed maritus uxori affert … On the other hand, the Teutonic rites of marriage call to mind the ancient patriarchal times as described in Gen. xxiv and xxix. The etymological connection between mundium = tutelage and the Norse word is not altogether clear. In modern Icelandic usage heiman-mundr is erroneouslv used instead of heiman-fylgja, quod vide

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 437, entry 18

mund-mál, n. an agreement about mundr

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 437, entry 20

-mundr, m. the latter part of several proper names, Ás-mundr, Ey-mundr, Guð-mundr, Geir-mundr, Há-mundr, Hall-mundr, Her-mundr, Loð-mundr, Sig-mundr, Söl-mundr, Þór-mundr, Ver-mundr, Vé-mundr, Vil-mundr, Ög-mundr …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 437, entry 21

mund-riði, a, m. the handle of a shield

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 440, entry 28

mynda, d, [mundr; German mÜnden = discharge], to weigh, measure, of the mundr … mynda skal meyjar-fé allt, ok koma eyrir eyri í gegn, 'for in the mundmál (quod vide) the mundr was to be set off or balanced against the damsel's dowry.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 441, entry 3

mynding, f. [mundr], balancing the mundr and the heimanfylgja

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 213

Osmotherley

3. OSMOTHERLEY 22 A 2

• Asmundrelac DB
• Osmunderle, -ley(e), lai(e) 1088 LVD 50 d; 1219 Ass; 1281 Ch (1226-1326) et passim to 1418 Yorkshire Inquisitions
• Osmundeslay 12 RegAlb circa 1300 i. 67 d
• Osmundelai, -leye 1220 Ass; 1231 Ebor
• Osemunderl' 1280 CI; circa 1291 Tax
• Osmondirlay 1398 Pat
• Osmunderl(a)y 1536 YChant; 1558 RichWills
• Osmoth'ly 1577 NCyWills

'Ásmund's clearing' vide leah. The first element is from ON Ásmundr, genitive ON Ásmundar; on forms with Os- vide Osgodby (Pickering) 104 supra. For -lac vide Helmsley 71 supra. A hybrid formation with a Norse inflexion of the first element suggests very intimate association of the Norse and Anglian speech.

[412]: ON Blǫndu (personal name); ON blanda 'to blend, mix': Blansby.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Blǫndu (Blansby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 85

Pickering

BLANSBY

• Blandebi, -by DB et passim to 1335 ForP
• Blaundeby, -bi 1251 NRS; 1297 YI
• Blandesby 1408 For
• Blansby Saxton

'Blanda's farm' vide by. The ON by-name Blanda (genitive Blǫndu) is adduced by LindBN 1920 and means 'one who mixes his drinks'. For Blaundebi compare Spaunton 61 supra. For Blansby compare Baldersby 182 infra.

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"Danes and Norwegians in Yorkshire" (1925) A. H. Smith, Saga Book Vol. X at pages 24 and 25 (211 & 212)

… A number of words and names appear in English which seem to have undergone late Scandinavian sound-changes. Shunner Howe (sometimes Senerhou, Shonerhou) must have arisen from the ONorw form Siónar (genitive of Siónr), in which the vowel had undergone "breaking" and the stress had shifted from the first to the second element of the diphthong (ON Senar-Séonar, which is the normal form borrowed in English as Sener; ONorw Siónar) and underwent a ME sound-change of [sj] to sh (compare A. H. Smith, Review of English Studies, i. 4, page 437 ff). Mutation of a to o in ONorw is evidenced also in such words as hold (compare supra p. -), hǫfuð 'head', common in such place-names as Middle Head (YNR, Midelhovel, Middelheved, 13th century Riev.) and Howden (YER. OE to Hæfuddene YCh. 4, Houedene 1086 DB), where OE heafod was later replaced by the late ONorw cognate hǫfuð. Normally this class of words appears in English with a, as in Blansby (YNR Blandebi DB) from the ON genitive case Blǫndu, earlier Norwegian Blandu cf. the nominative case Blanda. In late ONorw ht was assimilated to tt, which is found in dialect ettle 'to intend'; the older form with ht is found as ME eghtle, North Riding airtle, and in sleight 'a level piece of ground'. ME sleght from ON sleht, later slétta. The Norwegian change of d to th seems to have taken place in some place-names of English origin, such as Goathland (Godelande, Gotheland, 12th century Whitby) from OE Godan-land 'Goda's district', where Godan underwent the same sound-change which distinguishes ON góðr 'good' from OE gōd, ON guðr 'god' from OE god, etc. Most of these sound-changes are probably due to Norwegians rather than Danes, for they were certainly the latest of Scandinavian settlers in this part of England.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 67, entries 6 and 7

BLANDA, in early Icelandic poetry and prose a strong verb … [Anglo Saxon bland; English 'blend' …] to blend, mix, the beverage in accusative, the mixed ingredient in dative … II. metaphorical, to mix together, of fellowship or association, but particularly used of carnal intercourse … blandask í samfélagi, to associate with … III. participle, blandinn is used as an adjective with the notion mixed, mingled, bad, of temper, character, manner …;

blanda, u, f. any mixture of two fluids … (of watery blood); but especially a beverage of hot whey mixed up with water … Blanda also is the local name of a stream of glacier water in the north of Iceland … metaphorical, the name of a book, miscellanea; … blöndu-horn, n. a cup of blanda …

blandan, f. mixing

[413]: ON Bíldr (personal name): Bilsdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bíldr (Bilsdale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 67

Helmsley

2. Bilsdale 22 ABC 6

• Bi-, Byldesdale (-a) 1153-9, 1180-5 Riev et passim to Vill
• Bilsdale, Saxton

'Bild's valley' vide dæl (dalr ?). The first element is the ON personal name Bíldr as in Bildeston (SFK), Bilsthorpe (NTT) and Bilstone (LEI).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 202

Hawnby

2. Bilsdale Westside 22 C 6

vide Bilsdale (Ryedale) 67 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 64, entry 13

bíldr, m., and bílda, u, f. an axe … an instrument for bleeding: bíld-spor, n. a scar as from a bílda, … 2. a sheep with spotted cheeks: bíld-óttr, adjective (sheep) spotted on the cheeks

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 64, entry 14

bíld-ör, f. a blunt arrow, a bolt

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 244

bílda f. arrow with a broad flat point

[414]: ON Bolli (personal name); bolli 'bowl': Boulby.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 71, entry 72

BOLLI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon bolla] a bowl … a proper name.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Bolli (m. 3).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bolli (Boulby)

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Editor's note: the first element is ON personal name Bolli which, together with ON suffix bú 'a house, farmstead, dwelling' gives 'Bolli's farmstead'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 140

Easington

BOULBY

• Bollebi, -by DB; 1262 BM, 1279 YI; KF; 1363 FF
• Bolebi, -by 1086 DB; 1204 FF (p); KI
• Bolby 1407, 1412 YI
• Bowlby 1575 FF; 1665 Visit

'Bolli's farm' from the ON personal name Bolli, genitive Bolla (LindN) and by.

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Boulby

Boulby is an old Scandinavian place name meaning "Bolli's Farm", constructed from the male personal name Bolli + -by, an Old Scandinavian element meaning "farmstead, village or settlement". Examples of Bolli from the 10th century are the Norse Bolli Thorleiksson and his son Bolli Bollason from the Icelandic Sagas, although neither were recorded as coming to England.

The large number of villages and farmsteads containing a personal name and -by are believed to have been settled by Scandinavian conquerors breaking up the English church and secular estates from the late 9th century. There are high density pockets in parts of Yorkshire corresponding to the Norse Kingdom of Jorvik.

In the Domesday Book of 1086, Boulby is given as Bolebi or Bollebi, and appears within the soke of Loftus, held in the William the Conqueror's time by High d'Avranches, Earl of Chester. It states "In Bolebi, Chiluert had 1 carucate of land, sufficient for 1 plough, valued at 8 shillings." Chiluert held the manor before the conquest. Some time afterwards Boulby, along with Easington, passed to the de Brus family, Lords of Skelton.

[415]: ON Bǫðvarr (personal name): Battersby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bǫðvarr (Battersby)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Boðvarr (m. 13).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 438

þverra (þvarr) sv. diminish, grow less … (and see under ramsvell)

þverrir m. diminisher, destroyer, in kenning for þórr barna Mǫrnar, destroyer of giants

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 167

Ingleby Greenhow

BATTERSBY

• Badresbi DB
• Baderesby 1236 Dugd v. 508
• Batersby 1214-22 Whitby
• Batherby KI
• Batheresby LS
• Bathersby 1303 KF; 1369 FF
• Bettersby Saxton

'Bothvar's farmstead' vide bú. The ON personal name Bǫðvarr (LindN) is from earlier Norse Baðu-harir (vide Heusler, Altisländ. Element. § 167, and OE name element Beadu-) and this form without u-mutation as in Danish Bathaer (Nielsen 1883) occurs in the place-name. Compare the note of the late Mr. C.J. Battersby (a model of its kind) on Battersby in Place-Names YWR 215ff. The change of th to t is modern, and is found again in Battersby (WRY), Bathersby 13 Kirkst, and in the use of NEDial t' for the definite article the.

[416]: ON Bragi (personal name): Brawby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Bragi (Brawby)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Bragi (m. 1).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 390, 449 and 450

skeggbragi m. 'beard-Bragi', 'beard-chieftain'?

Bragi m. (1) god of poetry

Bragi m. (2) the Old, Boddason, 9th century Norwegian poet … (Bragi skáld) … (Bragi hinn gamli)

Bragi m. (3) hinn gamli, legendary king, son of Hálfdan gamli, ancestor of Bragningar

Bragnar m. plural, followers of King Bragi

Bragningar m. plural, descendants of Bragi (3)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 75, entry 21

Bragi, a, m. the god of poetry; Bragi, also a proper name: in plural bragnar, poetically, heroes, men … compare Anglo Saxon brego = princeps.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 57

Salton

BRAWBY 22 G 11

• Bragebi, Brageby DB
• Brahebi 1165 YCh 778
• Brauby LS
• Braby Saxton

'Bragi's farm' from the ON personal name Bragi and bú.

[417]: ON Brandr (personal name); ON brand 'a brand, firebrand': Brandsby, Bransdale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Brandr (Brandsby, Bransdale)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 333

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

• ON Arnbrandr (Arnbrandwyth, 1335)
• ON Kolbrandr (Colbrandsic, 13th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Brandr (m. 20), Ásbrandr (m. <5), Vébrandr (m. 3), Valbrandr (m. 2), Þangbrandr (m. 1), Brandi (m. 1).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 250

brandr (1) m. one of a pair of carved ornamental strips of wood along the sides of a ship's prow (or stern?) … fyrir brandi in front of, over the prow, i.e. ahead … stefknarrar brandar the (ornamented) prow of the refrain-ship, i.e. the beginning of the poem

brandr (2) m. blade, sword … in kenning for battle, þruma branda

brandr (3) m. firebrand; in kenning for gold, brandr gjálfrs

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 28

Brandsby

BRANDSBY 22 J 7

• Branzbi DB
• Brendesbi 1167 P
• Brandeby 1224-30 Fees
• Branceby 1231 FF
• Brandesby 1221-5 RegAlb (circa 1300) ii d et passim to 1458 Test
• Brandsby KF; 1665 Visit
• Bransby KF

'Brand's farm' vide bú. This personal name, common in the Danelaw, represents ON Brandr. The form Brance- represents the ON genitive singular in -s (compare Haxby 14 supra) as in Bransby (LIN), Braunceby 1243 CI and some forms of Bransdale 65 infra. Other forms are due to the substitution of the OE genitive -es, voiced in ME as [z].

Snargate Farmhouse in Brandsby, North Yorkshire

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 65

Kirkdale

BRANSDALE 22 ABC 8

• Brannesdale circa 1150 Riev
• Brauncedale 1276 YI, LS
• Brandesdal' 1279-81 QW
• Bransdale Saxton

'Brand's valley' from ON Brandr (vide Brandsby 28 supra) and dæl (dalr ?).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 76, entry 13

BRANDR, m. I. [compare brenna, to burn; Anglo Saxon brand (rare)], a brand, firebrand; even used synonymous with 'hearth', … 2. [compare Danish brand, German brand], a flame; … [ Anglo Saxon brand, Beowulf verse 1454; Scottish brand = ensis; compare to brandish], the blade of a sword … víga-brandr, a war-brand, a meteor. III. a frequent proper name of a man, Brand … B. On ships, the raised prow and poop, ship's beak, (svíri and brandr seem to be used synonymously …

branda, a little trout: the Manks call the salmon braddan

brand-erfð, f. a Norse law term, originating from the heathen age when dead bodies were still burnt

brand-krossóttr, adj. brindled-brown with a white cross on the forebead (of an ox) … compare bröndóttr, a brindled ox

brand-reið, f. [Anglo Saxon brandreda], a grate

brand-skjöldóttr, adj. of cattle, brindled, red and white spotted

brand-stokkr, m. a dub, a high trunk of a tree in the middle of the hall of the mythical king Völsung

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 605, entry 35

Surtr, m., genitive surts and surtar, [svartr], the Black, the name of a fire-giant, the world-destroyer … surtar-brandr, m. 'surts-brand', is the common Icelandic word for jet … The word is found on vellum MS. of Breta Sögur (1849) 116, and is therefore old, and interesting because the name of the mythical fire-giant and destroyer is applied to the prehistoric fire as a kind of heathen geological term …

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Surtr (m. 7).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 510

Surtalogi m. 'Surtr's (or Surti's) fire'

Surtr m. a giant; as common noun for giant in kenning for mountain fastness, Surts søkkdalir

[418] ON stoð, 'a post'; ON hagi, 'a hedged field': Studdah.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 594, entry 44

STOÐ, f., plural stöðr or steðr, later stoðir … stuðir … styðja a post; … metaphorical, a prop …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 231, entry 32

HAGI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon haga = a fence; Danish have = a garden; Swedish hage; Northern English hag; English 'hedge'; compare Old English hay, Hayes as local names; the word still remains as an appellative in haw-thorn = hedge-thorn; haw-haw = a sunk fence] a pasture, properly a 'hedged field', … var hestum hagi fenginn, the horses were put out to grass … fjaacute;r-hagi, sauð-hagi, sheep pasture; fjall-hagar, fell pastures; heima-hagar, home pastures; út-hagi, out pasture (far from the farm); Icelandic distinguishes between tún and engjar for haymaking, and hagar for grazing. Compounds: haga-beit, f. grazing; … haga-ganga, u, f. grazing; haga-garðr, m. a field fence, … Hagi is frequently the name of a farm, Landnaacute;mabók. Haga-land, n. the estate of the farm Hagi, … haga-spakr, adj. = hagfastr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 231, entry 33

hagi, a, m. [hagr], only in compounds, þjóð-hagi, a great artist

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 247

Finghall

STUDDAH

• Stodhage, -hag(h) circa 1200 Easby 159; 1210 FF; 1219, 1231 Ass
• Stodehawe LS
• Studhowe 1561 FF
• Studhowe 1575 FF

'Stud enclosure' vide stod, haga and compare Stody NFK.

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Editor's note: ON hagi and stoð preferred to OE haga and stod by reason of the locale and preponderance of ON local place-names.

[419] ON blakkr, 'black': Black Beck, Black Dike.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 64

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE blæc 'black' and OE blac 'pale, white' / ON blakkr 'pale, tawny' and (in poetry) 'a horse'.

VEPN notes (sub verba blæc) that the OE adjective blæc is often indistinguishable from OE blāc since, although one would expect ME blōk for OE blāc in the south, open syllable lengthening of the inflected form blacan and the shortening of blāc- in compounds mean that ME blak and blok can both mean either 'pale' or 'black'.

The Scandinavian occurrences of blakkr … in place-names are frequently explained as a personal name and/or byname Blakkr or (the weak form of the name) Blakki. This is true of all but three of the thirteen instances for which blakkr is listed as an element in Rygh NG, for example Blackstad and Blakkestad. There are also four instances of the element listed in DS. The presence of the assimilated form in Swedish dialects has been explored by Moberg (1944:84-89), who explained it as a borrowing from Norwegian related to the import of Norwegian horses. Whatever the reason for its existence in East Scandinavian dialects, there is sufficient evidence to support the use of blakkr in Scandinavia and so to consider it and OE blæc/blāc indistinguishable.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 67, entry 3

BLAKKR, adjective, [Anglo Saxon blac; English 'black'; Old High German plak: in Icelandic, svartr, as in Anglo Saxon and other kindred tongues swart, etc., represents the Latin niger; while blakkr corresponds to the Latin ater, dead or dusky black], in poetry used as an epithet of wolves, etc., Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860), in prose it is very rare, hence blekkja, to defraud: the modern Icelandic blek, n. ink, Swedish blak, Danish blæk, come from blakkr, corresponding to Latin atramentum … II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr, (perhaps corrupt for bleikr, pale, compare fölvan jó, the colour of death; to dream of riding on a pale horse forebodes death … on a red horse a bloody death.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

BLAKEY MOOR, BLAKEY TOPPING

• Blakehau 1223 FF
• Blakhouloundes 1335 ForP 210 d
• Blakay more Saxton

'Black mound' vide blaec (ON blakkr), haugr, lundr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 197

Old Byland

BLACKAMORE (lost)

• mora de Blachou circa 1160 Guis
• Blakemore LS
• Blakoumore, Blakeowe More 1343 YD; 14 Horn Childe (line 110)
• Bla(c)kamore 1421 YD; 1571 FF

'Black howe moor', vide OE blæc (ON blakkr), haugr, mor.

[420]: ON Gunni (personal name): Gundale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Gunni (Gundale)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Gunnarr (m. 11), Gunnsteinn (m. 7), Gunnlaugr (m. <5), Gunnólfr (m. <5) and Gunnvaldr (m. 1).

ON feminine personal name Gunnvor (f. <2).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 221, entry 14

GUNNR, f., older form guðr, [Anglo Saxon gûd; Old High German gundia], war, battle, only used in poetry … gunnar-fúss, gunnar-gjarn, gunnar-örr, gunnar-tamðr, adjective, warlike, Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860. Compounds: gunnar-haukr, m. a hawk … Poëtically. II. in proper names; of men, Gunn-arr, Gunn-björn, Gunn-laugr, Gunn-ólfr, Gunn-steinn, etc.; of women, Gunn-hildr, Gunn-laug, Gunn-löð; and in the latter part. Þor-gunnr (-guðr), Hlað-gunnr, Hildi-gunnr, etc.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 86

Pickering

GUNDALE

• Gundale 1335 ForP 206 d; 1619 NRS
• Gonddale 1503 NRS

'Gunni's valley' vide dæl. ON Gunni is found also in Gunby (Yorkshire East Riding), Gunnebi DB.

[421]: ON Topt, 'a green tuft or knoll': Blakey Topping.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 636, entry 28

TOPT, tomt, tupt, toft, tuft; the vowel is short, and toft … in modern pronunciation tótt … the forms in early Swedish and Norse also vary much, tompt, top, toft … the word is identical with English 'tuft'; B. A green tuft or knoll, green, grassy place, then generally like middle Latin toftum, English 'toft', a piece of ground, messuage, homestead; … óðal-toptir, an allodial piece of ground … toptar nökkvi, the 'toft-ship,' i.e. a house, … sig-toptir, Odin's homestead of victory, i.e. Walhalla … 2. a place marked out for a house or building, a toft; … göra kirkju ok hvergi tuft eyða, build a church, and not lay waste the toft … 3. a square piece of ground with walls but without roof (compare tjalda), this is the special later Icelandic sense; … búðar-tópt, the square walls of a hut without a roof …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 94

Allerston

BLAKEY MOOR, BLAKEY TOPPING

• Blakehau 1223 FF
• Blakhouloundes 1335 ForP 210 d
• Blakay more Saxton

'Black mound' vide blaec (blakkr ?), haugr, lundr.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 187

The field-names of the Whitby district and of some parts of LIN are likewise Scandinavian, and faithfully render all the characteristic features of the Danish village system. In the township each man had his homestead which, as in Denmark, was called toft, and, besides, he had his share of land; 'toft and croft' is the usual expression.

[422]: ON fótr, 'a foot': Broadway Foot, Newgate Foot, Snilegate Foot.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 168, entry 51

FÓTR, m., genitive, fótar, dative fæti; plural, fætr, genitive, fóta, dative, fótum; … [Gothic fôtus; Anglo Saxon fôt; English 'foot'; German fuss; Swedish fot; Danish fod; …] a foot; and as in some other languages either the foot only or the foot and leg. Icelandic distinguishes between various animals, and use fótr (foot) of men, horses, cattle, sheep, etc.; hrammr (paw) of beasts of prey, as bears, lions; löpp (also paw) of cats, dogs, mice; klær (claws) of birds of prey, as the raven, eagle; hreifi (fins) of a seal: … tún-fótr, the outskirt of a home-field, metaphor from a skin stretched out …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 278

fótr (plural, fœtr) m. foot, leg

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 82

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE fōt 'foot, the bottom' / ON fótr 'foot'

Self-evidently indistinguishable. The elements have also been considered indistinguishable in forms with i-umlaut (e.g. OE fēt dative singular, and nominative/accusative plural, ON fœti dative singular, fœtr nominative/accusative plural) because reflexes of both Old English and Scandinavian umlauted vowels would usually have been unrounded to /e:/ in names recorded in the Middle English period (see OE/ON grēne/grœnn above) and would thus also be indistinguishable.

[423]: ON fjaðra-, fjöðr 'a feather': Feather Holme Farm, Feather Sike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 156, entry 9

fjaðra-, vide fjöðr, a feather.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 158, entry 5

FJÖÐR, genitive fjaðrar; old plural fjaðrar, later fjaðrir; dative fjöðrum: [Anglo Saxon feðer; English 'feather'; German feder] a feather, it may be used of either the plume or the quill, but usually a distinction is made between fiðri or fiðr, plumage, and fjaðrar, quills; væng-fjöðr, a wing-feather; stél-fjöðr, a tail-feather; … fljúga sem hann er fjaðraðr, every one must fly as he is feathered; … Compounds: fjaðra-broddr, m. a feathered, i.e. double-edged, spike, hellip; fjaðra-lauss, adj. featherless … fjaðra-spjót, n. a kind of sword-spear to thrust with, = fjaðr-spjót.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 271, 272, 273 and 274

fenja f. (feathered) arrow

fiðri n. feathers (collective)

fjaðrlauss a. without feathers

fjǫðr f. feather

[424]: ON Brúni (personal name); ON brúnn, 'brown': Brown Hill, Brown Beck, Brown Howes.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Brúni (m. <5).

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Editor's note: Place-name Brown Howes (tumuli) [SE 89708 90836] and [SE 89745 90765] likely 'Bruni's mounds' with its first element ON personal name Brúni and second element ON haugr.

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 69

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE brūn adjective / ON brúnn adjective 'brown'

OE brūn, also a common personal name or byname, and its cognate ON brúnn are self-evidently indistinguishable and are additionally indistinguishable from ON brún 'brow of a hill' and, when shortened in compounds, ON brunnr 'spring', (in some dialects) OE bryne '(place cleared by) burning' and ON bruni 'place cleared by burning' VEPN (sub verbo brūn).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 16

BRÚNN, adjective [Anglo Saxon brún; German braun] brown, … brún klæði, black dress, of the dress of a divine … svartr is never used of a horse, but brúnn, dark-brown, whereas a bay is jarpr … a black horse is called Brúnn, a mare Brúnka; dökk-brúnn, rauð-brúnn, dark-brown, red-brown, etc. The word is not much in use.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 74

brúnn, adjective, (1) brown; (2) of polished metal, bright …

brúnn, m. black horse.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 252

brúnn a. sharp, keen (of weather or wind)

[425]: ON Halmi (personal name); ON hálmr, 'straw': Hawnby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Halmi (Hawnby)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 243, entry 5

HÁLMR, m. [Anglo Saxon healm; English 'haulm'; German and Danish halm;] straw … mar-hálmr, seaweed.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 187

hálmr, (genitive -s), m. straw, haulm.

hálm-strá n. haulm-straw; hálm-visk n. wisp of straw; hálm-þúst, n. flail.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 203

Hawnby

4. HAWNBY 22 D 5

• Halm(e)bi DB et passim to LS
• Halmbi, -by 1170 Rievaulx Cartulary; 1200 FF; 1201 ChR; 1219 Ass; 1301, 1399 YI
• Halmiby 1200 FF
• Haunneby KI
• Hawnbye, Haunby 1538 Riev
• Halneby Vill

'Halmi's farm' from the ON by-name Halmi LindBN 1920 and bú. One may also compare the Swedish place-name Halmby (Hellquist, Svenska ON på -by) which is derived from ON halmr, 'straw', and refers to 'a straw-thatched farm'. The persistence of -e- in the early spellings of Hawnby points, however, to the personal name Halmi.

[426]: ON Hjærne (personal name): Harmby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 322

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hjærne (Harmby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 252

Spennithorne

2. HARMBY 21 D 5

• Hernebi, -by DB, 12 Leon 66 d et passim to 1404 YI
• Ernebi DB
• Harneby 1519, 1574 FF

vide by. The first element is probably OWScand by-name Hiærne (LindBN 1920), inferred also by Lundgren from Swedish place-name material.

[427]: ON mosi, 'moss, a moorland': Moss Ends, Mossy Mere, May Moss - see also [330].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 435, entry 12

MOSI, a, m. [Danish mos] moss, botanical lichen, … hrífa mosa, to pick moss, … mosa-hrúga, a heap of moss … II. a moorland, moss, [= Dan. mose; Northern English and Scottish moss]; … mosa-vaxinn, participle moss-grown, … in local names, Mos-fell, whence Mosfellingar, m. plural, the men from Moss-fell. Mos-háls, m. a nickname.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 435, entry 13

• mosk, n. scraps of moss in hay, fjalla-grös, or the like; tína moskið úr, to pick the moss out; það er fullt af moski, 'tis full of moss.
• tína moskið úr, to pick the moss out
• það er fullt af moski, 'tis full of moss'
• mosóttr, adj. mossy, swampy
• mos-rauðr, adj. moss-red

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 301

mosa-vaxinn, past participle, moss-grown.

mosi, m. (1) moss; (2) moorland.

mosóttr, a. mossy, moss-grown.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 96

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE mos / ON mosi 'moss, bog'.

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 95

Allerston

MAY MOSS

• Mawemose 1335 ForP 205 d

vide mos (ON mosi) 'a peat bog'. The first element is perhaps the ON by-name Magi (Lind, Norsk-Isländska Personbinamn, 1920-1), which appears in ME as Mawe circa 1100 Danelaw Calendar of Charter Rolls 37 and Maue circa 1245 Selby Cartulary i. 374.

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Editor's note: May Moss is a blanket peat bog covering about 150 hectares situated at the head of the (Yorkshire) river Derwent in the North York Moors National Park, an area dominated by dry, upland heath with old pastures and lime-rich grasslands. Much of the upland area is part of the North York Moors SSSI. Moss is partially drained and planted with conifers. With peat up to 6 metres deep, the area is a mosaic of dwarf shrub and blanket bog with common heather (Calluna vulgaris), cross-leaved heath (Erica teralix), cotton grass (Eriophorum sp), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and the only known population of bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) on the North York Moors. Although severely damaged due to the intense ploughing and draining, the 150 hectare blanket bog is also home to populations of adder and the large heath butterfly.

May Moss straddles the watershed of Fylingdales Moor. Drainage from this area is almost all north into Eller Beck, and thus into the Esk at Grosmont. Some flows in a north-easterly direction to join the head waters of the Derwent. A very little runs south-west into Havern Beck, below the Saltergate escarpment; there to be joined by flow from other parts of the catchment, including chalybeate (containing iron salts) springs. It never causes a raging spate, as is confirmed by a local landowner.

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Editor's note: the first element of place-names Hukermire Moss and Huker Mire is possibly derived from ON nickname Húkr with the second and third elements derived, respectively, from ON mýrr, 'mire, swampy moorland, bog' and (for Hukermire Moss) ON mosi, 'moss, moorland' giving 'Hukr's swamp' and 'Hukr's swampy moorland'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 2

Húkr, m. a nickname.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 294, entry 1

húka to sit on one's hams … see hokra

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 215

húka (-ta, -t), verb, to squat.

[428]: ON Hjalpr (personal name); hjalpa, 'help': Helperby, Helperthorpe.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hjalpr (Helperby)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 23

Brefferton

2. HELPERBY 27 A 2

• Helperby 972 (11th) BCS 1278, 1177 HCY et passim
• aelig;t heolperbi 972 (11th) BCS 1279
• (H)ilprebi DB
• Helprebi DB, 1109-19 RegAlb i 68 d, 1166 P (p), 1202 FF (p)
• Helparby 1576 FF

'Hjalp's farm' vide by. The ON woman's name Hjálp, genitive Hjálpar (LindN) is also found in Helperthorpe (ERY), Elpetorp DB, Helprethorp 1109-19 RegAlb i 69. Compare Norw Jerberg (Hiolperbergh) and ONorw Hialparsteinn (Rygh NG i 98). The inflexional -er and the presence of a woman's name in a by compound are noteworthy.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 267, entry 9

HJÁLPA (properly, hjalpa); in old usage strong; present helpr, plural hjálpa; preterite halp or hjalp (as in modern Danish) … compare English 'holpen': [Anglo Saxon helpan; English 'help'; Old High German helfan; German helfen; Danish hjælpe; Swedish hjelpa]: I. to help, in old writers always denoting to save, save another's life, but in modern usage to help in a general sense, with dative; …

[429]: ON Holti (personal name) and holti (nickname); ON holt, 'wood, copse, coppice, forest': Holtby.

---

"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Holti (m. 1).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Holti (Holtby)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 278, entry 45

HOLT, n. [Anglo Saxon holt = sylva; German holz = lignum; in Eastern and Northern England 'holt' means copsewood, and the word often occurs in local names] properly, wood, copsewood, a coppice; but this sense is almost obsolete, though it remains in the saying, opt er í holti heyrandi nær, in a holt a hearer is nigh, answering to the English leaves have ears … fara ór holti, to go from the woods, whence holt-skriði, a, m. 'holt-creeper,' poetical for a snake, Edda: holta-þór, m. reynard the fox … in local names, Holtsetar (Holsetar), m. plural 'holt-sitters,' the men of Holsten; Holtseta-land, n. the land of the Holtsetar (Holstenland), whence the modern German Holstein. In barren Iceland Holt, Holtar are frequent local names, as also in compounds, e.g. Lang-holt, Skála-holt, Geldinga-holt, Villinga-holt, Reykja-holt, Holta-vað; in olden times; all these places were no doubt covered with copse (of dwarf birch). 2. in common Icelandic usage holt means any rough stony hill or ridge, opposite to a marsh or lea … holta-rót, f., botanical

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 91

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE holt / ON holt 'wood'.

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Bulmer Wapentake at page 9

Holtby

1. HOLTBY 27 F 9

• Boltebi (sic) DB
• Holteby 12 RegAlb i. 67 d et passim to 1316 Vill

The persistence of medial -e- in the spellings shows that the first element had an originally inflected form (genitive singular). 'Holti's farm' from the ON personal name Holti and bú.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 239

Kirkby Fleetham

HOLTBY

• (H)eltebi, Holtebi, Boltebi (sic) DB

With the same forms and interpretation as Holtby (Bulmer Wapentake) 9 supra.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 279, entry 2

holti, a, m. a nickname, Biskupa Sögur.

[430]: ON Hornboði (personal name): Hornby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hornboði (Hornby near Great Smeaton, Gilling East Wapentake)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling East Wapentake at page 280

Great Smeaton

2. HORNBY 14 H 12

• Horenbodebi DB
• Hornbotebi 1088 LVED 50 d
• Hornebi, -by 1199 ChR et passim to 1367 FF
• Hornby 1421 YI et passim

'Hornbothi's farm' vide bú. The first element is probably an ON dithematic personal name Hornboði composed of the ON name themes Horn(i) and boð (compare Naumann, Altnordische Namenstudien 25). The name is possibly on record in ON, compare Lind sub nomine Holboði. Probably it was shortened to Horne- to bring it in line with Hornby (Hang East Wapentake) 240 supra.

[431] ON Hrókr (personal name); hrókr, 'a rook': Rook Barugh, Roxby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hrókr (Roxby (Halikeld Wapentake), Rook Barugh)

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 287, entry 20

HRÓKR, m. [Ulfilas hruk = crowing; Anglo Saxon hrôc; English 'rook'; Old High German hruoh] a rook … Lexicon Poëticum (Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860), passim hróka-ræða, u, f. long-winded foolish talk, croaking; in the popular Icelandic phrase, setja upp hrókaræðu, to set up long-winded talk, begin a 'long yarn' … a term of abuse, a croaker, … 2. a proper name II. [from the Indian roch = elephant's castle, through the English], the rook or castle in chess; … hróks-mát, n. checkmate with the rook.

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hrókr m. shag (bird) (or raven ? compare English rook); in kenning for blood, hróka bjórr (hrókr meaning raven), or perhaps bjórr hróka Haddingja vals (beer of the shag of the Haddings' carnage) is the complete kenning

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 225

Pickhill

ROXBY HOUSE

• Rokeby 1198 Fount; 1280 Ass; 1327 Fount
• Rokesbi, -by 1210 Abbr et passim to 1328 Banco
• Rokysby 1252 Ass
• Rowcesby 1285 KI
• Rukesby 1554 RichWills

'Rook's farm' from the ON personal name Hrókr and by.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 58

Normanby

ROOK BARUGH

• Rochesberc, -berg(e) circa 1140, circa 1180, 1333 Riev
• Rocheberch 1160 Riev
• Rokeberg LS
• Rogeberg 1201 ChR

'Rook's hill' from the ON personal name Hrókr or OE Hrōc and berg. The spelling Roge- is probably to be explained in the same way as Wigginton 14 supra.

[432] ON Hrómundr (personal name): Romanby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hrómundr (Romanby)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Hrómundr (m. 3).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 210

Northallerton

5. ROMANBY 21 B 12

• Romundrebi DB
• Romundabi 1088 LVED 50 d
• Romundebi, -by DB et passim to 1316 Vill
• Romundby 1347 Baildon, 1348 IpmR
• Romanby 1398 Pat

'Romund's farm' vide bú. The name Romund (DB, P) is from ON Hrómundr (LindN). The ON genitive, -ar is found in the DB spelling, but was dropped at an early date. The mere fact that it does appear in the early form shows that its loss cannot be due to the OEScand loss of -r- before a voiced consonant as in Dromonby 168 supra.

[433] ON Hrossketill (personal name): Roskelthorpe (lost).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Hrossketill (Roskelthorpe)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 141

Loftus

ROSKELTHORPE (lost)

• Roscheltorp DB

'Roskel's village' vide þorp. The first element is ON Hrossketill, which is found as Roscytel the name of one of Alfric's festermen (YCh) 13, and as Roschel in DB.

[434] ON Ingus (personal name): Ings Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

ON Ingus (Ings Beck)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 261

Aysgarth

INGS BECK (6")

• Ingusbec 12 Easby 249

In the Wolley Charters (ix. 6) we have the attestator Willelmus fil. Inguse in the 13th century. This is one of a series of difficult names which end in -us or -usa, including Edus, Sigus and Hacus. The first two of these are beyond question feminine and the person bearing the first of them is also caled Eadgifu. Ingus may well be short for ON Ingiriðr. Hence 'Ingus' stream'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 313, entry 57

Ingi, a, m. a proper name: frequent also in compounds; of women, Inga, Ingi-björg, Ingi-leif, Ing-veldr, Ingi-ríðr, Ingi-gerðr, Ing-unn or Ing-uðr; and of men, in Ingi-marr, Ingi-mundr, Ingj-aldr.

[435] ON -ing(s) suffix, 'descendants or sons of, inhabitants or people of, race, clan': Fylingdales, Pickering, Fyling Thorpe.

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"The Chief Elements used in English Place-Names" (1924) Allen Mawer at page 24

Much more common in field-names than place-names and it has been assumed in explanation of place-names in -ing far too frequently. Ekwall (English PN in -ing, 28-9) shows that it must not be assumed unless the early forms show eng rather than ing.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 116

Fylingdales

1. FYLINGDALES 16 H 12

• Figelinge, Nortfigelinge 1086 DB 1086;
• Philinch 1114-40 Whitby
• Figelingam ante 1133 Whitby; -inge circa 1175 YCh 366
• Fieling(am) 1133, 1155-65, 1222-7, 1308 Whitby
• (Tribus) Figelinges 1181 P
• (North)filinge, -fylyng(e) circa 1280 Whitby et freq, (in valle de) ibidem
• Ffilingdales 1395 Whitby

'The settlement of the people of Fygela' vide ing. The district included by the settlement was probably the series of small valleys which meet the sea in Robin Hood's Bay. The personal name Fygela is not adduced in independent use in OE, but it may be assumed (as by Ekwall, Place-Names in -ing 93) from the place-names Figheldean (WIL), Fillingham (LIN), Figelingeham DB 1086, and Filgrave (Place-Names BKM 15); vide dæl.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

FYLING THORPE

This should be identified with the aliam Fielingam 1133 Whitby, Sutfieling 1140-65 ibid, i.e. South Fyling, of early sources. Other spellings agree with those of Fylingdales supra. In the 13th century the name is sometimes Prestethorpe 1280 Whitby. Here þorp is used in the sense of 'outlier'. The land was held by the monks of Whitby; vide preost, þorp.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 85

Pickering

5. PICKERING 22 E 13

• Pichering(a) 1086 DB 1086; 1165 P (p); 1173-88 Riev
• Pic(h)rinch 1109-14 YCh 397
• Pikeringes 1109-14 RegAlb ii. 12, 1120-5 ibidem ii. 10 d, 1138 ibidem ii. 11 d; 1234 CI; Pykerynges 13 Leon 10 d
• Picaringes 1119-35 RegAlb circa 1300 ii. 5 d
• Pikering(a-m, -e) 1157 YCh 401, 1157-89 ibidem 408, 1160 Riev et passim
• Pekeryng 1579 FF

'The settlement of Picer and his dependants' from OE Piceringas. The base of the place-name is an OE personal name Picer, not adduced in independent use in OE. It is found also as the first element of Pixham (Place-Names Worcestershire 225). vide ing. In the name Pickering there is some evidence for the survival in ME of the OE plural -ingas.

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"Portrait of The North York Moors" (1985) Nicholas Rhea, Chapter 4, Complements to the Scenery, at pages 65 and 66

Pickering's shyness has resulted in its origins being uncertain. One historian, Stowe, believed the town dates from 270 BC, when it was founded by Pereduras, a king of the Britons. The town's name is said to come from an incident when he was bathing in the River Costa near the town, when he lost a ring and it was later recovered from the belly of a pike caught in the same river. According to legend, this gave us the name 'Pike-a-Ring', or Pickering. More probably, the name comes from the personal name Picer, the town being 'the settlement of Picer and his dependants'.

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"Words and Places: illustrations of history, ethnology and geography" (1864 - 1909) Isaac Taylor, Chapter VII - The Anglo Saxons at page 105

This syllable ing was the usual Anglo-Saxon patronymic. Thus we read in the Saxon Chronicle (A.D. 547):

Ida wæs Eopping, Eoppa wæs Esing, Esa wæs Inguing, Ingui, Angenwiting.

Ida was Eoppa's son, Eoppa was Esa's son, Esa was Ingwy's son, Ingwy, Angenwit's son.

In fact the suffix ing in the names of persons had very much the same significance as the prefix Mac in Scotland, O' in Ireland, Ap in Wales, or Beni among the Arabs. A whole clan or tribe, claiming to be descended from a real or mythic progenitor, or a body of adventurers attaching themselves to the standard of some chief, were thus distinguished by a common patronymic or clan name. It may be observed that the etymology of the word clan proves the patriarchal nature of the Scottish clans. It is derived from the Gaelic cluin, children.

The family bond, which, as we have seen, was so deeply reverenced by the Anglo-Saxon race, was the ruling power which directed the Teutonic colonisation of this island. The Saxon immigration was, doubtless, an immigration of clans. The head of the family built or bought a ship, and embarked in it with his children, his freedmen, and his neighbours, and established a family colony on any shore to which the winds might carry him.

The subsequent Scandinavian colonisation was, on the other hand, wholly or mainly effected by soldiers of fortune, who abandoned domestic ties at home, and, after a few years of piracy, settled down with the slave women whom they had carried off from the shores of France, Spain, or Italy, or else roughly wooed the daughters of the soil which their swords had conquered.

Thus the Scandinavian adventurers Grim, Orm, Hacon, or Asgar, left their names at Grimsby, Ormsby, Haconby, and Asgarby; whereas in the Saxon districts of the island we find the names, not of individuals, but of clans. It is these family settlements which are denoted by the syllable ing. Hence we perceive the value of this word as an instrument of historical research. In a great number of cases it enables us to assign to each of the chief German clans its precise share in the colonisation of the several portions of our island.

The syllable ing has sometimes a topographic rather than a patronymic signification. Thus, in the Chronicle and the Charters, mention is made of the Centings, or men of Kent, the Brytfordings, or men of Bradford, and the Bromleagings, or men of Bromley. Sometimes, as Mr. Kemble and Dr. Massmann think, the suffix ing has simply the force of the genitive singular … Occasionally it denotes a meadow.

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"The Place-names of England and Wales" (1915) Rev. James B. Johnston at pages 55 - 57

ing, in our oldest charters often -incg. This is one of the most interesting and important of all our sufiixes; in its way unique, being absolutely personal in its reference, not local. The idea conveyed is one of possession, or intimate connection with; hence 'son of, descendant', as in Ætheling, 'son of the ethel, the noble-born', Cerdicing, 'son of Cerdic' etc. We even have in the OE of Luke iii. 38, Adaming, 'son of Adam'. There are many place-names ending in -ing, like Barking, Basing, Reading, Woking, which originally meant, 'the sons or descendants of Beorc, Bassa, Read, Woc, 'and only thereafter 'place where these descendants dwelt'. In a name like Centingas it can never mean anything but 'men of Kent'; the suffix in OE charters is often found as -ingas, which is nominative plural or -ingum, genitive plural, as in Bede's Berecingas (Barking), or ASC Readingum (Reading). This patronymic -ing, though so common, is not universal, and chiefly southern; in CHS there are none, in CAM only two; in STS and WAR Duignan gives none, unless WATLING STREET be called an exception; but in NFK -ing is fairly common - Hickling, Horning, etc.; whilst Horsfall Turner enumerates twenty-two for YKS - Gembling (DB 1086 Ghemelinge), Kipling (DB 1086 Chipelinge), Pickering, etc. In YKS there are, of course, the three Ridings - i.e., third-ings or third parts; only this comes from the equivalent ON -ung rather than the OE -ing, the ON being thrithjung-r; in circa 1066, Laws of Edward the Confessor, trehingas. The same ending reappears in Holland in such a name as Appingadam. Sometimes, but very rarely, the -ing is now -inge, as in East and West Ginge, BRK, in OE charters Gaeging and Gaincg, DB 1086 Gainz, 'place of the sons of Gæga'. This softening into the modern jsound (-inge = -inj), is also found in such modern pronunciations as Nottinjam, Whittinjam, etc., fairly often heard. Also, very rarely, the -ing may be dropped in course of time, as in Cudeley, WOR, in 974 Cudinclea.

If names ending in -ing are rare in some parts, names compounded with this patronymic suffix are found everywhere. Generally the ending is -ingham or -ington, more rarely -ingford, -ingwell, or the like. In many cases these are genuine patronymics, denoting the home or village of somebody's descendants - Beddingham, 'home of the Beadings'; Bennington, 'home of the Bennings'; and so on; it is needless to multiply examples. But, unless the evidence for the -ing goes back to OE times, we can never be sure that we have before us a true patronymic. Many years ago, e.g. the writer pointed out that in Scotland, where there are a good many names in -ingham and -ington, not more than two or three are real patronymics. One needs to be hardly less wary in England, because very often the -ing is but a later softening of the OE genitive in -an or -en, usually the masculine gender in -an, as Barrington, circa 1080 Barentone, 'Bæra's village'; or Bedingham,OE charter Beddanham, 'Bedda's home'. Take the very first case that comes to us, ABINGDON; it is 699 charter Abbendune, 'Abba's' or 'Ebba's hill'; whilst Abington, CAM, is DB 1086 Abintone, 'Abba's town'; not patronymics at all. Sometimes the -ing arrives very late; Marchington, Uttoxeter, is 907 Mærcham, 'home on the march or boundary'; 1004 Merchamtune, or 'March Hampton'; not till the thirteenth century have we Marchynton, and the -ing is later still. Sometimes, too, the -ing is a pure corruption, as in Almington for 'Alchmund's town', or Ardington for 'Eadwine's town'. Besides, we have always to beware of names in -ing, which have nothing patronymic about them; names like Holling Hall, where Holling is but ME for 'holly', or like Stocking Lane, STS, where, Duignan says, Stocking means 'grubbing up, clearing of wood or wild land'; whilst Stocking, Haresfield, is an OE locative, stoccan, 'at the tree-stocks'.

Dr. H. Bradley (English Historical Review, October, 1911) seems to have made out a strong case for -ing or -inge being also sometimes an ending to denote a place on a river or stream, of which AVENING, EXNING, GUYTING, TWYNING, etc., would be examples.

[436] ON stöð, 'berth, harbour, bank, shore, land bordering on water': Staithes.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 602, entry 20

STÖÐ, f., genitive stöðvar, plural stöðvar; [staðr standa; Anglo Saxon stæð; English 'stead, in roadstead'; … a berth, harbour; 2. metaph. place; … 3. stöðvar, dwelling-places … frequent in modern usage. II. in local names; Stöð, the harbour in Skard in western Iceland; … Stöðfirðingar, m. plural the men from S.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1967), Geir T. Zoëga at page 415

stöð genitive stöðvar, plural stöðvar, (1) landing-place, berth, harbour; (2) place, position, context; (3) dwelling-place, abode …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 403

stoð (plural steðr) f. post, support … pillar

stóð n. a (breeding) herd of horses, stud; in kenning for wolves, mounts of giantessess … Gjálpar stóð; for ships, flóðs stóð

[437] ON kol, 'coal': Colburn.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 347, entry 36

KOL, n. plural [Anglo Saxon côl; English 'coal' … ] coals, charcoal; … kalda-kol (see kaldr), cold ashes. II. metaphorical, in compounds, kol-svartr, kol-dimmr, 'dark as coal, coal-black; in proper names (of dark skin, hair, beard), of men, Kolr, Kol-beinn, Kol-grímr, ö, Kol-finnr, Kol-skeggr; of women, Kol-finna, Kol-brún (quod vide), Kol-gríma, … Compounds: jarð-kol, n. plural 'fossil coal (or saltpetre ?); kola-gröf, f. a charcoal-pit. kola-karl and kola-maðr, m. a charcoal-maker … kola-meiss, m. a box of coals, Art.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 347, entry 38

kol-bítr, adjective 'coal-biter', coal-eater, a popular name of an idle youth sitting always at the fireside …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 348, entry 10

kol-merktr, participle, black as jet …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 329, entry 16

KALA, preterite kól, kólu; present kell, modern kelr; participle kalinn: [compare English 'chill, cool'] to freeze, especially impersonal of limbs to be numb and dead from frost … ok kól hana í hel, she froze to death … participle kalinn … of a field barren from cold or frost. II. nautical, of a sail, to lose the wind; seglið (accusative) kelr, whence kalreip, quod vide

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 367, entry 46

KÆLA (i.e. kœla), d, [causal from kala, kól; German kühlen] to cool …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1967), Geir T. Zoëga at page 245

kol, n. plural 'coals, charcoal' (svíða kol)

kol-merktr, participle, jet-black …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 243

Catterick

4. COLBURN 21 A 7

• Corburne DB
• Colebrun(n) 12 Leon 66 d, 1208 Ass (p), 13 Easby 130
• -burn' 1198 Cur, 1219 Ass (p), 1260 Easby 131 d
• -bron 1280 YI
• Colburn(e) 13 RichReg 82 et passim
• Cowburne, -born 1574 FF, Saxton

The name was originally a river-name referring to Colburn Beck; vide burna (brunnr). The first element is probably OE col 'cool' or OE col, ON kol 'coal', the latter being an allusion to the dark colour of the water, as in the Norwegian river-name Kola. Colburn, therefore, means either 'cool stream' or 'coal-black stream'. For the DB form vide IPN 106.

[438] ON kál, 'kale': Cabbage Garth, Kale Croft.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 334, entry 58

KÁL, neuter, [Anglo Saxon cawl; English 'cole'; Scottish kale; German kohl; Danish kaal] a cabbage … grænkál, green kale (Brassica oleracea variety acephala) … compounds:

• kál-fræ n. kale seed
• kál-garðr, m. a kale garden
• kál-meti, m. kale food
• kál-súpa, u, f. kale broth

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The first element of place-name 'Kale Croft' is likely derived from ON kál, 'kale'.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1967), Geir T. Zoëga at page 238

kál, n. cabbage, kale.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" Harald Lindkvist (1912) at pages 113 and 183

Chapter 2

Old West Scandinavian þveit in Middle English place-names

Caltwayt YKS 1227 Bracton. Not identifiable.

From OWScand kaldr 'cold'; compare the ONorw place-name Kaldaþveit, postulated by Rygh NG VI, for the present Kaltvet. Kaldr may here have had the same application as kalinn in precdeing name; noteworthy is, moreover, that ME cald, 'cold' was employed of soil in the sense of 'slow to absorb heat, from its impervious clayey nature and retentiveness of moisture' NED - or perhaps from OWScand kál 'cabbage'; ME cale, compare Björkman (Erik, 'Scandinavian Loan-words in Middle English' 1900-02) page 106, and below Chapter 5.

Chapter 5

Names containing Old Scandinavian 'a'

Kalegarth [cultura] YKS QW; in Appletreewick. From OWScand kál-garðr 'a cabbage-garden', OSwed kalgarðer, ODan kalgarth; to this word goes back New English dialect, kalegarth, quoted by EDD from YKS and the northernmost comities. There are strong reasons in favour of the assumption that the ME northern cal, cale, kale 'cabbage', and its modern representative New English dialect kale, kail, depend on OScand kal; so may the isolated OE cal in Æfric's Gloss inasmuch as the current OE form was cawel, cawl (from Latin caulis; as for the further development see NED, and Björkman (Erik, 'Scandinavian Loan-words in Middle English' 1900-02). In the same direction points the evidence afforded by the distribution of NE kale in the English dialects, where, with one exception, it is not found outside Scandinavian England. - ME kale resp. OScand kal may further enter into … Caltwayt YKS, see above "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 113 and 183.

[439] ON dögg, 'dew'; ON døkkr, 'dark': Dark Lane.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 101 and 102

dögg (genitive döggvar), dative dögg or döggu, plural döggvar, feminine dew; -fall, noun dew-fall, deposit of dew; -lauss, adjective dewless; -litr, adjective besprinkled with dew; -óttr, adjective bedewed.

døkkr (accusative -van), adjective, dark; døkkr á hár, dark-haired.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 113, entry 7 et seq

DÖGG, … [Anglo Saxon deaw; English 'dew'; German thau; Danish and Swedish dug]: dew; nátt-dögg, night-dew; morgun-dögg, morning-dew … döggvar-drep, n. a dew-track.

• dögg-fall, n. dew-fall
• dögg-litr, adj. dew-besprinkled
• döggóttr, adj. bedewed
• dögg-slóð, f. the slot or track left in the dew

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 773, entry 32

DÖKKR, adjective, … [Swedish-Danish dunkel; German dunkel, Anglo Saxon deark, English 'dark' … dark … dökkvi, a, m. a dark spot.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 261 and 262

dǫgg f. dew; in kenning for blood, hræva dǫgg

dǫggskafi m. 'dew-scraper', name of a long shield

dǫglingr m. ruler, king

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 262

døkkr a. dark (of the sea)

[440] ON hesli, 'hazel': Hazel Head, Hazelhead Moor.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 197

hesli, n. hazel-wood; -kylfa, f. hazel-club; -skógr, m. hazel-wood; -stöng, f. hazel-pole; -vöndr, m. hazel-wand.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 259, entry 17

HESLI, n. [hasl], a hasel … Compounds:

• hesli-kylfa, u, f. a hasel-club
• hesli-skógr, m. hasel-wood
• hesli-stöng, f. a hasel-pole
• hesli-vöndr, m. a hasel-wand

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 143

Brotton

HAZEL GROVE

• Heselgrive 13 VCH ii. 401

'Hazel valley' from ON hesli 'hazel' and gryfja.

[441] ON höttr, 'hood': Robin Hood Field, Robin Hood's Bay, Hood Hill, Hood Hill Stone. Robin Hood's Howl.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 312, entry 19

HÖTTR, m., hattar, hetti, accusative plural höttu, a later form hattr … as also in modern usage; [the Anglo Saxon hôd, English 'hood', Old High German huot, Dutch hoed, German hut may perhaps be identical, but Anglo Saxon hæt, English, Danish, and Swedish hat certainly answer to the old höttr; compare also hetta, quod vide]: a hood, in olden times only a cowl fastened to a cloak, as is seen from numerous instances … Danskr höttr, a Danish hood, … a hat in the modern sense was unknown to the men of old; even the hat-like helmet was called stál-húfa, a steel cap, not stál-höttr. II. in poetry the head is called hattar land, hauðr, -stallr, -fell, -steði, the land, knoll, fell, stithy of the hood; or hatt-staup, n. a hat-knoll … Odin is represented wearing a hött, and so the helmet is called the hood of Odin, etc.; as also Ála höttr: the vaulted sky is foldar höttr = earth's hood, Lexicon Poëticum: dular-höttr, huldar-höttr, a hiding hood, hood of disguise … hattar-maðr, m. a hooded man, man in disguise … Síð-höttr 'Deep-hood' was a favourite name of Odin from his travelling in disguise, compare Robin Hood. III. a proper name, Fornaldar Sögur.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 328

hǫttr m. hat, hood … Hropts hǫttr = helmet; i.e. head (á hǫtt onto the head, but possibly dative; on the head; giantess' hat is perhaps a kenning for the stool pressing down on her head ?

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 226

höttr (genitive hattar, dative hetti, plural hettir, accusative höttu), m. hood.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 118

Fylingdales

ROBIN HOOD'S BAY

• Robin Hoode Baye 1532 Whitby

The name is not found before the 16th century and probably arose from the popular ballads.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 190

Thirkleby

HOOD BECK

• Hodesbec 13 BylE 84, riuulus de Hode 1243 BylE 81 d

vide Hood 195 infra and bekkr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 195

Kilburn

HOOD GRANGE 22 F 4

• Hod(e) 12 BylE 42 d, 1138 Dugd v. 350, 1172-80 Dods vii. 149, 1218 CIR, 1293 QW, 1332 Pat, 1376 Dugd v. 348

Compare Hood Beck 190 supra. The origin of this name is uncertain but the element is probably found again in Hotham (ERY), to fastan hode 963 (14) RegAlb i. 57, Hode, Hodhum DB, Hodum 1166 P, Hothum 1285 (16) KI, and in the names of two lost places in NRY, called Bakerhod 1278 Malton 243 d (in Huttons Ambo) and Sculphode 13 Easby 121 (in Scotton). Actually the word may be OE hōd, 'hood' used in a topographical sense of either 'the top of a hill' or 'a hood-shaped hill'.

Professor Ekwall would prefer to take OE hōd as a lost word which is to be associated with OE hēdan, 'to protect', in the same way that we have German hüten (vb) and hut (noun). In that case the word in place-names would mean 'shelter'. Dr Schram notes that the corresponding MLG hoede, beside its abstract sense 'protection, custody' has developed the concrete sense 'place under military protection, fortress', the kind of meaning that is required here. (Compare Verwijs en Verdam, sub voce hœde.)

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Robin Hood in the North: a Theory of a Norse Origin to the Legends (1934) The Yorkshire Post, Tuesday 16 January at page 6

By Lewis Spence

Mr. E. L. Guilford, in a lecture the other day, suggested that there was no concrete evidence to support the legends of Robin Hood "probably only a robber in Sherwood Forest, about whom the deeds of others centred."

The adventures of bold Robin Hood and his merry men are by no means confined to Sherwood, nor are they even limited to English soil. It would indeed have been strange had the traditions of a figure of such outstanding mediaeval popularity failed to overflow into the neighbouring shire of York, when Northumbrian lore is full of his legends, and Scotland can boast of as many tales and ballads concerning him as of its own William Wallace, and can point to at least two localities as the grave of one of his followers.

The odd thing is that while notices of Robin Hood's appearances in Yorkshire are of comparatively late origin, those relating to his activities in North Britain are to be found among the early passages of Scottish literature. But as we shall see, good reasons exist for such a condition of things, and it is not at all necessary to invent a Scottish exile for the romantic outlaw, even though his "game and play" was so popular at Edinburgh as to cause the most serious annoyance to the Reformers so late as 1565.

Evidence in 1779

It is Charlton in his "History of Whitby and Whitby Abbey", published at York in 1779, who affords us the best modern view of the movements of Robin Hood in Yorkshire. He tells us that in the latter years of the twelfth century Robin "resided generally in Nottinghamshire or the southern parts of Yorkshire". But his robberies became so flagrant and the popular outcry against him so loud that the whole nation grew alarmed at last, and troops were despatched from London to apprehend him.

Unable to cope with the royal forces, the outlaw effected a retreat northward, crossing the moors which surrounded Whitby and gaining the sea-coast, where he provided himself with a number of small fishing vessels by which he could make his escape if necessary. The place where his boats were kept in residence was the spot still known as Robin Hood's Bay, in the waters of which he and his men indulged in fishing. In the neighbourhood he set up butts or marks, where his band practised archery, so that they might not grow rusty in the use of the long bow. But, adds Charlton, the site commonly attributed to these butts, when excavated in 1771, was found to have been a pagan burial-place, although it seems probable that Robin used the low tumuli which covered the graves as suitable eminences on which to place targets.

Stretching a Long Bow

It is in another "History of Whitby", by the Rev. George Young, published in 1817, that a deed of superhuman might is attributed to this bandit as a part of local tradition. We are informed that Robin and his trusty henchman Little John went to dine with one of the abbots of Whitby, and being desired by the prelate to try how far each of them could shoot an arrow, they loosed their shafts from the top of the abbey. The arrows fell on the west side of Whitby Lathes, "beside the lane leading from thence to Stainsacre, that of Robin Hood falling on the north side of the lane, and that of Little John about a hundred feet farther on the south side of the lane."

In the spot where Robin's arrow is said to have lighted stands a stone pillar about a foot square and 4 feet high; and a similar pillar 24 feet high marks the place where John's arrow fell. The fields on the one side are called Robin Hood Closes, and those on the other Little John Closes.

Whitby Laithes, Manor House, Little John Field, Robin Hood Field, Stones (site of)
[NZ 92023 09574]

Tradition inevitably describes Robin Hood as "Earl of Huntingdon". But the researches of Gough at the end of the eighteenth century made it clear that his earldom had a popular sanction only, and indeed was nothing more than a nickname. The period of Robin's supposed career is generally fixed as between the years 1160 and 1247, during which time Malcolm IV, William the Lyon, and Alexander II, kings of Scotland, were undoubted holders of the title successively. As is well known, David I of Scotland became Earl of Huntingdon in right of his wife Matilda, the widow of Simon de St. Liz Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon, and in 1127 did homage to Henry I of England in respect of this title. This, of course, accounts for the great popularity of Robin Hood in Scotland, where his legend was probably introduced by Scots who had heard it at Huntingdon.

But it is much more interesting to probe into the distant and possibly mythological origin of the famous forester than to speculate as to his nobility or lack of the same. Accurate historical notices of him are entirely wanting, and although it is not unlikely that the traditions respecting him may have become confused with the adventures of a veritable bandit who, with his followers, infested Sherwood Forest, many of the circumstances associated with them seem to point to a mythical origin for this romantic figure.

Norse Origin?

In the first place his name is not a little suspect. Though usually spelt as "Hood", "Hude", or even "Whood", it is more rarely found as "Ood" and "Ooth". Now this may be only the old English "wod" or "wood", meaning "wild" and indeed Robin is surnamed "wild" by at least one ancient Scottish poet, while another alludes to him as "waith", that is "wild" or "wandering".

But it seems more probable to the writer that the name, especially in its forms of Ooth and Whood, has reference to Odin Odhin, or Othin, the Allfather of Norse mythology the Anglo-Saxon form of whose name was Woden, and who was originally the wind which bloweth where it lists. For Woden was the old wind-god, associated in later legend with the wild huntsman, and from him the royal Saxon houses of Deira and Bernicia claimed descent, and Deira as everybody knows, was a territory practically co-extensive with Yorkshire.

Moreover, Odin was known to the later witchcraft of the northern counties as Hudikin, the prophetic familiar spirit. What more probable than that the cult and worship of the ancient god of the Angles and Danes of the North was, on the adoption of Christianity, forced to take refuge in the recesses of Sherwood, where legends of the deeds of its principal figures would remain for generations?

There is traditional evidence, too, that Robin, and his men were not regarded as persons of mortal bulk. Hector Boece, describing the grave of Little John "in Murray Land" says that he was fourteen feet in height and the limbs of his body in due proportion. Indeed the old chronicler claimed to have examined his haunch-bone, in the "mouth" of which, he says, he was able to place one of his arms!

Will Scarlet may, indeed, be a modern form of the name of Odin's brother Vill, and "Maid Marian" a corruption of Mardoll, one of the ancient names of Freya, his wife, while Allan-a-Dale might be equated with Ullr, the famous archer-god, who dwelt in the yew-forests, whence he procured the wood for his bows, and who took Odin's place when absent. In the course of ages the Norse pantheon, imprisoned in the green shadows of Sherwood, would emerge in the popular fancy as mere "foresters." beneficent to the descendants of those who had worshipped them, terrible to the Norman supplanters of their faith.

But one must not wander too far upon the sands of surmise, and this provisional reading or an ancient story clamours for the aid of further faithful research. The hypothesis, however, is given here for what it, is worth, and local examination of records and place-names may effect much in its favour, or assist in its demolition.

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The Yorkshire Post, Wednesday 24 January 1934

The Robin Hood Tradition

Further Speculations on its Origin

Sir, Mr. Lewis Spence's article in "The Yorkshire Post" of January 16 is of exceptional interest to students of local history and folklore. In it he suggests that the origin of the Robin Hood tradition is mythological and connected with the Norse religion which, as Yorkshire place-names show, flooded the county until Christian times, and in which Odin was the chief divinity. He puts his suggestions no higher than conjecture and as subject to correction, but they appear reasonable, and the following remarks, which also are offered tentatively, may help to support them and to explain the name of the town from which I write.

First, Yorkshire place-names testify to the wide diffusion in the county of the Scandinavian religion and the names of the gods of its pantheon. Wensleydale is Wotan's Dale, and appropriately contains Asgard (now Aysgarth), the Norse equivalent to the garden of Eden. Thor left his name at Thirsk, Thoralby, Thurstonland, and Thurgoland; Freia had her shrines at Fryston, Fridaythorpe and Frizinghall, each of these places having been a primitive religious centre. But the chief god Odin or Wotan, who, in Mr. Spence's submission, became anthropomorphised into Robin Hood, seems also to have provided Huddersfield with its name. Huddersfield is pretty certainly Hood's or Odin's field, and in local speech is still called "Hoodersfeld" or "Uthersfeld." Domesday Book gives it as Odersfeld Oder being a form of both Odin and Uther (who, by the way, was the demigod father of another legendary hero, King Arthur, or Ar-Thor); its site is usually regarded as having once been the property of a primitive landowner named Oder, whereas more probably it was the "field" (district or parish) of Odin worship; no doubt, too an important centre, since near the town are also found Woodsome (Hood's home), Woodhouse (Hood nawse, or ridge), and Woodhead (Hood's hill or headland), whilst Robin Hood's reputed grave is at Kirklees, near Mirfield, where once stood a Christian monastic house and probably a pagan altar before that. The Yorkshire tongue has twisted "hood" into "wood" as it converts "home" into "whom". And the Huddersfield district seems to be in respect of place-names more redolent of Robin Hood and Odinism than the Sherwood Forest, with which Robin is popularly associated.

The name Odin takes many other forms than Hood; it links up with the Irish "Aodh", the Hebrew letter "Yod" and the English "God" and even "Buddha" is an Eastern variant of Wotan; thus pointing to some primeval root-name for Deity which has undergone numerous local modifications. From Odin we also get the word "odd" as applied to a person who holds unusual views, and which was formerly "wood". "He is wood" occurs in Shakespeare, and means mad, fanatical; but earlier still it probably meant an Odin-worshipper, or as one might say, in the dialect, a "Hoodersfielder".

The Arthurian Legend

Next we have to account (as Mr. Spence partially does) for Odin worship becoming reduced and travestied into the legend of Robin Hood and his bandits. This is not difficult when we recall the parallel Arthurian legend, which is recognised as a solar myth re-expressed in terms of Christian chivalry. King Arthur and his knights impersonate a divine ruler and his officers governing the world (or round table). Similarly the legend of Robin Hood is myth expressed in terms of forestry and one appropriate to an uncivilised age when England was so densely wooded that, as Macaulay said, a monkey, swinging from tree to tree, might have travelled from Newcastle to London without touching ground.

Robin Hood was Odin writ small and personalised; his "merry men" correspond with Arthur's knights; they went about protecting the forest tribes from wild beasts, keeping the peace and redressing human ills. Later, in time, as the land became civilised, their beneficent activities became satirised as banditry and, with changes in religion, the old gods and saviours were regarded as reprobates and outlaws. In all religions one finds a chief god or demigod with a bevy of subordinates who execute his orders; even Christianity has its central Master and twelve apostles; so that, here again, we trace a common root idea underlying all religions, the more advanced ones taking over and reproducing the. main features of the earlier. One may go farther and suggest that in Little John, Robin Hood's favourite comrade, there is a possible equating with John, the "beloved disciple"; whilst pretty certainly Maid Marian is to be identified (like the Irish Brigit) with the Virgin Mary. Close to Robin Hood's reputed grave is Mirfield, which may be Mary's field, just as Prizinghall is "Frela's Ing" (or field), one of Freia's other names having been Mardoll.

Finally, Robin Hood's traditional feats of archery may well be due to the literalising of a religious idea. Divine influences, like the solar rays, are always found symbolised by arrows shot by the Sun-god (Ra or Apollo); even the Hebrew Psalmist praying for deliverance from his enemies uses the phrase "Shoot out thine arrows and destroy them". So when we find stones (as at Whitby, Kirklees, and elsewhere) indicating the places where Robin Hood's and Little John's arrows fell, we may reasonably infer them as marking the site of an ancient religious cult and associate them with such similar stones as the "Devil's Arrows" at Boroughbridge. Once they were pagan religious centres, but upon our country becoming Christianised these old stones came to be regarded as sinister and attributed to ancient powers of evil.

Yours, etc., W. L. Wilmshurst

Gledholt, Huddersfield, January 19.

---

Óðinn æ lifir, 'Odin ever lives'

"Drinking With Óðinn: alcohol and religion in heathen Scandinavia" (2014) Joshua Rood

Óðin's name is derived from ON óðr ('furious' or 'ecstatic'), which is also the first element of the mythical mead of poetry and wisdom, Óðrerir: "Dictionary of Northern Mythology" (2007) Simek, R at page 250

[442] ON up, 'up' and ON tún, 'farm': Upton, Upton Hall, Upton Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 655, entry 11

upp [Anglo Saxon and English 'up'; Danish op; German auf …]: up

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 141

Loftus

UPTON

• Upton 1442 Test

'High farm' vide upp, tún.

[443] ON þak, 'a roof, thatch': Thack Side House, Thack Sike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 729, entry 15

ÞAK, n. [Anglo Saxon þæc; English thack, 'thatch'; Scottish thak; German dach; Danish tag; see þekja] : thatch, roof … spán-þak, torf-þak, timbr-þak. 2. metaphorical = baug-þak …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 507

þak, n. (1) bed-cover; (2) thatch, roof.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 92

Lockton

THACK SIKE (6")

• Taksyk 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 204 d
• Thaksyk 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 205

vide sic. The first element is ON þakk 'thatch' (compare Thackthwaite Beck 266 infra) 'stream by which thatching material grew'.

---

Editor's note: Thack Sike drains Fen Moor [SE 84668 96665] - see [234] ON sík, 'a ditch, trench'.

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 111

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þæc / ON þak 'a roof, thatch'

Despite the ModE form, the final consonant of OE þæc was /k/ rather than /tʃ/ as palatalisation and assibilation did not usually take place word-finally after non-high front vowels or medially except after /i/. The palatalised and assibilated final consonant of ModE thatch is thought to have arisen by analogy with the palatalised, assibilated consonant of the verb, and is recorded from the late fourteenth century by OED: sub verbo thatch, n.). There are localised variations in meaning (in Norway, the word is thought, as in later dialectal reflexes, to have been used of bark used for thatching) but the cognates are recorded in early recorded names from both England and Scandinavia.

[444] ON skaut, 'border, nook, bend': Skate Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 540, entry 46

SKAUT, n. [… Anglo Saxon sceât; English 'sheet' …] the sheet, i.e. the corner of a square cloth or other object … with four 'sheets', i.e. corners (east, west, north, south) … whence himin-skaut, the four quarters of the heavens; or heims-skaut, the poles, norðr-skaut or norðr-heims-skaut, the north pole; jarðar-skaut, the earth's corner, outskirt of the earth … 2. the sheet, i.e. the rope fastened to the corner of a sail, by which it is let out or hauled close … 3. the skirt or sleeve of a garment; of a cloak … whence the phrases, hafa brögð undir skauti, of a cunning person …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 390 and 393

skaut n. sheet, lower corner of sail and/or the rope attached to it … by metonymy, sail … skirt, edge (út fyrir jarðar skauti beyond the edge of the land, out at sea)

skautbjǫrn m. 'sheet-bear', part of kenning for ship: Gusis nauta skautbjǫrn, bear of the sheet of Gusir's gifts, i.e. of the sail

skautreip n. sheet-rope (see skaut)

skjóta (skaut) strong verb with dative, shoot … push quickly, shove; push forward; set (fire to something); strike against, hit; shoot, be flung … present participle skjótandi shooter

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 251, entry 5

HEIMR, m. [… Anglo Saxon hám; compare English 'home', and in local names -ham; … properly, an abode, village, and hence land, region, world … heims-skaut, n. plural, the poles … the earth being conceived as a sheet stretched out … Norðr-heims-skaut, the North pole; Suðr-heims-skaut, the South pole … heims-slit, n. plural, the end of the world …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 144

Skelton

SKATE BECK (6")

• Skaytebec 1271 (Yorkshire Inquisitions), 1272 (Calendar of Close Rolls)
• Sketebec 1271 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)
• Skeyte-, Scaitebek 1272 (Calendar of Close Rolls)

Lindkvist (Middle English Place-Names of Scandinavian Origin, 1912 at page 135) is probably correct in deriving this name from ON skøyti, a mutated form of ON skaut. ON skøyti is only recorded with the meaning of 'shaft, missile' but it may also have had the meaning of skaut 'nook, bend' (compare Rygh Elvenavne sub verbo skaut-). Skate Beck is a stream with many twists and turns in its course. 'Twisted stream' vide bekkr. We probably have a parallel in Staitebec (sic), the name of a tributary of the Wharfe (1310 Calendar of Charter Rolls).

---

"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at page 81.

OWScand skauð 'vagina', plural skauðir 'the sheath of a horse's penis' (= MHG schode): NEDial, scow substantive 'the sheath of a horse's penis', see Wall page 117.

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"English-Old Norse Dictionary" (2002) compiled by Ross G. Arthur at pages 18 and 72

border - ON skaut; hem - ON skaut

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"English-Old Norse Dictionary", The Vikings of Bjornstad

ON skaut, sheet, corner of the sail (ship/sailing term); hem, border, end of cloak; láta skaut horfa á land - sail along the coast.

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"Norway, I. Virile Ways of the Modern Vikings" (ca 1920) A. MacCallum Scott Volume V at page 3853

The "skaut", or headdress of gophered linen, denotes the Hardanger wife
while smiling industry proclaims her a happy and devoted one

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The Vikings in Lewis (2014) David Etheridge et al, Department of Archæology and Anthropology, University of Bristol at page 15

… sgód (sail corner) derives from ON skaut.

[445] ON Tame: River Tame.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 170

Stokesley

TANTON

• Tametun, -ton(a) DB
• Tameton 1170 P (p); 13 Guis; 1208 FF; 1224 Pat
• Tanton(a) 1203-7 Whitby; 1285 (16th) KI
• Tampton 1243-73 Heal 43 d et passim to 1418 YI
• Tamton circa 1280-90; Heal 108; 1312 Ch

'Farm on the Tame' vide Tame, River 6 supra and tún.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, River-Names at page 6

TAME, R., an affluent of the Tees.

• Tame 1129 Guis

The name is identical with the river-names Tame (STS, WAR) and Thames, with Welsh Taff and the old Indian river-name Tamassa vide RNY 13 and compare Tanton 170 infra.

[446] ON smiðr, 'smith': Smiddales, Smithy Ellers.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 572, entry 4

SMIÐR, m., genitive smiðs, old plural smiðar, accusative smiða … [Anglo Saxon smið; English 'smith'; Danish-Swedish smed; German schmied] a smith, craftsman, wright, of workers in metals and wood, ship or house-building; járn-smiðr, tré-smiðr, stein-smiðr, gull-smiðr, skip-smiðr, knarrar-smiðr, skó-smiðr, skepti-smiðr, höfuð-smiðr, frum-smiðr … II. Smiðr, a nickname and proper name, Landnámabók. (cp. Rm. 21, Ann. 1362, English Smith); Smið-kell, Smið-Skeggi, Landnámabók.

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 107

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE smið / ON smiðr 'smith'

ON final-r is inflexional so these elements are indistinguishable.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Smiðr (m. 1).

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 396

smíði n. work, something made (with genitive of maker or owner

smiðja f. workshop, smithy

smiðr m. maker, creator; smith, craftsman (artificer); name for an ox

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 69

Helmsley

SMIDDALES (6")

• Smidhesdala circa 1180 Riev

'The Smith's valley' from OE smið and dæl.

Editor's note: as dala and dalr are similarly pronounced the more likely derivation of this place-name is ON smiðr and dalr.

[447] ON prestr, 'priest': Preston Ings, Preston Hill, Priest's Sike, Priest's Sike Slack.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 478, entry 54

PRESTR, m., prests, presti, [the word was borrowed through the English missions from the Anglo Saxon preost, English 'priest', as is seen from the dropping of the inflexive r or er, whereas the German has priester, Old High German priestar, agreeably with the ecclesiatical Latin presbyter] a priest … in countless instances, as also in modern usage. Compounds:

• presta-bók, f. a ministerial book
• presta-búr, n. a 'priest's closet'
• presta-dómr, m. a priest's court, an ecclesiastical court
• prests-dómr, m. priesthood
• presta-fátt, adj. scarcity of priests
• prests-fundr, m. the visit of a priest; biðja prestsfundar, of one dying
• prests-fæði, n. = prestborð
• presta-garðr or prests-garðr, m., prests-hús, n. a priest's residence
• presta-hatari, a, m. 'priest-hater', a nickname of the Norse king Eric (1281-1299)
• presta-heimili, n. a priest's domicile
• prests-kaup, n. a priest's wage
• presta-mót, n., and presta-stefna, u, f. a conference of priests, a synod
• presta-reiða, u, f. = prestreiða
• presta-silfr, n. the priest's fee, the contribution which a priest, when at a conference, had to pay
• presta-spítal, n. (-spítali, a, m.), a hospital, infirmary for priests

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 100

Hutton Buscel

PRESTON ING (6")

• Preste-enge 1323 (Whitby Cartulary)

vide preost, eng. The land here was in the possession of Whitby Abbey. The modern form arises from association with the neighbouring Preston Hill 101 infra.

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Editor's note: vide ON prestr, 'a priest' and ON eng, 'a water meadow, pasture' - see [46]..

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Editor's note: see Rygh NG vol xiii at page 247.

27. Veø

20. Veø Præstegaard. Se under Herredsnavnet - Wedøe 1669, Wedeø Præstegaard 1723. Om navnets Betydning se under Herredsnavnet ("For the meaning of the name see under the Lord's Name").

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 101

Hutton Buscel

PRESTON HILL (6")

• Presteton, Prestetune 1086 DB
• Preston 1259 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls) et passim

'Priests' farm' vide preost, tun.

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Editor's note: vide ON prestr, 'a priest' and ON tún, 'a farm, homestead etc'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 127

Whitby

PRESTBY (lost)

• Prestebi, -by 1086 DB et passim to 1345 (Whitby Cartulary)

'Priests' farm'; vide preost, by. Compare Norwegian Præstby (Rygh NG i. 66). Symeon of Durham and the Memorial of the Foundation of Whitby Abbey (Whitby Cartulary, page 1) both say that Prestebi was the old name of Whitby. But the above references and spellings show that the name was in use in the 12^th century, contemporaneously with Whitby, and certainly not to refer to the same area as Witebi.

[448] ON leysingi, 'freedman': Lazenby, Lackenby.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 387, entry 3

leysingi, a, m., also lausingi, leysingr, m., especially in genitive, leysings … a freedman … leysings-eyrir, m. a freedman's fee, to be paid to his master to the amount of six ounces … III. a landlouper … Icelandic leysingi, leysingr a freedman.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 375, entry 39

lausingi, a, m. = leysingi, quod vide

dáð-leysingi, a, m. a good-for-naught, a lubber.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 160

Ormesby

LAZENBY

• Lesingebi, Laisinbia, Lesighebi DB
• Lei-, Leysing(e)bi, -by DB; 12 Dodsworth xcv. 36; 81 QW
• Lesingby 1300 YI

'Village of the freedmen' vide leysingi, by. Compare Lazenby (Allerton Wapentake) 210 infra and a lost Laysingcroft (circa 1180 Percy) in Redcar.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 270

leysa (-ta, -tr) verb, (1) to loose, loosen, untie, undo … leysa knút, to undo a knot …

leysingi (genitive -ja), masculine, freedman.

leysingja feminine, freedwoman.

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"The Norse Settlements in the British Islands", Alexander Bugge, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Volume 4 (1921), at page 198

The Norsemen, until the conquest of William Rufus, formed the ruling class of Cumberland. They mostly, it seems, lived in garrisons and strongholds, and possibly, as in other Scandinavian parts of England, were united into knight-guilds - there are, at any rate, in the place-names of LAN, several traces of guilds. The land was cultivated by serfs and freedmen who, as in Norway, were called þrœlar ('thralls') and leysingjar. The word þrœll is still preserved in Trelefelt (now Threlfall) in Goosnargh. Leysing was a common name in CUL and LAN. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, however, we also find ON names among the villains. In CUL leysing was as late as in 1259 used in the original meaning of 'a freedman'. The Norsemen in the Lake District had since the middle of the tenth century been cut off from their Norwegian compatriots. Nevertheless, in the latter part of the twelfth century, and probably even later, a sort of Norwegian vernacular must still have survived

[449] ON up-salir, 'high dwellings': Upsall, Upsall Pit.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 656, entry 60

Upp-salir, m. plural, Upsala, a famous town in Sweden, the residence of the king, and the central seat of the cultus of Odin Uppsala-auðr, the treasure of U., the public exchequer of the kings of Sweden … Uppsala-þing Uppsala-lög

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 346

salr (genitive, salar, plural, salir, accusative, sali) m. room, hall.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 158

Ormesby

UPSALL 15 J 9

• Uppes(h)ale DB
• Uppesale 1155-65 Whitby; 1222-40 Guis; 1284 Ebor p; YI
• Upsale circa 1170-95 YCh et passim to 1498 Test
• Upsall 1443 Test

This name, like Upsall (Birdforth Wapentake) 200 infra, is the same as the Swedish Uppsala from ON up-salir, 'high dwellings'. The name is a common Scandinavian type: compare Norwegian Opsal, earlier i Vpsalum Rygh NG i. 138 et passim.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 200

South Kilvington

UPSALL 22 D 2

• Upsale DB
• Uppesale 1185 Dodsworth vii 68

With the same run of forms and interpretation as Upsall (Langbaurgh West Wapentake) 158 supra. It is on the upper slope of a fairly steep hill.

[450] ON Norðmenn, 'a Northman, Norwegian'; OE Norþman, Norþmanna, 'Norwegians'; ON bú, 'a house, farmstead, dwelling': Normanby.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at pages 57, 117, 157, 226 and Introduction xxvi.

Comprising two ON elements which combine to form 'village of the Norwegians' from Norþman (genitive plural, Norþmanna) and bú.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 57

Normanby

1. NORMANBY 22 F 11

• Normanebi, -by DB 1086, circa 1200 For, 1204 (1433) Pat (1216-1485), 1308 Ch (1226-1326)
• Northmannabi circa 1130 SD
• Normnebi 1167 P
• Normanby 1147-61 YCh 414, 1154-89 MaryH, MS Harl. 236 (early 14th century) 6 d
• North(e)manby KI, LS (1301)
• Normannebi 1308 Ch (1226-1326)

'Village of the Norwegians' from OE Norþman (genitive plural Norþmanna) and bú. vide Introduction xxvi.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 117

Fylingdales

NORMANBY

• Normanneby circa 1110 YCh 857
• Northmanbi 1224 Whitby

This name has the same run of forms and meaning as Normanby (Ryedale Wapentake) 57 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 157

Ormesby

NORMANBY

• Norðmannabi circa 1050 HCY
• Northmanby 1222-40 Guis
• Normanebi DB et passim to 1252 Ch (1226-1326)
• Normannesbi 1181 P
• Normanby 1191-9 Guis

Compare Normanby (Ryedale) 57 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Halikeld Wapentake at page 226

Burneston

NORMANBY

• Normanebi DB

vide Normanby (Ryedale) 57 supra.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 18, 45, 80, 91, 92, 94, 120, 178, 228, 246, 281 and 282

• Austmaðr m. easterner, Norwegian
• austrœnn adjective, from the east, i.e. Norwegian
• Einarr þambarskelfir (Eindriðason) m. 11th-century Norwegian chieftain
• gestr m. guest; a rank of retainer at the Norwegian court
• Hákon Ívarsson m. 11th-century Norwegian (great-grandson of Hákon Hlaðajarl)
• Hálfdan enn svarti (Goðrøðarson) m. 9th-century Norwegian king
• Haraldr hárfagri Hálfdanarson m. Norwegian king circa 885-935
• Hǫrða-Kári m. ninth-century Norwegian
• Norðlendingar m. plural, people of the north (of Iceland)
• Norðmenn m. plural, Norwegians; genitive plural, Norðmanna; dative plural, Norðmannum
• norðr adverb, north, northwards; to the north; in the north; on the northerly side, to the north
• norðr fyrir northwards along (the coast), northwards past
• Norðrlǫnd n. plural, Northlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic countries; dative plural, Norðrlandum
• Nóregr m. Norway
• Nóregskonungr m. king of Norway
• norn f. Norn, one of the three Fates of northern mythology
• Norvegr m. Norway
• norrœnn/nórœnn adjective, Norwegian
• Styrkárr af Gimsum m. Norwegian landowner, one of Óláfr Tryggvason's supporters
• Úlþjótr m. Norwegian, 9th-10th century
• Úlþjótslǫg n. plural, Úlþjót's law
• þorgils Hálmuson m. Norwegian farmer
• þorgrímr m. a Norwegian
• þórir m. Norwegian sea-captain
• þorleifr enn spaki Hǫrða-Kárason m. 10th-century Norwegian

[451] ON krúnk, 'raven's croak': Crunkly Gill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 357, entry 19

krúnk, noun, onomatopeic, the raven's cry; knúk! krúnk! Snót (1866) 141.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 357, entry 20

krúnka, að, 'to croak, of a raven' …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 133

Danby

CRUNKLY GILL

• Crūbeclif, Crūbeclive, -cliva 1086 DB

'Ravine by the crooked cliff' vide crumb, clif, gil and compare Cronkley, Place-Names Northumberland, Durham sub nomine and Hamley page 80 supra.

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Crunkly Gill and the River Esk

Editor's note: vide ON krúnka, 'raven's croak' and ON gill, 'a deep narrow glen with a stream at bottom'.

[452] ON mylna, 'a mill': Mill Beck, Millholme.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 440, entry 23

mylna, u, f. [from Latin mola], a mill … the genuine Teutonic, word is kvern, quod vide mylnu-maðr, m. a 'mill-man', miller.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 146

Skelton

MILL HOLME (6")

• Milnholm 1407 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

'Mill field' vide myln, holmr.

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Editor's note: vide ON mylna, 'a mill' and ON holmr, 'an islet, dry place in a marshy area, higher dry ground amidst marshes, water meadow', which topographical element properly describes Mill Holme [NZ 68032 19215] - see also Holme Beck [NZ 67403 18700] and Holme Bridge [NZ 67270 18598] which bridge is approximately 1,032 metres east and 617 metres south of Mill Holme.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 257

Wensley

MILL BECK (6")

• Milnebec circa 1180 Riev

vide myln, bekkr.

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Editor's note: vide ON mylna, 'a mill' and ON bekkr, 'a stream'.

[453] ON lopt, 'loft, air, sky, heaven': Loftus, Loftus Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 398, entry 1

LOPT, neuter: 1. [Anglo Saxon lyft; Scottish and Old English 'lift'; English 'a loft'] the air, atmosphere, sky, heaven, lopt vindlaust … lopt var mikit (a great height) … 2. adverb, phrases; á lopt, aloft, into the sky; hlaupa í lopt upp, to leap up into the air … lopt-hræddr, adj. giddy with looking down from aloft; lopt-megin, n. skill in climbing, … lopt-riki, n. the realm of air … B. [English, Scottish, and Danish loft] , a loft, upper room, also of houses built on piles (stafir), and thus lifted from the ground; this may well be the primitive sense from which that of air, sky may be derived through the notion that the heavens were a many-storied ceiling … lopts gat, an opening in a floor, trap-door. II. a balcony … in modern usage of the ceilings or floors in many-storied houses. Compounds:

• lopt-dyrr, n. plural, the doors to a lopt
• lopt-eldr, m. lightning
• lopt-gluggr, m. the window of a lopt
• lopt-hús, n. a loft-chamber
• lopt-rið, n. a staircase (outside the house) leading up to the loft or upper storey
• lopt-skemma, u, f. a loft-room, a bouse built on piles
• lopt-svalir, f. plural, a balcony, gallery, lattice

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 140

Loftus

1. LOFTUS 16 D 6

• Loctus(h)um, Loctehusum 1086 DB
• Lofthus 12, 13 (Guisborough Cartulary) (9 X), 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary) et passim to 1303 (Knights' Fees)
• Loftus 1160-75 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 656, about 1199 (Guisborough Cartulary)
• Loftous 1285 (Kirkby's Inquest)
• Lofthuses, -houses 1295, 1300 (Registers of the Archbishops of York), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Lofthowse, Lofthous 1316 (Nomina Villarum), 1334 1339 (Guisborough Cartulary), 1369 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines), 464 (Testamenta Eboracensia)

vide lopt-hus. The DB form represents the ON dative plural lopthúsum, as in Lofthouse near Harewood (Yorkshire West Riding), DB Loctus-hun. For Locte- vide Loft Marishes 95 supra.

[454] ON klífa, 'climb'; ON kljúfa, klyfja, 'to split, cleave': Cleaves.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 342, entry 24

KLEIF, f., plural, kleifar, [from klífa, to climb], a ridge of cliffs or shelves in a mountain side … poetical, the head is called hjarna kleif, 'harn-cliff,' … Kleifar, f. plural, a local name in western Iceland

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 343, entry 7

klifa, að, properly, to climb, but only used metaphorically: to repeat, to harp on the same thing … reflexive, to wrangle

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 343, entry 10

klifra, að, to climb … usually as dep. klifrask

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 343, entry 18

KLÍFA, present klíf, preterite kleif, plural, klifu; [Anglo Saxon clîfian; English 'cleave' to; Dutch kleven; German kleben] to climb; … konungr kleif upp í einn bakka …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 343, entry 25

KLJÚFA, prts. klýf; preterite, klauf, klauft (klaufst), klauf, plural, klufu; subjunctive, klyfi; participle, klofinn; [Anglo Saxon cleôfan; English 'cleave'; … Danish klöve; Swedish klyfva] to cleave, split … metaphorical, to split, II. reflex., þar at sem björgin kljúfask, are cleft, branch out … 3. participle, klofinn, as adjective, cloven; langt upp klofinn, i.e. long-legged

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 344, entry 27

klyfja, klufði, [kljúfa], to split, cleave … participle klufðr, cleft; hjör-klufðr, a cleft with a sword

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 335, 406 and 417

kljúfa (klauf) strong verb, cleave, split

sundrkljúfr m. cleaver-apart

undskornir m. 'wound-cleaver', name for an eagle (as carrion bird)

[455] ON skegg, 'shaggy, beard':

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 542, entry 25

SKEGG, n. [English 'shaggy' is akin, but in the sense of the beard the word is peculiar to the Scandinavian languages, which use barð (quod vide) in a different sense; Danish skæg; Swedish skägg] a beard, properly originally = shagginess … skríða undir skegg einhverjum, to hide behind another's beard, Fs. 31; konu skegg, a woman's beard, … höggva skeggi niðr, to bite the dust; meðan upp heldr skeggi, as long as we can stand upright; höggvask til skeggjum, to put beards togetherII. = barð (quod vide), the cutwater, beak, of a ship; … III. in proper names, Skeggi, Járn-skeggi, Skegg-broddi, Landnamáboacute;k; Skegg-bragi, Skegg-ávaldi or Ávaldi skegg, Compounds:

• skegg-barn, n. a 'beard-bairn,' bearded baby, a name given to a man by a giant
• skegg-broddr, m. bristles of the beard
• skegg-brúsi, a, m. an earthen jug
• skegg-hvítr, adj. white-bearded
• skegg-karl, m. = skeggbrúsi skyldir erum við skeggkarl tveir
• skegg-lauss, adjective, beardless
• skegg-maðr, m. a bearded man
• skegg-síðr, adjective, long-bearded
• skegg-staðr, m., modern, skegg-stæði, n. the bearded part of the face
• skeggi, a, m., plural, skeggjar, in the compounds, eyjar-skeggjar, 'island-shaggies', i.e. islanders, frequent in the Sagas, probably originally a sort of soubriquet, owing to the notion that islanders were more rough and wild in their habits than other men; the word is particularly used of the Faroe islanders, Fær … Götu-skeggjar, the name of a family from Gata in Faroe; Mostrar-skeggr, the nickname of Thorolf of Moster, an island in Norway … hraun-skeggi, the man of the wilderness
• skeggja, u, f. a kind of halberd, also called barða
• skeggjaðr, participle, bearded, … ú-skeggjaðr, beardless
• skegglingr, m. a kind of bird, English shag or green cormorant
• skegg-öx, f. = skeggja or barða

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 163, 222, 225, 367 and 370

• skegg, noun, beard (honum óx eigi skegg).
• skegg-barn, noun, bearded child (a name given to a man by a giant).
• skegg-broddar, m. plural, bristles of the beard.
• skegg-hvitr, a. white-bearded.
• skeggjaðr, pp. bearded.
• skegg-lauss, adjective, beardless.
• skegg-maðr, masculine, bearded man.
• skegg-siðr, a. longbearded.
• skegg-staðr, m. the bearded part of the face.
• skapa skegg, to trim the beard.
• manar, skegg, to cut the mane, beard.
• hoku-skegg, noun, beard on the chin.
• geitar-skegg, noun, goat's beard.
• haeru-skeggi, masculine, hoary beard.
• hoku-skegg, noun, beard on the chin.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Skeggi (m. 15) and Kolskeggr (m. 2).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 104, 137, 159, 190, 210, 282 and 283

• Hjalti Skeggjasonr m. Icelander, 10th-11th century
• kroppinskeggi m. a nickname, 'crop-beard'?, 'crooked beard' ?
• Markús (Skeggjason) m. lawspeaker from 1084 to 1107 (when he died)
• rauðskeggjaðr adjective, past particple, with a red beard; hinn rauðskeggjaði the red-bearded one (i.e. þórr)
• skegg n. beard
• skeggjaðr adjective, (past particple,) bearded (i.e. a full-grown male)
• Skeggjasonr m. son of Skeggi þorgeirsson, 10th-century Icelander
• þórir kroppinskeggi m. 10th-century Icelander
• þorvaldr kroppinskeggi m. 10th-century Icelander

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 275, 385, 390, 454, 476, 491 and 511

• flaugarskegg n. 'flag-beard', flaps or frayed ends at the end of a flag ?
• síðskeggr a. long-bearded
• skegg n. beard
• skeggbragi m. 'beard-Bragi', 'beard-chieftain' ?
• skeggja f. 'bearded axe', axe with a long lower point on the blade
• Eiríksdrápa f. a poem by Markús Skeggjason about Eiríkr
• Hjalti m. (2) Skeggjason v369 n. (Íslendingabók, Njáls saga)
• Markús m. (Skeggjason), Icelandic poet, lawspeaker 1084-1107 (died 1107)
• Sveinn m. (2) (tjúguskegg Haraldsson, king of Denmark; died 1014) father of Knútr inn ríki

[456] ON kjóss, 'a small creek, valley': Keasbeck, Keas Beck.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 4

North Riding River-Names

KEAS BECK, an affluent of the Derwent

• Kesbek 1335 ForP 211 d

vide Keasbeck (Whitby Strand Wapentake) 114 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

KEASBECK

• Kesebec, -bek 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary), 1231 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls), 1395 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Kesbek 1175-98 (Whitby Cartulary)

The first element is ON kjóss 'a small creek, valley, recess', which enters into a number of Norwegian place-names compare Rygh, (Norske Gaardnavne Indledning 60); vide bekkr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 340, entry 52

KJÓS, f., also kvos, a deep or hollow place = dæl, quod vide: a local name, Kjós, Kjósar-sýsla, in the south of Iceland, Landnámabók. Kjos-verjar, m. plural the men of Kjós …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 365, entry 30

kvos, f. a little hollow place, = kjós, quod vide

[457] ON Skeifr (by-name); ON, skeifr, 'askew': Skeugh House, Skeugh Lane, The Skeugh.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 543, entry 12

SKEIFR, adjective [English 'skew'; German schief; Danish skjæv] askew, oblique; … koma skeift við, to go crookedly … Skeifr, a nickname, Orkney; Fjöru-skeifr, a nickname.

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Editor's note: possibly from ON á ská ('askew, askance'), compare Icelandic á ská ('diagonally'), Danish skrå ('slanting'), German Schräge ('slope, slant'), a reference to the medieval open field layout of 'The Skeugh'. Scaife is a modern surname derived from ON by-name Skeifr, 'awry, difficult' perhaps pertaining to the bearer's hair or personality. The first recorded instance of this by-name was in the OE epic Beowulf.

[458] ON geit 'goat'; Gaterigg (lost), Gatela Bridge, Gatela Road.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 114

Hackness

GATELA ROAD (6")

• Gaytelaye, Gaitelei 1145-8, 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Gatelaw 1619 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 2^nd series)

'Goats' clearing'; vide geit, leah.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 161

Middlesbrough

GATERIGG (lost)

• Gayteryk, circa 1142 Dugdale v. 352
• Gayteryg, -rig 1160-70 YCh 1851 et passim to 1392 BM
• Geytrik 1247 Ch

'Goats' ridge'; vide geit, hrycg.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Geitir (m. 1).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 196, entry 26

GEIT, f., genitive geitar, plural geitr, [Anglo Saxon gât; English 'goat'; German geiz; Swedish get; Danish geed] a she-goat (the he-goat is hafr) … stein-geit, the steinbock or wild goat. 2. metaphorical a coward (compare English 'hare'); hann er mesta geit, he is a 'frightened hare,' … II. botanical, geitna-njóli, aegopodium; geitna-skóf, lichen proboscideus … geit-skór, m. 'goat-shoe,' the willow-weed, epilobium, a nickname … III. medical, geitr, only in plural, scurvy in the head from vermin … Compounds:

• geitar-hár, n. goat's hair
• geitar-horn, n. a goat's horn
• geitar-hugr, m. a she-goat's courage, cowardice
• geita-hús, n. a goat's fold
• geita-kúgildi, n. a cow's value paid in goats
• geitar-skegg, n. a goat's beard
• geita-sveinn, m. a goat-boy, goat-herd
• geit-belgr, m. a goat-skin (blown up), (a nickname)
• geit-bjálfi, a, m. a goat-skin coat
• geit-fé, n. collective noun
• geit-héðinn, m. a goat-skin jacket, a proper name
• geit-sauðr, m. much the same as geitfé generally she-goats
• geit-skinn, n. a goat-skin; goat-skins were used by sorcerers, hence the phrase, vefja geitskinni at höfði einhverjum, to hoodwink one
• geit-staka, u, f. a goat-skin
• geitir, m., poetical a giant: a proper name, Landnámabók
• geitla, u, f. Angelica sylvestris
• geitungr, m. [Swedish geting; Danish geding], a wasp

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See [214] ON hryggr, 'ridge'.

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"Settlement and society in north-east Yorkshire A.D. 400 - 1200" (1987) Ann Elizabeth Reid at page 64

3) Fisheries

Fisheries do not appear in Domesday Book but are frequently found in the later charters, mainly in the River Tees. Fisheries certainly in rivers existed early in the Anglo-Saxon period; the name Yann (DB 1086 Gearum) means 'at the fish weirs' and seems to be a very early name-form (Watts. pers. comm.). It seems logical to suppose that the sea was also exploited. A number of fisheries were granted in the twelfth century to Guisborough and other houses, often in association with other gifts. John Ingram granted Guisborough Priory one carucate in Ayresame with places for the construction of fisheries in 1150-60 (EYC II. No. 707). Some ten years later Roger de Cusin granted the monks of Byland a toft of 1½ acres at Linthorpe, the tillage of Gaterigg next the Tees and a licence to attach fisheries, with common rights (EYC III. No.1851). Adam de Brus II, in the latter half of the twelfth century, confirmed the grant of William de Acklam to Byland of a fishery below Gaterygg with liberty to fish the Tees with a net where others draw their nets (EYC I. No. 773). This gives incidental information on methods of fishing then employed. No charters record grants of fisheries to Whitby Abbey but the account rolls show that the monks received renders of fish in the late fourteenth century (WCh II. No.590). The editor of the Whitby Cartulary notes that in his time the River Esk was full of salmon and shoals of herring still moved down the North Sea coast (Atkinson 1879.577). In the light of the absence of charter evidence of fisheries elsewhere, we may presume that Whitby's fish came from the Esk and from the sea.

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"Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (Part 1) (1900) Erik Björkman at page 42.

ME gayte 'goat' … In words containing an OE ā, ay is, as a rule, not written in these records (cf. e.g. rās 'rose', a(ne) 'one', brad 'broad' …) The spelling ay is, on the other hand, easily accounted for by assuming Scandinavian influence: OWScand geit, OSwed get, ODan ged. Also ME geit, gehet sg. … is very probably the Scandinavian word, because the English form would have been goot … The plural geyt(e) … may also be Scandinavian, but cannot be proved to be so, because ey might denote ē (OE gœt).

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part I: Grammar" (2008) Michael Barnes, Viking Society, For Northern Research, University College London at page 54

En honum varð flar eptir geit ok hafr. Ok inn sama dag, sem Hallfreðr var í brott, hljóp skriða á húsin, ok týndusk flar flessir gripir, ok flví heitir flat síðan í Geitdal.

But it turned out he left a she-goat and a billy-goat there. And the same day as Hallfreðr moved away, a landslide fell onto the buildings and these animals perished there, and for that reason the place has since been called Geitdalr.

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"Edda: Sk&áldskaparm&ál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 286, 453, 462 and 526

• geit f. (she-)goat
• geitahús n. goat-house, goat-shed
• Eimgeitir m. a giant
• Geitir m. a sea-king; in kenning for ship, Geitis marr; for shield, Geitis garðr; a giant
• Geitla f. a troll-wife
• Þrígeitir m. a giant

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 77 and 86

• geit f. (she-)goat
• Geitdalr m. valley in eastern Iceland
• geitskǫr f. (or geitskor f. or geitskór m.) nickname (= 'goat-hair'?)
• Grímr geitskǫr m. 10th-century Icelander

[459] ON burkni, 'bracken': Bracken Hill, Brackenhoe.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 84, entry 96

burkni, a, m. [Scottish bracken or breckan, compare English 'brake'], the common fern, Hjalt.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 66

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE bræcen / ON brakni 'bracken'

The (1) early distribution of the lexeme and (2) lack of a plausible OE source-form have been seen as evidence for ModE bracken being a Scandinavian loanword (OED: sub verbo bracken, n.1).

However, a Scandinavian derivation is also problematic: modern Scandinavian forms suggest ON brekni (with i-mutation) but this should give ME forms with medial -e- (VEPN sub verbo braken); Björkman 1900-02:289). There is thus also no suitable source-form in ON either, so ON brakni has been reconstructed. This is a plausible derivative … However, ME braken may alternatively reflect an unrecorded OE bræcen, derived from OE bracu 'fern, thicket', cognate with Norw brake, 'juniper bush' … and recorded in OE charters …. It is unclear whether OE bræcen would be derived from (an early form of) bracu … Consequently, OE bræcen can plausibly be derived by means of a number of derivational suffixes. Alternatively, OE bræcen could have originated as an adjective formed with OE -en which was used to form adjectives meaning 'characterised by, growing with', and which appears to have remained productive in OE beyond the period of i-mutation …

Overall, there are, then, possible suffixes that could have been used to derive suitable source-forms in both OE and ON (although rarely used in the latter at least). Neither form is attested, so there is not much reason to prefer either; consequently, OE bræcen / ON brakni are here classed as indistinguishable.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, xx Wapentake at page 162

Marton

BRACKENHOWE 6"

• Brac(h)anhou 12 Whitby
• Brachan(e)hoc 1160-76 YCh 1848; 13 Whitby

'Bracken Hill' vide ME braken, OE hoh, 'mound, cairn, barrow'.

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Editor's note: possibly derived from ON brakni, burkni, 'bracken' and ON haugr, 'hill, mound, cairn'.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at pages 104 and 105

Brakenthwayth … fn.6 ME (northern) braken, 'fern, bracken', perhaps Scandinavian loan, see NED and "Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English" (1900) Erik Björkman. Compare Swedish bräken, Danish bregne and the ODan place-name Bregnœtued SRD. The same ME word enters into Brakenesthweit now Brakenthwaite LAN, which name is given by Wyld & Hurst, quod vide.

Bracthuait LIN … fn.1 ME brake 'fern, bracken'; NEDial brake. See NED.

[460] ON Skirfir (personal name): Skirfa Beck - see also [356] ON Skurfa (personal name).

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Skirfir is the name of a dwarf mentioned in the Vǫluspá and in the Þulur.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 12

skirvir, m. the name of a dwarf, Vǫluspá: skirvill, a nickname, Íslenzkir Annálar.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 550, entry 9

skirfl, n., modern skrifli, [German scherbe], a hulk, an old dilapidated thing; skjaldar-skirfl, n. plural, 'old worn-out shields', Banda-manna Saga; skip-skirfl, bát-skirfl, frequent in modern usage.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 557, entry 45

skrifl or skrifli, n. a hulk; see skirfli (arkar-skrifli, see örk).

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"Vergleichendes und Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altwestnordischen" (1948) Ferdinand Holthausen

ON skirfill, 'sherd, cut piece'.

[461] ON gálgi 'gallow': Gallow Green, Gallow Field, Gallow(s) Hill.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 186

Topcliffe

GALLOW GREEN (6")

• Galgholm 1333 Percy

'Gallow Field' from ON gálgi and holmr.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 287

Easby

RICHMOND (a borough) 14 J 6, 7

… Footnote 1: Minor and street names of Richmond are: … Gallowgate [NZ 17410 01514], Gallow Field [NZ 16730 01829]; reference to the gallows vide OE gealga, ON gálgi) is found in Galowbrawghe (1523 VCH), 'the brow where the gallows stand', Gallowe Felde (1536 YChant), Galowgait close (1586 YD).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 193, entry 19

GÁLGI, a, m. [Anglo Saxon gealga; English 'gallows'; German galgen; Danish-Swedish galge] the gallows; in olden times they were worked by a lever, and the culprit was hauled up (spyrna gálga) … Compounds:

• gálga-farmr, m. load of the gallows, referring to the myth of Odin hanging in the tree Vinga-meid or Ygg-drasil.
• gálga-gramr, -valdr, m. the king, ruler of the gallows, poetically, names of Odin.
• gálga-tré, n. a gallows-tree.
• A hook is poetically called agn-gálgi, 'bait-gallows'.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 84

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE gealga / ON gálgi 'gallows'

In Anglian, OE galga (without fronting of a to /æ/ and so without breaking of /æ/to /æa/) rather than gealga would be expected and, since the initial consonant was not followed by a front vowel, /g-/ rather than /j-/ would be found. This form would be indistinguishable from ON gálgi. Both Scandinavian and English forms are generally late-recorded in place-names, and the sole OE charter-bound attestation is from an area where Scandinavian influence is not out of the question.

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"Gallows, Cairns, and Things: a Study of tentative gallows sites in Shetland": (2016) Joris Coolen, The Assembly Project II, Journal of the North Atlantic, Special Volume 8:93 at page 97

Secondly, Smith (2006) has suggested that all gallows sites were originally called gálgi, as he believes their origin lies early in the Norse period. This interpretation implies that the gallow-type names were later translated. This shift could have happened only as long as the meaning of the old name was still understood, either because the gallows were still in use or because their memory was still alive (cf.O'Grady 2008:360). The English word 'gallows'(OE galga or gealga and ON gálgi) are closely related in terms of etymology. Both derive from OGerm galgon, meaning 'pole', which in turn can be traced back to a Proto-Indo-European word, ghalgh-, for 'branch or rod'. Although ON gálgi is cognate with OE g(e)alga, it is unlikely that the latter word was still used by the time Scots replaced Norn, the Norse language spoken in Orkney and Shetland. It is believed that Norn gradually died out between the 16th and 18th centuries in Shetland (Knooihuizen 2005, Ljosland 2012, Smith 1996:31-35).

[462] ON trani 'crane': Trenholme.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 176

Whorlton

TRENHOLME

• Traneholm 1177 P (p); 1285 KI; 1299 YI; 1323 Abbr
• Thranholm 1226 FF
• Treyneham 1575 FF
• Traynholme 1596 Pickhill

'Crane meadow' vide ON trani and holmr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 639, entry 14

TRANI, a, m.; this is the oldest form and gender, whence later, trana, u, f.; the masculine form occurs in Höfuðl. 10 (tranar); tranann … [Anglo Saxon crân; Danish trane] a crane … metaphorical, as the name of a ship … of a sword, Edda …

---

"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 441

trana, feminine, trani, masculine, crane (bird).

---

"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 243

trana f. crane (bird); with suffixed definite article Tranan name of a ship; accusative, Tranu; genitive, with suffixed definite article Trǫnunnar.

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"Edda: Sk&áldskaparm&ál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 414

trani m. sword-name, 'snout; thin stick'.

[463] ON stöðull 'a milking shed': Staddle Bridge.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 216

East Harsley (a detached part of Birdforth Wapentake)

STADDLE BRIDGE

• Stathelbrig 1508 Guis

NEDial staddle is used of a wooden platform on which hayricks are built. Staddle Bridge crosses the river Wiske near its source where the river is narrow and the ground flat. The bridge could, therefore, originally have been a "staddle" thrown across the stream. vide brycg.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 602, entry 23

stöðull, m., dative, stöðli, [Anglo Saxon staðol; Old High German stadal] a milking-shed, for kine (archaic plural of cow) … stöðuls-hlið, Landnámabók stöðul-gerði, n. a milk-pail …

[464] ON fagr 'fair': Fagdale Hall (see also [251] ON Fagri-dalr 'Fair-dale'.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 295

Arkengarthdale

FAGGERGILL

• Fagardegile 1280 YI; 1283 Rich 32
• Faggardglle 1285 YI
• Fawgargill 1473 VCH i. 37

vide gil 'ravine'. Professor Ekwall suggests tentatively that the first element is ON fár-garðr 'sheep enclosure', with early and easily explicable loss of the first -r-.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 137, entry 3

FAGR, adjective, feminine fögr, neuter fagrt; comparative fagrari or better fegri, superlative fagrastr or better fegrstr; modern fegurri, fegurstr; [Anglo Saxon fœger; English 'fair'; Old High German fagar; Danish favre] fair; used very frequently and almost as in English, except that the Icelandic does not use it in a moral sense, like English fair, unfair: 1. of persons, the body, etc.; fögr mær … 2. of places; … fagra túna (genitive), a fair abode ('toun') … frequent in local names, Fagra-brekka, Fagr-ey, Fagri-dalr, Fagra-nes, Fagri-skógr, etc., = Fair-brink, -isle, -dale, -ness, -wood, etc., Landnámabók. 3. of light, wind, weather, etc.; fagrt ljós, a bright light … skína fagrt, to shine brightly (of the sun); fagr byrr, a fair wind, … fagrt veðr, fair weather … 6. of other things; fagrt skip, a fine ship … fagrt kvæði, a fine poem … II. metaphorical, fagrt líf, a fair, goodly life; lifa fagrt, to live a happy life; fagrir siðir, fine manners … B. In compounds, with nouns, adjectives, fair, fine, gracious: I. prefixed, e. g. munn-fagr, fine-mouthed; augna-fagr, fair eyed; hand-fagr, fair-handed; gang-fagr, with a fair, gracious gait; lit-fagr, of fair hue; hár-fagr, fair-haired, etc. II. suffixed, e.g. fagra-hvel, n. the fair wheel or disk, the sun (poetic); fagra-ræfr, n. the fair roof, the sky (poetic); fagr-bláinn, m. fair blue, a shield (poetic) … fagrendi, n. plural, costly, fair things; fagr-leikr, m. beauty; fagr-leitr, adjective, of fair complexion, beautiful …

[465] ON pottr 'pot': Potto, Sand Pott, Pott Beck, Pott Hall, Crackpot.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 478, entry 22

pottr, m. [potus, du Cange, from Latin potare; French pot], a pot … leir-pottr, an earthen pot …

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 98 and 99

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE potte / ON pottr '? hole' (compare ON pottr 'a pot')

The origins of ME potte 'a pit, a hollow' are uncertain: the word is thought to derive either from OE pott 'a pot' (compare also ON pottr) or to be a borrowing from a Scandinavian variant of pyttr (OED notes OSwed potter 'hole, abyss') that lacked i-mutation, particularly on the grounds that many early place-name usages are from northern England (OED: sub verbo pot, n.2). All examples of the element listed in LangScape are occurrences as a specific where OE pott is also possible. I have not found examples of the element's use in Rygh NG, and all examples given in DS where the element describes depressions have no early forms (and in one case the element possibly replaces earlier pyt). The decision to class the elements as indistinguishable reflects uncertainty about its origin.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 176

Whorlton

POTTO 15 N 7

• Pothow(e) 1202 FF et freq to 1385 Baildon
• Pottowe 1285 KI; 1354 FF
• Potto 1548 YChant; 1575 FF

'Hill near the small valley' vide hoh, and compare Pott Hall 234 infra.

---

"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 234

Mashamshire

POTT BECK

• Pozbek 1314 Fount

(no commentary)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 234

Mashamshire

POTT HALL

• Pott(e) 12 VCH; 1314 Fount; 1535 VE
• Pot 1301 LS

Pot is used in CUL and WES of 'a deep hole or cavity, especially in the bed of a river, a pool; a moss hole from which peats have been dug' (EDD). In the NRY it is used of a 'rift in the limestone' (as here and in Crackpot 271 infra). The word is probably of Scandinavian origin; compare Swedish dialect putt, pott 'water hole, abyss' and Potto and Sandpot 176, 205 supra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Allerton Wapentake at page 205

Thornton le Street

SANDPOT (6")

• Sandpot 1227 FF

'Sand hole' vide sand. On the second element vide Pott Hall 234 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang West Wapentake at page 271

Grinton

CRACKPOT

• Crakepot(e) 1298 YI; 1301 LS; R 2 RichReg 89 d

'Pot where crows abound' vide ON kraka. For the topographical use of pot vide Pot Hall 234 supra.

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"Northumberland words: A glossary of words used in the county of Northumberland and on the Tyneside" (1893-1894) Reverand Oliver Heslop, published for The English Dialect Society by Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, London

KETTLE, a pot-hole or circular hole, scoured out in a rocky river bed by the swirling action of pebbles which have lodged originally in a crevice. From their resemblance to the form of cauldrons, these holes are known as pot-holes or kettles. "The Kettles" [NT 98387 27309] is the name of a tract of land, which abounds in pot-like cavities, near Wooler [NT 99088 27912].

POT-HOLES, circular holes in a rocky stream bed, worn out by the swirl and scour of pebbles or gravel driven violently round and round in a depression of the rocks during floods; also the sinking lines on limestone hills. "Swally-hole" is the common name for the circular depression found along the line of outcrop of a limestone stratum.

[466] ON vín 'wine': Wine Beck.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 717, entry 14

VÍN, n. [this word, though foreign, is common to all Teutonic languages, and is one of the few words which at a very early date was borrowed from the Latin; it is found in the oldest poems, and appears there as a naturalised word; Ulf. has wein = GREEK; Anglo Saxon and Old High German wîn; German wein; English 'wine'; Danish vin] wine; … Wine was in early times imported into Scandinavia from England; … or it was brought through Holstein from Germany … Compounds:

• berja-vín wine made of berries
• vín-belgr, m. a wine-skin
• vín-ber, n. 'wine-berries', grapes
• vínbers-blóð, the blood of the grape
• vín-berill, m. a wine-barrel
• vín-byrli, a, m. a cup-bearer
• vín-dropi, a, m. a drop of wine
• vín-drukkinn, participle, drunken with wine
• vín-drykkja, u, f. wine-drinking
• vín-drykkr, m. a drink of wine
• vín-fat, n. a wine-vat
• vín-fátt, n. adj. short of wine
• vín-ferill, m., no doubt erroneous for vínberill
• vín-garðr, m. a vineyard
• vín-guð, n. the wine-god (Bacchus)
• vín-görð, f. wine-making
• vín-hús, n. a wine-house
• vín-höfigr, adj. heavy with wine, of a goblet
• vín-ker, n. a wine-beaker
• vín-kjallari, a, m. a wine-cellar
• Vín-land, n. Wineland, the name given to the American continent discovered by the old Norsemen, Þorf
• Vínlands ferð or -för, an expedition to Wineland, Þorf
• vín-lauss, adj. wineless
• Vín-lenzkr, adj. a nickname of a traveller in Wineland (America)
• vín-leysi, n. lack of wine
• vín-óðr, adj. wine-mad, drunk
• vín-órar, f. pl. wine-ravings
• vín-pottr, m. a wine-pot
• vín-svelgr, m. a drunkard
• vín-tré, n. a 'wine-tree,' vine, Latin vitis
• vín-tunna, u, f. a wine-tun, wine-cask
• vín-viðr, m. wine-wood, the vine
• vín-þröng, f. a wine-press

[467] ON Keppr (personal name): Kepwick.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 337, entry 10

KEPPR, m. [Danish, kjep], a cudgel, club … a nickname (keppr, Þorvaldr), Sturlunga Saga II. a sausage ( = íspen, quod vide), from the shape.

í-spen, f., plural íspenjar, a kind of sausage filled with lard and suet.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 201

Over Silton

1. KEPWICK 22 C 3

• Capuic, Chipuic DB 1086
• Chepewic 1166 P (p)
• Kepwic, -uuic, -wyche 1202 FF; 1208-10 Fees; 1234 Guis
• Kepewyk, -wick 1224-30 Fees; 1240 Riev; 1285 KI; 1298 Abbr; 1301 LS; 1348 Baildon
• Keppewic, -wyk 1310 Ch; 1316 Vill
• Kepyk, Kepec 1451 Test; 1505 Sanct

On topographical grounds this name cannot reasonably be connected with OE cēap, 'market', with Scandinavianised initial consonant. A personal name is far more probable. There is an OSwed place-name Kæplinge which Hellquist (ON på -inge 86) connects with the personal name *Kappe assumed by Lundgren-Brate (146) to lie behind certain Swedish place-names. A mutated derivative Kæ formed from the name would explain the forms of Kepwick. The possibility then is that the name means 'Kæppi's vik' or 'nook in the hills'.

[468] (1) ON Fulk, Folki, Fylkir (personal name), 'chief'; (2) ON fylki, 'a troop, county or shire'; (3) ON fólk 'people': Foulbridge.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 98

Brompton

FOULBRIDGE

• Fuchebruge 1178 P
• Fuchkebrige 1179 P
• Fulkebrig(g)e 1182, 1184 P
• Fukbrigg 1285 KI; 1325 Ipm
• Foukebrigge 1301 Ebor
• Foulbridg 1577 Saxton

vide brycg. The local pronunciation of the name presupposes an original -ul- in the first element (vide Introduction xxxii), which is probably the personal name Fulk. This is OEScand Fulke (Lundgren-Brate) cognate with OWScand Folki (LindN). If the original form were ON Folki it has been influenced by the Norman name Fulk (1124 ASC), which was a loan from OHG Fulco. The name enters also into Folkton (ERY), Fulcheton (DB 1086) and Fulkeholm 1208 ChR in Thornton le Beans.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 179, entry 16

FYLKI, n. [from folk], a county or shire; in Norway the land was divided into fylki, each of them ruled by a fylkir; átta fylkja þing … especially with regard to the levy, as from each fylki twelve ships of war were to be levied; þat er fylki kallat er göra má at tólf skip … II. poetical, a host in battle … Compounds:

• fylkis-kirkja, u, f. the principal church in a county, the 'shire-kirk'
• fylkis-konungr, m. the king or chief of a shire
• fylkis-maðr, m. an inhabitant of a shire
• fylkis-prestr, m. a priest of a shire-kirk
• fylkis-þing, n. a county meeting, shire-mote
• fólk-vitr or -vittr, f. the wight or fairy of battle, of a Valkyria

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 167, entry 37

FÓLK, n., properly, folk with a short vowel, compare fylki; [Anglo Saxon folc; English 'folk'; German volk: Danish and Swedish folk] folk, people: … til at hræða fólk, to frighten folk … 2. in Icelandic, chiefly the people of a household, community, or the like; kirkju-fólk, the church-folk, i.e. people assembled in church; boðs-fólk, the guests at a banquet; sóknar-fólk, the parish folk; heimilis-fólk, house-folk, the people of a household; allt fólkið á bænum, all the folk; vinnu-fólk, servant-folk; grasa-fólk, people gathering fell-moss … this sense is to the present day very common in Iceland; while the German sense of people, nation (Danish folket) is strange to Iceland; even lands-fólk is rare, better lands-menn. 3. kinsfolk; hans fólk ok foreldismenn, his 'folk' and forefathers … so Icelanders say, vera af góðu fólki kominn, to come of good folk, be well born. II. a host = fylking, and hence battle, but only in old poets … fjórtán fólk, fourteen divisions, troops … fara með fólkum, to wage war, … öndvert fólk, the van of the host … and in many compounds …

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 281

• fylki n. battalion
• fylking f. troop, division, battle array, battle line
• fylkir m. ruler of a fylki, a district, or of a fólk; one who marshals troops (compare fylkja)
• fylkja (lkt) weak verb (with dative) marshal, draw up, muster

[469] ON blind, 'blind, concealed, closed at one end': Blind Bank, Blind Lane.

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 64

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE blind / ON blindr 'blind, concealed, closed at one end'

VEPN (sub verbo blind) notes a number of instances in England where the element refers to overgrown or hidden streams in pre-Conquest documents, and later evidence of application to roads and settlements with no thoroughfare. These usages are paralleled in Denmark, where the element occurs in (at least) five different lake and river names, viz. Blindbæk (twice), Blinddam (twice), Blindeå (twice), Blindflyd, and Blindsø (twice), and is taken to mean either that a watercourse cannot be seen or that it ends 'blind'. Similar uses are also found in Norway, where the element may additionally have been used to indicate a remote location.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 69, entry 11

BLINDR, adjective, [Anglo Saxon and English 'blind'; German blind; common to all Teutonic idioms … blind; blindr borinn, born blind … as adverb, dark … a thick storm is called 'blind-bylr' … the Germans call blind what is hidden and cannot be seen; this is rare in Iceland, yet blind-sker, a hidden skerry (rock) in the sea; compare also blindingr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 69, entry 9

blindingr, m. a blind or hidden peg, of pegs used to pin planks together edgeways, serving the same purpose as tongue and groove

[470] ON fljót, 'a river, estuary, inlet': Kirkby Fleetham, The Fleetings, Fleet Bank.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 161, entry 6

FLJÓT, n. [Anglo Saxon fleôt = ostium; compare the Fleet River in London, whence Fleet Street, Northfleet and Southfleet in Kent; German fliess, usually fluss, whence Danish flod] in old writers scarcely used except as a proper name of a river, viz. Markar-fljót (and simply Fljót) in the south of Iceland, whence Fljóts-hlíð, f. the county, Landnamábók … and the county Fljót (plural) in the north of Iceland, whence Fljóta-menn, m. plural 'the men from Fljót' … in modern usage it may be used as an appellative for a river, as in Danish and German, but scarcely except in poetry, e.g. á fljóti, afloat; better á floti, vide flot.

flota-hólmr, m. an islet, = um-flotin ey

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 81

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE flēt 'an estuary, inlet, arm of the sea' / ON fljót 'a river'

See 'Stress-Shifted Diphthongs' at page 46 et seq.. The Scandinavian element appears to be rarer in place-names from mainland Scandinavia than its English cognate, but is found eleven times in Icelandic place-names in Landnámabók.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 63

• fljóta (pres. flýtr, past flaut, past pl. flutu, pp. flotinn) sv. float; drift, lie in the water without sail
• fljótliga adv. quickly
• Fljótsdalsheiðr f. a high moor in eastern Iceland
• Fljótshlíð f. area in southern Iceland
• fljótvirkr adj. fast-working, fast-acting

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 142

fljót, n. (1) = flot (2); vera á fljóti, to be afloat; (2) river, lake.

fljóta (flyt; flaut, flutum; flotinn), V. (1) to float on the water (hann sá þar fljóta langskip tjaldat); (2) to run, stream; (3) fig. to float about, spread (of news); (4) to be flooded, to flow (flaut í blóði gólf allt), flaut hann allr tárum, he was bathed in tears.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 239

Kirby Fleetham

2. KIRKBY FLEETHAM 21 B 10

Originally there were two places here, but nothing remains of Kirkby but the name and a church at Kirkby Hall. A combination of the two names is now used of this parish as of Kirby Ravensworth 290-2 infra.

• Chirchebi, Cherchebi DB
• Fletham et Kirkeby 13 Leon 67 d
• Ki-, Kyrkeby (cum) Fletham 1289 Ebor

'Farm by the church' vide kirkja.

Fleetham by itself appears as:

• Fleteha(m) DB; 1086 - circa 1112 Dodsworth lxxvi; 1285 KI; 14 RichReg 87 d
• Fletham 1270 Ch et freq to 1400 YI

'Homestead by the stream' vide fleot, ham.

[471] ON har, 'rocky ground': Haredale, Hartoft, Hardale, Hargill, Harland, Harwood Dale.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

4. HARTOFT 22 B 11

• Haretoft 1316 (Nomina Villarum, 1316), 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 246, 1349 (Inquisitiones post mortem)
• Hartoft 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 244, 1408 (Forest Proceedings)

vide topt. For the first element vide Harome (page 70 supra). 'Messuage by the stony or rocky place'.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Lanbargh East Wapentake at page 144

Skelton

HAREDALE (6")

• Hardale 1273 (Yorkshire Inquisitions)

Probably 'rocky valley' vide Harwood Dale 113 supra.

---

"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 87

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE hær / ON har 'rocky ground'

The element could, in the names where it occurs - Harrop Pike (Haropes 12th century, Harhopes 13th century) and Harberwain (Harburwanes (p) 13th century, Harburghwanes 14th century, Herberwaynes 15th century) (PNWe ii:155 and 168) - instead be OE hara 'hare' or (more plausibly perhaps than OE/ON hær/har) OE/ON hār/hár 'grey'). The Scandinavian form is found only in place-names and in Swedish dialect har 'rocky ground', but is difficult to distinguish from other place-name elements. Nearly all the examples of OE hær given by Smith are either flagged up as being difficult to distinguish from other elements (Harrold, Bedfordshire, and Harwood Dale, North Yorkshire) or from areas of possible Scandinavian influence, viz. Harland and Harome, North Yorkshire, and Harras, Cumberland, the latter given a Scandinavian etymon in PNCu (452). Thus, there is a great deal of uncertainty about which of several plausible OE and ON etyma occurs in the West Ward of Westmorland Barony names.

[472] ON pollr, 'pool, pond': Arnecliff Pool, Cold Pool Beck, Larpool.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 0478, entry 6

pollr, m. [Gaelic poll; Welsh pwl; German pfuhl; English 'pool'] a pool, pond … in local names, Gislu-pollar, in Bretagne; Snóksdals-pollr, Brákar-pollr, in western Iceland; compare Liver-pool, Hartle-pool, the Pool on the Thames.

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 98

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE pōl / ON pollr 'a pool, a pond'

Distinguishing reflexes of OE pōl and ON pollr in ME minor names is problematic, as the inflexional-r of ON pollr would not be expected to be conserved (see above) and as distinguishing the elements on vowel length is unlikely in isolated written records … OE/ON pōl/pollr have therefore been considered indistinguishable here, although in some cases there may be further uncertainty about the identity of the element. However, OE pull 'a tidal creek' can probably be distinguished from ON pollr …

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Whitby Strand Wapentake at page 122

Whitby

LARPOOL HALL

• Lairpel, Layrpel 1145-8 (Early Yorkshire Charters) 872, 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy)
• Leirpel 1155-65 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Lairpelle 1307 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Lairepell 1395 ibidem
• Layerpelle 1396 ibidem
• Larepoole circa 1540 (Whitby Cartulary)
• Lirpoole 1622 (North Riding Record Society Publications, 1^st series)

The first element is leirr. The second is more difficult. "Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 71, note 2 suggests that it is OE pyll. The history and forms of Marple (Cheshire), Merpille in 1285 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls) and so generally, do not make this very likely. Professor Ekwall suggests that the second element is the Norse word from which comes Norwegian poyla, 'pool'. This would suit the phonology and fit a Norse first element better.

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Editor's note: vide ON leir 'clay, earth, loam, mud' and ON pollr, 'pool, pond'.

[473] ON þjófr, 'a thief, robber': Thief Hole, Thiefhole Farm, Thiefhole Lane.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 740, entry 6

ÞJÓFR, m. [Gothic þjubs; Anglo Saxon þeóf; English 'thief'; German dieb; Danish tyv; Swedish tjuf] a thief … þjófa-gröf, fylgsni, a den of thieves … sauða-þjófr, a sheep-stealer … rummungs-þjófr, an inveterate thief … In ancient times thieves were particularly detested, and no mercy was shewn to them, theft being punished by hanging … (compare the late English penalty of death for sheep-stealing) and minor theft by branding with hot iron on the cheek … or by chopping off feet and hands … þjófs augu, a thief's eyes, an evil look … þjófs hakan, a thief's chin … Compounds:

• þjófa-bálkr, m. the section in the law about thefts
• þjóf-fólginn, participle, thievishly hidden
• þjóf-gefinn, adjective, thievish
• þjóf-laun, n. plural, thievish concealment of a thing
• þjófs-ligr, adjective, (-liga, adverb), thievish
• þjófs-nautr, m. an accomplice
• þjófrinn þrífst en þjófs-nautrinn aldri, the thief may thrive but the thief's accomplice never, i.e. he is even worse than the thief himself
• þjóf-snara, u, f. a thief's halter
• þjóf-stolinn, participle, stolen
• þjóf-sök, f. a case of theft

B. Altogether different is þjófr in proper names, Frið-þjófr, Her-þjófr, Ey-þjófr, Gunn-þjófr, which answers to Anglo Saxon þeow, i.e. a servant, = Icelandic þý.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 747, entry 51

þræla, að to call a person a thrall or thief (abuse)

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 111

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE þeof / ON þjófr 'a thief, robber' (and perhaps ODan þiūf 'scrub, thicket')

… the ME reflexes of these forms would be indistinguishable and have been treated as such here. Examples of use as a place-name element are known from England and Scandinavia. In Denmark, the element is hard to distinguish from ODan thiūf 'scrub, thicket' (suggested to occur in some early-recorded names, in one case as a generic, and it is possible that this element might also occur as a Scandinavian-derived place-name element in England.

[474] ON veg, 'way, a road': Way Foot, Broadway Foot, Hagg Way, White Way.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 689, entry 25

VEGR, m., genitive vegar but vegs … dative vegi and veg; with the article veginum … plural vegir and vegar … accusative vega and vegu, the former is the better form, for the root is 'vig' not 'vigu;' vega … [Anglo Saxon and German weg; English 'way'; Danish vej; Swedish väg; Latin via; the root word is vega, q.v.] a way, road … 2. metaphorical phrases; fara vel til vegar, to be well on ones way, go on … ganga til vegar, to be in the way towards, to come to an issue …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 126

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE weg / ON wegr 'a road'

Self-evidently indistinguishable.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 690, entry 2

VEGR, m., genitive vegs, glory, honour … so in the phrase, hafa veg ok vanda af einhverju, to have both the honour and the responsibility of a thing. Compounds: vegs-boð, n. an honorary offer … vegs-kona, u, f. a great, noble lady; … vegs-lauss, adjective, inglorious. vegs-munir, m. plural honours, credit, fame …

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 18, 101, 178 and 255

• Austrvegr m. 'the eastern route', the countries east of the Baltic
• hervegr m. military road, high road
• Norvegr m. Norway
• vegr m. way; distance; á marga vega in many ways; á einn veg in the same way; adv. acc. hvern veg in what way, how; þann veg (= þannig) this-wise, like this; annan veg in a different way, otherwise, in any other way; á nǫkkurn veg in some way; sinn veg hverr each his own way, all in different directions; alla vega from all sides; adv. gen. tveggja vegna in two directions, on both sides.

[475] ON veðr, 'wether'; ON veðr, 'weather': Wether Hill.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 688, entry 2

VEÐR, m., genitive, veðrar, but veðrs … [Anglo Saxon weder; English 'wether'; German widder; Danish-Swedish væder, väder] a wether; the word is obsolete in Iceland except in poetry (compare hrútr), … 2. a battering-ram. … II as a nickname, Landnábó Compounds: veðrar-horn, n. a wether's horn; … veðrar-lamb, n. a wether-lamb; veðr-hyrndr, participle, wether-horned …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at page 127

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE weðer / ON veðr 'wether'

The final <r> of ON veðr is part of the stem (Cleasby-Vigfusson: sub verbo veðr), so would be expected to be preserved in Scandinavian linguistic material from England. In Scandinavia, the element is difficult to distinguish from ON veðr 'weather' (hence the uncertainty of some of the examples given in the Appendix). The presence or absence of an unstressed vowel before the final consonant is unlikely to be sufficient grounds to distinguish the elements, due both to the possibility of an epenthetic vowel being inserted and the possibility of syncope in inflected forms (compare Jordan 1974:§142.c; Watts 2004: sub verbo Witheridge).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 687, entry 28 and page 688, entry 1

VEÐR, n. [Anglo Saxon and Old English weder; English 'weather'; German wetter; Danish væder] the weather … 2. a wind; stormr veðrs … hvasst veðr, a gale … stór veðr, great gales … 3. nautical phrases; sigla á veðr einhverjum, to get to windward of one, to take the wind out of his sail … láta í veðri vaka, to 'see which way the wind blows', metaphorical, to make believe, pretend … hafa veðr af einhverju, to get the wind of one, scent him, metaphor from hunting; bersi hafði veðr af manninum, the bear had wind of him … B. Compounds:

• veðra-bati, a, m. a bettering of the weather
• veðra-brigði, n. a change of weather
• veðr-belgr, m. a weather-bag
• veðr-blaka, u, f. a weather-fan
• veðr-borð, n. the 'wind-board', weatber-side
• in the phrase, einn góðan veðrdag, one fine day, once upon a time
• veðr-fall, n. the set of the wind, direction
• veðr-fastr, adj. weather-bound
• veðr-fölnir, n. a mythical name, of a hawk
• veðr-glöggr, adj. 'weather-gleg', sharp in predicting weather
• veðr-gnýr, m. a gust of wind
• veðr-góðr, adj. with a mild climate
• veðr-harðr, adj. hard, of weather
• veðr-himin, m. the atmosphere
• veðra-hjálmr, m. 'weather-helmet' = the sky
• veðra-höll, f. 'weather-hall' i.e. the heavens
• veðr-lítill, adj. calm, light, of wind
• veðr-sjúkr, adj. 'weather-sick', anxious
• veðr-spár, adj. weather-wise
• veðr-staða, u, f. the 'standing' direction of the wind
• veðr-sæll, adj. blessed with good weather
• veðr-tekinn, participle, weather-beaten
• veðr-vandr, adj. nice as to weather
• veðr-viti, a, m. a vane
• veðrátta, u, f. the weather, conditions of weather, temperature
• vát-viðri, n. wet weather

[476] ON rangr, vrangr, 'wrong, crooked, twisted, awry': Wrang Beck, Wrangeflat, Wragmire.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 482, entry 56

RANGR, röng, rangt, adjective, comparative rangari, superlative rangastr; older form vrangr, which remains in Bragi: [… English 'wrong'. The English 'wrong' seems to be a Danish word, as it does not appear in the Anglo Saxon, although it has the parent word wringan, English 'wring'] awry, not straight, opposite to réttr … fótr var rangr, the foot was wrung, sprained … as also in the compounds rang-eygr, rang-hverfa (quod vide), and rang-hvolfa this sense, however, although common in modern Danish and Swedish, was never used in Icelandic, even by the oldest writers, and the word is only used II. metaphorical, wrong, unjust, unrighteous … neuter, með röngu, wrongly …

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"Dialect in the Viking-Age Scandinavian diaspora: the evidence of medieval minor names" (2016) Eleanor Rye at pages 127 and 128

Chapter 2

Indistinguishable Elements

OE wrang (adj.) / ON rangr (adj.) 'crooked or twisted'

ME wrong and the corresponding noun is often considered a Scandinavian loanword … However, there are grounds for arguing for a native origin: the adjective is recorded in a tenth-century boundary clause (surviving in a thirteenth-century copy but thought to be genuine), and is known from other WGmc languages, for instance MLG wrange, wrangh 'sour, bitter' … The adjective also occurs as a twelfth-century byname from Devon, and (in the derived form wrangwise) in a gloss written in a twelfth-century hand … Overall, the WGmc cognates and the OE charter-bound evidence are sufficient reason to suspect that the element existed in OE …. As initial */w-/ would have been preserved in Viking-Age Norse *wrangr, as in the Modern Swedish and Danish forms …, the postulated OE element and its Scandinavian cognate would be indistinguishable.

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 208

Wragmire CUL 1362 Test Karl. Not identifiable. Wragby is likely derived from the Old West Scandinavian man's name Ragi (Wragi), ODan Wraghi, which is found in the LIN place-name Wragheby … or Wrag- might possibly be an orthographical error for Wrang-, in which case it is to be explained as in Wrangeflat.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 190

• Rangá f. 'crooked river', in the east of Iceland
• Rangárhverfi n. the district between the Rang rivers in south-western Iceland
• rangr/rángr adj. wrong, wrongful
• rangsœlis adv. against the course of the sun, widdershins (in a direction contrary to the sun's course, considered as unlucky; anticlockwise)

[477] ON Forni (personal name); ON forn, 'old': Fornthorpe (lost), Fornflath (lost), Fornithwait (lost).

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 332

Personal Names in Field and Other Minor Names … Old Norse

Forni (Fornflath, 13th)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Forni (m. 1).

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"Middle-English place-names of Scandinavian origin" (1912) Harald Lindkvist at page 108

Fformethweyt LAN 1256 (Farrer's Final Concords of the County of LAN 1196-1509); Formhuthwayt (in the heading Fornetwhait) 13th century Furness Ch. (The Coucher book of Furness Abbey); Fornithwait 1412 ibid.; near Urswick.

Difficult to explain owing to the probably very corrupt spellings. Perhaps from OWScand forn, 'old' (also used as a surname); cf. the compound fornlendi 'a piece of land which has been under cultivation for a long time', opposite nýlendi 'reclaimed land'. Or possibly from the OWScand man's name Forni, which enters into several ONorw place-names.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 165, entry 25

FORN, adjective, [Anglo Saxon fyrn; Swedish forn; lost in English] old; … forn fjándskapr, old enmity, … fornt vín, old wine; en forna fold, the old earth; forn timbr, the old timbers inn forni fjándi, the old fiend, Satan; forn jötunn, the old giant; fornar tóptir, old abodes. Stores preserved from the past year are called forn, forn mjöðr, old mead … 2. with the notion of old, worn, rotten, or the like; … 3. old, in temp, sense; in the Icelandic Commonwealth the old priesthoods were called forn goðorð and forn goðorðsmaðr, an old priest, opposite to the priesthoods instituted along with the Fifth Court, which were termed 'new.' 4. time-honoured, old; forn lög, forn lands-siðr; 5. at fornu, formerly, in times past … til forna, … 6. in old writers forn is often used of the heathen times with the old mythical lore; forn siðr, the old (heathen) rite; fornir menn, the men of old; á fornum skjöldum, on shields of old; fornar frásagnir, old tales; forn-menn, forn-tíðindi, forn-sögur, the men, lore, or saws of the olden age; forn átrúnaðr, forn trúa, the old creed, heathenism; forn-kveðit mál or hið forn-kveðna is a standing phrase for an 'old saw', proverb; metaphorical, old, i.e. versed in old lore or witchcraft; hann var forn mjök (he was a great wizard) …

[478] ON Frið (personal name); ON friðr, 'peace': Firby, Fryton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V at page 323

Personal Names Compounded in North Riding Place-Names … (ii) Scandinavian

Frithi (Firby, Fridebi, Fryton)

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Friðleifr (m. 2), Friðmundr (m. 1), Friðgerðr (f. <5).

ON feminine personal names Hallfríðr (f. <5), Jófríðr (f. <5), Arnfríðr (f. <2), Oddfríðr (f. <2).

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Wiktionary Fríða

A female given name from ON equivalent to Danish Frida and German Frieda.

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Firby, Hambleton

The name of the village derives from a personal name (Frithi) and the suffix By meaning village or farmstead [Ekwall, Eilert (1960)]. The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names (4th ed.) Oxford: Clarendon Press at page 180).

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Frith

Frith is an Old English word meaning 'peace, protection, safety, security'. Derived from OE friðu, friþ, it is cognate to ON friðr, Old Saxon frithu, OHG fridu, German friede, Dutch vrede, West Frisian frede, Luxembourgish fridden, Icelandic friður, Common Scandinavian fred (all with meanings similar to 'peace' or 'calm') and also root-cognate to friend.

Frid is a Scandinavian (ON) surname, derived from the name of the god Frey (Freyr) - the same derivation as the day of the week (Tuesday - Tws Norse god of the sea, Wednesday - Wodin/Odin father of the gods, Thursday - Thor's day and Friday - Freyr). The modern (English) spelling may derive from ON rendering of Frið.

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"Drinking With Óðinn: alcohol and religion in heathen Scandinavia" (2014) Joshua Rood

Hákonar saga Góða describes a midwinter feast where bowls of alcohol (full) are ritually drunk, first to Óðinn for victory, second to Njorð and Frey for ár ok friðar, 'a bountiful year and frith' and lastly in memory of dead kinsmen. This round is specifically named minni, 'to remember'.

Óðinn æ lifir, 'Odin ever lives'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 173, entry 42

frið-mælask, to sue for peace …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 0173, entry 43

FRIÐR, m., genitive friðar, dative friði, [Anglo Saxon frið and freoðo; … lost in English, and replaced from the Latin] peace, but also personal security, inviolability: in the phrases, fyrirgöra fé ok friði, to forfeit property and peace, i.e. be outlawed; setja grið ok frið, to 'set', i.e. make, truce and peace … vera í friði, to be in safe keeping; biðja einhvern friðar, to sue for peace … 2. peace, sacredness of a season or term, cp. Jóla-f., Páska-f., the peace (truce) of Yule, Easter; ann-friðr, quod vide 3. peace, rest, tranquillity; gefa einhverjum frið, to give peace, rest; … 4. with the notion of love, peace, friendship … frið at kaupa, to purchase love … II. as a prefix in proper names, Frið-björn, -geirr, -gerðr, -leifr, -mundr; but it is rarely used in olden times; Friðrik, German Friedrich, is of quite modern date in Icelandic … Compounds:

• friðar-andi, a, m. spirit of peace
• friðar-band, n. a bond of peace
• friðar-boð, n. an offer of peace
• friðar-boðorð, n. a proclamation of peace
• friðar-bréf, n. a letter of peace
• friðar-fundr, m. a peaceful meeting
• friðar-koss, m. a kiss of peace, osculum pacis
• friðar-stefna, u, f. a peace meeting
• friðar-stilli, n. a peace settlement
• friðar-tákn, n. a token of peace
• friðar-tími, a, m. a time of peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 173, entry 49

frið-semja, samdi, to make peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 173, entry 51

frið-spilli, n. a breach of the peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 173, entry 55

frið-stóll, m. a chair of peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 174, entry 1

frið-sæla, u, f. the bliss of peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 174, entry 2

frið-sæll, adj. blessed with peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 174, entry 3

frið-vænligr, adj. promising peace

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 174, entry 4

frið-vænn, adj. promising peace, safe

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 175, entry 12

FRÓ, f. relief, especially from pain … hug-fró, geð-fró, mind's comfort: alliterative phrase, friðr og fró, peace and relief

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 50

Hovingham

3. FRYTON 22 H 10

• Frideton, Fritum DB 1086
• Friton(a), Fry- DB 1086; 12 BylE 43 d; 1224-30 Fees; 1244 Malton 65; 1251 CI; 1300 Ch; 1301 LS; YI
• Firton 1577 Saxton

'Frithi's farm' vide tún. The first element is ODan Frithi (? ON) (Nielsen 1883) as in Fridebi, the old name for Felixkirk 199 infra, and Freeby (LEI), DB 1086 Fredebi.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Birdforth Wapentake at page 199

Felixkirk

2. FELIXKIRK 22 E 3

• Fridebi DB 1086
• Ecclesia S. Felicis 1210 FF
• Felicekyrke, -kirk 1293 QW; 1316 Vill
• Feliskirk 1410 NCyWills
• Fillyxchurche 1578 FF

Frideby appears from the topographical arrangement of DB 1086 to be in the parish of Felixkirk and may represent what was later known as Felixkirk. It is of the same origin as Firby 237 infra. Felixkirk is 'the church dedicated to St Felix' vide kirkja. Compare Oswaldkirk 55 supra and Romaldkirk 309 infra.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Hang East Wapentake at page 237

Bedale

5. FIRBY 21 E 10

• Fredebi DB 1086
• Frithebi 1184 RichReg 84 d; 1252 Ass
• Frytby 1282 YI; 1283 Rich 26
• Fryth-, Frethby, Frithby 1281 KI; 1352 FF; 1400 YI
• Fi-, Fyrthby 1485 Test; 1566 FF;

'Frithi's farm' vide by. Compare Fridebi, the old name of Felixkirk, and Fryton 199, 50 supra.

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (circa 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 279, 367 and 459

• Fríðr f. name of a goddess or giantess in kenning for giant … (= 'beautiful')
• friðr m. peace; quarter, truce
• fríðr a. fair, beautiful
• friðsein f. peace-delay, i.e. disturbance of peace, warfare (litotes)
• friðstefna f. peace-conference
• friðstøkkvir m. one who drives away or scatters peace, in kenning for generous man (unidentified; perhaps King Sveinn Eiríksson)
• ófriðr m. hostility, war
• Friðleifr m. legendary king of Denmark (son of Skjǫldr)
• Fróði m. (1) Friðleifsson, legendary king

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 67, 68, 69, 182, 218 and 298

• fríðr (n. frítt) adj. handsome; beautiful; magnificent
• friðarmaðr m. man of peace
• friðill m. lover
• fríðleikr m. handsomeness
• friðartákn n. sign of peace, token of peace
• friðr m. peace; quarter, truce
• fara með friði travel peacefully … í góðum friði very peacefully
• friðstefna f. peace-conference
• ófriðarmaðr m. hostile person, enemy
• ófriðr m. hostility, war; fighting
• slitu frið i.e. they fought
• friþær m. gen. spakum til friþær for the peace of the law-abiding

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"Drinking With Óðinn: alcohol and religion in heathen Scandinavia" (2014) Joshua Rood

Drinking rituals served to create fictive kinship and bind those involved, similar to the customary drinking of the 'Brides Ale' to seal a wedding: Communal drinking must also be viewed as having some of the aspects of a cultic act. It aimed at creating a non-natural bond of loyalty, and liquor was used because liquor was the medium through which one achieved ecstasy and thus communion with the supernatural.

In this way, alcohol played a similar societal role as women did, and as such, both alcohol and women were conceptualy tightly linked. Marriage, through the exchange of a bride from one family to another, served to bind both into one, creating alliances and restoring peace in times of feud. In this way, Enright observes that a woman given in marriage was often called a freoðuwebbe, 'frith-weaver'.

[479] ON leif, leifr, 'leaving, effects, inheritance'; ON Leif, Leifr (proper names - LindN): Allerthorpe Hall, Leaf Howe, Véleifr (Vé-leifr), Leif Erikson (Leiv Eiriksson, Leif Ericson) - see also Hjorleifr [303].

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Þorleifr (m. 24), Óleifr (m. 7), Óleifr (m. 7), Þorleifr (m. 24), Guðleifr (m. <5), Hiǫrleifr (m. <5), Ísleifr (m. 3), Oddleifr (m. 3), Friðleifr (m. 2), Geirleifr (m. 2), Hrolleifr (m. 2), Véleifr (m. 2)

ON feminine personal names Arnleif (f. <5), Ægileif (f. <2), Ásleif (f. <2), Fiórleif (f. <2), Guðleif (f. <2), Ingileif (f. <2), Oddleif (f. <2), Reginleif (f. <2), Þorleif (f. <2)

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 79

Middleton

LEAF HOWE

• Lefehowe 1335 (Pleas of the Forest) 224

The name of a tumulus, vide haugr. The first element is probably a personal name, such as ODan Lefi (Nielsen 1883).

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Editor's note: it is very unlikely that this place-name has an Old Danish personal name derivation, surrounded as it is by a preponderance of place-names of ON derivation. The first element is most probably derived from ON personal name Leif, Leifr.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 381, entry 33

LEIF, f., plural, leifar … I. singular, a 'leaving', patrimony, inheritance, of an estate: frequent in Norse and Danish local names … but obsolete and not used in Iceland; compare leifð. II. plural, leifar, leavings, remnants, especially of food; … 2. metaphorical, effects …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 381, entry 34

Leif, f. and Leifr, m., proper names … and in compounds, of women, Ingi-leif, Ás-leif, etc.; of men, Þor-leifr, Hjör-leifr, etc.,

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 381, entry 35

LEIFA, að, [Anglo Saxon lyfan; English 'leave' …] to leave a heritage … 2. to relinquish; þeir leifðu skipin í Raumsdal, 'they left the ships in Raumsdal' … 3. to leave out; … 4. to leave, of food; …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 0381, entry 36

leifð, f. = leif (I), only in compounds, föður-leifð, ætt-leifð, patrimony.

[480] ON penni, 'a pen'; ON penningr, 'a penny', 'a piece of property': Penny Nab, Penny Beck, Penny Howe, Penny Steel.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 476, entry 10

penni, a, m. [Lat.], a pen … penna-knífr, m. a pen-knife.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 476, entry 11

penningr, m., modern, peningr, with a single n; the double n is borne out by rhymes, penningi, kenna, Bragi; a contrary form pengar also occurs … [compare English 'penny'; German pfennig…]: a penny, in singular a coin, coined piece; in plural also generally = money: the word occurs as early as in Bragi, the oldest of Norse poets, who calls the round shield with the painted ring (see baugr) 'the penny of Walhall', for the halls of the ancients were hung with shields … … but money for trade-purposes was little used until after the introduction of Christianity, and the first mint-masters were English; Enskir penningar, English coins, English money … gull-penningr, a gold coin; silfr-penningr, a silver coin … II. a small coin, a penny, a subdivision of an ounce; but the value varies … III. in plural, money; … Compounds:

• penninga-lauss, adj. penniless
• penninga-leysi n. lack of money
• penninga-ríkr, adj. rich in coin, monied
• penninga-skortr, m. shortness, lack of money

IV. in modern Icelandic usage penningr is used of cattle, live stock; sauð-peningr, sheep; naut-peningr, neat cattle; mjalta peninginn, to milk the sheep. This curious usage is due to an analogy with the old word fé, quod vide.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 326

peningr, penningr (-s, -ar) masculine (1) a piece of property, article (hann skipar upp gózit, var þar hverr peningr valinn í); (2) coin, money (enskir penningar); (3) a penny = 1 tenth of an 'eyrir'.

[481] ON ydda, 'sharp tip, point'; ON oddi, 'triangle, point of land'; ON oddr, 'sharp point': ON Oddr, Oddi (personal names): Yaddow Mills.

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Old Norse Etymology

From Old Norse ydda (past tense yddi), from Proto-Germanic *uzdijana, from *uzdaz whence Icelandic oddur, 'sharp tip, point' and also oddr. Verb ydda (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative yddaði, supine yddað) 'make pointed, sharpen' (a pencil).

Verb ydda (singular past indicative yddi, plural past indicative yddu, past participle yddr) 'to show the point to the other side'.

Descendants:

• Icelandic: ydda
• Norwegian Nynorsk: ydda, ydde
• Norwegian Bokmål: ydde

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 504

ydda, yddi verb, 'to show the point on the other side' (S lagði sverðinu í gegnum hann, svá at út yddi um bakit)

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Old Norse Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *uzdaz ('pointing upward'), whence also Old English ord, Old High German ort, from Proto-Indo-European *uzdho

Noun, oddr masculine, 'sharp point'

Derived term: Oddr

Related terms: oddi, ydda

Descendants:

• Icelandic: oddur
• Faroese: oddur
• Danish: od, odde
• Norwegian: odd, odde
• Old Swedish: udder, odder
• Swedish: udd, udde
• ? Middle English: od, odde
• Scots: odd, od, ode

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 318

oddi, masculine (1) triangle, point of land; (2) odd number; fig., standast (skerast) í odda, to be at odds, at variance.

oddr, (-s, -ar), masculine, (1) 'point of a weapon'; með oddi ok eggju, 'with point and edge, at the sword's point, by force' (heimta, eyða eitthvat með oddi ok eggju); brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, 'to break the point of one's pride, to humble oneself'; (2) spear (fövir oddar; (3) spur (þótt vér jói óra oddum keyrum; (4) leader (hann var o. ok œsir fyrir þessum úráðum); (5) the front (hann hafði yxnum skipat í odd á liði sínu).

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Oddr (m. 24) and Oddi (m. <5).

Oddr Snorrason (Cláfs Saga Tryggvasonar).

[482] ON egg, 'edge': Fleet Moss Edge, Gill Edge, Whaw Edge.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 116, entry 18

EGG, f., genitive, singular and nominative plural eggjar, old dative eggju, modern egg; [Anglo Saxon ecg; English 'edge']

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 104 entry 1

egg-elningr, a scythe having an ell-long edge.

[483] ON Hábjörn (personal name): Great Habton and Little Habton.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Pickering Lythe Wapentake at page 76

Kirby Misperton

2. GREAT HABTON, LITTLE HABTON 22 H 12

• Habetun, Ab(b)etune 1086 DB
• (parva) Habeton circa 1163-85 (Farrer's Early Yorkshire Charters) 781, circa 1200 (Forest Proceedings), 1201 (Rotuli Chartarum), 1219 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Habbeton 13^th (Malton Cartulary) 97, 1231 (Yorkshire Assize Rolls), 1285 (Kirkby's Inquest), 1301 (Yorkshire Lay Subsidy 1301), 1333 (Rievaulx Cartulary)
• Habbenton 1231 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Great, parva Habton 1365 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)
• Great Hapton 1368 (Yorkshire Feet of Fines)

'Hab(b)a's farm' vide tun. The first element is a hypocoristic personal name Hab(b)a from some OE personal name such as Heah-beorht or Heardbeorht. Compare Hapton (Norfolk), Habetuna DB. A personal name Habe is recorded (Lincolnshire) in Danelaw Charters 573, possibly derived from ON Hábjörn, which would also suitably explain the first element of Habton.

[484] ON ná, nær, 'near, nigh': Marnar Dale, Marnar Dale Beck, Nigh Jetticks.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 447, entry 19

NÁ-, adverb [Anglo Saxon neah; English 'nigh'; German nahe] only used in compounds, denoting nigh, near:

• ná-borinn, participle near akin, born
• ná-búð, f. dwelling near to
• ná-búi, a, m. a neighbour
• ná-býli, n. a neighbouring farm
• ná-frændi, a, m. a near kinsman

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 448, entry 14

náliga, adverb nigh, near to, near at hand, with dative … as adverb almost, nearly, well-nigh …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 459, entry 71

NÆR, adverb used both as positive and comparative of ná-, quod vide; superlative næst; modern usage makes nær the comparative, nærri the positive, compare fjar, fjarri, firr, which are analogous: [Anglo Saxon and English 'near'; Scottish nar; Danish nær] near: I. as positive, with dative, brautu nær, near the road … hjarta nær, near the heart … vera nær einhverju, to be present at; hvergi nær, nowhere near … nær eða fjarri, nigh or far … nær aptni, near night, towards night, nær morni … near, according to … metaphorically near, close, sharp …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 461, entry 16

nærri, adverb = nær, near, nigh; sitja nærri, sat near; ganga nærri, walk near … (comparative); nærri túni, near town; B. Adjective, comparative answering to ná-, nearer, and superlative næstr, nearest; …

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Nigh Jetticks [NZ 95724 06907] and Far Jetticks [NZ 95322 07240], place-names possibly derived from 'jetticks', a coastal landform, of or pertaining to jet, the first element of which:

• 'nigh' from ON ná or nær, 'nigh, near' giving 'the near jet workings'.
• 'far' from ON fjar, fjarr, fjarran or fjarri, 'far, far off, distant' giving 'the distant jet workings'.

Far and Nigh Jetticks with 'Old Jet Workings' and rare jet planks at the top of Clock Case Nab [NZ 95553 07105]

Cliffs at Far Jetticks

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at pages 159, 168 and 173

• Marnar see Mǫrn
• mór m. poetical word for horse, once a proper name … ; mór Marnar is a kenning for ship
• Mǫrn f. name of a river (Marne ?); in a kenning for ship VII A:138

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Marnar Dale [NZ 95160 04798], located on the coast at Robin Hood's Bay, possibly derived from ON elements marr 'sea, fen, marsh' - see footnote [292] - ná, nær, 'nigh, near'; and dalr, 'dale, valley', giving 'marsh-nigh/sea-nigh valley' with Marnar Dale Beck [NZ 94824 04650] similarly derived from ON elements marr 'sea, fen, marsh'; ná, nær, 'nigh, near'; dalr, 'dale, valley'; and bekkr, 'brook, stream'; giving 'marsh-nigh/sea-nigh valley stream'. From its immediate proximity to the cliff above Way Foot at Robin Hood's Bay, 'sea-nigh valley' is to be preferred.

Marnar Dale and Marnar Dale Beck, Robin Hood's Bay

Eastern tip of Marnar Dale (Cowfield Hill) in a painting of Robin Hood's Bay (looking north) by A.R. Quinton

Aerial view (looking north) of Marnar Dale (left and middle foreground) at Robin Hood's Bay

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Robin Hood's Bay Conservation Area Character Appraisal and Management Plan (October 2017)

"Hiding places, bolt holes and secret passages were an essential part of daily life in the Bay and tunnels below the houses sometimes link with the undergrounded King's Beck which comes out in a 17th century tunnel on the beach and is joined by another tunnel carrying the Marna Dale Beck and another off shoot to the south. It was said that a bale of silk could pass from the bottom of the village to the top without leaving the houses and the King's Beck tunnel certainly provided ample opportunity to off load cargo on the beach and start it on its journey into a cellar of one of the cottages above."

Ordnance Survey maps, first (1842) and second editions (1862), Conservation Area in blue showing Marnar Dale and Marnar Dale Beck
First edition Ordnance Survey map (1842)	Second edition Ordnance Survey map (1892) showing little change

[485] ON síða, 'a side, coast, direction': Beckside Farm, Daleside, Brae Side.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 362

síða, f. (1) side (hljóp sverðit á síðuna); (2) flank, side of meat (síður af nauti allfeitar); (3) coast (hann braut skip sitt við Jótlands siíðu).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 532, entry 3

SÍÐA u, f, [Anglo-Saxon síðe; English 'side'; Old High German sita; German seite] a side = Latin latus … hafa verk undir síðunni, to have a stitch in the side; siðu-stingr, síðu-verkr, a stitch in the side, side ache; siðusár, a wound in the side; síðu-sárr, adjective, wounded in the side … 2. of meat, a side of meat … rauðar runa síður, red-smoked sides of bacon; 3. metaphorical, side, direction; á allar síður, to all sides … II a local name, coast, water-side … or counties bordering on rivers, Temsa-síða, Thames-side …

[486] ON kröggum (plural kröggur), 'crag(s)': Battersby Crag, Blawath Crag, Crag Dike.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 357, entry 48

kröggur, feminine, plural, (from English crags ?], straits; vera í kröggum, komast í kröggur, 'be in difficulty, get in difficulties' (conversational).

[487] ON tíð, 'tide, time': Tidkinhow, Tidkinhow Head, Tidkinhow Slack.

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Tidkinhow possibly 'Tith's (?) family cairn' from ON Tíð (personal name), ON kin, 'kin, family' and ON haugr, 'cairn, sepulchral mound'.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 633, entry 6

TÍÐ … [Anglo Saxon tîd; English 'tide'; Danish, Swedish tid; German zeit] 'tide, time'; langa tíð, 'a long while', skamma tíð, 'a short while'; alla tíð, 'all times, ever'; … þeirrar tíðar, then and there, … nökkuri tíð, once upon a time, … áðr á tíðum, in days of yore …

[488] ON valr, 'round, oval'; ON hváll, 'knoll'; ON Hvalr (personal name); ON hvalr, 'whale': Ovalgate Cliff - See also [307].

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Ovalgate Cliff
(note the oval shape of this feature)

The second and third elements of Ovalgate Cliff are possibly derived from the ON suffixes gata, 'way, path, road' and klif, 'cliff' with the first element 'oval' derived from one of the following four ON prefixes: (1) valr, 'oval', (2) hváll, 'knoll', (3) Hvalr (personal name) or (4) hvalr, 'whale' (as in whale-shaped') giving 'oval / knoll / Hvalr's / whale-shaped cliff path'.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëg at page 468

valr, adjective; round, oval.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 676, entry 3

valr, adjective. [Anglo Saxon ana-wealg = ávalr], round, oval …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 676, entry 1

VALR, m. [Anglo Saxon wæl or walre], the slain …

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 676, entry 2

valr, m., plural valir, [probably an abbreviation for val-haukr = a carrion-hawk] a hawk …

[489] ON hæð, 'height': Inner Height, Off Height - See also [133].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 304, entry 53

HÆÐ, f. [… Anglo Saxon heahðo; English 'height'; Danish höjde; German höhe; Swedish höjd] height; … 2. a height, hill … II. metaphorical, highness, shrill tone, of the voice, tala í hæð eða í leynd, to speak aloud or secretly … 2. amount, of price; kaupa með sama hæð, … upp-hæð, amount: highness, exaltation.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 221

hæð, f. (1) height; hann hjólp meirr en h. sína, he could leap more than his own height; (2) height, eminence, hill (gengu þeir upp á hæð nökkura), Njáls saga 153.

[490] ON lófi, úfr:,'luff, windward side of a sail or ship': Inner Luff Way, Little Luff Way, Luff Way.

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Wiktionary - lófi, 'luff, windward side, or weather edge, of a sail or ship'.

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Possibly from Lúfa; from the Middle Dutch lof, 'windward side of a ship' (Dutch loef).

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"An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language" (1898) Walter William Skeat at pages 343 and 344

LUFF, LOOF, to turn a ship towards the wind. (E.) … The verb answers to Dutch loeven, to luff, to keep close to the wind.

B. But the verb is due to an older sb., found in ME more than once. This is the ME lop, a 'loof', the name of a certain contrivance on board ship, of which the use is not quite certain … In Falconer's "Marine Diet", we find loop explained as 'the after-part of a ship's bow'; whilst in Layamon and other passages in ME we find (as Sir F. Madden says) that it is 'applied to some part of a ship, the agency of which was used to alter its course' … The reader should consult Sir F. Madden's note. The loop was certainly, as Mr. Wedgwood remarks, 'a timber of considerable size, by which the course of the ship was directed'. It was not, however, what we now call a rudder.

C. In my opinion, the passages in which the word occurs go to prove that it was originally a kind of paddle, which in large ships became a large piece of timber, perhaps thrust over the after-part op a ship's bow (to use Falconer's expression) to assist the rudder in keeping the ship's head right.

D. In any case, we may safely infer that the original sense was 'paddle'; and the word is really an English one, though we may have also re-borrowed the word, in the 16th century, from the cognate Dutch loef. Gf. also Danish luv, luff, weather-gage; luve, to luff; Swedsh lof, weather-gage; but these may have been borrowed from Dutch. We find, however, the cognate Bavarian laffen, the blade of an oar, flat part of a rudder (Schmeller), allied to Icelandic löpp (genitive lappar), the paw of an animal … These words are further to be connected with Icelandic lófi, the flat hand, Gothic, lofa, the flat hand, palm of the hand … the very same form as that with which we started.

E. Recapitulating, we may conclude that the flat or palm of the hand was the original loof which, thrust over the side of the primitive canoe, helped to direct its course when a rude sail had been set up; this became a paddle, and, at a later time, a more elaborate piece of mechanism for keeping the ship's head straight; which, being constantly associated with the idea of the wind's direction, came at last to mean 'weather-gage', especially as in the Dutch loef houden, to keep the luff, de loef afwinnen, to gain the luff, te loef, windward; &c. A similar idea is seen in Latin palma, (1) the palm of the hand, (2) the blade of an oar. The verb is from the older substantive. We must not connect Dutch loef, luff, with Dutch lucht, air; nor with our own word loft. Derivative a-loof, quod vide.

[491] ON flaska ?, 'a common term for a pool, an estuary, flats with stagnant pools': East Flashes, Potts Flash, The Flashes.

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"Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1850) Volume 1 of 2, A-I, James Orchard Halliwell at page 360

Flash, to make a flash i.e. to let boats down through a lock (2) a common term for a pool.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 159, entry 47

flatneskja, u, f. a plain, Latin planities; compare English 'flats', as in the Essex flats etc.

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Wiktionary - from ME flasche, flaske; compare OFre flache, French flaque, which is of Germanic origin, akin to Middle Dutch vlacke, 'an estuary, flats with stagnant pools'.

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"An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language" (1898) Walter William Skeat at page 213

FLUSH (3), level, even. (Unknown) In some senses, especially in this one, the word flush is not fully accounted for. Perhaps from Flush (1); since flooded lands look level.

FLUSH (1), to flow swiftly … G. Douglas uses flusch to signify 'a run of water'; Jamieson flux, 'a flowing, running, streaming, or rushing out; a current or tide of water; also a flux; … Latin fluxus, a flowing; from the past participle of fluere, to flow; …

[492] ON hveiti, 'wheat': Wheatacres Farm, Wheatlands Farm.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 299, entry 6

HVEITI, n. [… Anglo Saxon hwæte; English 'wheat' …] wheat … Compounds:

• hveiti-akr, m. a wheat field
• hveiti-ax, n. an ear of wheat
• hveiti-brauð, n. wheaten bread
• hveiti-hleifr, m. a wheaten loaf
• hveiti-korn, n. a grain of wheat
• hveiti-mjöl, n. wheat meal, flour
• hveiti-salli, a, m. the finest flour
• hveiti-sekkr, m. a wheat sack

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The first element of both Wheatacres Farm and Wheatlands Farm is possibly derived from ON hveiti, 'wheat', to which are attached, respectfully, the ON suffixes akr, 'plot of arable land' and land 'land'; alternatively OE land , 'land'. Again, the preponderance of local place-names derived from ON strongly points to ON elements - prefix and suffix.

[493] ON pardun, 'pardon': Pardon Bank.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 475, entry 5

pardun, m. a pardon, Íslenzkir Annálar 1349

[494] ON dúfa, 'a dove, pigeon', 'to dive', 'a wave': Dove Hole, Dove Dale.

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From ON dúfa,f (genitive dúfu, plural dúfur), 'dove, pigeon', 'to dive'.

"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 109, entry 43

DÚFA, u, f., genitive plural dúfna; [Anglo Saxon duva; English 'dove'] a dove … as a term of affection, my dove. 2. poetical, Dúfa, 'a wave', one of the nine daughters of Rán; Compounds: dúfu-ligr, adj, 'dove-like', … dúfu-nef, n. a cognom, 'dove-neb', 'dove-beak', Landnámabók dufu-ungi, a, m. the young of a dove ….

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Rán - In Norse mythology, Rán is a goddess and a personification of the sea. Rán and her husband Ægir, a jötunn who also personifies the sea, have nine daughters who personify waves. The goddess is frequently associated with a net, which she uses to capture sea-goers.

[495] ON pakki, 'pack'; ON pakka, 'to pack, tie up': East Pack, West Pack.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 474, entry 6

pakki, a, m. [English 'pack'], (also pakka, u, f.), a pack, bundle, especially used of bundles of wadmal exported from Iceland and the Faroes … Compounds: pakka-lina, u, f. pack-thread, string … pakka-vaðmál, n. common wadmal (a coarse, dense, usually undyed wool fabric woven in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Greenland, and the Orkney, Faroe and Shetland Islands from the Middle Ages into the 18th century).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 474, entry 5

pakka, að to pack, tie up.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 673, entry 16

vað-mál, n. (sounded vammal, N.G.L. i. 362), no doubt quasi váðmál, measured stuff, standard cloth, from váð, stuff, and mál, a measure; in the old Scandinavian communities the vað-mál was the standard of all value and payment before coined gold or silver came into use, see the remarks sub verba alin; [Scottish wadmaal; Orkney and Danish vadmel] a plain woollen stuff, woven in hand-looms; in modern Icelandic the home-spun vað-mál is distinguished from the foreign stuffs, called klæði (vað-mál-treyja, klæðis-treyja) … Compounds:

• rekkju-vað-mál, wadmal for bedclothes
• hafnar-vað-mál, plain common wadmal
• as a standard, alin vað-máls, mörk vað-máls
• vað-mála skuld, a debt paid in wadmal

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 13, entry 27

ALIN, f. A dissyllabic form alun appears in old poetry. In early prose writers a monosyllabic form öln prevails … I. properly the arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger [Latin ulna, compare Anglo Saxon el-boga, English 'elbow']; almost obsolete … II. mostly metaphorical: 1. an ell, [Anglo Saxon eln; English 'ell'; Danish alen; Latin ulna]; the finger, arm, foot were the original standards for measure. The primitive ell measured the length from the elbow to the point of the second finger, and answered to about half a yard English = 18 inches. The Icelandic ell before the year 12OO measured just half a yard. About this year, by a law of bishop Paul, the ell was doubled into a stika, being precisely = two ells = an English ell of that time. To prevent the use of bad measure, a just and lawful stika (yard) was marked on the walls of the churches, especially that at Thingvellir, as an authorised standard … ensk lérept tveggja álna, 'English linen of two ells measure' … During the whole of the 15th century the Icelandic trade was mainly in British hands; thus the English double ell probably prevailed till the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. The Hanse Towns ell = 21 ¹/₁₁ inches was then introduced, and abolished in the year 1776, when the Danish ell = 24 inches came into use. At present the Hanse Towns ell is called Íslenzk alin (Icelandic ell), and the original half-yard ell is quite obsolete … 2. a unit of value, viz. an ell (half-yard measure) of woollen stuff (vaðmál); the vaðmál (Halliwell wadmal, English 'woadmal', Orkney and Shetlands, wadmaal and vadmel) was in Iceland the common medium of payment, whence an ell became the standard unit of value or property, whether in land or chattels; 120 ells make a hundred … In Diplomatarium Islandicum i. 316 we are told that, about the year 1200, three ells were equal in value to one ounce of ordinary silver, whence the expression þriggja álna eyrir (a common phrase during the 13th century). The value of the ell of vaðmal, however, varied greatly; during the 11th and 12th centuries six ells made an ounce. In Norway we find mentioned níu, ellifu álna aurar (nine, eleven ells to an ounce). In Grág it is said that, about the year 1000, four ells in Iceland made an ounce, and so on … Compounds:

• álnar-borð, n. a board an ell long
• álnar-breiðr, adj. an ell broad
• alnar-kefli, n. a staff an ell long
• álnar-langr, adj. ell-long
• álnar-tíund, f. tithe of the value of an ell
• álnar-virði, n. equal in value to an ell
• álna-sök, f. action for bad measure

[496] OCum, ONb stell, '(1) a large open drain, (2) a fold, shelter for cattle or sheep built on moorland or hillsides (3) a deep pool in a river where salmon rest and are fished': Bowrake Stell, Foss Sike Stell, Nunthorpe Stell.

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"Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1855), Volume 2 of 2, J-Z, James Orchard Halliwell at page 802

Stell, (2) ONb, OCum a large open drain, (3) ONb a fold for Cattle.

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Northumberland Words (1892) a glossary of words used in the county of Northumberland and on the Tyneside, R. Oliver Heslop, Volume II, V-Z at pages 690 and 691

STELL, STILL, the water channel running through a marsh. "The members proceeded to Morden Carrs, where some rare plants and mollusks were obtained in the stells". Greenwell, Trans. Tyneside National Field Club, vol. vi., p. 24.

STELL, the deeper part of a river where net fishing for salmon can be carried on. There are several stells on the river Tweed, as Abstell, Sandstell, Ellstell, Outwaterstell, and Hallowstell (the last referred to in a writ of Bishop Flambard between 1099 and 1128 as Haliwarestelle). The abbot and convent of Dunfermline in 1480 claimed the fishing place called the Aldstelle on the Tweed given to them by David I. "Stell-net", a Tweedside fishing net.

"Our present modes of fishing (excluding ' stake nets', which are only of very recent origin) are by stell nets, wear, shot, and ring or bob nets. The wear shot net is rowed by means of a boat into the river in a circular form, and is immediately drawn to the shore. The stell is a net of a similar shape, and is likewise rowed into the river, but in a semi-circular shape". Weddell, Archaeologia Æliana, vol. iv., qto., p. 302."

STELL, hard visaged, grim.

STELL, an enclosure for cattle; generally a circular wall with a narrow opening at one side. "A caud stell". "Just weeor the gimmers doon until the stell".

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Wikiwand: Stell is a name for a deep pool in a river where salmon rest and are fished, such as that found at Amble in Northumberland, England. Fishing using stell nets was made illegal by the Tweed Act in Britain in 1857.

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The Tweed Foundation

Salmon netting can be traced back to the 12th century through the records of the Bishop of Durham which mentions the fishings of "Haliwarstelle" (now Hallowstell) and "Eldredene" (now Allerdean). Hallowstell, on Spittal Beach, was still fished occasionally in the 1990s, giving it a recorded history of around 800 years.

Not all of the estuary stations were always or exclusively net fisheries. In 1670 there is a reference to "Tweedmouth Stell and Gard", a "stell" is a netting station and a "gard" is a fish trap. Further up river, no less than 13 mediaeval or earlier "Yairs" (fish traps) owned by the church of Durham have been identified along the southern bank of the Tweed in the 13 miles (21 kms) between Tweedmouth and Cornhill. Nets are set by being rowed out in a circle behind a boat, then they are winched in. The fish caught in the net are killed and packed in ice to keep them fresh. In the early days the salmon were pickled so that they could be transported, packing in ice didn't start until 1788.

At the end of the 18th century around 800 local men were employed in the Salmon netting industry. Since the Tweed Act of 1857 the right to catch and sell wild Tweed salmon is only held by net fisheries, rod-caught salmon cannot be sold commercially. Before the Tweed Act three different types of gear could be used. These were "Wear-shot", "Stell-nets" and "Ring or Bob-nets". The first of these is the type still in use today, the others are no longer allowed.

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Durham Landscape, Lowland Carrs, Description

Flat low lying and poorly drained carrs. The underlying Permian rocks are masked by a deep mantle of glacial drift of laminated and boulder clays which is overlain in the flattest areas by alluvium and shallow peat. The main watercourses are artificially straightened and raised above the level of the flats by banks and levees. The flats are drained by a system of ditches and ONb stells from which water is pumped via pumping stations. Soils are seasonally waterlogged alluvial soils and earthy peats on the wetter flats, with heavy brown clay soils on higher ground.

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Editor's note: each of these eight -stell suffixed place-names is a large open drain/ditch.

[497] ON Agar, Alfgeirr (personal names); ON gap, 'gap, empty space': Agar's Gap, Stone Gap.

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Editor's note: (1) the first element of ON personal name Alfgeirr is ON álfr, 'elf' which combined with the suffix ON geirr 'spear' gives 'elf spear'. (2) ON feminine personal name Agar, variant of Hagar, meaning a stranger, one that fears; Hagar, also spelled Agar in the Old Testament (Genesis 16:1 - 16; 21:8 - 21), Abraham's concubine and the mother of his son Ishmael.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 12, entry 14

alfr, alfheimr, etc., elves etc., vide álfr etc.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 42, entry 76

ÁLFR, s, m. [Anglo Saxon ælf, munt-ælfen, sæ-ælfen, wudu-ælfen, etc. ]; English 'elf, elves', in Shakespeare ouþhes are 'fairies'; … The abode of the elves in the Edda is Álfheimar, fairy land, and their king the god Frey (the god of light) … 2. metaphorical, as the elves had the power to bewitch men, a silly, vacant person is in Iceland called álfr; hence álfalegr, silly, álfaskapr and álfaháttr, silly behaviour. II. in historical sense, the Norse district situated between the two great rivers Raumelfr and Gautelfr … was in the mythical times called Álfheimar, and its inhabitants Álfar.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 196, entry 12

GEIRR, m. [Anglo Saxon gâr …]: a spear … Odin is represented wielding a geir, called Gungnir, as are also the Valkyrjur; marka sik geirs-oddi, to mark oneself in the breast with a spear's point, so as to make blood flow, was a heathen rite whereby warriors on their death-bed devoted themselves to Odin; it was the common belief that a man who died a natural death was not admitted into Valhalla after death … II. a proper name, and also in many compounds, Sig-geirr, þór-geirr, Ás-geirr, Vé-geirr (the holy spear), and Geir-hildr, Geir-ríðr, Geir-mundr, Geir-laug, Geir-röðr, and many others, vide Landnámabók. Geira, u, feminine, a proper name.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal names Álfr (m. <6); Álfgeirr (m. 2); Geirr (m. <5).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 191, entry 21

GAP, n. [Anglo Saxon geap; English 'gap'; Danish gab; compare gapa], properly a gap, empty space, whence Ginnunga-gap, the Chaos of the Scandinavian mythology, Edda, Vsp. 2. metaphorical gab, gibes; … gaps-maðr, m. a gaping fool.

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Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1850) Volume 1 of 2, A-I, James Orchard Halliwell at page 29

AGAR. An exclamation.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 161

gap, n. (1) gap, empty space; (2) shouting, crying (háreysti ok gap)

gapa (-ta, -at), v. to gape, open the mouth wide.

gaps-maðr, m. gaping fool, gaby

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Agar's Gap

[498] OCum, ONb (various dialects) linty, 'idle, lazy, fat': Lintycock Stone.

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Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1855) Volume 2 of 2, J-Z, James Orchard Halliwell at page 522

LINTY: idle, lazy, fat, various dialects.

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Lintycock Stone is a rocky islet off the Loftus coast showing above Low Water Mark of Ordinary Tides

[499] ON humarr, a 'lobster': Hummersea Cliff, Hummersea Scar.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 292, entry 14

HUMARR, m. [Danish and German hummer; French homard], a lobster … Lexicon Poëticum (1860), Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860. humar-kló, f. a lobster claw

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 215

humarr (genitive -s, plural humrar), m. lobster; humra fjöll, waves (poetic).

[500] ON torf, 'a turf, slice of sod'; ON (personal name) Torfi: Green Turf, Biller Howe Turf Rigg.

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"Viking names found in Landnámabók" (2012) Sara L. Uckelman

ON masculine personal name Torfi (m. 7)

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at pages 111, 174, 201, 269, 294, 440 and 446

• eldi-torf, n. turf for fuel.
• garð-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf, a sod
• græn-tyrfa, ð, to cover with green turf
• grœn-tyrfa (-ða, -ðr), v. to cover with green turf.
• hlað-buð, f. a booth with walls of turf or stones.
• húsa-torf, n. house turf for walls and roof
• ié-torfa, f. a turf cut ivith a scythe.
• klaka-torf, n. frozen turf
• knauss, m. a knoll, crag … a square clod of turf.
• mel-torfa, f. turf grown with lyme-grass (oats) (melr).
• torfa, f. turf, slice of sod.
• torf-bær, timbr-bær, a 'bær' built of turf or timber
• tyrfa (-ða, -ðr), v. to cover with turf.
• vatn-torf, n. soaked turf

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at pages 636 and 637, entry 34

TORF, n. [Anglo Saxon and English 'turf'; Danish törv] a turf, sod … torfs-maðr, a person who runs the gauntlet pelted with sods. 2. turf for fuel, peat : geita gættu, grófu torf, dug turf, peat Ygellip; Compounds:

• torf-báss, m. a boose or shed to kttp sods (or peat)
• torf-bingr, m. a pile of turfs or peat
• torf-færi, n. plural tools for cutting tods and peat
• torf-garðr, m. a fence of sods
• torf-gröf, f. a turf-bole, peat-pit
• torf-hraukr, m. a peat-stack
• torf-hrip, n. a basket to carry peat
• torf-hús, n. a peat-shed
• torf-kast, n. a pelting with sods
• torf-krókr, m. a kind of box
• torf-köstr, m. a turf-stack, peat-stack
• torf-leikr, m. a game, 'turf-laking', pelting
• torf-ljár, m. = torfskeri
• torf-menn, m. plural 'turf-men,' dealers in turf
• torf-mór, m. a turf-moor
• torf-mýrr, f. turf-moor, a local name
• torf-naust, n. a ship-shed (naust) built of turf (or a 'turf or peat-sbed)
• torf-skeri, a, m. a turf-cutter
• torf-skurðr, m. cutting turf or peat
• torf-staða u, f. a place where turf or peat is cut
• torf-stakkr, m. a peat-stack
• torf-verk, n. a cutting turf or peat
• torf-virki, n. plural, a false reading for tjöru-virki,
• torf-völlr, m. a place to dry peat
• torf-völr [torvol, Ivar Aasen], a thin plank running along the eaves of a turf-thatcbed cottage, so as to prevent the earth falling down
• torf-öx, f. a turf-axe, for cutting turf or peat

The passages quoted all refer to Iceland, except two or three to the Orkneys, and one to Norway, viz. torfmenn. In a country bare or stripped of wood, turf plays an important part in husbandry, as sod for buildings and fencing, and as peat for fuel. In the Orkneys the Norse earl Einar got the soubriquet of 'Turf-Einar' (Torf-Einarr) for having taught the Norsemen to dig peat (having probably learnt it himself from the Gaelic tribes in Scotland); the place was hence called Torf-nes, Orkney. The digging of peat in the poem Rigsmál is one of the many proofs of the birthplace of that poem. The only passage referring to Norway is that cited under torfmenn, a peat-man (see B), unless the legislator here specially had in mind the Norsemen of the Orkneys who, at that time, were an integral part of the Norse kingdom, without a special code of laws.

• torfa, u, f. turf, a green spot … many farms built together are in Iceland called torfa … II. a slice of sod (if square it is called hnauss, quod vide)
• torfu bugr, tbe bend of the sod
• torfu-þiðr, adj. thawed
• Torfa, u, f., and Torfi, a, m., proper names

[501] ON leið, 'that which leads, a lode, way'; OE lád, 'a course, way'; ON hlað, 'a pile, stack, pavement (in front of a homestead), barn'; N.E. lad, 'a lad': Ladgates. See also Sledgates [162].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 380, entry 14

LEIÐ, f. [Anglo Saxon lad; English 'lode or load (in lodestar, loadstone)'] that which leads, a lode, way … inn á leið, inwards … 2. a way, road … alþýðu-leið, the high road, þar er leiðir skildi, where the roads parted … 3. especially a nautical term, the course on the sea; þjúð-leið, the highway; inn-leið, the course along the shore; út-leið, djúp-leið, the outer course; segja leið, to pilot … whence the Old English lodesman - pilot. II. metaphorical and adverb. phrases; komr e-u til leiðar, to bring about … skipask á betri leið, to change to a better way … Compounds:

• leiðar- lengd, f. a fixed length, distance
• leiðar- lýsing, f. guidance
• leiðar-nesti, n. viands
• leiðar-steinn, n. a loadstone
• leiðar-stjarnaj u, f. the lodestar
• leiðar-sund, n. a street, passage
• leiðar-vísir, m. a guide
• leiðar-víti, n. (leið III), a fine for default in respect to levy

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 268, entry 16

HLAÐ, n. [N.E. 'lad'; compare hlaða], a pile, stack (= hlaði)… 2. a barn (= hlaða), but in Iceland usually, 3. the pavement or court-yard in front of a homestead …

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 201

hlað, n. (1) pile, stack; (2) pavement (in front of a homestead); (3) border, lace-work …

hlaða, f. store-house, barn.

hlað-buð, f. a booth with walls of turf or stones

hlaði, m.pile, stack.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 265

leið (-ar, -ir), f. (i) way (fara, riða leið sina or leiðar sinnar) ; (2) way, road (á skóginum vóru tvennar leiðir); þar er leiðir skildi, where the roads parted; (3) course (on the sea); segja leið, to pilot; … leið, f. a local assembly (in the Icelandic Commonwealth).

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"Bosworth Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1921) at page 604

lád, n., feminine, (I) 'a course, way'; (II) 'lode, watercourse (as a component in local names)' … Icelandic leið (I) a way, course, road; (II) a levy: OHG leita.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh West Wapentake at page 158

Ormesby

LADGATE (lost)

Laddegate, 12, 13 Whitby, 13 Guis

vide ON gata. The name occurs elsewhere in this district as Ladgate in Skelton (not adduced from early sources) and seems to be a regular type of name, parallel to Waynecarlegate circa 1175 etc., Guis, Walkarlagata (Ryed) 1154-63 Riev, each containing ON Karl. Here the first element is probably ME lad, 'lad, boy'. This is first found in the OE nickname Godric Ladda (KCD 1351). It may have had some special meaning in OE besides 'boy'; the use of the element with ON gata perhaps indicates that a 'lad' was one who had to with driving (cattle or horses).

[502] N.E., ONb, OCum, gut, 'a wide ditch, or water-course that empties itself into the sea; a bay'; ME, gote, 'channel, stream'; OE, gotu, 'a small artificial channel carrying water, channel, gutter, drain': Dabholm Gut, New Gut, Old Gut, Bird Flight Goit, Seal Goit .

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Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1850) Volume 1 of 2, A-I, James Orchard Halliwell at page 425

GUT. (1) A wide ditch, or water-course that empties itself into the sea; a bay. White Kennett (1660-1728) unpublished "Etymological Collections of English Words and Provincial Expressions" (BL MS Lansdowne 1033).

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goit

From ME gote, 'channel, stream', from OE gotu, 'channel, gutter, drain', from PrGerm *guto, 'gutter, drain'. Cognate with Scots gote, goit, goate, 'trench, ditch, watercourse', Dutch goot, 'gutter, drain, gully', MLG gote, 'ditch', goit (plural goits) (Britain, Yorkshire and Lancashire) 'a small artificial channel carrying water'. Usually used with respect to channels built to feed mills.

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Dictionary of Archaic Words" (1850) Volume 1 of 2, A-I, James Orchard Halliwell at page 411

GOTE. A ditch or sluice. N.E.. "There arose a great controversie about the erecting of two new gotes at Skirbeck and Langare for drayning the waters out of South Holland and the Fens." Dugdale's Imbanking (1662) page 243.

[503] ON Freyr, 'deity Freyr'; ON frer, freyr, 'frost, frosty soil'; ON freyr 'fertile, which is germinated or is fit to sow': Fryup (Dale, End, Hall, Lodge), Great Fryup Beck, Little Fryup (Beck, Dale, Head) - see also [168].

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 281, entry 2

HÓP, n. [Anglo Saxon hop; Scottish hope = haven; perhaps connected with Anglo Saxon hôp, English hoop, with reference to a curved or circular form]: a small landlocked bay or inlet, connected with the sea so as to be salt at flood tide and fresh at ebb, þorf. Karla-magnús Saga 420, frequent in modern usage. II. a local name, Hóp, Hóps-ós, Vestr-hóp: in English local names as Stanhope, Easthope, KCD; Elleshoop in Holstein (Grein); Kirkhope, St. Margaret's hope, etc., in Orkney.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 208

hóp, n. a small land-locked bay or inlet (connected with the sea).

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 173, entry 15

FREYR, m. [Gothic frauja … A.S. freâ; Heliand frô = a lord], is in the Scandinavian only used as the proper name of the god Freyr… Compounds: Freys-goði, a, m. the priest of Frey, a nickname, Hrafn. Freys-gyðlingar, m. plural, priests or worshippers of Frey, the name of a family in the south-east of Iceland, Landnámabók. Freys-tafl, n. the game of Frey, probably what is now called goða-tafl, Flóv.

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"An Icelandic-English Dictionary" (1874 & 1957) Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson at page 172, entry 39

FRER, n. plural, also spelt freyr or better frör, (in modern usage freðar, m. plural), [OE frore as an adjective or adverb] frost, frosty soil; fara at freyrum, to travel when it begins to freeze; bíða fröra, to wait for frost, … in singular, frer var hart úti, a hard frost, ii. Compounds: fror-jaki, a, m. a piece of ice … frermánuðr, the frost month, answering to December.

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"A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (1910) G. T. Zoëga at page 149

frer or frør, n. frost, frosty soil; frer var hart úti, it was hard frost; especially plural, biða frøra, to wait for frost; frer mánaðr, m. frost-month (December).

frerinn, past participle, frozen (frer skór)

freyja, f. lady; the goddess Freyja.

freyr (genitive freys), m. (1) lord; (2) the god Frey.

Freys-goði, m. priest of Frey.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Langbaurgh East Wapentake at page 132

Danby

FRYUP

• Frehope 12 (Guis), 1301 (LS)
• Frihop(p) 1223, 1234 (Guis)

vide hóp, here used of a small valley branching off from Eskdale. The first element offers some difficulty, but the modern pronunciation and spelling indicates ME -ī-. It is possibly an OE personal name Friga, a hypocoristic form of some OE personal name such as Frīgȳð.

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"Portrait of The North York Moors" (1985) Nicholas Rhea, Chapter 7, From Eskletts to the sea, at page 133

Fryup is a scattered community of sturdy houses and farms spread across two dales, Little Fryup Dale and Great Fryup Dale. Fryup's odd name … may be derived from Friga, an old English personal name, while 'up' or 'hop' means a small valley. Little Fryup Dale is indeed a small but exquisite valley.

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Editor's note 1: Frig, sometimes Anglicized as 'Frigga', is the highest-ranking of the Æsir goddesses, the wife of Óðinn and the mother of Baldur. Freya, also a goddess, belonged to both the Æsir and the Vanir tribes of deities. The Æsir are the gods of the principal pantheon in Norse religion. They include Odin, Frigg, Thor, Baldr and Týr. The second Norse pantheon is the Vanir. In Norse mythology, the two pantheons wage war against each other, resulting in a unified pantheon.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Ryedale Wapentake at page 50

Hovingham

3. FRYTON 22 H 10

• Frideton, Fritun DB 1086
• Friton(a), Fry- DB 1086; 12BylE 43 d; 1224-30 Fees; 1224 Malton 65; 1251 CI; 1300 Ch; 1301 LS; YI
• Firton Saxton

'Frithi's farm', vide tun. The first element is ODan Frithi (Nielsen 1883) as in Fridebi, the old name for Felixkirk 199 infra, and Freeby (LEI), DB 1086 Fredebi.

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Editor's note 2: the prefix 'fry', when tied to the ON suffix hóp, 'haven' in place-name 'Fryup', is more likely to be derived from one of the following:

• ON ruler deity Freyr, 'the Lord', giving, 'Freyr's haven';
• ON freyr, 'fertile, which is germinated or is fit to sow', giving 'fertile haven';
• ON frer, freyr, 'frosty soil', giving 'frosty haven';

or, following A.H. Smith, gives 'Freyr's small, secluded valley', 'small, secluded fertile valley' or 'frosty secluded valley.

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ON Freyr 'the Lord' or 'the Fertile One' (2013) Olof Sundqvist at pages 12 and 34

… Most recently Lennart Elmevik (2003) has discussed the etymology of this name. He points out and emphasizes the fact that Freyr is not inflected as a jan-stem but as an i-stem, and that this speaks against the general opinion of the origin of the name of the god in question. He suggests therefore that this deity's name could instead be a substantivized form of the adjective ON *freyr (along with frjór, frær) (attested in Norwegian and Swedish dialects as frøy and frö respectively) meaning 'fertile, which is germinated or is fit to sow', from *fraiwia- (or *fraiwi-?), derived from Proto-Germanic *fraiwa- 'seed'. Elmevik (2003, pages 8-9) states that this interpretation is more likely than the conventional explanation, since Freyr is a fertility god:

"Even though I do not wish to definitely discharge the usual interpretation of the god's name Freyr as 'the Lord', I do mean that it is more plausible that we are dealing with an old substantivation with the meaning 'the fertile' from the adjective ON *freyr <*fraiwia- (*fraiwi-) reflecting the notion of Freyr as an embodiment of the powers of fertility, as 'the promoter of the fertility of the soil and animate generation as well as of human fecundity and societal peace' …"

Elmevik's argument is thus in a decisive way based on the idea that Freyr is a fertility god. This common and well-established idea … has however recently been contradicted by several scholars in the history of religions who have emphasized that Freyr should be seen as king-god or a sovereign in the Norse pantheon in addition to his role as a god of fertility … For them the etymology 'Lord' is thus compatible with Freyr's function as a ruler deity and counterpart of the human king …

Summary: ON Freyr - the 'Lord' or 'the fertile one'.

Some comments on the discussion of etymology from the historian of religions' point of view

Freyr was probably one of the most important gods in the Late Iron Age North Germanic world. Place-names clearly indicate that he was worshipped in almost all parts of Scandinavia during this period, especially in Norway and Sweden. There is almost consensus that Freyr's name should be related to ProN *Fraujaz (connected with the IE root *pro- 'forward, ahead, uppermost, before') meaning 'the uppermost' or 'Lord'. Probably this is a secondary name construction based on an appellative close related to Gothic frauja 'Lord'. This name may originally have been a title or a Noa-name of the god. Some scholars have tried to find alternative etymologies to the name Freyr, suggesting, for instance, that it could be related to ON *freyr, 'fertile, germinative, suitable for sowing', and thus be derived from *Fraiw- and not *Frau-. This etymology would suit a 'fertility god' well, such as Freyr. However, also the other alternative 'Lord' is in my opinion compatible'with certain functions of Freyr seen in the sources, which rarely have been emphasized in investigations of the god. In this paper it is argued that Freyr was 'more than a fertility god'. Sometimes he carried features of a warrior Lord and appeared as a peace-creator. He was also closely related to political power and religious ruler ideology, at least in certain areas of Scandinavia. Thus a name meaning 'Lord' is, in my opinion, not out of order.

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"The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire" (1979) A. H. Smith, Volume V, Gilling West Wapentake at page 303

Barningham

2. HOPE 14 G 2

• Hope 13 RichReg 121 et passim
• Hoppe 1285 KI
• Est, West Hop 15 VCH i. 41

vide hop. The meaning here is 'small secluded valley'.

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"A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part III": Glossary and Index of Names (2007) Anthony Faulkes and Michael Barnes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 108

Hóp n. 'lagoon'; place-name formed with preposition

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"Edda: Skáldskaparmál" (ca 1200) Snorri Sturluson: Glossary and Index of Names (1998) Anthony Faulkes, Viking Society For Northern Research, University College London at page 316

hóp n. lagoon, a lake formed at the estuary of a river

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